文献翻译-系统分析的方法

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文献翻译-多路数据采集与分析系统的设计及应用

附录五中英文资料Multi-channel data collection and analysisof the design and applicationAbstract:The Paper mainly introduces a multichannel data acquisition and analysis system composed of one PC and one measuring instrument. The system can test eight products parallelly. It reduces the test cost and improves work efficiency. The paper also gives the hardware structure and software flow diagr am of the system. The application in the gyro test is also introduced briefly.Key words:communication prot;data acquisition; gyro; testWith the development of computer technology and the digital measuring instrument, usually by computer and measuring instruments to communicate with each other in real-time data collection and use of computer powerful computing capability to conduct the analysis of the data processing. Particularly in the large volume of data, measuring the length of time occasions, such as the Gyro-tilt test, using computer for automatic control of measuring instruments, automatic data acquisition and analysis it is particularly important, can save a lot of manpower and material resources to improve work efficiency, reduce costs , The conventional method of testing is usually a measuring instrument at the same time can only test a product, namely a computer and a measuring instrument test system can only be composed of serial testing. To test multiple products at the same time, they need multiple systems, testing products in large volume, low efficiency, such as the composition of several sets of test system, an increase of cost. First on a machine with a PC and a measuring instrument consisting of 8-way data collection and analysissystem, which can carry out multiple sets of product testing, at no additional cost on the basis of a computer give full play to the advantages of automatic test, Improve work efficiency.1 PrincipleThe system hardware and software system. A PC through a RS232 port and a measuring instrument connected, PC-parallel port (LPT) and an 8-way channel selector attached to a 8-way connector will channel selector were connected with a number of test products.The working principle as shown in Figure 1. The course of testing, computer through the parallel port 8-way control channel selection, were open different channels, each channel for data transmission by choosing to measuring instruments, measuring instruments through the RS232 port to the computer data sent to save, A complete cycle of all channels of data collection, and this has also tested a number of product features.Figure 1 system block diagram of workThroughout the course of testing, all the control operations have completed the software automatically, without human intervention.2 hardware designThe system is mainly to use the computer onboard RS232 communication ports and digital measuring instrument of communication port connecting communications, re-use LPT parallel port on a 8-way channel selector for access control. 8-way channel of choice for an 8-elected one of analog switches and related circuit, the control signals from the computer's parallel port to provide and meet shown in table 1.Table1 The relation between channel selection and port output8-way channel selector industry can use the SCM, subject to additional controls, select RS232 serial port as data transmission, because the RS232 port is the computer and measuring instruments on the standard configuration, communicate with each other without additional hardware , Easy to use. In addition, a serial communication-only a bit, with only a standard data-voltage potential, hence more difficult in data errors. In a parallel port to transfer data 8-bit, data transmission speed, but the data vulnerable to interference. Transmission distance in a shorter amount of data transmission larger circumstances, may be parallel port (such as GPIB, LPT, etc.) to communicate. In addition, since LPT parallel port may signal transmission, channel selection is suitable for the control port.System in the course of work, good access control modules and data acquisition module synchronization is particularly important because different channels of datastorage needs of the corresponding data buffer pool, which is controlled by software.3 software designThe whole system software design is the most important part. Software system from the bottom of the communication protocol can be divided into functional three-tier module and user interface. Software design in the use of multi-threaded Windows technology, the technology for data collection procedures can effectively accelerate the reaction time and increase the efficiency of implementation. The procedures used in a separate thread for data collection, so the guaranteed maximum energy collection of real-time; using another thread at the same time data processing, such procedures to avoid a single-threaded the same time only the implementation of a functional deficiencies. Especially when the amount of data collection, data processing task, using multi-threaded technology will greatly improve the efficiency of the system as a whole.3.1 Data Acquisition ModuleData acquisition modules to eight channels of data in a cycle of all the acquisition to the computer, and save the channel, and the corresponding data in the buffer. Its procedures diagram shown in Figure 2.Fig 2 Flow diagram of data acquisitionAt the beginning of procedures, with the choice of control and store data buffer at the same time to switch to the same channel, 8-way data collection cycle and command judgement, in the end not received orders, has recycling collection to do.Multi-channel data acquisition process the data vulnerable to interference, especially in the fast-channel switching, the data vulnerable to fluctuations, as shown in Figure 3. At this time if the data collection, will be collecting the wrong data, the need to add some software algorithms to prevent this from happening. If we develop the automated data tracking algorithm to automatically track each channel data to determine whether the channel in a stable state, and only the stability of dataacquisition, the volatility of other data. In addition, the software can also add some filtering algorithm (such as limiting filter, etc.) to filter out man-made interference or other factors caused by the mutation data. Limiting filter for（1）Figure 3 channel switching, the data volatilityWhen the new collected data and the data before a difference to the absolute value of more than one set of values that the data is invalid, and the previous data from the current data.3.2 Data Analysis ModuleIn the data analysis module can be added if the algorithm analysis, graphics display and print output, and other useful features, such as gyroscopes and stability in the standard deviation algorithm can function in the course of testing real-time calculation of zero stability, and through chart shows. Zero stability calculation formula as follows:（2）According to first-(2) to prepare an algorithm function, and then call in the analysis module. Analysis module diagram of the procedure shown in Figure 4.Figure 4 data analysis process flow chartBecause the system uses multi-threaded technology, in the cycle of operation and will not affect the acquisition module's operation. The module also in its algorithm in the function of any expansion, forming a algorithm to adapt to different procedures for data analysis.In addition, software design, a friendly user interface is necessary in the process of the functions from the package, through a unified interface to users, to reduce operating difficulties and enhance efficiency.4 system test resultsFigure 5 to 8 in the analysis of data acquisition systems, at the same time two three-axis gyro and a single axis gyroscope total of seven road test data of thesituation. Its precise data collection, data analysis can be conducted at the same time, and through real-time charts, user-friendly, easy to operate.Figure 5 8 Data Collection and Analysis System5 ConclusionMulti-channel data acquisition and analysis system for the hardware requirements simple, easy to set up, can be applied to various tests occasions, it can also test multiple products, thereby reducing the cost and enhance efficiency. As a result of a multi-threaded technology, the speed of data acquisition systems and hardware only (instrument) and the response speed of the speed of Communication. With the collection and analysis software algorithm has nothing to do.PAD programming tools can be used to develop a data collection, data analysis, graphics display and print output, and other powerful features and friendly user interface of our software. Software modular design and easy to carry out expansion, according to different algorithm for data analysis at the request of upgrades, and hardware can remain the same. The system give full play to the use of computers and measuring instruments of mutual communication, automation and test advantage.多路数据采集与分析系统的设计及应用摘要：介绍了用一台PC机和一台测量仪表组成的8路数据采集与分析系统。

