The piano action as the performer’s interface Timing properties, dynamic behaviour, and th

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高考英语读后续写专项训练

1．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

When I was about five years old. I saw a beautiful rainbow that seemed to be losing itself in a thick wood about half a mile away.“Do you know, Grace.” said my little brother, who was just recovering from a severe illness. “that if we go to the end of the rainbow. we will find precious treasures there?”“Really?” I asked.“Yes.” answered my brother. with a bright smile on his pale face.As simple-minded children, we believed everything that we were told. Without a second thought, we set off toward the wood. I ran so fast that my brother called after me as loudly as he could. Being sure where the rainbow ended. I pushed ahead without waiting for him.But when I reached the edge wood, the end of the rainbow was not there! Instead. I saw it shining down among the trees a little farther off. So on and on I struggled through the thick bushes till I came within the sound of a stream. I reached the bank of the stream, and I could see it a little way off on the other side. I crossed the stream on a fallen tree, and still ran on, though my feet were aching and my knees were shaking.On the way, I met a huge snake, I tried to run away from it as fast as my tired feet could carry me. And in my fright and hurry, I forgot to keep my eyes on the rainbow, and when, at last, I looked for it, it was gone! Even worse, I couldn’t see my brother anywhere in sight. l sat down and burst into tears, for I felt that I had lost all my treasures. I had nothing but muddy feet and a wet and torn dress. So I decided to go back home.注意：1.续写词数应为150左右；2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

备战高考英语之读后续写：智慧故事(学生版)

备战高考英语之读后续写--智慧故事距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。

以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的以下学习资料，希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。

在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。

英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。

越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。

另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。

【河北省张家口市部分学校2022-2023学年高三上学期期中】阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

Once upon a time, there was a young athletic boy who is really hungry for success. For him, winning was everything and success was measured just by winning. He practised hard every day to win every race lying aheadof him.One day, the boy was preparing himself for a running competition in his small village. A large crowd had gathered to witness the sporting event. A wise old man had travelled far to bear witness also. The race began. The boy with his determination, strength and power took the winning line and came to the first. The crowd were excited, cheering and waving at the boy. However, the wise man remained still and calm, expressing no excitement. The little boy, however, felt proud and important.A second race was called and two new young fit challengers came forward to run with him. The race was started and sure enough the little boy came through and finished first. Once again the crowd was excited again, and cheered and waved at the boy. The wise man remained still and calm again, expressing no excitement. The little boy, however, felt proud and important.Another race, the wise old man stepped forward and presented the little boy with two new challengers, anelderly weak lady and a blind man. “What is this?” the little boy was puzzled. “This is no race!” he claimed. “Race,” said the wise man.注意：1. 续写词数应为150左右；2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

有关于钢琴演出的作文

有关于钢琴演出的作文英文回答：Piano performance is a form of art that has captivated audiences for centuries. The elegance and grace of the instrument, combined with the skill of the performer, create a mesmerizing experience for the listeners.The atmosphere of a piano performance is always filled with anticipation and excitement. As the lights dim and the performer takes their place at the piano, there is a sense of hushed reverence in the air. The first notes played on the piano have the power to transport the audience to another world, where emotions are expressed through music.The repertoire for piano performances is incredibly diverse, ranging from classical masterpieces by composers like Mozart and Chopin, to contemporary pieces by modern composers. Each piece has its own unique character and challenges, and the performer's interpretation adds anotherlayer of depth to the music.One of the most fascinating aspects of piano performances is the performer's ability to convey a wide range of emotions through their playing. From the delicate, ethereal melodies to the powerful, thunderous chords, the piano has the capacity to evoke a myriad of feelings in the listeners. The performer's skill in conveying these emotions can leave a lasting impression on the audience.In addition to the music itself, the visual aspect of a piano performance is also captivating. The fluid movements of the performer's hands across the keys, the subtle expressions on their face, and the interplay between light and shadow create a multi-sensory experience for the audience.Overall, piano performances are a testament to the power of music to move and inspire. Whether it's a solo recital, a concerto with an orchestra, or an intimate chamber performance, the piano has the ability to create moments of pure magic for both the performer and theaudience.中文回答：钢琴演出是一种迷人的艺术形式，已经吸引了观众们几个世纪。

难忘的钢琴演出英语作文

难忘的钢琴演出英语作文An Unforgettable Piano Performance.The atmosphere was electric, filled with the palpable excitement of the crowd as they eagerly awaited the commencement of the evening's piano recital. The venue, a grand concert hall, was decorated with elegant chandeliers and rich velvet curtains, adding to the already sophisticated ambience. The anticipation was so thick, it was almost tangible.As the lights dimmed, the stage was illuminated, revealing a single piano placed in the center. Its glossy black finish seemed to absorb all the light, giving it an air of mystery. Then, the performer entered, her steps sure and confident as she gracefully made her way to the piano. She sat down, adjusted her seat, and gave a nod to the conductor, indicating that she was ready.The concert hall fell silent as the first notes of theopening piece filled the air. The performance was a masterclass in musicianship, a blend of emotion and technique that was impossible to ignore. The pianist's fingers danced across the keys, creating a symphony of sounds that were both haunting and beautiful.The piece she chose was a composition that was both challenging and emotional. It required a delicacy and precision in execution that only the most skilled pianists could achieve. Yet, she seemed to effortlessly navigate through the complexities of the music, making it come alive with her playing.As the music flowed, the audience was transported to a different world. The pianist's playing was so intense, it was almost like she was painting a picture with sound. One could almost see the landscapes, the emotions, the stories that were being told through her playing.Halfway through the performance, she took a moment to look up at the audience. Her eyes were filled with passion and determination, as if she was sharing a personal journeywith each and every person in the hall. Her gaze was so intense, it was as if she was looking into the soul of each listener.The final notes of the piece echoed through the concert hall, leaving the audience in a state of stunned silence. It was several seconds before the applause erupted, loud and deafening. The pianist smiled, a knowing smile that suggested she knew exactly what she had done.As the concert progressed, she continued to wow the audience with her playing. Each piece she performed was executed with the same level of precision and emotion, leaving the audience spellbound. Her range of expression was astonishing, and she seemed to draw inspiration from every corner of the concert hall.By the end of the recital, the atmosphere was electric. The audience was on its feet, applauding loudly and demanding an encore. The pianist obliged, playing a final piece that was both upbeat and triumphant. It was a fitting ending to an already unforgettable performance.As the final notes died away and the applause subsided, the pianist stood up, her face beaming with pride and satisfaction. She took a moment to acknowledge the audience, her eyes filled with gratitude. Then, she gracefully made her way off the stage, leaving the audience with one final, lingering memory of her remarkable performance.That night, the concert hall was transformed into a magical realm of sound and emotion. The pianist's performance was not just a recital; it was a journeythrough the soul of music, a celebration of the power of art, and a reminder of the transformative power of live music. It was an evening that none of us would ever forget.。

