Steel Grades, Properties and Globe Standards

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Steel Materials1. Steel propertiesStructural steel is an important construction material. It possesses attributes such as strength, stiffness, t o ughness, and ductility that are very desirable in modern constructions.Strength is measured in terns of t he material’s yield strength,f, and ultimate orytensile strength,f. The common steel strength grades used in constructions areuQ235, Q345, Q390, and Q420. The stress-strain curve of steel Q235 from uniaxial coupon test is shown in Figure 2.5. It is seen that the proportional limit stress (marked at point A) and the yield stress (marked at point B) are very close, and thus the small difference between the two stresses can be ignored. The stress-strain curve also shows a small plateau beyond the elastic limit and then an increase in strength due to strain hardening. At point E, necking occurs and the specimen fails rapidly to fracture.The stress-strain curve of high strength steel materials is shown in Figure 2.6. There is no clear yielding point in the curve, and the plastic flowing is almost invisible. The yield stress is determined by the 0.2% of offset strain method. In the coupon test, the specimen is fractured suddenly and there is no remarkable necking phenomenon.Stiffness is the ability of a material to resist deformation. It is measured as the slope of the material’s stress-strain curve. Stiffness does not vary appreciably for different steel grades. Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy before failure. It is measured as the area under the material’s stress-strain curve.Ductility is the ability of a material to undergo large inelastic, or plastic, deformation before failure. It is measured in terms of percent elongation or percent reduction in area of the specimen tested in uniaxial tension. Ductility generally decreases with increasing steel strength. Ductility is a very important attribute of steel. The ability of structural steel to deform considerably before failure by fracture allows an indeterminate structure to undergo stress redistribution. Ductility also enhances the energy absorption characteristic of the structure, which is extremely important in seismic design.The cold bending property is by the cold bending experiment to determine. According to the regulation of the test of bending diameter in the heart with the punch pressure testing machine, bend 180 specimens, such as the crack surface specimens and layered, is qualified. The cold bending test can not only direct inspection steel bending capacity or plastic performance, still can expose steel internal metallurgicaldefects, such as sulphur, phosphorus and sulfur oxides and segregation doping case, these defects will reduce the cold bending property of steel. Therefore, the cold bending property is identification steel products in bending state plastic strain ability and the quality of steel composite index.2. Types of SteelStructural steels used for construction purpose are generally grouped into several major classifications.Carbon Steels: In addition to iron, the main ingredients of this category of steels are carbon (maximum content=0.22%) and manganese, with a small amount of silicon and copper. The most commonly used structural carbon steel is Q235, which is extremely ductile and is suitable foe both bolting and welding.High Strength Low Alloy Steels: These steels possess enhanced strength as a result of the presence of one or more alloying agents such as chromium, of iron, carbon, and manganese. Normally, the total quantity of all the alloying elements is below 5% of the total composition than carbon steels.Q345, Q390 and Q420 are all high strength low alloy steels.Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steels: The quantities of alloying elements used in these steels are in excess of those used in carbon and low alloy steels. In addition, they are heat treated by quenching and tempering to enhance their strengths. These steels do not exhibit well-defined yield points. These steels, despite their enhanced strength, have reduced ductility.3. Design ConsiderationsSpecial problems occur with steelwork and good practice must be followed to ensure satisfactory performance in service.1). FatigueFatigue failure can occur in members subjected to fluctuating loads such as crane girders or bridge structures. Failure occurs through initiation and propagation of a crack that starts at a fault or structural discontinuity and the failure load may be well below its static value.Welded connections have the greatest effect on the fatigue strength of steel structures. Tests show that butt welds give the best performance in service while continuous fillet welds are much superior to intermittent fillet welds.The maximum stress level at the weld toe is known as the hot spot stress. The fatigue life of a welded structure can be predicted based on the hot spot stress range atthe weld region. Alternatively, fracture mechanics approach can also be uses to calculate the remaining life of welded structures with initial crack. Under cyclic service loading, crack always initiates at the areas of stress concentration.2) Brittle FractureStructural steel is ductile at temperatures above 10C0but it becomes more brittle as the temperature falls, and fracture can occur at low stresses below 0C0. The Charpy impact test is used to determine the resistance of steel to brittle toughness to cause failure at a given test temperature is measured.By careful selection of steel grade with adequate impact toughness and good detailing, the likelihood of brittle fracture can be reduced. Thin plates are more concentration should be avoided. Fillet welds should not be laid down across tension flanges and intermittent welding should not be used.3) Fire ProtectionSteel structures without fire protection may suffer serious damage or even collapse in a fire catastrophe. This is because the mechanical properties of steel deteriorate by heat during fires, and the yield strength of conventional steel at 600 C0is less than 1/3 of the specified yield strength at room temperature. Fire protection can be provided by encasing the member in concrete, fire board or cementitious fiber materials. The main types of fire protection for columns and beams are shown in Figure 2.7.More recently, in tumescent paint is being used especially for exposed steelwork.4) Corrosion ProtectionAtmospheric corrosion occurs when steel is exposed to a continuous supply of water and oxygen. The rate of corrosion can be reduced if metallic coating or painting is used. Other methods of corrosion protection are sherardizing, concrete encasement and cathodic protection.Steel framed housing development, Portsmouth. Steel frame usually refers to a building technique with a "skeleton frame" of vertical steel columns and horizontal I-beams, constructed in a rectangular grid to support the floors, roof and walls of a building which are all attached to the frame. The development of this technique made the construction of the skyscraper possible.Wide sheets of steel deck can be used to cover the top of the steel frame as a "form" or corrugated mold, below a thick layer of concrete and steel reinforcing bars. Another popular alternative is a floor of precast concrete flooring units with some form of concrete topping. Often in office buildings the final floor surface is provided by some form of raised flooring system with the void between the walking surface and the structural floor being used for cables and air handling ducts.The frame needs to be protected from fire because steel softens at hightemperature and this can cause the building to partially collapse. In the case of the columns this is usually done by encasing it in some form of fire resistant structure such as masonry, concrete or plasterboard. The beams may be cased in concrete, plasterboard or sprayed with a coating to insulate it from the heat of the fire or it can be protected by a fire resistant ceiling