层次分析法---文献翻译

层次分析法---文献翻译888大学毕业设计(论文)文献翻译题目层次分析法院、系(部) 计算机科学与技术学院专业及班级计科0903班姓名 888 指导教师 888 日期 2013年3月Analytic Hierarchy ProcessThe Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a structured technique for helpingpeople deal with complex decisions. Rather than prescribing a "correct" decision, the AHP helps people to determine one that suits their needs and wants. Based on mathematics and psychology, it was developed by Thomas L. Saaty in the 1970s and has been extensively studied and refined since then. The AHP provides a comprehensive and rational framework for structuring a problem, for representing and quantifying its elements, for relating those elements to overall goals, and for evaluating alternative solutions. It is used throughout the world in a wide variety of decision situations, in fields such as government, business, industry, healthcare, and education.Several firms supply computer software to assist in using the process.Users of the AHP first decompose their decision problem into a hierarchy of more easily comprehended sub-problems, each of which can be analyzed independently. The elements of the hierarchy can relate to anyaspect of the decision problem—tangible or intangible, carefully measured or roughly estimated, well- or poorly-understood—anything at all that applies to the decision at hand.Once the hierarchy is built, the decision makers systematically evaluate its various elements, comparing them to one another in pairs. In making the comparisons, the decision makers can use concrete data about the elements, or they can use their judgments about the elements' relative meaning and importance. It is the essence of the AHP that human judgments, and not just the underlying information, can be used in performing the evaluations.The AHP converts these evaluations to numerical values that can be processed and compared over the entire range of the problem. A numerical weight or priority is derived for each element of the hierarchy, allowing diverse and often incommensurable elements to be compared to one another in a rational and consistent way. This capability distinguishes the AHP from other decision making techniques.In the final step of the process, numerical priorities are derivedfor each of the decision alternatives. Since these numbers represent the alternatives' relative ability to achieve the decision goal, they allow a straightforward consideration of the various courses of action.Uses and applicationsWhile it can be used by individuals working on straightforward decisions, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is most useful where teamsof people are working on complex problems, especially those with high stakes, involving human perceptionsand judgments, whose resolutions have long-term repercussions. Ithas unique advantages where important elements of the decision are difficult to quantify or compare, or where communication among team members is impeded by their different specializations, terminologies, or perspectives.Decision situations to which the AHP can be applied include:, Choice - The selection of one alternative from a given set of alternatives,usually where there are multiple decision criteria involved., Ranking - Putting a set of alternatives in order from most toleastdesirable Prioritization - Determining the relative merit of a setofalternatives, as opposed to selecting a single one or merely ranking them, Resource allocation - Apportioning resources among a set of alternatives, Benchmarking - Comparing the processes in one's own organization withthose of other best-of-breed organizations, Qualitymanagement - Dealing with the multidimensional aspects of quality and quality improvementThe applications of AHP to complex decision situations have numbered in the thousands, and have produced extensive results in problems involving planning, Resource allocation, priority setting, and selection among alternatives. Other areas have included forecasting, toreotal quality management, business process re-engineering ,quality function deployment， and the Balanced Scorecard.ManyAHP applications are never reported to the world at large, because they take place at high levels of large organizations where security and privacy considerations prohibit their disclosure. But some uses of AHP are discussed in the literature. Recently thesehave included:, Deciding how best to reduce the impact of global climate change (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei), Quantifying the overall quality of software system(Microsoftcorporation), Selecting university faculty(Bloomsburg University of Pennsy), Deciding where to locate offshore manufacturing plants(University ofCambridge), Assessing risk in operating cross-country prtroleumpipelines(AmericanSociety of Civil Engineers), Deciding how best to manage U.S. watersheds(U.S. Department of Agriculture)AHP is sometimes used in designing highly specific procedures for particular situations, such as the rating of buildings by historic significance. It was recently applied to a project that uses video footage to assess the condition of highways inVirginia. Highway engineers first used it to determine the optimum scope of the project, then to justify its budget to lawmakers.AHP is widely used in countries around the world. At a recent international conference on AHP, over 90 papers were presented from 19 countries, including the U.S., Germany, Japan, Chile , Malaysia, andNepal. Topics covered ranged from Establishing Payment Standards for Surgical Specialists, to Strategic TechnologyRoadmapping, to Infrastructure Reconstruction in Devastated Countries. AHP wasintroduced in China in 1982, and its use in that country has expanded greatly since then—its methods are highly compatible with the traditional Chinese decision making framework, and it has been used for many decisions in the fieldsofeconomics,energy,management,environment,traffic,agriculture, industry, and the military.Though using AHP requires no specialized academic trainning, the subject is widely taught at the university level—one AHP software provider lists over a hundredcolleges and universities among its clients. AHP is considered an important subject in many institutions of higher learning, includingschools of engineering and Graduate school of Business . AHP is also an important subject in the quality field, and is taught in many specialized courses including Six Sigma, Lean Six Sigma, and QFD.In China, nearly a hundred schools offer courses in AHP, and many doctoral students choose AHP as the subject of their research and dissertations. Over 900 papers have been published on the subject inthat country, and there is at least one Chinese scholarly journal devoted exclusively to AHP.ImplementationAs can be seen in the examples that follow, using the AHP involves the mathematical synthesis of numerous judgments about the decision problem at hand. It is not uncommon for these judgments to number in the dozens or even the hundreds. While the math can be done by hand or with a calculator, it is far more common to use one of several computerized methods for entering and synthesizing the judgments. The simplest of these involve standard spreadsheet software, while the most complex use custom software, often augmented by special devices for acquiring the judgmentsof decision makers gathered in a meeting room.Steps in using the processThe procedure for using the AHP can be summarized as:1. Model the problem as a hierarchy containing the decision goal,the alternativesfor reaching it, and the criteria for evaluating the alternatives.2. Establish priorities among the elements of the hierarchy bymaking a series ofjudgments based on pairwise comparisons of the elements. For example, whencomparing potential real-estate purchases, the investors might say they preferlocation over price and price over timing.3. Synthesize these judgments to yield a set of overall prioritiesfor the hierarchy.This would combine the investors' judgments about location, priceand timingfor properties A, B, C, and D into overall priorities for each property.4. Check the consistency of the judgments.5. Come to a final decision based on the results of this process.CriticismsThe AHP is now included in most operations research and management science textbooks, and is taught in numerous universities; it is used extensively in organizations that have carefully investigated its theoretical underpinnings. While the general consensus is that it isboth technically valid and practically useful, the method does have its critics.In the early 1990s a series of debates between critics andproponents of AHP was published in Management Science and The Journal of the Operational ResearchSociety. These debates seem to have been settled in favor of AHP.Occasional criticisms still appear. A 1997 paper examined possible flaws in the verbal (vs. numerical) scale often used in AHP pairwise comparisons. Another from the same year claimed that innocuous changesto the AHP model can introduce order where no order exists. A 2006 paper found that the addition of criteria for which all alternatives perform equally can alter the priorities of alternatives. An in-depth paper discussing the academic criticisms of AHP was published in Operations Research in2001.Most of the criticisms involve a phenomenon called rank reversal, discussed inthe following section.Rank reversalMany people hear about rank reversal and assume that there is some sort of proven principle about it that needs to be upheld in making decisions. That assumption has led to much misunderstanding of AHP and other decision making techniques. In actuality, rank reversal is a complex matter about which there are many conflicting ideas and opinions. This section offers a simplified explanation of the situation.Decision making involves ranking alternatives in terms of criteriaor attributes of those alternatives. It is an axiom of some decision theories that when new alternatives are added to a decision problem, the ranking of the old alternatives must not change. But in the real world, adding new alternatives can change the rank of the old ones. These rank reversals do not occur often, but the possibility of their occurrencehassubstantial logical implications about the methodology used to make decisions, the underlying assumptions of various decision theories, etc.A simple example will demonstrate the phenomenon of rank reversal: Consider a pretty girl in a small town. She's having a party next week, and she wants to buy a dress that will impress her guests. She visitsthe town's only dress store and goes to the rack of party dresses. There are five such dresses, and after long consideration she ranks them by desirability as follows:Rank Style Color Price1 Style A Blue $1092 Style A Green $1093 Style B Red $1194 Style C Yellow $995 Style D Off-White $149Now imagine that she enters the back room and sees the store'sentire inventory of dresses. The dresses she has looked at in Styles B, C, and D are the only ones of their kind, but there are four more StyleA dresses in green and eight more Style A dresses in blue. In the language of decision science, these dresses are copies of the existing alternatives. In our one-store small town scenario, there's a reasonable chance that one or more party guests would buy and wear one of the copies.When made aware of these new alternatives, our fashion-consciousgirl might rank her choices in a different order. Considering her great embarrassment if a guest were to wear the same dress that she did, she might rank her choices like this:OldRank Style Color PriceRank1 3 Style B Red $1192 4 Style C Yellow $993 5 Style D Off-White $1494 2 Style A Green $1095 1 Style A Blue $109Notice that the rankings of the two Style A dresses have reversed (since there are more copies of the blue dress than of the green one). Not only that, but Style A has gone from the most preferred style to the least preferred. Rank reversal has occurred. Axioms of decision theories have been violated. Scholars and researchers can cry"foul," or impugn the method by which the girl has made her choice, but there is no denying that in the world of our example, ranks havebeen reversed. There is no doubt that the reversal is due to the introduction of additional alternatives that are no different from the existing ones.The above is but one example of rank reversal. Rank reversal canalso occur when additional alternatives are added/removed that are not copies of the original alternatives (e.g., red and yellow dresses in completely different styles). Another example of rank reversal occurred in the 2000 U.S. presidential election. Ralph Nader was an 'irrelevant' alternative, in that he was dominated by both the Democrat and Republican candidates. However, since he attracted more votes from those who would have voted Democrat rather than Republican, his presence caused the ranks to reverse. Put another way, if Nader were not in the race, it is widely accepted that Al Gore would have won.There are two schools of thought about rank reversal. One maintains that new alternatives that introduce no additional attributes should not cause rank reversal under any circumstances. The other maintains that there are both situations in which rank reversal is not reasonable as well as situations where they are to be expected. The current version of the AHP can accommodate both these schools — its Ideal Mode preserves rank, while its Distributive Mode allows the ranks to change. Either mode is selected according to the problem at hand.层次分析法层次分析法(AHP)是一种帮助人们处理复杂决策的结构化技术，比起一种指定的“正确”的方法，层次分析法能帮助人们决定哪一种是更适合他们的需求。