对钢琴感兴趣的英语作文

对钢琴感兴趣的英语作文Exploring the Captivating World of the PianoThe piano, a magnificent musical instrument, has captivated the hearts and minds of countless individuals throughout history. As a versatile and expressive medium, the piano has the power to evoke a wide range of emotions, from the delicate and serene to the powerful and dramatic. For those who are drawn to the allure of this remarkable instrument, the journey of exploring the piano can be a truly rewarding and enriching experience.At the core of the piano's appeal lies its remarkable versatility. Whether one is drawn to the classical compositions of Beethoven and Chopin or the contemporary stylings of contemporary artists, the piano offers a vast and diverse repertoire that can cater to a wide range of musical tastes and preferences. From the intricate and technically demanding pieces that challenge the virtuoso performer to the more accessible and approachable works that allow for the enjoyment of music at a more casual level, the piano's range is truly awe-inspiring.One of the most captivating aspects of the piano is its ability toconvey a vast array of emotions through the manipulation of sound. The delicate and nuanced touch of the pianist can elicit feelings of tenderness and vulnerability, while the powerful and resonant chords can evoke a sense of grandeur and majesty. The piano's capacity to express the full spectrum of human emotion is a testament to the instrument's remarkable expressive capabilities.Beyond its musical prowess, the piano also holds a unique place in the cultural and artistic landscape. Throughout history, the piano has been a central figure in the development of various musical genres, from the classical compositions of the Romantic era to the jazz and blues improvisation of the 20th century. The piano's ability to seamlessly integrate with other instruments and ensemble settings has made it an indispensable component of many musical traditions, and its influence can be felt in a wide range of cultural and artistic expressions.For those who are new to the world of the piano, the prospect of learning to play can be both exciting and daunting. The piano requires a significant investment of time and dedication, as mastering the instrument requires the development of a wide range of technical and musical skills. However, the rewards of this journey are immense, as the piano offers a lifetime of exploration and discovery.One of the great joys of learning the piano is the sense of personal growth and accomplishment that comes with each new milestone. Whether it's the first time a student is able to play a simple melody or the moment when they tackle a complex piece with confidence, the piano offers a unique opportunity for self-expression and personal development. The act of creating music, of giving voice to one's emotions and ideas through the medium of the piano, can be a deeply fulfilling and transformative experience.Moreover, the piano's versatility extends beyond the realm of performance, as it can also serve as a tool for composition and improvisation. For those who are drawn to the creative process, the piano can be a powerful vehicle for self-expression, allowing for the exploration of new musical ideas and the creation of original works. The act of composing or improvising at the piano can be a deeply rewarding and intellectually stimulating experience, as it requires the synthesis of technical, musical, and creative skills.In conclusion, the piano is a truly remarkable and captivating instrument that has the power to inspire and captivate individuals of all ages and backgrounds. Whether one is drawn to the piano's rich history and cultural significance, its expressive capabilities, or the personal growth and fulfillment that comes with learning to play, the journey of exploring the piano is one that is filled with endless possibilities and rewards. For those who are willing to dedicatethemselves to the pursuit of this remarkable instrument, the rewards are truly boundless.。

英文作文关于钢琴

英文作文关于钢琴Title: The Timeless Elegance of the Piano。

The piano, an instrument that resonates with both beauty and complexity, holds a special place in the world of music. Its allure transcends generations, captivating the hearts and minds of musicians and enthusiasts alike. From its humble beginnings to its current status as a symbol of sophistication and artistry, the piano's journey is one of evolution, innovation, and enduring appeal.First and foremost, the piano is distinguished by its versatility. With its broad range and dynamic capabilities, it serves as a solo instrument, accompaniment, and ensemble centerpiece across various genres and styles. Whether in classical, jazz, pop, or beyond, the piano's adaptability knows no bounds, making it a favorite among performers and composers seeking to express their creativity.Furthermore, the piano's design embodies a harmoniousblend of engineering and aesthetics. From the intricate mechanism of its keys and hammers to the sleek curvature of its frame, every aspect of the instrument is meticulously crafted to produce not only sublime sounds but also visual elegance. Its polished exterior reflects the craftsmanship and attention to detail that have become synonymous with excellence in musical instrument design.Moreover, the piano's cultural significance extends far beyond its musical prowess. As a symbol of refinement and culture, it has found its way into the hearts ofenthusiasts worldwide, gracing concert halls, private homes, and educational institutions alike. Its presence evokes a sense of sophistication and tradition, serving as a focal point for social gatherings, performances, and moments of introspection.In addition to its artistic and cultural significance, the piano plays a vital role in education and personal development. Aspiring musicians embark on a journey of discovery as they learn to master its keys, unraveling the complexities of melody, harmony, and rhythm. Throughdisciplined practice and dedication, students not only cultivate their musical abilities but also acquire valuable life skills such as patience, perseverance, and self-expression.Furthermore, the piano's timeless appeal is perpetuated by ongoing innovations in technology and design. From traditional acoustic pianos to digital counterparts equipped with advanced features and connectivity options, the instrument continues to evolve to meet the changing needs and preferences of musicians in the digital age. Yet, amidst these advancements, the essence of the piano remains unchanged, serving as a conduit for artistic expression and emotional resonance.In conclusion, the piano stands as a testament to the enduring power of music to inspire, enrich, and unite us across cultures and generations. Its timeless elegance, versatility, and cultural significance ensure its place as a cherished icon in the world of music and beyond. Whether as a performer, enthusiast, or admirer, the piano invitesus to experience the beauty of sound and the magic of creativity in all its forms.。

