形态学初探

Word 1 write
Lexical Lexical Lexical Lexical Lexical 1 2 3 4 5
Word 2 fat
write writes wrote writing written
fat fatter fattest

Other factors which may help us identify words: a. stability Generally speaking, it is hard for one to rearrange the internal structure of a complex word into a different order. e.g. nothingness *nessnothing

LEXICON(全部词汇、词库) a. In its most general sense, the term is synonymous with vocabulary. A dictionary can be seen as a set of lexical entries. b. (linguistics) all the words and phrases used in a particular language or subject; all the words and phrases used and known by a particular person or group of people.
stem VS root The stem may consist solely of a single root morpheme (i.e. a ‘simple’ stem, as in man), or of two root morphemes (e.g. a ‘compound’ stem, as in blackbird), or of a root morpheme plus a derivational affix (i.e. a ‘complex’ stem, as in manly). All have in common the notion that it is to the stem that inflectional affixes are attached.
c. affix, root and stem affix: the collective term for the types of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem), i.e. affixes are a type of ‘bound’ morpheme.

Types of morpheme: a. free morpheme and bound morpheme Free morpheme are those that may occur alone, that is, those which may make up words by themselves, e.g. dog, nation, close…

2. Morphemes—the minimal units of meaning

Morpheme is: a.the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning; b. a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, such as boy and –s in boys, check and –ing in checking ect.

What is morphology? a. The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics called MORPHOLOGY. b. It investigates the internal structure and rules of morphemes by which words are formed, e.g. strength + en.
3. What is word?

Word and lexical items WORD is a general, covering term (boy and boys are one word) and LEXICAL ITEM (or LEXEME词位) is a specific term (boy and boys are two lexical items).
stem: a stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added, so both friend- in friends and friendship- in friendships are stems.
Linguists use the term morphology to refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure. Morphology: The branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of the morpheme construct. It is generally divided into two fields: the study of inflections (inflectional morphology) and of word-formation(lexical or derivational morphology)


VOCABULARY(词汇、词汇量) a. linguistics uses this term in its everyday sense, reserving for its technical study the use of terms beginning with lexi-. b. all the words that a person knows or uses.
形态学初探
1. Introduction
Words carry meaning Sentences are made up with different classes of words Words are the fundamental building block of a language LEXICON vs VOCABULARY vs WORD
They include, for example, decisions over word boundaries (e.g. is a unit such as washing machine two words, or is it one, to be written washing-machine?)

WORD： a. A unit of expression which has universal intuitive recognition by nativespeakers, in both spoken and written language. b. However, there are several difficulties in arriving at a consistent use of the term in relation to other categories of linguistic description, and in the comparison of languages of different structural types. These problems relate mainly to word identification and definitf the morphemes of the language appear in different forms, depending on the context in which they appear. The morpheme which expresses plurality in English, for instance, appears in several variants: cap–caps, log–logs, force–forces, mouse–mice, sheep–sheep, etc. Each of these variant forms – the voiceless [s] of caps, the voiced [z] of logs, the irregular shape of mice, and so on – would be said to be an allomorph of the plural morpheme.
Bound morpheme: 1) may not occur alone; 2) must appear with at least one different morpheme. e.g. dis- temper- ed
b. derivational affix and inflectional affix Derivational affixes change the grammatical class of morphemes to which they are attached, e.g. -tion is a noun-forming derivational suffix. Often they have independently stateable lexical meanings (e.g. mini-, sub-), though these are not always easy to identify (e.g. -er).