外文文献翻译---基于 Web 的分析系统

文献翻译基于 Web 的分析系统院（系）名称信息工程学院专业名称软件工程英文译文基于Web 的分析系统马克斯科特，约翰琳1 摘要在使用分析型数据库时，分析人员将数据归入公用组，并尝试确定条件变化时产生的结果。

例如，提高产品价格会增加单位利润，但可能会减少销量ù会产生较高还是较低的总利润？或者，联邦贴现率的下降会如何影响房地产贷款的收益？为了帮助分析人员根据历史趋势做出有根据的预测，Microsoft 在SQL Server 2000 中提供了分析服务，在SQL Server 7.0 中提供了OLAP 服务。

这些服务都提供OLAP 功能，能够将存储在SQL Server（或任何其他OLE DB 兼容的数据源）上的数据处理成多维数据结构，称为多维数据集。

多维数据集简化了趋势分析和建立实体间交互方式联系的过程。

例如，房地产投资者采用现金流模型来区分一组具有共同特征（如：地产类型、地理位置和利率范围）的贷款，并预测各种事件的影响。

如果贷款提前偿还或者借款人违约，后果将会如何？此类不可预测的事件会如何影响贷款所担保的债券的收益。

从包含几百笔贷款的清单中选择并区分具有分析特征的贷款是需要相当技巧的。

分析服务和OLAP 服务有助于在各组贷款间建立联系，以便分析人员能够建立贷款假设模型。

为了帮助客户的房地产分析人员预测商业抵押证券的业绩，我们的开发小组需要设计一个以各种方式（如：利率、到期期限或地产位置）来简化贷款分类的系统。

其界面应易于学习和使用。

而且，所开发的系统需要在Internet 上进行安全的部署。

为了满足这些要求，开发小组选择了分析服务。

2 在Web上部署Office在选定了后端技术后，开发小组开始制订实现前端界面的计划。

多数金融分析人员使用Microsoft Excel，他们对其界面比较熟悉，感觉也很舒服。

Excel 包括数据透视表服务，能够允许分析人员连接到分析服务数据库。

Excel 的拖放界面提供了对多维数据的简单和直观的访问，并不要求用户进行深入的培训。

怎么翻译文献

怎么翻译文献翻译文献需要一定的专业知识和翻译经验，以下是翻译文献的一些建议和步骤：1. 确定文献类型：文献可以包括科学论文、书籍、报告或指南等不同类型。

根据文献类型的不同，翻译的难度和要求也会有所不同。

2. 熟悉领域知识：翻译文献前，需要对文献所涉及的领域有一定的了解和熟悉，包括专业术语、常用表达等。

可以参考相关领域的学术词典、教科书或者专业网站，提前积累相关词汇和知识。

3. 阅读文献：在翻译之前，先通读整篇文献，了解全文的结构和内容，并确定文章的主题和核心要点。

可以将文章分成段落或小节进行阅读，并标注关键词和目标句。

4. 理解文献内容：在阅读过程中，需要理解文献中所用词汇、句子的含义和上下文之间的逻辑关系。

理解文献内容的同时，也要注意作者的观点和论述方式，尽可能准确地表达出来。

5. 选择合适的翻译策略：根据文献的特点和目标读者群体，选择合适的翻译策略，例如直译、意译、注释或者补充解释等。

同时，根据文献的用途和实际需求，进行必要的改写和调整。

6. 保持准确性和一致性：在翻译过程中，要保持准确性和一致性，尽可能准确地表达原文的含义，并保持相同的专业术语和用词风格。

可以参考之前翻译过的文献或专业翻译资料进行对照。

7. 组织文献结构：在翻译文献时，要注意保持原文的结构和逻辑，并进行必要的排版和格式调整。

如果文献中有图表或公式，也需要适当翻译或注解。

8. 校对和修改：完成翻译后，进行校对和修改，检查翻译的准确性和流畅性，同时注意规范和语法错误，并进行必要的修改和润色。

总之，翻译文献需要有相关领域的专业知识和翻译技巧，而且需要耐心和细心对待每一个细节。

通过不断学习和练习，提高自己的翻译能力，才能更好地完成文献的翻译工作。

[工作]文献研究的方法、步骤与结果分析

1、文献研究的步骤和对文献报道结果的分析方法系统评价：针对某一具体的临床问题(病因、预后、诊断、干预疗效)系统、全面地收集全世界所有已发表或未发表的相关的临床研究文章，用统一、科学的评价标准筛选出合格的研究，进行质量评价，用统计学方法进行定量的综合，或用描述性方法进行定性的综合，得出可靠的结论，并随着新的临床研究结果的出现及时作出更新。

Meta(after, more comprehensive, secondary)希腊词是在系统性综述时为了合并多个独立的研究结果，所使用的统计方法。

可以将针对同一问题的，多个独立的研究结果进行定量分析。

目前，国外文献常常将系统评价与Meta-分析交叉使用。

狭义：只是一种定量合成的统计处理方法系统评价方法和步骤5、提出问题：临床重要并可行的问题6、背景和目的：国内外现状、研究问题的重要性7、纳入和排除临床研究的标准：范围适当8、制定资料收集策略：尽可能全面9、提取每个研究的资料：基线、方法学质量及结果10、评价每个临床研究的质量11、分析资料：统计处理、Meta-分析图表12、得出结果10、结果解释（讨论）：证据的可靠性、临床意义、研究意义11、结论Meta 分析的步骤一．拟定研究计划明确研究目的提出检验假设特殊注意的亚组确定和选择研究的方法和标准提取和分析资料的方法和标准二．收集资料原则：多途径、多渠道、最大限度收集相关文献三．根据入选标准选择合格的研究四．复习每个研究并进行质量评估一般来说，至少应从以下三方面来评估一个研究的质量：（1）方法学质量：研究设计和实施过程中避免或减小偏倚的程度；（2）精确度：即随机误差的程度，一般用可信限的宽度来表示；（3）外部真实性：研究结果外推的程度。

五、提取变量，填写过录表，建数据库六、计算各独立研究的效应大小七、异质性检验（heterogeneity）八、计算合并后综合效应的大小九、敏感性分析Meta分析的计算的主要步骤：1.计算每个研究的效应量及方差2.计算每个研究效应量的权重3.异质性检验4.计算合并效应量5.合并效应量的可信区间6.合并效应量的检验Meta-分析图（森林图）解读1）一条短横线：代表一个试验结果的可信区间（CI），越短结果越精确、越肯定，提示样本较大2）短横线中间的方块：是统计量值的位置，其大小代表权重大小及样本大小3）中线：二分类资料代表OR/RR=1连续性资料代表WMD/SMD=04）最下方的棱型符号代表合并所有试验的综合结果5）短横线/棱型符号与中线的关系（1）接触或相交：差异无统计学意义（2）短横线在中线左边：对不利结局示有效，对有利结局则相反（3）短横线在中线右边：对有利结局示有效，对不利结局则相反异质性（Heterogeneity）分析漏斗图漏斗图（funnel plots）最初是用每个研究的处理效应估计值为X轴，样本含量的大小为Y轴的简单散点图（scatter plots）。