construction.The exterior "skin" of the building is anchored to the frame using a variety of construction techniques and following a huge variety of architectural styles. Bricks, stone, reinforced concrete, architectural glass, sheet metal and simply paint have been used to cover the frame to protect the steel from the weather.Steel mills produce galvanized sheet steel, the base material for light-gauge steel. Sheet steel is then roll-formed into the final profiles used for framing. The sheets are zinc coated (galvanized) to prevent oxidation and corrosion. Steel framing provides excellent design flexibility due to the inherent strength of steel, which allows it to span over a longer distance than wood, and also resist wind and earthquake loads.Light Steel Framing has been extensively used in cold climate countries due to its good thermal and structural behavior. Heat loss reduction and tenement thermal comfort have been the main driving forces defining the design of these frames. The main issue to be addressed is how striving for thermal efficiency can lead to structural weakening and poor fire performance.Steel structure is a civil engineering disciplines of the important professional courses. In the 80 s to the 1950 s, China's per capita steel pursued is very low, this is largely restricted and steel structure of the new structure of the related subject system construction, design theory and calculation method and steel structure manufacturing level and construction means and other aspects of development. In the recent ten years, the domestic steel and steel quality, variety, specification greatly enhance, the national economic construction steel structure of professional and technical personnel demand significantly increased, "positive development steel structure" as a national new construction technology policy, with the more solid.Good, rich architectural art expression makes steel structure by architects' favor generally, in the traditional metallurgy industry workshop, high-rise and tall and big span structure of the construction practice of many years, the steel structure of the outstanding advantages and almost irreplaceable role. In recent years, the steel structure in China also gets extraordinary development. Application tend to be more widely, rapidly growing influence. Not only large quantities of industrial plant began to widespread use of the steel structure, and a large number of influential public buildings, such as the new construction, expansion of the center city airport terminal, new construction, expansion of sports culture center venues, grand theatre, exhibition center, CCTV new buildings, the 2008 Olympic competition part facilities construction (the national stadium (bird's nest), and the national aquatics center (water cube), etc), and choose the steel structure. The development of domestic steelstructure subject is a strong drive, and become the most vigorous structure engineering research direction.。

Spears SUPER SOURCEBOOK - 一本塑料管道配件、阀门、管道和水泥类产品的完整目

R O D U C T S M A D E B YS P E A R S®M A N U F A C T U R I N G C O M P A N Y I N T H E U.S.A.F O R A L L Y O U R P L A S T I C P I P I NG N E E D SSSB-1-1011PA L LVisit our web site:T A B L O C A T O RC o n v e n i e n t “T a b L o c a t o r ” p a g e l e t s y o u q u i c k l y t h u m b t o e a c h c a t e g o r y m a t c h i n g s h a d e d t a b s i n t h e o u t e r m a r g i n o f e a c h p a g e .Understanding Column Header & Con À guration InformationA variety of Column Header layouts are used to list product part numbers, options, discount codes, and list price. The following are the mosttypical used:Typical Fitting Column Header label identi ¿ es the following product particulars:Part Number The number used to order the part.Size N ominal diameter of pipe with which the ¿ tting is to be used. NOTE: Fittings may be same size (only one sizedesignation) or reducing (multiple sizes designated).Standard Pack (Std Pk) The quantity of parts packaged in an individual box or