英语语言学lecture five

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Meaning (Lecture Five)

(7) Thematic meaning
What is communicated by the way in
which a speaker or writer organizes the message, in terms of ordering, focus, and emphasis.
Mrs Bessie Smith donated the first prize. The first prize was donated by Mrs Bessie

up-per floor by way of the staircase. Visitors should go up the stairs at once. Would you mind going upstairs right away ， please ？ Time you all went upstairs now. Up you go， chaps！
Thought / Reference(concept)
Symbol / Form (word)
Referent(object)
Limits: What is the link between the symbol and the concept? What does “thinking of the concept” mean? People do not actually see the image of something in their mind’s eye every time they utter a word.
Eg:
“black hair” and “black coffee” (linguistic context) The seal could not be found. (situational context)

Lecture Five

Ancient Chinese Education最早的学校教育•据古籍文献记载，古代中国早在四千多年前的虞舜时代就已经出现学校教育。

在河南安阳出土的三千多年前的商代甲骨文中，多处出现「学」字，就是当时进行教育活动的证明。

西周时期，学校教育已形成制度。

随后历经春秋战国五百年动荡，官学瓦解，私学兴起，出现了古代最伟大的教育家孔子和百家争鸣的学术繁荣。

Development of Ancient Education•Spring and Autumn Period–Confucius’private school:•3000 disciples;•72 virtuous and talented students•Han Dynasty Education–Great Academy or “Taixue”（太学）Development of ancient education •From Sui and Tang Dynasties to Ming andQing Dynasties•The Guozijian (国子监): Imperial Academy orImperial College–Song Dynasty•Shuyuan(书院): private educationalorganizationDevelopment of Ancient Education •Shang Xiang (上庠: shàng xiáng), was a schoolfounded in the Yu Shun 虞舜era in China. Shun (舜, 2257 BCE–2208 BCE), the Emperor of theKingdom of Yu 虞, or 有虞Youyu, founded twoschools. One was Shang Xiang (shang 上,means up, high), and the other one was XiaXiang 下庠, xia 下means down, low. ShangXiang was a place to educate noble youth.Teachers at Shang Xiang were generally erudite 博学的, elder and noble persons.Development of Ancient Education •Confucius’educational ideas:–“Education should be for all, irrespective of theirsocial status.”（有教无类）–“Six arts”: ritual, music, archery, chariot-riding, writing,and arithmetic.（六艺：礼、乐、射、御、书、数）–“Confused is one who learns without pondering;endangered is one who ponder without learning.”(学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆)–Extrapolation（推论）: if I hold up one corner and astudent cannot come back to me with the other three,I do not go on with the lesson. (举一隅不以三反，则不复也)Taixue （太学）•Taixue (太学) which literally means Greatest Study or Learning was the highest rank of educational establishment in Ancient China between the Han Dynasty and Sui Dynasty. It was replaced by the Guozijian（国子监）. The first nationwide government school system in China was established in 3 CE under Emperor Ping of Han（汉平帝）, with the Taixue located in the capital of Chang'an and local schools established in the provinces and in the main cities of the smaller counties.Taixue （太学）•Taixue taught Confucianism and Chinese literature among other things for the high level civil service, although a civil service system based upon examination rather than recommendation was not introduced until the Sui and not perfected until the Song Dynasty (960–1279).汉代学制结构Guozijian（国子监）•The Guozijian (国子监), the School of the Sons of State sometimes called the Imperial Central School, Imperial Academy or Imperial College was the national central institute of learning in Chinese dynasties after the Sui. It was the highest institute of learning in China's traditional educational system.唐代学制结构Guozijian（国子监）•Guozijian were located in the national capital of each dynasty --Chang'an, Luoyang, Kaifeng, and Nanjing. In Ming there were two capitals; thus there were two Guozijian, one in Nanjing and one in Beijing. The Guozijian, located in the Guozijian Street(or Chengxian street) in the Eater District, Beijing, the imperial college during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties (although most of its buildings were built during the Ming Dynasty) was the last Guozijian in China and is an important national cultural asset.北京国子监Shuyuan (书院：Academies)•The Shūyuàn (书院), usually known in English as Academies or Academies of Classical Learning, were a type of school in ancient China. Unlike national academy and district schools, shuyuan were usually private establishments built away from cities or towns, providing a quiet environment where scholars could engage in studies and contemplation without restrictions and worldly distractions.Shuyuan (书院：Academies)•Shuyuan as a modern term•In the late Qing dynasty, schools teaching Western science and technology were established. Many such schools were called Shuyuan in Chinese. Despite the common name, these shuyuan are quite modern in concept and are quite different from traditional academies of classical learning.Shuyuan (书院：Academies)•Notable Academies•In discussing the shuyuan, it is common to speak of the "Four Great Academies" (四大书院) of ancient China.Usually the "Four Great Academies" refers to the Four Great Academies of the Northern Song. However,sources give a number of different lists, sometimesexpanded to Six or Eight Great Academies. Only oneacademy, the Yuelu Academy, appears in all lists. Each school went up or down the list in different periods.White Deer Grotto Academy had long been anoutstanding academy. As for the impact on the politics of China, Donglin Academy in the Ming Dynasty isespecially notable.The Four Great Academies •Also known as the Four Great Academies of the Northern Song or the Four Northern Song Academies.–Songyang Academy–Yingtianfu Academy–Yuelu Academy–White Deer Grotto Academy•白鹿洞书院为宋代四大书院之首。