中英文文献翻译-举升系统失效分析

附录附录ALifting sytem failure analysisBelow a certain brand can explain a type of lift accident .Because lifting machine structure is more complicated ,e to maintenance enterprise use it frequently in work under high load ,We have to consider its damaged condition. actual use, as repeated wear and tear of fatigue damage ,So anytime possible lifting system failure .If the downturn is likely to cause maintenance personnel injured and vehicles damaged .After the failure of the lift inspection, analysis, found its existence defects in design. This product for the mechanical lifting machine, uses the pin shaft transmission, driven by shaft lifting arm motion realization Auto lift. Unless the power cut off the motor car, driven shaft lifting stop failure analysis personnel of nantong product quality supervision, inspection ZouLei can observed. To effectively guarantee the safety, auto lift should lock up the device. In order to effectively To protect the security, automotive lift Should stop the browser and the backstop. From The Brand Lift of the occurrence of several Lapsed since the incident, the principal, Vice-nut at the same time lead to wear and tear due to strong Decreases occurred in the thread root cut Letter, which of course, and materials selection, Manufacturing quality, the use of maintenance due to Su-relevant, but imagine if Is an independent work of the backstop , And even in the absence of Vice-nut, so that The possibility of a thing you Moment of downtime in order to achieve things, it does not work independently of the stop device and the backstop , And only made use of the role of self-locking screw to prevent the decline in our care arm Know that the conditions for self-locking thread is the thread friction angle or Chaetoceros. It's an But to protect the whole body is fitted with a nut in the bottom of the main vice of the so-called Nut, through institutions linked synchronous rotation with the main nut. There is no denying that when the Lord, Vice-nut There is a certain gap between the, if nut the main event of an accident, child care Vice-nut will be on the arm and not the accidents. However, the main, the Deputy nut As the gap between the main nut and gradually reduce the wear and tear, when reduced to a Certain extent, it must be replaced with new ones of the main nut, otherwise, continue to use When the owners go, the gap between the Deputy nutcompletely disappear, the Lord, is Vice-nut Quality has become one, and act as security devices has been gradually Vice nut Until all the nuts to replace the main workload. At this point if an accident such as Thread occur due to wear and cut the root, see the attached map, security protection devices can play It should be the role to be sure, if the timely replacement of the main nut, can be avoided Some accidents, but not all users have the professional knowledge and Lord, the gap between the Vice-nut is not clear at a glance from the outside can, it is necessary to disassemble Therefore, the use of cars to check whether the lift should be independent Work backstop safety protection device, if not, be sure to strengthen the Inspection and timely replacement of drive nut to avoid accidents. If not, then, be sure to strengthening inspection and change in time transmission nut, lest produce an accident. The manufacturers character, also Should improve design.Hope so as to remind each manufacturer .译文举升系统失效分析下面是某个品牌的一次事故分析,因为起重机械结构比较复杂,维护企业使用它经常在工作在高负载时,我们必须考虑其受损的情况.实际使用中因为重复的磨损及疲劳损伤,所以随时可能发生举升系统的损坏事故。

信息系统外文文献翻译---系统的分析与设计

附录1 外文翻译(原文)Systems Analysis and DesignWorking under control of a stored program, a computer processes data into information. Think about that definition for a minute. Any given computer application involves at least three components: hardware, software, and data. Merely writing a program isn't enough; because the program is but one component in a system.A system is a group of components that work together to accomplish an objective. For example, consider a payroll system. Its objective is paying employees. What components are involved? Each day，employees record their hours worked on time cards. At the end of each week, the time cards are collected and delivered to the computer center, where they are read into a payroll program. As it runs, the program accesses data files. Finally, the paychecks are printed and distributed. For the system to work, people, procedures, input and output media, files, hardware, and software must be carefully coordinated. Note that the program is but one component in a system.Computer-based systems are developed because people need information. Those people, called users, generally know what is required, but may lack the expertise to obtain it. Technical professionals, such as programmers, have the expertise, but may lack training in the user's field. To complicate matters, users and programmers often seem to speak different languages, leading to communication problems. A systems analyst is a professional who translates user needs into technical terms, thus serving as a bridge between users and technical professionals.Like an engineer or an architect, a systems analyst solves problems by combining solid technical skills with insight, imagination, and a touch of art. Generally, the analyst follows a well-defined, methodical process that includes at least the following steps;1.Problem definition2.Analysis3.Design4.Implementation5.MaintenanceAt the end of each step, results are documented and shared with both the user and the programmers. The idea is to catch and correct errors and misunderstandings as early as possible. Perhaps the best way to illustrate the process is through example.Picture a small clothing store that purchases merchandise at wholesale, displays this stock, and sells it to customers at retail. On the one hand, too much stock represents an unnecessary expense. On the other hand, a poor selection discourages shoppers. Ideally, a balance can be achieved: enough, but not too much.Complicating matters is the fact that inventory is constantly changing, with customer purchases depleting stock, and returns and reorders adding to it. [1] The owner would like to track inventory levels and reorder and given item just before the store runs out. For a single item, the task is easy-just count the stock-on-hand. Unfortunately, the store has hundreds of different items, and keeping track of each one is impractical. Perhaps a computer might help.2-1 Problem DefinitionThe first step in the systems analysis and design process is problem definition. The analyst's objective is determining what the user (in this case, the store's owner) needs. Note that, as the process begins, the user possesses the critical information, and the analyst must listen and learn. Few users are technical experts. Most see the computer as a "magic box, "and are not concerned with how it works. At this stage, the analyst has no business even thinking about programs, files, and computer hardware, but must communicate with the user on his or her own term.The idea is to ensure that both the user and the analyst are thinking about the same thing-Thus, a clear, written statement expressing the analyst's understanding of the problem is essential. The user should review and correct this written statement. The time to catch misunderstandings and oversights is now, before time, money and effort are wasted.Often, following a preliminary problem definition, the analyst performs a feasibility study. The study a brief capsule version of the entire systems analysis and design process, attempts to answer three questions:1.Can the problem be solved?2.Can it be salved in the user's environment?3.Can it be solved at a reasonable cost?If the answer to any one of these questions is no, the system should not be developed. Given a good problem definition and a positive feasibility study, theanalyst can turn to planning and developing a problem solution.2- 2 AnalysisAs analysis begins, the analyst understands the problem. The next step is determining what must be done to solve it. The user knows what must be done 1 during analysis; this knowledge is extracted and formally documented. Most users think in terms of the functions to be performed and the data elements to be manipulated. The objective is to identify and link these key functions and data elements, yielding a logical system design.Start with the system's basic functions. The key is keeping track of the stock-on-hand for each product in inventory. Inventory changes because customers purchase, exchange, and return products, so the system will have to process customer transactions. The store's owner wants to selectively look at the inventory level for any product in short supply and, if appropriate, order replacement stock, so the system must be able to communicate with management. Finally, following management authorization, the system should generate a reorder ready to send to a supplier.Fig 1Given the system's basic functions, the analyst's next task is gaining a sense of their logical relationship. A good way to start is by describing how data flow between the functions. As the name implies, data flow diagrams are particularly useful for graphically describing these data flows. Four symbols are used (Fig. 1). Data sources and destinations are represented by squares; input data enter the system from a source, and output data flow to a destination. Once in the system, the data are manipulated or change by processes, represented by round-corner rectangles. A process might be a program, a procedure, or anything else that changes or moves data. Data can be held for later processing in data stores, symbolized by open-ended rectangles. A data store might be a disk file, a tape file, a database, written notes, or even a person's memory.Finally, data flow between sources, destinations, processes, end data stores over data flows, which are represented by arrows.Fig 2Figure 2 shows a preliminary data flow diagram for the inventory system. Start with CUSTOMER. Transactions flow from a customer f into the system, where they are handled by Process transaction. A data store, STOCK, holds data on each item in inventory. Process transaction changes the data to reflect the new transaction. Meanwhile, MANAGEMENT accesses the system through Communicate, evaluating the data in STOCK and, if necessary, requesting a reorder. Once, a reorder is authorized. Generate reorder sends necessary data to the SUPPLIER, who ships the items to the store. Note that, because the reorder represents a change in the inventory level of a particular product or products it is handled as a transaction.The data flow diagram describes the logical system. The next step is tracing the data flows. Start with the destination SUPPLIER. Reorders flow to suppliers; for example, the store might want 25 pairs of jeans. To fill the order, the supplier needs the product description and the reorder quantity. Where do these data elements come from? Since they are output by Generate reorder, they must either be Input to or generated by this process. Data flow into Generate reorder for STOCK; thus, product descriptions and reorder quantities must be stored in STOCK.Other data elements, such as the item purchased and the purchase quantity are generated by CUSTOMER. Still others, for example selling price and reorder point, are generated by or needed by MANAGEMENT. The current stock-on-hand for a given item is an example of a data element generated by an algorithm in one of the procedures. Step by step, methodically, the analyst identifies the data elements to be input to .stored by, manipulated by, generated by, or output by the system.To keep track of the data elements, the analyst might list each one in a datadictionary. A simple data dictionary can be set up on index cards, but computerized data dictionaries have become increasingly popular. The data dictionary, a collection of data describing and defining the data, is useful throughout the systems analysis and design process, and is often used to build a database during the implementation stage.The idea of analysis is to define the system's major functions and data elements methodically. Remember that the objective is translating user needs into technical terms. Since the system starts with the user, the first step is defining the user's needs. Users think in terms of functions and data. They do not visualize programs, or files, or hardware .and during this initial, crucial analysis stage it is essential that the analyst think like a user, not like a programmer.Data flow diagrams and data dictionaries are useful tools. They provide a format for recording key information about the proposed system. Also, they jog the analyst's memory) for example, if the analyst doesn't have sufficient information to complete a data dictionary entry, he or she has probably missed something. Perhaps most importantly, the data flow diagram and the data dictionary document the analyst's understanding of the system requirements. By reviewing these documents, the user can correct misunderstandings or oversights. Finally, they represent an excellent starting point the next step, design.2-3 DesignAs we enter the design stage, we know what the system must do, and thus can begin thinking about how to do it. The objective is to develop a strategy for solving the problem. At this stage, we are not interested in writing code or in defining precise data structures; instead, we want to identify, at a black box level, necessary programs, files, procedures, and other components.The data flow diagram defines the system's necessary functions; how might they be implemented? One possibility is writing one program for each process. Another is combining two or more processes in a single program; there are dozens of alternative solutions. Let's focus on one option and document it.A system flowchart uses symbols to represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system (Fig. 3). Our flowchart (.Fig.4) shows that transaction data enter the system through a terminal, are processed by a data collection program, and then are stored on an inventory file. Eventually, the inventory file is processed by a Report and reorder program. Through it, management manipulates the data and authorizes reorders.Fig. 4 on a system flowchart, symbols represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system.Fig 3Look at the system flowchart. It identifies several hardware components, including a computer, a disk drive, a data entry terminal, a printer, and a display terminal. Two programs are needed; Process transaction and Report and reorder. In addition to t he hardware and the programs, we’ll need data structures for the inventory file and for data flaws between the I/O devices and the software. Note that this system flowchart illustrates one possible solution; a good analyst will develop several feasible alternatives before choosing one.Fig 4The flowchart maps the system, highlighting its major physical components. Since the data link the components, the next task is defining the data structures.Consider, for example, the inventory file. It contains all the data elements from the data store STOCK. The data elements are listed in the data dictionary. Using them, the file's data structure can be planned,How should the file be organized? That depends on how it will be accessed. For example, in some applications, data are processed at regular, predictable intervals. Typically, the data are collected over time and processed together, as a batch. If batch processing is acceptable, a sequential file organization is probably best.It is not always possible to wait until a batch of transactions is collected, however. For example, consider an air defense early warning system. If an unidentified aircraft is spotted it must be identified immediately the idea of waiting until 5 _ 00 p.m. because "that's when the air defense program is run" is absurd. Instead, because of the need for quick response, each transaction must be processed as it occurs. Generally such transaction processing systems call for direct access file.Our inventory system has two programs. One processes transactions. A direct access inventory file seems a reasonable choice. The other allows management to study inventory data occasionally; batch processing would certainly do. Should the inventory file be organized sequentially or directly? Faced with such a choice a good analyst considers both options. One possible system might accept transactions and process them as they occur. As an alternative, sales slips might be collected throughout the day and processed as a batch after the store closes. In the first system, the two programs would deal with direct access files; in the second system, they would be linked to sequential files. A program to process direct access data is different from a program to process sequential data. The data drive the system. The choice of a data structure determines the program’s structure. Note that the program is defined and planned in the context of the system.2- 4 ImplementationOnce the system's major components have been identified .we can begin to develop them. Our system includes two programs, several pieces of equipment, and a number of data structures. During implementation, each program is planned and written using the techniques described in Chapter 7. Files are created, and their contents checked. New hardware is purchased, installed, and tested. Additionally, operating procedures are written and evaluated. Once all the component parts are ready, the system is tested. Assuming the user is satisfied, the finished system is released.2- 5 MaintenanceMaintenance begins after the system is released. As people use it, they will suggest minor improvements and enhancements. Occasionally, bugs slip through debug and testing, and removing them is another maintenance task. Finally, conditions change, and a program must be updated; for example, if the government passes a low changing the procedure for collecting income taxes, the payroll program must be modified. Maintenance continues for the life of a system, and its cost can easily match or exceed the original development cost. Good planning, solid documentation, and well-structured programs can help to minimize maintenance cost.附录2 外文翻译(译文)系统的分析与设计在存储程序的控制下，计算机把数据处理成信息。