bag.Master Carton (Mstr Ctn) The total quantity of parts contained in individual boxes or bags which are packaged together.Discount Code (Disc Code) I denti ¿ cation code for applicable discount to the list price of the product. NOTE: This is a Product Group code andis not a calculation of discount. Discount codes are not the same for all products contained in this price schedule.Price Each The designated list price of the product.Fitting Con À guration Drawings are accompanied by the product’s name and an abbreviated con ¿ guration description of the ¿ tting outlet connec-tions. Line drawing illustrations are general representations of the ¿ ttings in the group, but may not be an exact depiction of all con ¿ gurations listed. Line drawings are correlated to the con ¿ guration description. The drawing is read left to right for Elbow and Adapter con ¿ gurations. Tees have an additional outlet branch and are read left to right (run) then top (branch). Drawings for Wyes and Crosses are read top to bottom then left to right and bushings drawings are read as outside x inside con ¿ guration. The con ¿ guration description also correlates to the size designation. As with the nominal size designations, only one description is given when all outlets are the same. Reducing sizes list run con ¿ guration x branch con ¿ guration.Typical Valve Column Header label identi ¿ es the following product particulars. Headers are generally preceded by identi ¿ cation of material type and con ¿ guration descriptions. Again, variations exist according to product type and con ¿ gurations.Size The nominal diameter of the pipe with which the valve is to be used.Seal Type Designated elastomer seal (O-ring, Seat, Diaphragm, etc.)(i.e., EPDM, Viton ®) NOTE: Part Number and List Price are typically speci ¿ ed under the seal type columns.C ertain products may have other column header designations under which part number and pricing are speci-¿ ed in a similar manner.Standard Pack (Std Pk) The quantity of parts packaged in an individual box or bag.Master Pack (Mstr Pk) The total quantity of parts contained in a single packaging of multiple Standard Packs.Discount Code (Disc Code) I denti ¿ cation code for applicable discount to the list price of the product. NOTE: This is a Product Group code andis not a calculation of discount. Discount codes are not the same for all products contained in this price schedule.Valve Illustrations may be as photos or line drawings. Illustrations are general representations of the valve or product speci ¿ ed, but may not depict all con ¿ gurations listed.Page IIIPart NumberSizeStdPkMstr CtnDisc CodePrice Each402-0033/850200040.97402-0051/250300040 1.01402-0073/4500401.58ExampleProduct Name ------------------- TeeAbbreviated ----------------------- Soc x Fipt Configuration DescriptionIn this example, outletdescription is “Soc x Fipt”which indicates:1. Socket x 2. Socket x3. Female Iron Pipe Thread123Product Type(Page Heading)Typical Presentation PhotoSocket StylePressure Rating @ 73°F (23°C) Water 1/2" - 4"6" - 8"Flanged235 psi 150 psi 150 psiMaximum Service TemperaturePVC=140°F (60°C)CPVC=200°F (93°C)Temperature/Pressure De-ratings ApplyTechnical DataExampleSize EPDMViton ®Std PkMstr PkDisc CodePVC Industrial1/21829-005XX.XX1829-005XX.XX118101Socket EndsPricePart NumberMaterialEnd ConnectorSpears ® Super SourcebookViton ® is a Registered Trademark of DuPont Dow ElastomersSpears ® Super SourcebookTABLE OF CONTENTS1Low VOC Solvent Cements & Primers1Spears® Low VOC Solvent Cements & Primers 1PVC Low VOC Cements2Low VOC Solvent Primers & Cleaners4PVC Schedule 40 Fittings5Tees 590° Ells7Non 90° Ells 9Wyes 11Crosses 12Couplings 13Adapters15Riser Extension 17Reducer Bushings 17Caps 18Plugs 19Unions19Glue-on Saddles20Clamp-On & Hot-Tap Saddles22Mechanical Clamp-On Transition Saddles 29Schedule 40 Tank Adapters30PVC White Schedule 40 - Hard to Find Configurations -Pool & Spa Specialties31Pool & Spa Fittings31True Union 2000 Standard Ball Valve - PVC White 32PVC Pool Butterfly