英语演讲与辩论课件Lecture Five

An argument can be a fight or a
quarrel, but it can also mean a set of reasons given in support of something in order to persuade. Argument is the process of explaining why a point of view should be accepted. ▼
?convincetheaudienceandjudgesthatyourargumenthasthegreaterstrength?showthatyouranalysisoftheproblemisvalidandthorough?showhowthechangeyouproposeisworthydespitethechallengesofferedbytheopposition?bepersuasivethroughclearreasoninganduseofpersuasivelanguage?discussion讨论?crossexamination盘问?publicspeaking演说?freeargumentation自由辩论?parliamentarystyledebating议会式辩论discussionmaybejustconversationorconversationthatisregulatedwithrulesandprocedureswhichmaybedifferentindifferentcircumstances
which investigate the truth of opinions that challenge and question conventional wisdom. These discussions make us search for greater understanding of the world around us, and think about and look for better solutions to the problems we encounter.

英语语言学五课件

eaning （感情意义） • Reflected meaning （反射意义） • Collocative meaning （搭配意义）
Associative Meaning （联想意义）
• Thematic meaning （主位意义）
英语语言学五
1) Conceptual meaning——central part of meaning
英语语言学五
One problem of this theory is that when we explain the meaning of desk by pointing
to the thing it refers to, we do not mean a desk must be of the particular size, shape, color and material as the desk we are pointing to at the moment of speaking. We are using this particular desk as an example, of something more general. That is, there is something behind the concrete thing we can see with our eyes. And something is abstract, which has no existence in the material world and can only be sensed in our
英语语言学五
5.1 Meanings of “meaning”
One difficulty in the study of MEANING is that the word “meaning” itself has different meanings.

Lesson Five 高级英语课件

• of Munitions ,then as Minister of War.
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Lesson Five
Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R
2.Winston Churchill’s life career Interwar Years
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Lesson Five
Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R
• 4.Figures of speech
• The following are some of the rhetorical devices Churchill employed to make his speech vivid and powerful.
• Young politician
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Lesson Five
Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R
• In 1900 churchill entered the House of Commons where he was critical of the Conservative Government .In 1904 amid fierce Conservative anger he joined the Liberals.In Oct.1911, he was appointed First Lord of Admiralty.After he suffered a major setback,he returned to the government in 1917 ,first as Minister

5Lecture Five Phonology

7
Environment and Distribution
The environment of sound consists of what precedes it and what follows it. For example, the environment of each underlined sound in the following sound sequences: (1) [phit] [#-i] (2) [bju:tiful] [j-t] (3) [neim] [ei-#] The distribution of a sound consists of all the possible environments in which the sound in question can occur. The distribution of the sound [n] (1) name, net initially (2) pin, fan finally (3) sent, band before the consonants (4) snail, snow after the consonants (5) any, money intervocallically
3
Phonetics Study substance (raw material) General Study speech sounds from a physical point of view Actual sounds
Phonology Study form, system, pattern Particular languages Study the functional units within the linguistic system Abstract system

