自考《英美文学选读》新古典主义时期1[1]
英美文学选读知识点整理
play a pivotal role in… The significance of …lies rather in the portrayal of… It affords the readers a whole gallery of vivid portraits
of the people of all stratum. …gives an encyclopedic creation of… …shows a genuine sympathy for… every character one ’ s creative finger touched came
2. 莎士比亚的作品及主要内容
1. “Sonnet 18”的主题 2. 哈姆雷特的性格分析 3. 威尼斯商人——双关手法 pun
3. 约翰·弥尔顿
1. 启蒙运动时期的界定
2. 新古典主义的基本主张和特色
3. 丹尼尔·笛福主要作品及内容
1. 英语解释弥尔顿《失乐园》选段中 的句子
2. 《失乐园》的主要内容和意义 3. 《失乐园》中撒旦的人物分析
3作品中人物经历的有关情节23分做简答题或论4该人物的直接性格分析12分述题的答题要点5该人物的文学性格分析34分6作用影响语言风格等051分1利用题目发挥051分2该作家所处的历史背景12分3该作家的语言风格12分论述题中关于作4该作家说写的典型作品及创作主题23分家的分析5关于典型作品的有关情节12分6影响051分?sb
自考英美文学选读 教材翻译
自考《英美文学选读》教材的中文翻译
第一部分:英国文学
上古及中世纪英国文学简介
自从有人类历史记载以来,英伦三岛遭遇过三次外族入侵。岛上最早的居民是凯尔特人,此后古罗马人、盎格鲁一萨克森人及法国诺曼底公爵纷至沓来,在英伦三岛各领风骚若干年。古罗马人的入侵没有在这片土地上留下深远的影响,而后两者则不同了。盎格鲁一萨克森人将日尔曼族语言及文化根植在岛上,而诺曼底人则带来了地中海文明的清新浪潮,所谓地中海文明包括希腊文化,罗马的法律,以及基督教。正是这两次外族入侵所附带的文化影响为日后英国文学的兴起与发展提供了富足的源泉。英国文学史的上古时期起于大约公元450年,止于1066年,即诺曼征服的那一年。这一时期定盎格鲁一萨克森文明兴盛的时期。这些日尔曼族部落来自北欧,带来了盎格鲁一萨克森语言,也就是现代英语的原形基础,除此之外,还带来了特别的诗歌传统。他们的诗歌神韵中集合了粗狂豪勇的气度及悲情哀挽的风格。总体来讲,流传至今的英国上古诗歌可分为两大类:宗教诗和世俗诗。宗教诗的主题大多以《圣经》为基础。比如《创世纪甲本》与《创世纪乙本》以及《出埃及记》都源于《圣经》的《旧约全书》;而《十字架之梦》则以《新约全书》为典故。在《十字架之梦》这首诗中,耶稣基督被刻画成一位青年战士,勇往直前,拥抱死亡与胜利,而那善良的十字架自身则承受起基督所有的苦难与重负。除了这些宗教诗歌,上古的英格兰诗人还创作了伟大的民族史诗《贝尔武夫》以及其它众多的短篇抒情诗。这些世俗诗歌中虽然没有基督教教义,但它们唤起了盎格鲁一萨克森人对环境的严酷及人类命运的不幸的感知。其中《流浪者,狄奥尔》、《航海者》和《妻子的抱怨》是当时世俗诗中的佼佼者。诗文中的语气和基调深受北海恶劣气候的影响,生活惨淡无望,诗人的口气中带出大量宿命论的成份,尽管同时也显得勇敢而坚定。《贝尔武夫》,英国上古诗歌的典型,在今天被誉为盎格鲁一萨克森的民族史诗。尽管如此,诗中主人公及背景都与英国无关,这首叙事诗讲述的故事发生在北欧斯堪狄那维亚半岛。最初在公元六世纪末,这首诗是以口述的形式在吟游诗人中传涌。而当今流传的诗文是在十世纪时才以书面形式抄录下来。这部史诗以那位伟大的英雄国王贝尔武夫的葬礼为始末,以迫在眉睫的灾难为背景,述了斯堪狄那维亚的英雄贝尔武夫的卓著功勋一战胜巨妖格伦德尔和他那复仇心切的母亲以及一条喷火巨龙。贝尔武夫不仅是一位光荣的英雄,而且是人民的保护神。这部史诗的主题是为读者展现一幅原始部族的人民在英明而强大(智勇双全)的领袖指挥下战天斗地不向艰苦的自然环境低头的画卷。这部史诗还是将自然界神话与英雄传奇相结合的典型例子。比如,贝尔武夫与火龙的战斗就象征性地表现了有关冬神与夏神的神话,即夏神(在诗中化身为贝尔武夫〉与冬神展开了最后的较量,为了保住大地的财富一金黄的玉米和艳红的果实一不被严寒战害。当贝尔武夫将丰收的粮果归还给人民时,他自己却永远倒在冬神喷出的气息中。历史上的诺曼征服不仅仅使英伦三岛更换了一位统治者,政治上,它开启了英国的封建主义时期,确立了强大的封建制度;宗教上,罗马天主教廷加强了在英国的势力,此外英国的语言也发生了极大的变化。诺曼征服过后,英国出现了三种语言鼎立并存的局面。