【计算机专业文献翻译】信息系统分析

附录二Information Systems Analysis and DesignThis class reconstructs the classical computer science topics of "systems analysis and design" -- mapping information flows and data modeling -- within a framework derived from industrial design. Compared with the traditional approach, our focus of attention will shift from systems to services, mainframes to networks, the desktop to the street, organizational workplaces to institutionally organized relationships, cognition to physical activity, and individual users to communities of practice. The class will be organized around presentations by interdisciplinary teams, with minimal lecturing and written work. We will attend closely to the design process, and the teams' own experiences will become raw material for their projects.Two books are required: David G. Messerschmitt, Networked Applications: A Guide to the New Computing Infrastructure, Morgan Kaufman, 1999. This is an outstanding plain-language introduction to the structure of modern information systems.Donald A. Norman, The Invisible Computer, MIT Press, 1999. This is a polemic against the personal computer and in favor of a new generation of diverse and specialized computing devices.Another book is recommended:Jeffrey L. Whitten and Lonnie D. Bentley, Systems Analysis and Design Methods, fourth edition, Irwin McGraw-Hill, 1998. This is a thorough introduction to the conventional practice of systems analysis and design. If you are going to work with people who have the conventional training then it will be useful reference book. But as I say, I regard this material as out-of-date.Here are summaries of the group projects from week to week: Assignment for week 2: Team-Building Exercise.Everyone writes down their skill set and gets copies of everyone else's. Class members then form themselves into teams. Each team's members discuss their past and future, and how they complement one another. They draw a diagram that gives clear form to the conclusions they have reached, and they design a presentation around it.Assignment for week 3: Seeing information happen. Each team gets a distinct assignment, all of which involve going out in the world and watching information happen. Bring back what you've observed and show us. If you use what you've learned in other classes about information seeking then that's great. But we really want you to be observant and name things, and learn how to show what you've seen in a way that changes how other people see the world.Assignment for week 4: Growth of the technology.Each team again gets a distinct assignment, this time involving library work on the state of information technology ten years from now. Because of Moore's Law and related phenomena, we can predict reasonably well the quantitative properties of computing. Processors, for example, will be 100 times faster. What about mass storage, memory chips, wireline and wireless bandwidths, penetration rates of the technologies both domestically and globally, and so on? What important standards will be widely deployed by then? Show us what you've found.Assignment for week 5: Layering.Building on last week, we will do an exercise about the concept of a platform: a service upon which a diversity of other services can be built. The hard part is figuring out what belongs in the generic service, and what the interface should look like between the platform and the services that are built on it. This is going to be a central concept for design in the future. By this time we will have discussed several examples of platforms.Assignment for week 6: Show us your collaboration patterns.All the while you've been documenting your team's work process. This might mean keeping notes,taking pictures, drawing diagrams, videotaping, saving your work, etc. You have probably also settled into something of a routine. Show us how you work together. Along the way we will offer several ideas about what to look for. For example, where is the borderline between "routine" and "improvised"? This will be important in the coming weeks as we mess with the traditional concepts of systems analysis. This is the first week of a six-week iterative design exercise.Assignment for week 7: Ontology of collaborative work. Data modeling is the only idea from traditional systems analysis that is intellectually hard, so we will spend some extra time in class working an example of it. Then your assignment will be to model the data that will be required to implement one or more of your prospective services. Whereas earlier assignments have called on you to invent your own representation schemes, for this assignment we'll have you use a conventional notation scheme for data models. Having done so, sketch an information service that you might like to design to support collaborative work activities.Assignment for week 8: Service design. Now it is time to spell out the details of a potential information service for collaborative work. To prepare for this, think about your service from several angles. What institutional roles are people playing as they use the service? Where are they located? What actions do they need to take? Who gets access to what information? Who creates the data that goes in the databases? Which parts of the data should be structured, and what should the structure be? What existing services does your service exchange data with? And so on. Having explored all of these questions, draw a dataflow diagram for the service you are designing, decomposing the design into enough component processes and databases to get a clear idea of its properties.Assignment for week 9: Information ing cardboard, crayons, glue, and other materials found in kindergarten classrooms, build a mockup of one or more of your services. Show what your service will look like in practice, and tell us how it is comprehensible. We will have discussed some examples of information design, including several that have nothing to do with computers. We wantcomputers to be more like the diagrams in Edward Tufte's books. We also want them to be more like the information appliances that Norman argues for.Assignment for week 10: Service architecture. Having sketched first the insides and then the outsides of your service, it will be time to return to the inside, applying serious architectural concepts this time. How are the processes and databases that comprise your service divided among the various networked devices that they run on? You will have been reading Messerschmidt throughout the quarter, and this is where you will apply everything in that book.Assignment for finals week.We don't imagine that anyone will be around during finals week to see your work, and so instead we will have each group videotape a final presentation that we can put on the Web. This will include your service mockup, its information design and internal architecture, how it works cognitively, how the information flows, and generally how it works as a service in the full sense.MIS Application Server: Easy back-end adminstrationAccurate information is the first step to better planning, reporting and analysis. In many companies, however, this information is stored in several formats across multiple locations. MIS Application Server brings this information together in a single analytic platform.Test thousands of scenariosHow much revenue will our new product generate? Should we split our sales cost center into direct and indirect sales? What if I only invested, 10% of my marketing budget into advertising?Managers test these and thousands of other scenarios during each and every budget planning. Let MIS Application Server support you throughout the process. Its unique “splashing” technology automatically allocates your budget into different projects –down to any desired level of detail. Once you are satisfied with your results, just write back your finalized budget into the database, where you can later access it for comparing budget-actual variances.When changes arise in your budget structure, you can update these quickly from a familiar Excel environment. This unparalleled planning flexibility is powered by the multidimensional real-time OLAP database, MIS Alea.信息系统分析和设计这种重建“系统分析和设计”的古典计算机科学题目 -- 绘图资料流动和数据模型 -- 从工业设计图得到的一种框架。