语言学讲座6

2把isit作为附加疑问部分置于陈述句之后且不受主句助动词或实义动词的影响
Language and society
The scope of sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics is one branch of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.
English, of course, is quite able to make the same distinctions: fine snow, dry snow, soft snow, and so on, but in Eskimos this sort of distinction is lexicalized---made by means of individual words.
As society is reflected in language in this way, social change can produce a corresponding linguistic change.
This has happened in the case of Russian. During the period from 1860 to the present day the structure of the Russian kinship system has undergone a very radical change as a result of several important events:

英语语言学概论第五章笔记

Chapter 5 Semantics 语义学1.What is semantics？什么是语义学？Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.语义学可定义为对语言意义的研究。

2.Some views concerning the study of meaning语义研究的几种主要理论1)The naming theory 命名论It was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.命名论是最原始的语义理论，是古希腊学者柏拉图提出的。

该理论把词看作是该词所指事物的名称或标记。

2)The conceptualist view 意念论The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.意念论认为，语言形式及其所代表的对象之间（即语言与现实世界之间）没有直接联系；确切地说，在理解语义时，是通过大脑中存在意念这一中介物来联系的。

语言学Chapter 5

Collocative meaning搭配意义
It refers to the associations a word acquires on account of its mutual expectancy with some other words which tend to occur in its environment. Example: pretty and handsome pretty {girl, boy, woman, flower, etc.} handsome {boy, man, car, vessel, etc.} cows may wander, but may not stroll. one trembles with fear, but quiver with excitement.
Social/stylistic meaning社会/文体意义
It refers to what language conveys about the social circumstances of its use. It relates to people’s recognition of different dimensions and levels of style with the same language steed (poetic) residence (formal) horse (general) abode (poetic) nag (slang) home (general) gee-gee (baby language) domicile (very formal, official)
thereferentialtheory?古希腊哲学家柏拉图认为语言形式是语言中的一个词语义是它所代表所指示所表示的世界上的实体指称referent

Lecture Five

Lecture FiveLong Sentence (I)Main Contents Of This Lecture♦I. Two Stages and Six Steps in Translating Long Sentences♦II. Methods Of Translation English Long SentencesI.Two Stages and Six Steps in Translating Long Sentences♦Stage 1♦Comprehension♦Stage 2♦Presentation♦英语长句在翻译时所涉及的基本问题，一是汉英语序上的差异，二是汉英表达方法上的差异。

前者主要表现为定状修饰语在语言转换中究竟取前置式（pre-position）、后置式（post-position）抑或插入式(insertion or parenthesis)。

♦表达方法上的差异涉及的问题比较复杂，主要表现为论理逻辑或叙述逻辑（logic in reasoning and narration）的习惯性与倾向性，因为语言中没有一成不变的表达方法。

所谓论理逻辑或叙述逻辑，主要指：行文层次及主次（包括句子重心，先说原因还是先说结果，先说条件或前提还是先说结论，先说施事者还是先说受事者等等）。

♦表达此外，表达方法还涉及修辞学范畴中的一些修辞格问题（如反复、排比、递进等），翻译中都应加以注意。

♦英语长句之所以很长，一般由三个原因构成：♦A、修饰语多♦B、联合（并列）成分多♦C、结构复杂，层次叠出♦英语长句可以严密细致地表达多重而又密切相关的概念，这种复杂组合的概念在口语语体中毫无例外是以分切、并列、递进、重复等方式化整为零地表达出来的。