法语成为官方语言为国王与贵族们所使用;拉丁语成为教会与学校的主要语言;而原来的古英语只成为平民百姓的语言。至此,不列颠群岛向整个欧洲大陆敞开了大门。在诺曼征服(1066年)之后,英国文学进入了中世纪时期,这个时期持续了大约四个世纪。中世纪早期的文学,即从1066年到14世纪中叶,没有什么卓越的成就,这段时间可谓是文学荒漠。然而到了14世纪下半叶,英国文学开始兴盛起来,涌现出一批像吉奥弗雷·乔叟,威廉·兰格伦及约翰·高厄这样的诗人。与英国上古文学相比,其中世纪文学取材更为广泛,叙述、风格、基调、流派更加丰富多彩。民间通俗文学在这个时期占据了重要的位置,它为读者准确而生动地展示了当时人们的各种生活,尽管其创作思想上有失新颖创见。此外,中世纪文学还大量反映了中世纪基督教的教义原则,这些教义都与人类自救有关。骑士抒情诗也是中世纪盛行的文学形式,这种诗歌以叙述性的韵文或散文歌颂了骑士的冒险以及其它的英雄事迹。这种文学形式发展了富有中世纪特点的主题一一寻找并遭遇巨妖魔怪,并救出心爱的美人。诗中的主人公往往是个骑士,他出发踏上旅程去完成一系列的任务一一保卫教堂、讨伐叛逆、英雄救美人、迎接挑战、或服从骑士首领的命令等等。诗中时常随意地出现一些不真实,甚至超自然的事物,比如神秘与离奇的幻想。流浪精神式爱情是骑士抒情诗中一个重要情节。但由于人物塑造的\"千人一面\",不同诗中的男、女主人公及其身边邪恶的仆从都能从一首诗搬到另一首诗。骑士诗的结构比较松散,并分章节,其语言简单而直白。骑士抒情诗的重要意义在于它展示了中世纪贵族男女的生活及他们理想化的世界观。如果说史诗反映了英雄时代,那么骑士诗反映了骑士时代。在前面提到的三位中世纪英国著名诗人中,《高文爵士与他的绿衣骑士》的作者约翰·高厄创作了当时最精美的骑士文学作品;
自考英美文学选读(英国篇
The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期Beowulf 《贝奥武夫》:第一部最古老、最长的较完整的文学作品The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》小说集,描写了各行各业中的人物形象
Italy 三方面:painting+sculputre+literature
主要作家:
William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚
The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》
(1)手法:pun 双关(“Not on thy sole,but on thy soul,harsh Jew /Thou mak ’st thy knife keen.”“狠心的犹太人,你不是在鞋口上磨刀,而是在你的心口上磨刀”)
(2)主人公名字:安东尼奥Antonio 巴萨尼奥Bassanio 鲍西亚Portia 犹太人Jews 夏洛克Shylock 生平2long poems 154sonnets
38plays
Venus and Adonis 《维纳斯与安东尼斯》
The Rape of Lucrece 《鲁克丽丝受辱记》
四大喜剧A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》
As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》
Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》
The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》
Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》
(1)手法:soliloquy 独白(“To be,or not to be —that is the question ”)
自考英语本科英美文学选读2Neoclassicalperiod
Chapter II The Neoclassical Period
一.新古典主义时期概述
1. 识记:(1)新古典主义时期的界定
(2)政治经济背景
(3)启蒙运动的意义与影响
2. 领会:(1)启蒙运动的主张与文学的特点
(2)新古典主义时期文学的艺术特点
3. 应用:启蒙运动,新古典主义,英雄双行诗,英国现实主义小说等名词的解释
1. 识记Definitions of literary terms
1) The Enlightenment Movement
The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope & so on.