文献翻译-基于虚拟样机技术的系泊系统的应用分析

基于虚拟样机技术的系泊系统的应用分析Xu Cijun Xiao XinhuaSchool of Mechanical and Electronic EngineeringHuangshi Institute of TechnologyHuangshi, ChinaE-mail:xucijun818@摘要模拟方法的动态响应分析系泊系统基于虚拟样机技术的根据其特点的多了耦合、非线性。

锚链作为得到的系泊系统的初始条件链通过静态分析。

根据动态分析系泊系统，运用墨里森方程的简化系泊系统的数学分析模型，并解决它采用摄动法。

系泊系统适合非线性系统根据不同条件下的实验数据，和简化为非线性弹簧约束构建在亚当斯的海洋平台的虚拟样机模型软件。

基于虚拟动态分析其可行性虚拟样机技术是由应用程序演示的例子表明抓斗挖泥船仿真分析。

的仿真结果表明，系泊的简化模型系统提供了可靠的虚拟分析平台海上平台的仿真，并降低其分析在动态性能的理论研究的复杂性。

关键词：虚拟样机；系泊系统；动态分析；非线性弹簧；抓斗式挖泥船1.简介系泊系统是其中的重要组成部分海洋平台，它提供了一个水平的、有弹性的恢复力定位水下物体下外部环境的影响。

动态系泊系统的性能是其设计的关键因素。

由于波浪和风的影响，这是一个非常的动态响应的复杂力学问题系泊系统的分析和动态的解决方案系泊线张力，属于非线性分析从系泊系统运动的角度数学模型。

因此，系泊分析系统的非线性是研究的一个重要辊机制的容器。

它的力学分析，包括静态和动态分析，静态分析是基础动力分析因为前者提供后者的解决的某些初始条件。

黄朝志等。

研究了静态计算半两种系泊系统的比较—潜水平台，和计算公式恢复钢丝绳链的结合力丛重了。

研究了静态悬链丝链锚泊线的性能。

基于目前没有任何假设条件和变形的线被忽视。

在时间域和频率域分析方法解决问题的动态分析。

在时间域进行响应分析解决系泊平台的动态行为采迭代增量集成系统已经建立了一个三分析整个动态有限元模型,系泊系统的时域。

外文文献翻译方法与技巧

外文文献翻译方法与技巧
翻译外文文献可以为学术研究提供重要的支持，以下是一些翻译方法和技巧：
精读原文
在翻译外文文献之前，先要精读原文并理解文本内容和结构，这可以帮助翻译者确定文本的主题和重点。

同时，熟悉文本的语言风格和词汇也非常重要，可以帮助翻译者更好地理解并翻译文本。

注重语言风格
不同的外文文献可能有着不同的语言风格和表达方式，翻译者应该注重语言风格的翻译，尽可能地保持原文的表达方式和文化背景，同时也要注意译文的可读性。

注意文化差异
在翻译外文文献时，注意文化差异也是非常重要的。

不同的国家和地区有着不同的文化背景和惯，翻译者应该根据文本的背景和主题灵活运用词汇、表达方式和文化隐喻等，让译文更符合文化差异和读者的惯。

使用辅助工具
在翻译外文文献时，辅助工具可以帮助翻译者提高翻译效率和准确率。

例如，使用翻译软件可以帮助翻译者快速翻译大量文本，但需要注意软件翻译的准确性和语言风格是否符合需求。

查看参考文献
在翻译外文文献时，参考文献可以为翻译者提供重要的帮助。

翻译者可以查看相关的研究文献和资料，了解行业和学术领域的相关术语和表达方式，提高翻译的准确性和专业性。

总之，翻译外文文献需要翻译者具有良好的语言能力和专业知识，同时秉承着精读原文、注重语言风格、注意文化差异、使用辅
助工具和查看参考文献的翻译方法和技巧，才能提高翻译质量和效率。

文献翻译技巧

先确保你真的把原文读懂了，不仅仅是字面上的，而是完全理解它在说什么，表达怎样的观点。

然后结合国内相关领域的表达方式来组织语言。

注意不要依主观取向随意添加原文没有明确传达的内容或删改，更不要遇到似懂非懂的句子不经严谨查证就随意混过去。

也不建议大幅跳脱原文行文，除非你有绝对的自信不会造成错译、漏译、过译、曲译的问题。

谨记，你的职责是「为原作者忠实传话」而不是「消化吸收后再论述」。

措辞方面，鉴于英文学术文献往往采用复杂的句式结构，注意避免翻译腔。

除了特定术语表达外，建议选词以精准为前提，兼顾平实易懂，尽可能简洁。

初译完成后，抛开原文，以初读者的心态重新通读译文全文，看看是否能读懂自己译文的每一句话都在讲什么，论述是否符合基本的相关常识，与原文传达主旨是否一致，句子、段落之间的逻辑关系是否成立、统一，等等。

这个步骤也可请对该领域有了解的朋友代劳。

如果你发现自己能读懂，翻译起来却难以下笔，那么问题很可能出在你的中文表达能力不足。

这种情况下，建议是多阅读一些相关领域内的原创中文文本（而非翻译过来的文本），从中把握语感，然后再应用到自己的翻译文本中。

需要的主要能力在于，1充分利用搜索引擎；2强大的学习能力。

可用的技巧包括，拆分句子结构；将翻译结果，返回搜索引擎进行验证；学习行业知识。

另外，自己在翻译的过程中，不能把翻译当成目的，而是要把学习当成目的。

在大学里，有很多老师曾是外交部、国内外高官的翻译，从他们身上得到最重要的经验之一就是：对于任何不懂的行业，优秀的翻译都能靠自学，将自己变成一个初通行业门道的人甚至专家。