此外我们在翻译英语长句时，还应体会到长句的表意特点和交际功能，尽量做到既能从汉英差异出发处理好长句翻译在结构形式上的问题，又要尽力做到不忽视原文的文体特征，保留英语长句所表达的多重致密的思维的特色，不要使译句产生松散和脱节感，妥善处理译句的内在联接问题。

lecture5

Conversion of parts of speech is a common translation technique adopted to make it certain that the version is expressive and natural. This technique is necessary due to some differences in syntax and usage between the two languages. Theoretically, this technique can be applied freely. However, in practice, mainly, nouns and verbs, prepositions and verbs, adjectives and nouns, adjectives and adverbs are converted into each other, and they are illustrated respectively in this lecture.
5)邓小平在"十一大"上说:"一定要少说空话,多 5)邓小平在"十一大"上说: 一定要少说空话, 邓小平在做工作. 做工作." Deng Xiaoping at the 11th Party Congress said, "There must be less empty talk and more hard There work. "
Dawn breaking over the islands, very beautiful in a soft grey light with many clouds. There is a transparency about the light here which cannot be described or painted. 曙色中的海岛美极了,晨曦柔和,彩云片片. 曙色中的海岛美极了,晨曦柔和,彩云片片.澄澈的光影是无法描绘的.(译文将名词transparency .(译文将名词光影是无法描绘的.(译文将名词transparency 译成形容词"澄澈的" 加上"曙色" 晨曦" 形容词"澄澈的",加上"曙色","晨曦","彩等词的选用,使原文描绘出的清新, 云"等词的选用,使原文描绘出的清新,柔和的美景在译文中得以再现) n.→a.) 在译文中得以再现) (n.→a.)

w-lecture five description1

Figurative language
• Metaphor • What is a metaphor? • A metaphor is a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity. • Eg. My love is a rose. Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance. The old man’s face is a map of time. I was, inwardly, all white flag.
Practice: use each word in a metaphor.
• • • • • • • • •
voice Her voice is a symphony. hands His hands are gnarled 粗糙的 tree bark 树皮. The river has been a trusted guide, from then until now river promise Their promise is pure gold. The race car was a speeding bullet around the track. car father The father is a stubborn bear. Yao Ming With arms outstretched, Yao Ming is a soaring eagle. snow The snow is delicate cotton from the sky. sunshine The sunshine is a trusted worker.

Lecture Five(1)

1 Manana -Tomorrow: same denotation but different connotation?
• Word: politician • denotation(指示意义)：从事政治，关心政治，以政治为生涯的人 • connotation(隐含意义)：不讲原则，当面一套，背后一套，能言善辩，言而无信 • Manana -Tomorrow: • In Spanish-speaking countries/ Mexico: • in the future, soon • In America: • midnight to midnight, a very precise time period
3 language lives – language changes over time
• gay ? original meaning: happy, lighthearted recent meaning: homosexual 同志？
4 if spoken in different parts of the globe, a language develops differently
• Inn Eskimo:
• • • • • • • • • •
Snow: language reflects the environment in which we live.
• snow, powder snow, sleet, slush, blizzard, ice tlamo: snow that falls in large wet flakes tlatim: snow that falls in small flakes tlaslo: snow that falls slowly tlapinti: snow that falls quickly kripya: snow that has melted and refrozen tliyel: snow that has been marked by wolves tliyelin: snow that has been marked by Eskimos sulitlana: green snow, mentlana: pink snow, tidtla: snow used for cleaning…(over 100 words)

Lecture Five

Syllable structure

Every word consists of at least ONE syllable. English allows polysyllabic words, that is, words composed of more than one syllable.
– pat [pQt] – slant [slQnt] – spring [sprIN] 1C in onset 2Cs in onset (a consonant cluster) 3Cs in onset (a consonant cluster)
Coda
(节尾) contains the sounds following the nucleus
– pat [pQt] – slant [slQnt] – sixths [sIksTs] 1C in coda 2Cs in coda (a consonant cluster) 4Cs in coda (a consonant cluster)
Rhyme Two
(韵基) = Nucleus + Coda
Phoneme
Phoneme:
The minimal unit (speech sound) which is capable of differentiating meaning in the sound system of a language. are distinctive sounds which have a contrastive function (i.e. distinguish meaning) in a language and are written between slashes / /.