自考-《英美文学选读》作家和作品
自考英语:英美文学选读作家作品列表The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期 6位作家1. Edmund Spenser①The shepheardes Calender 牧人日记②The Faerie Queene 仙后③Epithalamion 新婚喜歌2.Christopher MarloweTamburlaine 帖木儿Dr. Faustus 浮士德博士的悲剧The Jew of Malta 马耳他的犹太人Edward Ⅱ 爱德华2世Hero and Leander 海洛与勒安德耳The passionate shepherd to his love 激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘A verse translation of Ovid’s Amores 翻译了奥维德的爱的艺术3.William ShakespearePeriod1: He wrote 5 history playsHenryⅥ 亨利6世RichardⅢ 理查三世Titus Andronicus 泰托斯。安东尼4 comedies: The comedy of errors 错误的喜剧.The two Gentlemen of Verona维洛那2绅士. The Taming of the shrew 驯悍记. Love’s Lost 爱的徒劳Period2:5 histories: RichardⅡ 理查二世 .King john约翰王 HenryⅣ 。 HenryⅤ6 comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦 The Merchant of Venice Much ado About nothing 无事生非 As You Like It 皆大欢喜 Twelfth Night 第12夜The Merry Wives of Windsor 温 沙的风流娘们2 tragedies: Romeo and Juliet Julius CaesarPeriod3: includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comediesTragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear李尔王 Macbeth麦克白 ,Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克里奥佩特拉,Troilus and Cressida 特络绎勒斯与克里西达,and Coriolanus克里奥拉那斯.2 comedies: All’s Well That Ends Well 终成眷属 and Measure for Measure一报还一报Period4: romantic tragicomedies: Pericles伯里克里, Cymbeline 辛白林,The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest暴风雨,2 final plays: Henry Ⅷ ,The Two Noble Kinsmen 2位贵族亲戚4.Francis BaconFirst group: The Advancement of Learning, Novum OrganumSecond group: Essays散文集(of Studies), Apophthagmes New and Old新旧格言集 ,The History of Reign of Henry Ⅶ亨利7世的统治,The New Atlantis 新大西岛Third group: Maxims of law法律原理 and The Learned Reading upon the Statute of Uses法令使用读本5.John DonneThe Elegies and Satires挽歌与讽刺The songs and Sonnets 歌与短歌The Sun Rising 太阳升起Death ,Be Not Proud 死亡,你莫狂妄6.John MiltonFirst group: the early poetic works: Lycidas 利西达斯Second group: the middle prose pamohlets散文小册子: Areopagitica(1644) 论出版自由The great poems: Paradise Lost (1665)Paradise Regained (1666)Samson Agonistes (1671) 力士参孙The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义 8个1. John bunyan:The Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程(”The Vanity Fair”)Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners 罪人头目的赦免The life and death of Mr. Badman 柏得门先生生死录The Holy War 圣战2. Alexander PopeAn Essay on Criticism 论批评The Rape of the
2021年自考《英美文学选读》(英)新古典主义时期:Alexander pope
2021年自考《英美文学选读》(英)新古典主义时期:
Alexander pope
II. Alexander pope
1. 一般识记His life & career
English poet & satirist,born in London,England,May 21,1688,died in Twickenham,England May 30,1744.
Pope is one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet. He wrote witty & polished verses ridiculing the behavior of his day. Pope’s mock-heroic poem The Rape of the Lock is one of the finest examples of English comic verse. He made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711. His Dunciad is a scathing attack on dullness & pedantry in literature. He also composed verse essays on philosophy,literature,& criticism. In An Essay on Man,he brilliantly expressed the philosophical trends & concepts of his age.