Valves33UVR Schedule 40 Fittings34UVR Sch 40 Fittings34PVC Gray Schedule 40 Fittings36PVC Gray Sch 40 Fittings36PVC Black Schedule 40 Fittings40PVC Black Schedule 40 Fittings40PVC Clear Schedule 40 Pipe & Fittings42PVC Clear Sch 40 Pipe & Fittings42Compression & Repair Fittings44Schedule 40 Repair Fittings 44Repair Couplings45Short Repair Couplings 46Compression Couplings47Compression Male Adapters49Irrigation & Hose Filters50Filters50Reverse Flow Filters51In-line Tee Style Filters and Reverse In -line Tee Style Filters 53Hose Filters55PVC Irrigation Specialty Products57• Hose Fittings • Solvent Weld For Flexible PVC Hose 57• Hose Fittings • For 1/2" Polyethylene (.580 I.D.) Hose 57Hose Adapters58Irrigation Accessories 59Sprinkler Accessories59Dri-Splice Wire Connectors61PVC Irrigation Manifold Systems62High Strength 1" Manifold Systems63Turf Swivel Joints64Turf Swivel Kits 65Turf Swivel Joints66Made in the U.S.A.Page IVProgressive Products from Spears ®Innovation and TechnologySpears®Super SourcebookTABLE OF CONTENTSCompact Turf Swivel Joints66 Pressure Regulated Swivel Joints68 Turf Swivel Joint Replacement Parts68 Pipe Flanges70 Pipe Flanges70 Flange Bolt Kits72 Full-Faced Flange Gaskets73 Ball Valves75 True Union 2000 Standard Ball Valve - PVC White75 True Union 2000 Standard Ball Valves75 CWV Ball Valves77 Utility Ball Valves77 Single Entry Ball Valves78 Electro Actuated True Union 2000 Standard Ball Valve79 Electro Actuated Compact 2000 Ball Valve79 Check Valves80 Utility Swing Check Valves80 True Union Utility Swing Check Valves80 Compression Utility Swing Check Valves81 Utility Spring Check Valves81 True Union Utility Spring Check Valves82 PVC In-line Adjustable Spring Check Valves8283 EverTUFF® TURF™ Fittings For Golf Course & Turf Applications83 EverTUFF® TURF™ PVC Tees83 EverTUFF® TURF™ PVC Elbows83 EverTUFF® TURF™ PVC Couplings83 EverTUFF® TURF™ PVC Special Reinforced Female Adapters83 EverTUFF® TURF™ PVC Male Adapters83 EverTUFF® TURF™ PVC Reducer Bushings84 EverTUFF® TURF™ CPVC Tees84 EverTUFF® TURF™ CPVC Elbows84 EverTUFF® TURF™ CPVC Couplings84 EverTUFF® TURF™ CPVC Special Reinforced Female Adapters84 EverTUFF® TURF™ CPVC Male Adapters84 EverTUFF® TURF™ CPVC Reducer Bushings84 EverTUFF® TURF™ Mechanical Clamp-on Transition Saddles85 EverTUFF® TURF™ Mechanical Clamp-on Transition Saddles85 EverTUFF® TURF™ Swing Joint Riser Assemblies86 EverTUFF® TURF™ Swing Joint Riser Assemblies88 Turf Swivel Joints94 Turf Swivel Kits95 Turf Swivel Joints96 Compact Turf Swivel Joints96 Pressure Regulated Swivel Joints98 Turf Swivel Joint Replacement Parts98 PVC Irrigation Manifold Systems100 High Strength 1" Manifold Systems101 Four-In-One • Cut-Off Nipples102 Four-In-One • Cut-Off Nipples102 PVC Irrigation Specialty Products103• Hose Fittings • Solvent Weld For Flexible PVC Hose103• Hose Fittings • For 1/2" Polyethylene (.580 I.D.) Hose103 Irrigation Accessories104 Hose Adapters105 Sprinkler Accessories106 Dri-Splice Wire Connectors107 Page V Spears® Manufacturing CompanyProgressive Products from Spears®Innovation and TechnologySpears ® Super SourcebookTABLE OF CONTENTSFilters108Reverse Flow Filters109In-line Tee Style Filters and Reverse In -line Tee Style Filters 111Hose Filters 113PVC Low Head PIP Fabricated Fittings, Risers & Accessories115Couplings 115Non 90° Ells 11590° Ells115Reducer Bushings 115Adapters115Glue-on Saddles 116Caps 117Tees 117Crosses118Riser Extension 118Wyes119DISTRIBUTING GATE RISER 120RITE FLO RISER120DISTRIBUTING GATE REPAIR UNIT 120RITE FLO RISER REPAIR UNIT120PVC 80, 100 & 125 PSI PIP Fabricated Fittings126Tees 12690° Ells129Non 90° Ells 130Couplings132Reducer Couplings 133Crosses 135Wyes137Surface Reducers138Stub Surface Reducers 138Caps139Glue-on Saddles 139Pipe Flanges140PVC Class 63, 100, 125, 160 & 200 IPS Fabricated Fittings & Molded Class 125141Tees 14190° Ells145Non 90° Ells 145Couplings148Reducer Couplings 149Crosses150Surface Reducers 151Caps152Glue-on Saddles152Class 125 Molded Fittings154155Barbed Insert Fittings155Insert