才艺展示钢琴英文作文

Title: The Elegance of Piano: A Showcase of TalentThe piano, a musical instrument that dates back to the 18th century, has alwaysbeen a symbol of elegance and sophistication. Its unique sound, ranging from softand delicate to powerful and激情四溢, captivates listeners from all backgroundsand ages. A piano performance, whether it's a solo recital or a collaboration with other musicians, is always a treat to watch.The talent required to master the piano is immense. It takes years of practice, dedication, and perseverance to perfect the intricate finger movements and expressions that bring out the full potential of this instrument. The pianist not only needs to have excellent technical skills but also a deep understanding of musictheory and interpretation.During a piano talent showcase, the performer often begins with a gentle piece, using soft melodies to warm up the audience and set the mood. As the performance progresses, the music builds up in intensity, with the pianist展示他们的技巧和技术，playing faster and more complex melodies. The audience is often left in awe, marveling at the pianist's ability to transform a simple instrument into a powerful musical force.Moreover, a piano talent showcase is not just about the music. It's also about the connection between the performer and the audience. The pianist's passion and emotion are transmitted through their playing, making the audience feel as if theyare part of the performance. This emotional connection is what makes a piano talent showcase truly memorable.In conclusion, a piano talent showcase is a celebration of music, talent, and hard work. It's an opportunity for the audience to witness the extraordinary abilities of a pianist and appreciate the beauty of this timeless instrument. As the final notes fade away, leaving the audience in a state of complete silence, it's evident that the piano has once again proven its power to move and inspire people from all walks of life.。

钢琴比赛作文英文

钢琴比赛作文英文The piano competition was intense. The atmosphere was electric, with the sound of keys being struck filling the air. Each competitor brought their own unique style and passion to the stage. The judges had a difficult task ahead of them, as the level of talent on display was truly impressive.The first contestant was a young prodigy, barely intheir teens. Their fingers danced across the keys with a speed and precision that belied their age. The audience was captivated by the emotion and maturity of their performance. It was clear that this was a talent to be reckoned with.Next up was a seasoned performer, with years of experience under their belt. Their interpretation of the piece was masterful, with every note carefully considered and executed. The audience was spellbound by the depth and richness of their playing. It was a performance that left a lasting impression on everyone present.As the competition continued, it became apparent that each contestant had their own strengths and weaknesses. Some excelled in technical proficiency, while others shonein their ability to convey emotion and storytelling through their music. It was a true showcase of the diverse talents within the world of piano performance.The final contestant took to the stage with an air of confidence. Their performance was bold and daring, pushing the boundaries of what was thought possible on the piano. The audience was left in awe of their creativity and innovation. It was a performance that left everyone talking long after the competition had ended.In the end, the judges had the difficult task of choosing a winner. Each contestant had brought something special to the competition, making the decision a tough one. But in the end, a winner was crowned, and the audience erupted into applause. It was a celebration of talent and passion, and a reminder of the power of music to move and inspire.。

钢琴比赛英语作文60字

钢琴比赛英语作文60字标题，Piano Competition。

参考范文：Piano competition is a platform where pianists showcase their talent and skills. It is not just a battle of notes, but also a test of musicianship and expression.Participants from different backgrounds come together to compete, creating an atmosphere filled with excitement and anticipation.In a piano competition, each performer brings their unique interpretation of the pieces they play. The same composition can sound vastly different when played by different pianists, reflecting their individual styles and personalities. Judges evaluate not only technical proficiency but also musicality, tone quality, and emotional depth.Preparation for a piano competition requires months, even years, of dedicated practice. Pianists spend countless hours refining their technique, mastering difficult passages, and understanding the nuances of the music they perform. It is a journey of self-discovery and growth, pushing oneself to reach new heights of excellence.The day of the competition is filled with nervous energy as participants eagerly await their turn to perform. Backstage, pianists run through their pieces one last time, trying to calm their nerves and focus their minds. As they step onto the stage, the audience holds its breath, ready to be captivated by the magic of music.Each performance is a journey, taking the audience on a rollercoaster of emotions. From the delicate beauty of a Chopin Nocturne to the fiery passion of a Rachmaninoff Prelude, the music transcends language and speaks directly to the heart. In those moments, time stands still, and all that matters is the connection between performer and listener.At the end of the competition, winners are announced, and prizes awarded. But beyond the accolades and trophies, what truly matters is the experience gained and the friendships forged. Piano competition is not just about winning or losing; it is about the joy of making music and sharing it with others.1500字仿写：Piano Competition: A Symphony of Passion and Skill。

播放钢琴演奏作文英语

播放钢琴演奏作文英语Title: The Enchanting Melodies of Piano Performance。

Introduction:Piano performance is an art that transcends language barriers, speaking directly to the soul through its enchanting melodies and captivating rhythms. In this essay, we will delve into the mesmerizing world of piano performance, exploring its significance, challenges, and the profound impact it has on both performers and audiences alike.The Artistry of Piano Performance:At its core, piano performance is a sublime expression of human creativity and emotion. Through skillful manipulation of the keys, performers breathe life into musical compositions, evoking a myriad of emotions ranging from joy and serenity to melancholy and longing. Each noteplayed carries with it a story, a narrative that unfolds with every stroke of the pianist's fingers.Technical Mastery:However, behind the veil of effortless beauty lies the arduous journey of technical mastery. Learning to play the piano proficiently requires countless hours of practice, discipline, and dedication. From mastering complex fingerings to understanding musical nuances, pianists must hone their skills relentlessly to achieve mastery overtheir craft.Moreover, piano performance demands not only physical dexterity but also mental agility. Performers must possess a keen sense of timing, rhythm, and dynamics, seamlessly weaving these elements together to create a cohesive musical tapestry. This requires immense concentration and focus, as even the slightest deviation can alter the entire essence of a piece.Expressive Interpretation:Yet, beyond the realm of technical proficiency lies the heart of piano performance: expressive interpretation.Great pianists possess the ability to infuse their playing with profound emotion, breathing soul into every note they play. Through subtle nuances in tempo, phrasing, and dynamics, they convey the depth and complexity of the music, eliciting a visceral response from their listeners.Furthermore, piano performance offers a unique opportunity for personal expression and interpretation. Each performer brings their own unique style andperspective to the music, imbuing it with fresh vitalityand meaning. Whether interpreting a classical sonata or a contemporary piece, pianists have the freedom to imprint their individuality onto the music, creating a deeply personal connection with both the piece and the audience.The Transformative Power of Music:Ultimately, the true allure of piano performance liesin its transformative power. Music has the ability totranscend cultural boundaries, unite people from diverse backgrounds, and evoke profound emotions that resonate deep within the human psyche. Through the universal language of music, pianists have the opportunity to touch the heartsand souls of listeners around the world, fostering a senseof shared humanity and connection.Conclusion:In conclusion, piano performance is a transcendent art form that embodies the essence of human creativity, emotion, and expression. From its technical intricacies to its emotive depth, piano performance captivates audiences and performers alike, offering a glimpse into the boundless potential of the human spirit. As we continue to explorethe enchanting world of piano performance, let us celebrate its beauty, diversity, and enduring legacy as a timeless form of artistic expression.。