英美文学选读-英国-新古典主义时期-练习题汇总
1. The 18th-century England is known as ( ) (浙0710)
A. the Age of Puritanism
B. the Age of Reason
C. the Era of Capitalism
D. the Age of Glory
2. English Enlighteners in the 18th century held ________ as the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and relations. (一)1
A. property
B. education
C. emotion
D. reason
3. In the Enlightenment Movement, the progressive representatives intended ______. (浙0810)
A. to call the people to fight against poverty and hardship
B. to tell people to economize and to accumulate wealth
C. to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas
D. to instruct people to obtain their present social status through hard work
英美文学选读英国部分第二章新古典主义时期
英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案
英国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE) 第二章新古典主义时期(The Neoclassical Period)
一、背景知识(Background knowledge)
1、历史背景(Historical background)
新古典主义时期的英国社会矛盾交织。王室与议会、不同的教派之间、统治阶级与贫苦的劳动大众之间冲突不断,托利党与辉格党也为对议会和政府的控制而争斗不已。概言之,那是一个充满了多种矛盾和多种价值观的时代。18世纪的英国发展迅速,到世纪中叶,英国已成为世界上的头号资本主义强国。随着经济的迅速发展,中产阶级也随之壮大了起来。
2、文化背景(Cultural background)
(1)随着资本主义的发展,中产阶级的社会价值观和道德观占据了主宰地位。中产阶级崇尚自制、自立和勤劳。对他们而言,生活的意义就在于工作、节俭和积累财富。
(2)这一时期,启蒙运动在英国全面展开。该运动的目的是用现代哲学和艺术观启迪社会。
启蒙主义者们宣扬理性、平等与科学,宣称理性是人类的一切思想和行动唯一的、终极的目标。
(3)启蒙者们相信当理性作为衡量一切人类行为和关系的标尺之时,一切迷信、压迫和不公正将让位于“终极真理”、“终极正义”和“终极平等”
(4)启蒙者们鼓吹全民教育。他们认为,大众受到教育才更有可能建成民主社会。
3、新古典主义文学的特征(Features of the neo-classic literature)
(1)新古典主义文学奉古希腊、罗马的经典作品和当代法国作品为创作之圭臬。
自考英语本科 英美文学选读 考试大纲
《英美文学选读》考试大纲
全国考办在组织全国考委外语类专业委员会研究论证后,决定对高等教育自学考试英语语言文学专业“英美文学选读”(课程代码:0604)自学考试大纲的部分内容进行调整:
具体调整如下:
《英美文学选读自学考试大纲》的考核知识点与考核要求
(一)关于考核知识点的调整
考核知识点中的各章概述内容仍为考核内容;对知识点中的作家只保留对如下主要作家的考核。
英国文学:
Chapter 1
III. William Shakespeare
VI. John Milton
Chapter 2
III. Daniel Defoe
IV. Jonathan Swift
V. Henry Fielding
Chapter 3
I. William Blake
II. William Wordsworth
V. Percy Bysshe Shelley
VII. Jane Austen
Chapter 4
I. Charles Dickens
II. Charlotte Bronte
VI. Thomas Hardy
Chapter 5
I. George Bernard Shaw
IV.T. S. Eliot
V.D. H. Lawrence
美国文学:
Chapter 1
III. Nathaniel Hawthorne
IV. Walt Whitman
V. Herman Melville
Chapter 2
I. Mark Twain
II. Henry James
III. Emily Dickinson
IV. Theodore Dreiser
英美文学选读自考题-1_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
英美文学选读自考题-1
(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)
Ⅰ.Multiple Choice
Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement.
1.
In Renaissance, the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to do the following EXCEPT ______.
A. getting rid of those old feudalist-ideas
B. getting control of the parliament and government
C. introducing new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie
D. recovering the purity of the early church, from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church
SSS_SIMPLE_SIN
A B C D
分值: 1
答案:B
主要考查的知识点为对文艺复兴的描述。
文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期**的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。
(完整word版)新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结背完必过
《英美文学选读》笔记背完必过
Part One: English Literature
An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature
I Understanding and application: (理解应用)
1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, Anglo Saxons and Normans. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization, including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.
2. The old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.
3. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one
自考英美文学选读--英美文学课本中各要点总结
Part one: English Literature Chapter1 The Renaissance period(14世纪至十七世纪中叶)文艺复兴
1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴
的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception
that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源
是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心,人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt
human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious
creatures capable of individual development in the direction of
perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise
but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗
产中找到充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是崇高的
生命,人可以不断发展完善自己,而且世界是属于他们的,供他
自考英美文学选读(00604)
应用必背单元
Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period (2)
Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period (6)
Chapter3 The Romantic Period (9)
Chapter 4 The Victorian Period (14)
Chapter 5 The Modern Period (18)
Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period
1.文艺复兴的主要作家及其作品
1)Edmund Spenser: The Faerie Queene
2)Christopher Marlowe: Dr Faustus Tamburlaine
3)William Shakespeare: Henry IV; The Merchant of Venice; Hamlet; Othello;
King Lear; Macbeth; Romeo and Juliet.