1.拆分句子结构，拆成术语+非术语：因为翻译中，第一个技术难点在于术语，第二个技术难点才是行业知识。

因为有时候整句话的术语翻译完后，虽然整个句子的意思你还是看不懂，但是从翻译角度来讲，已经翻译无误了，这个技巧很类似于机器翻译。

我们仅仅翻译知道的部分，先留下术语不翻译。

只需要填进去术语，然后你就翻对了。

文献资料翻译怎么才能做好？知行翻译认为这4点值得参考

随着国民经济的不断发展，中国传统文化正在走出国门，面向世界，并且有很多外国人对中国传统文化有着浓厚的兴趣，他们了解中国传统文化的重要途径就是翻看一些记载传统文化的文献资料，所谓文献资料，就是通过一定的方法和手段，运用一定的意义和记录体系在一定载体的有历史价值和研究价值的知识，文献资料是记录，积累，传播和继承知识的最有效手段，是人类社会活动中获取情报的最基本，最主要的来源，也是交流传播情报的最基本手段。

因此文献资料的翻译更加需要严谨，今天知行翻译就和大家分享一下如何做好文献资料翻译。

首先，我们需要明白文献资料对于记录一个民族的历史，文化，科技，知识等多个方面具有重要作用，因此文献资料本身带有浓厚的民族气息，而且文献资料的年代都比较久远，语言文字的转化较为复杂，如果在翻译过程中使用同化翻译，难免会使文献资料失去原本的文化历史价值，因此，知行翻译觉得在翻译文献资料时，优先采用直译的方式，这样可以最大化地保证文献资料的原貌不被改动。

其次，在文献资料翻译过程中，尽量保证原文原意，前面提到文献资料的年代不定，致使文献资料所使用的的语言和现代使用的语言存在一些差距，比如我国春秋战国时期的文献资料，现代人去翻看这些文献时，也是有很大的困难，更不用说把那些复杂的句式，词汇翻译成外语了。

因此知行翻译认为在翻译文献资料时，一定要贴合愿意，如果实在无法保证，也要做好标注和解释。

再者，在文献翻译过程中，因为历史悠久，语言变化较大的原因，译员难免遇到不懂的地方，这个时候千万不能夜郎自大，刚愎自用，一定要向专业人士进行请教，然后在专业人士的指导下进行翻译，以保证文献资料的翻译质量，这一点尤为重要，因为它直接影响到文献资料的传播度。

最后，作为在翻译领域精耕细作15年的老牌翻译公司，知行翻译认为，文献资料的翻译对于一个民族，一个国家，都是具有重大意义，是向别人展示国家文化的重要途径，因此这就要求翻译人员必须对文献资料中所涉及的文化历史有一定的认知和独到的见解，只有这样才能把文献资料完整的翻译出来。

文献分析法分析

文献分析法分析目录一、内容概述 (3)1. 研究背景 (4)2. 研究目的与意义 (5)3. 文献分析法概述 (6)二、文献来源与收集 (7)1. 文献来源 (8)1.1 学术数据库 (9)1.2 图书馆藏书 (11)1.3 互联网资源 (12)2. 文献收集方法 (13)2.1 关键词搜索 (14)2.2 专题追踪 (15)2.3 专家咨询 (16)三、文献分析步骤与方法 (17)1. 文献筛选与整理 (19)1.1 筛选标准 (19)1.2 文献分类与编号 (20)1.3 建立文献库 (21)2. 内容分析 (22)2.1 文献资料的真实性评估 (24)2.2 文献资料的重要性分析 (25)2.3 文献资料的相关性分析 (26)3. 统计分析法 (27)3.1 数据统计与处理 (28)3.2 数据可视化呈现 (29)3.3 数据分析与解读 (31)四、文献分析结果 (32)1. 研究现状概述 (34)1.1 研究领域现状 (35)1.2 研究热点问题 (36)1.3 研究发展趋势 (37)2. 研究成果分析 (39)2.1 主要研究成果概述 (40)2.2 研究成果对比与分析 (41)2.3 研究成果的应用价值 (42)3. 研究不足与展望 (43)3.1 当前研究的不足之处 (43)3.2 未来研究方向与展望 (44)五、文献分析法的应用案例 (46)1. 案例背景介绍 (47)2. 文献分析过程展示 (48)2.1 文献来源与收集过程展示 (49)2.2 文献分析步骤与方法应用展示 (50)一、内容概述文献分析法是一种重要的研究方法，通过对相关文献的搜集、整理、分析和综合，以揭示某一研究领域的现状、发展脉络、研究热点和前沿动态。

本段落将对文献分析法的基本内容进行分析和概述。

文献分析法的基础在于文献的搜集和选择，研究者需要明确研究目的和问题，进而确定文献的来源、类型和关键词，以便准确获取相关文献。

文献资料分析法

文献资料分析法文献资料分析法是社会科学研究中一种常用的研究方法，它的主要任务是从丰富的文献资料中提取有用信息，以求获得关于特定研究课题的系统性见解。

在当今复杂的社会现象和问题的研究中，文献资料分析法的重要性日益增强。

文献资料分析法可以提供一套可靠的思维框架，用以认识和理解复杂文献资料，并根据目标研究问题和研究方向，以一定的过程提取文献资料所具有的可用信息和洞见。

这种方法体现出严谨的研究过程，可以将复杂的社会现象或问题系统地进行分析，以求获得客观、准确、全面的认识和理解。

文献资料分析法一般包括四个关键步骤：确定研究课题、鉴定文献资料、整理分析文献资料和提出结论。

首先，研究者需要确定研究课题，将研究课题定义为可以用文献资料研究的课题。

接着，研究者要鉴定有关文献资料，并将文献资料整理归类后归纳概括，使文献资料的信息能够得以便于查阅和利用。

然后，研究者在归纳概括的基础上，对文献资料进行分析，分析文献资料内容和结构，以及文献资料对研究课题的影响，对研究课题进行剖析，从而形成分析思路，指出可研究的总体过程和具体的方案。

最后，在这个基础上，根据分析的结果，综合各种文献资料，提出结论，并为研究课题的进一步发展提出思路及建议。

文献资料分析法的应用，能够增强对复杂的社会现象和问题的把握，全面深刻地认识和诠释这些现象和问题，从而得出科学的结论，推动社会发展进步。

丰富的文献资料实际上是具有丰富社会知识的宝贵财富，文献资料可以为社会科学研究提供一套可靠的分析系统，能够有效把握社会发展的历史规律，以求社会的政治、经济、文化、科技等各方面的发展。

由此可见，文献资料分析法是一种具有重要意义的社会科学研究方法，能够在深入研究社会现象和问题的同时，更好地获得有效的研究成果。

综上所述，文献资料分析法是一种重要的社会科学研究方法，它不仅有助于更深入地分析社会现象和问题，而且能够提供一套可靠的思维框架，帮助研究者获得客观、准确、全面的认识和理解。

文献分析法——精选推荐

文献分析法文献分析法主要指搜集、鉴别、整理文献，并通过对文献的研究，形成对事实科学认识的方法。

文献分析法是一项经济且有效的信息收集方法，它通过对与工作相关的现有文献进行系统性的分析来获取工作信息。

一般用于收集工作的原始信息，编制任务清单初稿。

总体介绍文献分析是要弄清被分析文献“究竟讲什么”，以便给予检索标识。

一般分两步：(1)先找出文献论述的对象，再进一步查明是论述该对象哪个方面的具体问题；(2)先找出文献中涉及的各种概念，再进一步查明它们之间的关系，从而形成若干完整的主题。

从一篇文献分析出的主题数量可以是多个。

由于文献分析法和内容分析法有共同的对象，都不与文献中记载的人与事直接接触，因此，都称为非接触性研究方法。

内容分析法则通过对文献的定量分析，统计描述来实现对事实的科学认识。

二者的区别是分析的重点与分析的手段上有所不同。

2操作流程主要包括以下两个阶段:：确定来源通过浏览文献的篇名、目次、摘要、引言、结论以至正文，对文献内容作调查；信息来源包括内部信息和外部信息。

（1）内部信息包括《员工手册》、《公司管理制度》、《职位职责说明》、《绩效评价》、《会议记录》、《作业流程说明》、《ISO质量文件》、《分权手册》、《工作环境描述》、《员工生产记录》、《工作计划》、《设备材料使用与管理制度》、《作业指导书》等。