钢琴比赛英文作文

The Enchantment of the Piano Competition In the heart of the city, nestled amidst the bustling streets and tall buildings, was a hall that resonated with the sounds of music. This was not any ordinary hall; it was the venue for the annual International Piano Concerto Competition, a platform that attracted the finest pianists from around the globe. The atmosphere was electric, filled with both nervous excitement and eager anticipation.As the curtain drew back, revealing the grand piano stage, the crowd's chatter subsided into an expectant hush. The first contestant, a young girl with her black hair tied in a neat bun, gracefully took her seat. Her fingers hovered over the keys, almost dancing on their own, as the first notes of her performance filled the air. Herrendition of Beethoven's "Moonlight Sonata" was nothing short of breathtaking. The melody flowed seamlessly, carrying the audience on a journey through the composer's emotional landscape.As the competition progressed, each performer brought their unique interpretation to the stage. Some chose to play the classics, like Chopin's "Nocturne" or Liszt's"Hungarian Rhapsody," while others ventured into contemporary works, showcasing their innovation and creativity. The judges, with their serious expressions and attentive gazes, were clearly in awe of the talent on display.Amidst this musical extravaganza, what stood out was not just the technical proficiency of the pianists but also the emotional depth of their performances. Each note, each chord, seemed to carry a story, a feeling, a memory. It was as if the pianos were not just instruments; they were extensions of the performers' hearts and souls.The atmosphere in the hall was electric, with each performance generating a wave of excitement and applause. The audience was transported to different worlds, experiencing the joy, the sorrow, the passion, and the tranquility that the pianists so eloquently expressed through their music.As the final performer took the stage, the tension in the air was palpable. This was the moment everyone had been waiting for - the grand finale. The pianist, a seasoned veteran with a confident stride, sat down and began hisperformance. His rendition of Rachmaninoff's "PianoConcerto No. 2" was a masterpiece of both technique and emotion. The music swelled and ebbed, building up to a crescendo that left the audience breathless.When the final note died away, there was a moment of absolute silence. Then, as if woken from a dream, the audience erupted into thunderous applause. The judges nodded in agreement, their faces betraying their inner excitement. It was clear that they had witnessed something truly exceptional.As the competition drew to a close, it was not just the winner who emerged victorious. Every performer had left a lasting impression, sharing their music and their stories with the world. The piano competition was not just a competition; it was a celebration of music, a testament to the power of art to connect and inspire.**钢琴比赛的魅力**在城市的心脏地带，坐落在一座座繁忙的街道和高楼大厦之间，有一个大厅回荡着音乐的声音。

弹钢琴英语知识点总结

弹钢琴英语知识点总结IntroductionThe piano is a versatile and powerful instrument that has been a staple in music for centuries. Whether you are a beginner or an advanced player, there is always room for improvement and growth in your piano playing skills. In this guide, we will cover a wide range of topics related to piano playing, from the basics of hand placement and posture to advanced techniques and tips for performance. By the end of this comprehensive guide, you will be equipped with the knowledge and skills to take your piano playing to the next level.Basic Knowledge1. Piano AnatomyBefore we dive into playing the piano, it's important to have a basic understanding of the instrument's anatomy. The piano consists of 88 keys, including white keys and black keys. The keys are arranged in a repeating pattern of groups of two and three black keys. Each key corresponds to a specific note on the musical scale. The keys are connected to hammers that strike the strings inside the piano to produce sound. Understanding the layout and function of the piano keys and components is essential for effective playing.2. Hand Position and PostureProper hand position and posture are crucial for playing the piano with ease and efficiency. Your hands should be relaxed, with your fingers slightly curved and resting on the keys. Your wrists should be at the same level as the keys, and your elbows should be slightly away from your body. Good posture also plays a role in producing a strong and consistent sound. Sitting up straight, with your feet flat on the floor, allows for better control and fluidity in your playing.3. Notation and Reading MusicLearning to read music is an essential skill for piano players. Musical notation consists of five lines and four spaces, on which notes are written to represent specific pitches and rhythms. The treble clef is used for higher-pitched notes, while the bass clef is used for lower-pitched notes. Understanding the basics of musical notation and rhythm will allow you to interpret and play a wide range of musical pieces.Techniques1. Scales and ArpeggiosPracticing scales and arpeggios is fundamental to developing dexterity and finger strength on the piano. Scales are a sequence of notes played in a specific pattern, such as C major scale (C-D-E-F-G-A-B-C). Arpeggios are broken chords, where the notes are played in a specific order, such as C major arpeggio (C-E-G). By incorporating scales and arpeggios intoyour practice routine, you can improve your finger coordination and play more complex pieces with ease.2. Dynamics and ArticulationDynamics and articulation are essential for conveying emotion and expression in your playing. Dynamics refer to the volume of the music, from soft (piano) to loud (forte). Articulation involves how notes are played, such as legato (smooth and connected) or staccato (short and detached). Mastering dynamics and articulation will allow you to bring your musical interpretation to life and captivate your audience.3. Pedaling TechniquesThe sustain pedal, or damper pedal, is a crucial tool for creating a rich and resonant sound on the piano. Proper pedaling techniques involve using the sustain pedal to connect notes and create a smooth and blended sound. Understanding when and how to use the pedal will enhance the overall quality of your playing and add depth to your performances.4. Chord Progressions and ImprovisationUnderstanding chord progressions and improvisation allows you to play by ear and create your own music. Chord progressions are a series of chords played in a specific order, such as C-F-G. By learning common chord progressions and experimenting with different variations, you can develop the ability to improvise and play without sheet music. This skill opens up a world of creativity and expression in your piano playing.Advanced Skills1. Advanced RepertoireAs you progress in your piano playing, it's important to challenge yourself with more advanced repertoire. This may include classical pieces by composers such as Chopin, Beethoven, and Mozart, or contemporary works by modern composers. Diving into more complex and demanding pieces will expand your musical abilities and provide a sense of accomplishment as you conquer challenging compositions.2. Memorization TechniquesMemorizing music is a valuable skill for pianists, as it allows for a deeper connection to the music and greater freedom in performance. Techniques such as repetition, visualization, and chunking can aid in memorizing long pieces of music. Developing a strong memory for music will also improve your overall musicianship and confidence in your playing.3. Performance and PresentationPerforming in front of an audience requires more than just technical proficiency. Presentation skills, such as stage presence, communication with the audience, and overcoming performance anxiety, are all important factors in delivering a memorable andimpactful performance. Seeking opportunities to perform in recitals, competitions, or public events will help you develop confidence and poise as a performer.4. Collaborative PlayingCollaborating with other musicians, such as vocalists, instrumentalists, or chamber ensembles, adds a new dimension to your piano playing. Learning to accompany other musicians, adapt to different styles of music, and communicate effectively in a group setting are invaluable skills for any musician. Collaborative playing also fosters a sense of community and shared musical experiences.ConclusionMastering the art of piano playing is a lifelong journey that requires dedication, practice, and continuous learning. By acquiring a strong foundation of basic knowledge, honing essential techniques, and pushing yourself to explore advanced skills, you can elevate your piano playing to new heights. Remember that every pianist has their own unique journey, and the joy of music lies in the ongoing pursuit of improvement and expression. So pick up your sheet music, sit at the piano, and let the music flow from your fingers with confidence and passion.。