4)John Donne: The Songs and Sonnets; The Sun Rising; Death, Be Not Proud
5)John Milton: Paradise Lost; Paradise Regained; Samson Agonisttes
2.文艺复兴
The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.
自考本科英语-00604 英国新古典主义时期
★Thomas Gray托马斯·格雷P151
1716-1771
Ode on a Distan Prospect of Eton College《伊顿公学展望》(1747)
His style is sophisticated and allusive.他的风格复杂而含蓄。
poet诗人
Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat《爱猫之死》(1748)
writer and satirist作家,讽刺文学大师
The Battle of the Books《书的战争》(written 1679, published 1704)
The Drapier's Letters《德拉皮尔的信》(1724-1725)
Gulliver's Travels《格列佛游记》(1726)☆greatest satiric work讽刺作品
序号
作者/书本对应页数
年份
作品
创作风格/主要成就
职业
1
★John Bunyan约翰·班扬P84
1628-1688
Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners《罪人头的赦免》(1666)
开创宗教寓言文学
Christian writer and preacher基督教作家和传教士
自考英语本科《英美文学选读》英国古典主义一天全掌握
自考英语本科《英美文学选读》英国古典主义一天全掌握
Neoclassical period:The Neoclassical period is about 1660-1798,
also known as "the Age of Enlightenment" or "the age of Reason".
新古典主义
英国1688年的“光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝,确定了君主立宪制,
建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权,英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。
18世纪初,新古典主义成为时尚。
新古典主义推崇理性,强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅,追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。
18世纪被认为是启蒙运动时期.
现实主义小说
笛福(英国实现主义小说的奠基人、英国小说之父、现代新闻报道之父):
主要作品:《鲁滨逊漂流记》标志着英国现实主义小说的诞生。
鲁滨逊是欧洲文学史上第一个资产阶级的正面形象(第一人称自述方式)。
斯威夫特(激进的民主派,开创了英国文学中的讽刺传统):
主要作品:《格列佛游记》(儿童幻想剧小说)通过幻想的环境,虚构的情节,夸
张的手法对英国政治、法律、议会、党争和哲学进行讽刺和抨击)。
菲尔丁:(18世纪英国最杰出的小说家)
《汤姆琼斯》(欧洲文学中的一流小说):代表了18世纪英国现实主义小说的最高
成就,被誉为“18世纪英国社会的散文史诗”。
哥特式小说
哥特小说,属于英语文学派别,一般被认为随着贺瑞斯·华尔波尔的《奥特朗图堡》而产生。
哥特小说可以说是恐怖电影的鼻祖,更重要的是,它使我们今天习惯地将哥特式与黑暗、恐怖联系在一起。显著的哥特小说元素包括恐怖,神秘,超自然,厄运,死亡,颓
英美文学选读(自考)Chapter1
自学考试
英美文学选读
Selected Readings In English And American Literatures
Part one: English literature
An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature 1. The Old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two group:
the religious group and the secular one. The poetry of the religious group is mainly on biblical themes………In addition to these religious compositions, Old English poets produced the national epic poem, Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.
2. Romance which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly
adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period. R omantic love is an important part of the plot in romance.
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Chapter II The Neoclassical Period
一。新古典主义时期概述
1. 识记:(1)新古典主义时期的界定
(2)政治经济背景
(3)启蒙运动的意义与影响
2. 领会:(1)启蒙运动的主张与文学的特点
(2)新古典主义时期文学的艺术特点
3. 应用:启蒙运动,新古典主义,英雄双行诗,英国现实主义小说等名词的解释
1. 识记Definitions of literary terms
1) The Enlightenment Movement
The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope & so on.
2) Neoclassicism
In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, & so on)& those of the contemporary French ones.
They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion & accuracy, & that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony & grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct & correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus, a polite,
urbane, witty, & intellectual art developed.
3) The heroic couplet
It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry,which rhyme & are written with five beats each……
4) the Realistic Novel
The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which,contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding,
Laurence Sterne, Tobias Creorge Smollott, & Oliver Goldsmith.
2. 领会Characteristics of Neoclassical Literature