（2）外部信息主要指其他企业工作分析的结果,这些资料可以为本企业的工作分析提供参照。

为了保证所收集到的信息有较强的适用性,在收集信息的时候应该注意两点:第一,目标企业应该与本企业在性质上或者行业上具有较高的相似性；第二,目标职位应该与本企业典型职位有较高的相似性。

分析信息对调查所得的情况作分析判断，形成主题概念。

由五个步骤组成：（1）确定选题。

进行文献分析时需要快速浏览文献,从大量的文档中寻找有效信息点。

（2）收集文献。

针对文献中信息不完整和缺乏连贯性的情况,应一一做好标记,在编制工作分析提纲时,作为重点问题加以明示；（3）整理文献。

参考文献怎么翻译

参考文献怎么翻译
翻译参考文献需要具备一定的英语翻译能力和查阅资料的能力。

以下是关于如何翻译700字参考文献的一些建议。

1. 首先，确定参考文献的类型，例如期刊文章、书籍章节、网页等，以便于使用相应的翻译方法和术语。

2. 在翻译前，先仔细阅读参考文献，并充分理解内容，了解所涉及的专业知识和术语。

3. 在翻译过程中，可以结合在线词典、术语词典和专业百科等工具，帮助理解和翻译难点。

4. 在译文中保持原文的逻辑结构和表达方式，尽量不改变原文的意义和风格。

若有需要，可以适当加入文化背景和读者理解的线索。

5. 当遇到无法准确翻译的词语或短语时，可以使用括号或者中文释义来注解，保证读者对译文的理解和准确性。

6. 遵循所翻译文献的格式要求，确保格式规范、排版清晰。

7. 在翻译完成后，进行一次细致的校对和润色，确保语法正确、用词准确、表达流畅。

8. 经常与原文进行对照，确保译文符合原文的意思和表达目的。

9. 若有需要，可以请专业人士或母语人士对译文进行审校，提出修改意见和建议。

总之，翻译参考文献需要有一定的专业知识和翻译技巧，同时还需要耐心和细心进行查阅和对比，以保证最终的译文质量和准确性。

文献分析法

文献分析法文献分析法是一种研究和分析学术文献的方法。

通过收集、整理和解读相关文献，研究者可以深入了解特定领域的研究状况、研究现状、研究方法和结果。

本文将介绍文献分析法的步骤和应用，以及其优缺点。

文献分析法的步骤通常包括选择研究主题、检索文献、筛选文献、整理和解读文献内容。

在选择研究主题时，研究者应该明确自己的研究目的和问题，以便更好地确定需要分析和阅读的文献类型。

然后，研究者可以通过各种途径（如数据库、图书馆等）检索相关的学术文献。

在筛选文献阶段，研究者需要仔细评估每篇文献的质量和适用性，以决定是否选择使用。

然后，研究者需要整理文献内容，将其按照主题或研究问题进行分类和组织。

最后，研究者需要仔细阅读和解读每篇文献，以了解其研究方法、实验设计和结果，并进行综合分析和总结。

文献分析法的应用广泛。

首先，它可以用于文献综述和文献调研。

研究者可以通过文献分析法了解特定领域的研究进展，为自己的研究提供理论依据和研究背景。

其次，文献分析法也可以用于比较研究。

研究者可以分析不同文献中的研究对象、研究方法和研究结果，找出异同点并进行比较。

此外，文献分析法还可以用于潜在问题的发现和研究设计的优化。

研究者可以通过分析文献中的研究方法和结果，发现研究中可能存在的问题，并提出改进方法。

最后，文献分析法也可以用于理论构建和假设生成。

研究者可以通过分析文献内容，发现新的关联和理论模型，并基于此生成新的假设。

然而，文献分析法也存在一些局限性。

首先，文献分析法依赖于现有的学术文献。

如果研究领域相对较新或研究文献有限，那么文献分析法可能无法提供足够的支持和信息。

其次，文献分析法容易受到选择性偏差的影响。

研究者可能倾向于选择支持自己观点的文献，而忽视其他可能存在的观点和研究结果。

此外，文献分析法需要研究者具备深入的文献阅读和分析能力，以正确理解和解释文献内容。

综上所述，文献分析法是一种重要的研究方法，可以通过收集、整理和解读相关文献，深入了解特定领域的研究和研究成果。

如何做文献分析

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文献分析是从选择一组关键词开始的，经过文献分析而逐步清晰化，并最终生成研究的主题与目的。
查阅文献
一组关键词
修改关键词
他人是否已经研究过同类问题，若未研究过，有无相关理论成果可供借鉴。
若研究过，研究成果是否可直接用于本研究，明确主题。
确定主题和研究目的
图1 文献分析的过程
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文献分析作用
如何做文献分析？
还有学者叫做：文献综述，或文献回顾。
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文献分析的目的
1.彰显对某一知识体系的熟悉程度。
2.显示的过去的研究路线以及正在进行的研究与以往研究工作的关联性，找有价值的主题。
3.整合并摘要某个领域内已知的研究成果，使人们认识到未来可能出现的研究方向，找“巨人的肩膀”，向他人学习并刺激新观念的产生，指出盲点。
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文献分析应避免的问题
引证文献学术性较差，不适合支持严谨的学术研究，如《南风窗》、《今晚报》上的资料。
未能引证最关键的文献，即代表性学者、著名刊物、有影响的文献。
未能准确地叙述他人在理论和经验研究上的贡献（片面理解、断章取义），尤其是外文。
文献回顾与拟定进行的研究关系不大。
简单地罗列文献，未能揭示文献中最有意义的方面。
防止盲目的重复研究。
识别本领域研究前沿，弄清自己研究在什么层面上有所贡献。
构思论证主体的理论框架、论证技术及资料收集和分析方法。
弄清前人对该主题研究的观点或解释。
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文献分析步骤
比较和对照与课题有关的各种理论的观点（按学派整理）
展现课题研究时如何研究之后重要的新发现、新成果及价值，包括通过调研、实验、观察取得的数据和结果，并剖析其不理想的局限部分。

毕业论文文献方法分析及应用

毕业论文文献方法分析及应用在撰写毕业论文时，文献方法的分析和应用是至关重要的一环。

文献方法不仅可以为论文提供理论支持和研究依据，还可以帮助研究者深入了解前人的研究成果，从而更好地开展自己的研究工作。

本文将从文献方法的概念、分析和应用三个方面展开讨论，帮助读者更好地理解和运用文献方法。

一、文献方法的概念文献方法是指研究者在开展研究工作时，利用文献资料进行研究的方法和技巧。

文献方法主要包括文献综述、文献调研、文献分析等内容。

通过文献方法，研究者可以系统地了解某一领域的研究现状、研究方法和研究成果，为自己的研究提供理论支持和实证依据。

文献方法的核心在于对文献资料的搜集、整理和分析。

研究者需要通过各种途径获取相关文献资料，包括图书馆查询、网络检索、文献引用等方式。

在获取文献资料后，研究者需要对文献进行筛选、整理和分析，提炼出对自己研究有用的信息和观点，为论文的撰写和研究提供支持。

二、文献方法的分析1. 文献综述文献综述是文献方法中的重要环节，通过对前人研究成果的总结和归纳，可以帮助研究者了解某一领域的研究现状和发展趋势。

在进行文献综述时，研究者需要广泛查阅相关文献，对文献进行分类、整理和总结，提炼出研究的主要观点和结论，为自己的研究提供理论支持。

2. 文献调研文献调研是文献方法中的另一个重要环节，通过对相关文献的调查和研究，可以帮助研究者了解某一问题的研究现状和研究方法。

在进行文献调研时，研究者需要确定研究的范围和目的，选择合适的文献来源和检索工具，对文献进行筛选和整理，提炼出对自己研究有用的信息和数据。

3. 文献分析文献分析是文献方法中的核心环节，通过对文献的内容和观点进行分析和评价，可以帮助研究者深入理解前人的研究成果，为自己的研究提供理论支持和研究思路。

在进行文献分析时，研究者需要对文献进行逐字逐句的阅读和理解，分析文献的观点和结论，评价文献的可靠性和科学性，提炼出对自己研究有启发和借鉴意义的内容。