5.英汉对比之繁复与简短PPT课件

greatest use in the fields in w.hich it is to be applied.
8
汉语的简短 ( simplexity )
One main characteristic of Chinese sentence lies in its simplexity.
汉语以散句、松句、紧缩句、省略句、流水句、并列
由于害怕有人阴谋推翻他的领导，他似乎完全丧失了自信，但所谓的阴谋只不过是他的凭空想象罢了
The computer can give Mary the right lesson for her：neither too fast nor too slow.
计算机能给玛丽上课，上得恰倒好处，既不太快也不太慢。
.
7
English: right-branching
•The need to produce output in the process of negotiating meaning that is precise,coherent and appropriate encorages the learner to develop the necessary grammatical resources, which are referred to as "push language use".
.
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分译下列句子，注意某些句子成分的分译
That question is too hard for me to answer. 那个问题太难，我回答不上来。（分译动词不定式）
He is too ill to have been anywhere but in bed. 他病得太厉害，哪也去不了，只能呆在床上。（分译动词不定式和介词短语）

《英语语言学五》课件

Translation field
English linguistics provides a linguistic foundation for translation theory and practice, which helps improve the accuracy and fluency of translation.
Phonetic symbols
03
The abstract presentation of speech sounds in the mind
Phonological presentation
the set of rules that govern the promotion of English words
02
English PhonicsBiblioteka Chapter01
The study of the sounds of language and the production, structure, and perception of speech
Phonetics
02
a set of symbols used to report speech sounds in writing
03
English Lexicology
Chapter
The source of English vocabulary
English vocabulary is mainly derived from English Saxon, Norman French, Latin and other languages
Education field
English linguistics has a wide range of applications in English education, Chinese language education as a foreign language, and other fields, providing theoretical support for improving the quality of language teaching.

英语演讲的艺术week-five

• It should be readable at a distance. • Use large lettering, leave extra space
between lines, provide ample margins, and write or type on only one side of your paper or note card.
• One way: by underlining or highlighting key ideas that you want to be sure to emphasize.
• Another way: jot down on the outline explicit cues such as “pause”, “repeat”, “slow down”, “louder”, and so forth.
relationships among the speaker’s ideas.
State Main Points and Subpoints in Full Sentences
• A skimpy preparation outline is of little value.
• Stating main points and subpoints in full sentences will ensure that you develop your ideas fully.
• How well you have constructed the speech to accomplish your purpose and to communicate your central idea.
Label the
Introduction, Body, and Conclusion

语言学课件5 Chapter Five Morphology

* It doesn‟t form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word, nor does it change the word-class of the word. * The number of the inflectional affixes are quite limited.
• 4.3.1. Inflectional affixes
--- Inflectional affixes express such features as plurality, case, tense, and aspect. There are eight inflectional morphemes in English and all the other affixes are derivational.
word. A word is loaded with a wide range of information
Phonological information By the sequence of sounds that it is made up of , we know how to pronounce it.
inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed”
【Bauer 1983】
Three cases:
root + root roots+ affixes roots may take combing forms house + hold, class +mate manly, coldness biorhythm

语言学Lecture5 Phonology

Phoneme (音位): Minimal distinctive unit in the sound system of a language. [p] and [b] are different phonemes. Why?
pit and bit; pig and big; tap and tab
Phonology Study form, system, pattern
Phones (音素), Phonemes (音位), and Allophones (音
位变体)
Phone: the smallest perceptible discrete segment of sounds in a stream of speech. In /helθ/, /h/ , /e/ , /l/, /θ/ are four phones.
The same manner of articulation: plosive.
The only difference: /b/: voiced; /p/: voiceless.
/p/ and /b/ can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning.
Environment and Distribution(分布)
Environment of a sound: what precedes and follows it. (1) [phit] [#-i] (2) [bju:tiful]
[j-t]
(3) [neim] [ei-#]
Distribution of sound: all the possible environments in which the sound in question can occur. e.g. the distribution of the sound [n] (1) name, net (2) pin, fan (3) sent, band (4) snail, snow (5) any, money initially finally before the consonants after the consonants intein final position.