我喜欢钢琴英语作文

我喜欢钢琴英语作文My Love for the PianoEver since I was a young child, I have been fascinated by the elegance and melody of the piano. The instrument has always held a special place in my heart, and my journey with the piano has been filled with joy, challenges, and unforgettable moments.My first encounter with the piano was at a concert where I was mesmerized by the performer's graceful fingers dancing across the keys, creating beautiful melodies. From that moment on, I dreamed of being able to play the piano as gracefully as they did.With the support of my parents, I began taking piano lessons when I was just seven years old. At the beginning, it was a struggle to master the basic finger positions and scales. However, with practice and perseverance, I gradually improved and began to enjoy the process of learning.As I progressed, I discovered the diverse world of piano music. From classical pieces by Beethoven and Chopin to contemporary compositions, the piano offers a vast repertoire of music to explore. I found myself deeply moved by theemotional power of certain melodies, and I was inspired to create my own compositions.Playing the piano has also taught me valuable life lessons. It has taught me the importance of discipline and focus, as well as the value of hard work and dedication. More importantly, it has taught me to express myself through music, to convey emotions and feelings that are sometimes difficult to put into words.In conclusion, my love for the piano is deeply rooted in my heart. It has brought me joy, challenged me, and allowed me to express myself in a unique way. I am grateful for the opportunity to learn and play this wonderful instrument, and I look forward to continuing my journey with the piano for many years to come.。

有关海上钢琴师英语作文

有关海上钢琴师英语作文The Piano on the Sea。

The Piano on the Sea is a heartwarming story about a young man named Danny who travels on a cruise ship as a piano tuner. During his journey, he meets a beautiful and talented violinist named Ariana, and they develop a deep connection through their shared love of music.As Danny works on tuning the ship's piano, he discovers that it has a unique history. The piano was once owned by a famous musician who had played it on the same cruise ship many years ago. Danny becomes determined to restore the piano to its former glory and to play it in honor of the musician's memory.As Danny and Ariana spend more time together, they begin to collaborate on a musical performance that combines the piano and violin. Their performance is a huge success, and they receive a standing ovation from the audience.Throughout the story, Danny and Ariana's love for music brings them closer together, and they both learn important lessons about life and love. The Piano on the Sea is a touching and inspiring tale that reminds us of the power of music to connect people from all walks of life.My Version:The Piano on the Sea is a touching story about the journey of a young pianist named Jack who embarks on a cruise ship as a piano performer. During his voyage, he meets a talented and beautiful cellist named Emily, and they bond over their shared passion for music.As Jack begins to play the ship's piano, he discovers that it has a rich history. The piano was once played by a renowned musician who had performed on the same cruise ship many years ago. Jack becomes determined to restore the piano to its former glory and to play it in honor of the musician's memory.As Jack and Emily spend more time together, they collaborate on a musical performance that combines the piano and cello. Their performance is a huge success, and they receive a standing ovation from the audience.Throughout the story, Jack and Emily's love for music brings them closer together, and they both learn important lessons about life and love. The Piano on the Sea is a heartwarming tale that reminds us of the power of music to connect people and to heal the soul.。

钢琴音乐比赛作文英语

钢琴音乐比赛作文英语下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。

文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!The piano music competition was intense. The stage was set, the audience was waiting, and the contestants were ready to showcase their talent. The first performer walked confidently to the piano, his fingers poised above the keys. As he began to play, the room filled with the enchanting melody of his composition. The audience was captivated,their eyes fixed on the pianist's hands as they danced across the keyboard.Next up was a young girl, barely in her teens. She took her place at the piano with a nervous smile. But as soon as her fingers touched the keys, her anxiety melted away. The music flowed effortlessly from her, filling the room with a sense of innocence and purity. The audience was moved byher talent, applauding her with heartfelt enthusiasm.Then came a pianist whose fingers seemed to move at lightning speed. His performance was full of passion and energy, his body swaying with the rhythm. The audience wasswept away by his virtuosity, unable to tear their eyes away from the spectacle unfolding before them.In contrast, the next performer took a more subdued approach. His playing was delicate and nuanced, each note carefully crafted. The audience held their breath, afraid to disturb the fragile beauty of his performance. It was a moment of quiet introspection, a chance to appreciate the subtle artistry of the piano.As the competition continued, each contestant brought their own unique style and interpretation to the stage. Some played with power and intensity, while others optedfor a softer, more introspective approach. The diversity of talent was astounding, each pianist leaving their own mark on the competition.But amidst the fierce competition, there was also a sense of camaraderie. Backstage, the contestants exchanged words of encouragement and shared their love for the piano. They understood the challenges and sacrifices that came with pursuing their passion, and they admired each other'sdedication and skill.In the end, the judges had the difficult task of selecting a winner. Each pianist had left a lasting impression, their performances etched in the minds of the audience. But ultimately, there could only be one champion. The tension in the room was palpable as the winner was announced, and the victorious pianist took a bow, baskingin the applause and admiration of the crowd.The piano music competition was a celebration of talent, passion, and dedication. It was a reminder of the power of music to move and inspire. And as the audience filed out of the auditorium, their hearts full of melodies and emotions, they knew they had witnessed something truly extraordinary.。

钢琴特长英语作文

钢琴特长英语作文The piano is a beautiful and versatile musical instrument that has been enjoyed by people all over the world for centuries. For those with a special talent for playing the piano, it can be a source of great joy and fulfillment. In this essay, we will explore the benefits of having a special talent for playing the piano, as well as some tips for developing and honing this talent.First and foremost, having a special talent for playing the piano allows one to express themselves creatively and emotionally through music. The piano is a powerful instrument that can evoke a wide range of emotions, from joy and excitement to sadness and longing. Those with a talent for playing the piano have the ability to bring these emotions to life through their music, creating a truly unique and personal form of expression.In addition to the emotional benefits, playing the piano also offers a number of cognitive benefits. Research has shown that learning to play a musical instrument, such as the piano, can improve memory, enhance concentration, and even increase IQ. Those with a talent for playing the piano have the opportunity to sharpen their minds and improve their cognitive abilities through regular practice and performance.Furthermore, having a special talent for playing the piano can open up a world of opportunities. Whether it be performing in concerts, competing in music competitions, or even composing their own music, those with a talent for playing the piano have the chance to pursue their passion and share their gift with others. In addition, playing the piano can also be a rewarding career path, with opportunities for teaching, accompanying, and performing in a variety of settings.So how can one develop and hone their talent for playing the piano? The key is practice, practice, practice. Regular practice is essential for improving skills, building repertoire, and developing technique. It is also important to seek out opportunities for performance, whether it be in recitals, concerts, or competitions. Performing in front of others can help build confidence, refine skills, and bring joy to both the performer and the audience.In addition to practice and performance, it is also important to seek out guidance and instruction from a qualified teacher. A good teacher can provide valuable feedback, guidance, and support to help students develop their skills and reach their full potential. It is also important to seek out opportunities forlearning and growth, such as attending workshops, masterclasses, and music festivals.In conclusion, having a special talent for playing the piano is a gift that should be treasured and nurtured. The piano offers a unique and rewarding form of creative expression, as well as numerous cognitive and emotional benefits. By practicing regularly, seeking out opportunities for performance and growth, and receiving guidance from a qualified teacher, those with a talent for playing the piano can develop their skills, share their gift with others, and experience the joy and fulfillment that music can bring.。

钢琴英语作文

钢琴英语作文Piano A Musical Masterpiece。

The piano is a truly remarkable instrument that has captivated the hearts and minds of people all over the world. Its elegant design and beautiful sound make it a timeless classic in the world of music. In this article, we will explore the history of the piano, its unique characteristics, and its enduring appeal.The piano, also known as the pianoforte, was invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori in the early 18th century. It was a revolutionary instrument that allowed musicians to produce both soft and loud sounds by varying the pressure on the keys. This innovation paved the way for the development of classical music and the piano became an essential instrument in orchestras and chamber ensembles.One of the most distinctive features of the piano isits versatility. It can be played as a solo instrument, aspart of a duet or ensemble, and even as an accompaniment to other instruments or singers. Its wide range of notes and dynamic capabilities make it suitable for a variety of musical genres, from classical and jazz to pop and rock.The piano's design is also a work of art in itself. The sleek black and white keys, the polished wooden frame, and the intricate internal mechanisms all contribute to its aesthetic appeal. The craftsmanship and attention to detail that goes into making a piano is truly astounding, and itis no wonder that pianos are often passed down through generations as family heirlooms.In addition to its visual and mechanical beauty, the piano's sound is what truly sets it apart. The rich, resonant tones that emanate from the instrument are capable of conveying a wide range of emotions, from joy and exuberance to sorrow and longing. The expressive capabilities of the piano have made it a favorite among composers and performers alike, and its timeless appeal continues to attract new generations of musicians.Learning to play the piano is a rewarding experience that offers a host of benefits. It requires discipline, focus, and dedication, and the sense of accomplishment that comes from mastering a challenging piece is unparalleled. Playing the piano also provides a creative outlet for self-expression and can be a source of relaxation and stress relief.In conclusion, the piano is a musical masterpiece that has stood the test of time. Its rich history, versatile capabilities, and timeless appeal make it a beloved instrument for musicians and music enthusiasts around the world. Whether as a solo performer or as part of an ensemble, the piano continues to enchant audiences and inspire countless individuals to pursue their passion for music.。

钢琴的相关英语演讲稿

钢琴的相关英语演讲稿The piano, also known as the pianoforte, is a musical instrument played using a keyboard. It is widely regarded as one of the most beautiful and versatile instruments in the world. Today, I am going to talk about the history of the piano, its importance in music, and its impact on society.The piano has a long and rich history, dating back to the early 18th century. It evolved from the harpsichord and clavichord, and its design and capabilities have been continuously improved over the centuries. The modern piano we know today has 88 keys and a wide range of dynamics, allowing for expressive and nuanced performances.In terms of its importance in music, the piano has been a staple in classical, jazz, and popular music. It has been used by countless composers to create some of the most iconic and enduring pieces of music. The piano's ability to play melody, harmony, and rhythm simultaneously makes it a versatile and powerful instrument.Furthermore, the piano has had a significant impact on society. It has been a symbol of refinement and culture, and its presence in homes and concert halls has enriched the lives of countless people. The piano has also played a role in education, as it is often the first instrument that many children learn to play. Its influence on music education and appreciation cannot be overstated.In conclusion, the piano is a remarkable instrument with a rich history, immense importance in music, and a profound impact on society. Its versatility and beauty have made it a beloved instrument around the world. Whether in the hands of a virtuoso performer or a beginner learning their first notes, the piano continues to inspire and captivate audiences everywhere. Thank you.。

The Language of Music 音乐的语言

The Language of Music 音乐的语言A painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm—two entirely different movements.Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner’s responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties; the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority.Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.画家将已完成的作品挂在墙上，每个人都可以观赏到。

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THE PIANO ACTION AS THE PERFORMER’S INTERFACE:TIMING PROPERTIES, DYNAMIC BEHA VIOUR AND THE PERFORMER’S POSSIBILITIESWerner Goebl1,2,Roberto Bresin2,and Alexander Galembo21Austrian Research Institute for Artiﬁcial Intelligence(¨OFAI),Vienna2Department of Speech,Music,and Hearing(TMH)Royal Institute of Technology(KTH),Stockholmwerner.goebl@oefai.at,{roberto,alex}@speech.kth.seABSTRACTA concert pianist is able to produce a wide range of imaginable nu-ances of musical expression by actuating the88keys on a piano, none of which travel through a distance greater than one centime-ter.In this study,we investigated the temporal behaviour of grand piano actions from different manufacturers using different types of touch(‘legato’versus‘staccato’).An experimental setup con-sisting of accelerometers and a calibrated microphone was used to capture key and hammer movements,as well as the acoustic sig-nal.Five selected keys were played by pianists with the two types of touch.The analysis of the three-channel data was automated by computer software.Discrete measurements(e.g.,ﬁnger–key, hammer–string,and key bottom contact times,hammer velocity) were extracted for each of the over4000recorded tones in order to study several temporal relations.Travel times of the hammer(from ﬁnger–key to hammer–string)as a function of hammer velocity varied clearly between the two types of touch,but only slightly between pianos.A travel time versus hammer velocity function found in earlier work[1]derived from a computer-controlled pi-ano was replicated.Key bottom contact times exhibited larger vari-ability between types of touch and pianos.However,no effect of touch type was found in the peak sound level(in dB as a function of hammer velocity).1.INTRODUCTIONThe grand piano action is a highly elaborate and complex mechan-ical interface,whereby the time and the speed of the hammer hit-ting the strings is controlled by varying the manner and the force of striking the keys.Its temporal parameters have been studied in detail[2,3].However,only exemplary data was reported so far.The present study aims to collect a large amount of measure-ment data from different pianos,different types of touch,and dif-ferent keys,in order to determine benchmark functions for perfor-mance research.The measurement setup with accelerometers was the same as used by[4],but the data processing procedure was automated with specially developed computer software in order to obtain a large and reliable data set.With the present setup,vari-ous temporal properties(travel time,key bottom time,time of free ﬂight)and acoustic properties(peak sound level,rise time)were determined,only a few of which can be discussed here.In a performance study on melody lead[1],ﬁnger–key onset times were inferred from the hammer–string onset times through an approximation of the travel times of the hammer(fromﬁnger–key to hammer–string contact)as a function of hammer velocity.This travel time function was approximated from data of an inter-nal chip of a B¨o sendorfer SE290reproducing system.The present study also aims to reconsider that approximation.2.METHOD2.1.MaterialThree grand pianos by different manufacturers were measured in this study:A Steinway grand piano,model C,225cm1,a Yama-ha Disklavier grand piano DC2IIXG,173cm2,and a B¨o sendor-fer computer-controlled grand piano SE290,290cm3.Imme-diately before the experiments,all three instruments were tuned, and the piano action and—in the case of the computer-controlled pianos—the reproduction unit serviced.2.2.EquipmentThe tested keys were equipped with two accelerometers:one fas-tened on the key4and one on the bottom side of the hammer shank.5 Each of the accelerometers was connected with an ampliﬁer6with a hardware integrator inside.Thus,their output was velocity in terms of voltage change.A sound level meter(Ono Sokki LA–210)placed above the strings of that particular key(approximately 10cm distance)picked up the sound.The velocities of the key and the hammer as well as the sound were recorded on a multi-channel digital audio tape(DAT)recorder(TEAC RD–200PCM data recorder)with a sampling rate of10kHz(16bit).The DAT recordings were transferred onto computer hard disk into multi-channel WA Vﬁles(with a sampling frequency of16kHz).Further evaluation of the recorded data was done in Matlab programming environment with routines developed for this purpose(by theﬁrst author).The recording sessions were preceded by a calibration 1Situated at KTH-TMH in Stockholm(#516000,built in Hamburg,ap-prox.1992;this particular grand piano was already used in[5]).2Situated at the Dept.of Psychology at Uppsala University(#5516392, built in Japan,approx.1999;this series issued1997by Yamaha).3Situated at the B¨o sendorfer Company in Vienna(#290–3,built in Vi-enna in2000).The Stahnke Electronics(SE)system dates back to1983[6], but this particular grand piano was built in2000.The same system used to be installed in an older grand piano(internal number19–8974,built in 1986),but was put into a newer one for reasons of instrumental quality.4Br¨u el&Kjær Accelerometer type4393;2.4g;#1190913.5ENDEVCO Accelerometer Model22;0.14g;#20845.6Br¨u el&Kjær Charge Ampliﬁer Type2635.Figure1:Travel time(fromﬁnger–key to hammer–string contact)against maximum hammer velocity for the three grand pianos(three panels),different types of touch(legato,staccato,and reproduction by the piano),and different keys(from C1to G6,see legend).The two types of touch(‘lg’–‘st’)were approximated by power functions(see legends).The travel time functions by the reproducing devices were similar to those produced by staccato touch.Figure2:Key bottom time relative to hammer–string contact against maximum hammer velocity.Negative key bottom values denote instants preceding hammer–string contact.Legends list power curveﬁts of the data separately for legato(‘lg’),staccato(‘st’),and repro-duction(‘rp’).Figure3:Time of freeﬂight of the hammer.Time intervals between the point of maximum hammer velocity and hammer–string contact are plotted against maximum hammer velocity.Power functions were approximated for each type of touch(‘lg’,‘st’,‘rp’).Two functions wereﬁtted for the staccato data of the Yamaha.Figure4:Peak dB–SPL values as a function of maximum hammer velocity for the three grand pianos(three panels),different types of touch(legato,staccato,and reproduction by the piano),and different keys.procedure which allowed conversion from voltage changes into re-quired units like meters per second or dB–SPL.2.3.ProcedureFive keys distributed over the whole range of the keyboard were tested:C1(MIDI note number24),G2(43),C4(60),C5(72), and G6(91)7.Theﬁrst two authors served as pianists to perform the recorded test tones.Each key was hit in as many different dynamic levels(hammer velocities)as possible,in two different kinds of touch:once with theﬁnger resting on the surface of the key(‘legato touch’),once hitting the key from a certain distance above(‘staccato touch’),striking the key already with a certain speed.Parallel to the accelerometer setting,the two reproducing pi-anos recorded these test tones with their internal device on com-puter hard disk(B¨o sendorfer)orﬂoppy disk(Disklavier).For each of theﬁve keys,each player played in each type of touch from30to110individual tones,so that a sufﬁcient amount of data was recorded.Immediately after each recording of a particu-lar key,the recordedﬁle was reproduced by the grand piano,and the accelerometer data was recorded again onto the multi-channel DAT recorder.For the Steinway,595individual sound events were recorded,for the Yamaha Disklavier1992,and for the B¨o sendorfer 1512(including the reproduced keystrokes).2.4.Data analysisFor each keystroke,several instants in time were deﬁned as listed below and obtained automatically from the recorded data with the help of Matlab scripts.The hammer–string contact time was deﬁned as the moment of maximum deceleration(minimum acceleration)of the hammer shank(hammer accelerometer)which corresponded well to the physical onset of the sound,and conceptually with the‘note on’command in the MIDIﬁle.In mathematical terms,the hammer–string contact is the minimum of theﬁrst derivative of the mea-sured hammer velocity.Theﬁnger–key contact time was deﬁned to be the moment when the key started to move.It was obtained by a simple thresh-7Only three keys were tested at the Steinway piano(C1,C5,G6).old procedure applied to the key velocity track.In mathematical terms,it was the moment when the(slightly smoothed)key accel-eration exceeded a certain threshold which varied relative to the maximum hammer velocity.Finding the correctﬁnger–key point was not difﬁcult for staccato tones(they showed typically a very abrupt initial acceleration).However,automatically determining the correct moment for soft legato tones was sometimes more dif-ﬁcult and needed manual correction.When this procedure failed, it failed by several tens of milliseconds—an error easy to discover in explorative data plots.The key bottom contact time was the instant when the down-wards travel of the key was stopped by the keybed.This point was deﬁned as the maximum deceleration of the key(MKD).In some keystrokes,the MKD was not the actual keybed contact,but a re-bound of the key after theﬁrst key bottom contact.For this reason, the time window of searching MKD was restricted to7ms before and50ms after hammer–string contact.The time window was it-eratively modiﬁed depending on the maximum hammer velocity until the correct instant was found.MKD as indicator was espe-cially clear and non-ambiguous when the key was depressed in a range of medium intensity.The maximum hammer velocity(in meters per second)was the maximum value in the hammer velocity track before hammer–string contact.An intensity value was derived by taking the max-imum energy(RMS)of the audio signal immediately after ham-mer–string contact,using a RMS window of10milliseconds.It was calibrated in order to obtain dB–SPL.8Data were controlled and inspected for errors with the help of an interactive tool that displayed simultaneously key and hammer velocity and the sound signal for each keystroke.3.RESULTS&DISCUSSIONTravel times are plotted against the maximum hammer velocity in Figure1together with power curve approximations separately for the pianos and type of touch.It can be seen that the travel time functions varied considerably between the types of touch(the difference was of the order of20ms in the middle range),but only marginally between pianos.The travel time function of the 8B&K Sound Level Calibrator Type4230;test tone94dB,1kHz.Figure5:Temporal properties of three grand piano actions.Power curve approximations for the three pianos(line style),the two types of touch(panels),and forﬁnger–key(left),maximum ham-mer velocity(max.HV,middle),and key bottom times(right). B¨o sendorfer replicated the curve used in[1].Legato keystrokes needed longer time to produce a sound than staccato keystrokes that produced equally fast attacks.Moreover,the softest notes were performed with legato touch,the loudest with staccato.Ac-celerating the keys in legato manner did not allow to generate ham-mer velocities far beyond4m/s.Key bottom times are plotted relative to hammer–string con-tact in Figure2(negative values denote key bottom contact pre-ceding the hammer–string contact).The data for legato,staccato, and reproduction were approximated by power functions.The data clusters were clearly distinct for the two types of touch on the Yamaha and the B¨o sendorfer,but almost overlapping on the Stein-way.The instant of the escapement was calculated as the maximum of the hammer velocity.This was a good estimation for strong and medium keystrokes but not for keystrokes when the escapement can occur before the hammer maximum velocity.The time inter-val between the escapement and the hammer hammer–string con-tact was calculated(Figure3).With escapement,the pianist looses control over the tone.The point of maximum hammer velocity coincided well with the escapement point for medium and fast keystrokes,but was earlier for slow keystrokes.The time of free ﬂight was almost zero beyond hammer velocities of1.5m/s for the Steinway,and beyond3m/s for the Yamaha and the B¨o sendorfer. On the Yamaha,the staccato data splits into two groups at medium intensities:maximum hammer velocity occurred at two different instants(Figure3,middle panel).In Figure4,peak SPL values are plotted against maximum hammer velocity.The data formed different groups for different tones,but overlapped almost entirely between legato and staccato keystrokes.This indicates that the sound level of the tones does not depend on the way the tone was produced,but exclusively on the hammer velocity.In Figure5,all approximations reported above are plotted in a single display.It becomes evident that type of touch affected the shape of the curves more than the instrument.4.CONCLUSIONSThis contribution provided benchmark data for the temporal prop-erties of different grand pianos under two touch conditions.The temporal properties varied considerably between type of touch, only marginally between pianos,and not at all between the dif-ferent tested keys.The temporal differences between a pp and a ff tone can become as large as200ms,between types of touch about 20–30ms.A pianist must not only adapt to the intended dynamic level,but also to the kind of touch in order to control the precise timing of the produced tone.Generally,a keystroke starts for the pianist kinesthetically with ﬁnger–key contact(the acceleration impulse by theﬁnger)and ends at key bottom,but for the audience it starts with the hammer–string contact.Although these three points in time can be apart from each other as far as200ms,they might not be perceived as separate events.The intrinsic timing properties of a particular pi-ano might be an important factor pianists have to get acquainted with when they‘warm up’on a yet unknown instrument.5.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis study was supported by the European Union(Marie Curie Fellow-ship,HPMT-GH-00-00119-02,the Sounding Object project(SOb),IST-2000-25287,,and the MOSART IHP network, HPRN-CT-2000-00115)and the START program from the Austrian Fed-eral Ministry for Education,Science,and Culture(Grant No.Y99–INF) and a visiting grant from the Swedish Institute for the third author.The Austrian Research Institute for Artiﬁcial Intelligence acknowledges basic ﬁnancial support from the Austrian Federal Ministry for Education,Sci-ence,and Culture.6.REFERENCES[1]Werner Goebl,“Melody lead in piano performance:Expres-sive device or artifact?,”Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,vol.110,no.1,pp.563–572,2001.[2]Anders Askenfelt and Erik V.Jansson,“From touch to stringvibrations,”in Five Lectures on the Acoustics of the Piano, Anders Askenfelt,Ed.,vol.64,pp.39–57.Publications issued by the Royal Swedish Academy of Music,Stockholm,1990.[3]Anders Askenfelt and Erik V.Jansson,“From touch to stringvibrations.I.Timing in grand piano action,”Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,vol.88,no.1,pp.52–63,1990.[4]Anders Askenfelt and Erik V.Jansson,“From touch to stringvibrations.II.The motion of the key and hammer,”Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,vol.90,no.5,pp.2383–2393,1991.[5]Anders Askenfelt and Erik V.Jansson,“From touch to stringvibrations.III.String motion and spectra,”Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,vol.93,no.4,pp.2181–2196, 1992.[6]Robert A.Moog and Thomas L.Rhea,“Evolution of thekeyboard interface:The B¨o sendorfer290SE recording piano and the Moog multiply-touch-sensitive keyboards,”Computer Music Journal,vol.14,no.2,pp.52–60,1990.。