Fittings156160PVC, CPVC & PE Nipples160PVC, CPVC & PE Nipples160Four-In-One • Cut-Off Nipples164Four-In-One • Cut-Off Nipples164Made in the U.S.A.Page VIProgressive Products from Spears ®Innovation and TechnologySpears®Super SourcebookTABLE OF CONTENTS165 Industrial Pipe165 Schedule 80 PVC Industrial Pipe165 Low VOC Solvent Cements & Primers166 Spears® Low VOC Solvent Cements & Primers166 PVC Low VOC Cements167 CPVC Low VOC Cements168 Low VOC Solvent Primers & Cleaners169 PVC Schedule 80 Fittings170 Tees170 90° Ells172 Non 90° Ells173 Wyes175 Crosses177 Couplings177 Adapters180 Reducer Bushings181 Caps183 Plugs183 Unions184 Clamp-On & Hot-Tap Saddles188 Mechanical Clamp-On Transition Saddles196 Tank Adapters197 Expansion Joints200 Pipe Flanges201 Van Stone Style Flange Replacement Split Rings204 Flange Insulating Joints205 Flange Bolt Kits205 Full-Faced Flange Gaskets206 PVC Compression & Repair Fittings207 Schedule 80 Repair Fittings207 Compression Couplings207 Gauge & Instrument Fittings, Schedule 80 Specialty Fittings for Sensor Probes209 Gauge Guards209 Gauge & Instrument Fittings Schedule 80 Specialty Fittings for Sensor Probes210 Ball Valves211 True Union 2000 Industrial Ball Valves211 True Union 2000 Industrial Vented/Bleach Ball Valves212 True Union 2000 Industrial 3-Way Ball Valves213 Tee-Style "Zero Dead-Leg" Ball Valves215 True Union 2000 Standard Ball Valves216 True Union 2000 Industrial Retrofit Ball Valves -Replaces Other Brand Valves217 True Union 2000 Industrial Retrofit Ball Valves -Replaces Spears® ''Regular Style'' Valves218 True Union 2000 Standard Retrofit Ball Valves -Replaces Other Brand Valves219 True Union 2000 Standard Retrofit Ball Valves -Replaces Spears® ''Regular Style'' Valves219 True Union Ball Valves (Regular Style)220 Single Entry Ball Valves221 Compact 2000 Ball Valves221 Compact Ball Valves (Regular Style)222 Utility Ball Valves223 Lab Ball Valves223 Check Valves224 True Union 2000 Industrial Ball Check Valves224 True Union Ball Check Valves (Regular Style)225 Foot Valve Screens226 Y-Check Valves226 Butterfly Check Valves228 Industrial Swing Check Valves229 Page VII Spears® Manufacturing CompanyProgressive Products from Spears®Innovation and TechnologySpears ® Super SourcebookTABLE OF CONTENTSIndustrial Swing Check Valve Accessory and Repair Kits 230Diaphragm Check Valves231PVC In-line Adjustable Spring Check Valves 231Gate Valves232Gate Valves232Plug Gate Valves233Butterfly Valves234Butterfly Valves234Lug Insert Butterfly Valves 235True Lug Butterfly Valves236Large Diameter Butterfly Valves 237Wafer Butterfly Valves237Globe and Needle Valves238Globe Valves 238Needle Valves238Diaphragm Valves239Diaphragm Valves239Y-Pattern Valves241Y-Pattern Valves241Industrial Strainers & Filters243In-line Tee-Style Filters 243Y-Strainers245True Union Y-Strainers 247Basket Strainers 250Suction Strainers252253Industrial Pipe253CPVC Industrial Pipe253Low VOC Solvent Cement & Primer254CPVC Low VOC Cements254Low VOC Solvent Primers & Cleaners255CPVC Schedule 80 Fittings256Tees 25690° Ells258Non 90° Ells 259Wyes 261Crosses 262Couplings 263Adapters265Reducer Bushings 266Caps 267Plugs 268Unions268Clamp-On & Hot-Tap Saddles 272Tank Adapters 280Expansion Joints 283Pipe Flanges284Van Stone Style Flange Replacement Split Rings 285Flange Insulating Joints 286Flange Bolt Kits286Full-Faced Flange Gaskets287Gauge & Instrument Fittings, Schedule 80 Specialty Fittings for Sensor Probes288Gauge Guards288Gauge & Instrument Fittings Schedule 80 Specialty Fittings for Sensor Probes289Ball Valves290True Union 2000 Industrial Ball Valves290True Union 2000 Industrial Vented/Bleach Ball Valves291Made in the U.S.A.Page VIIIProgressive Products from Spears ®Innovation and TechnologySpears®Super SourcebookTABLE OF CONTENTSTrue Union 2000 Industrial 3-Way Ball Valves292 Tee-Style "Zero Dead-Leg" Ball Valves294 True Union 2000 Standard Ball Valves295 True Union 2000 Industrial Retrofit Ball Valves -Replaces Other Brand Valves296 True Union 2000 Industrial Retrofit Ball Valves -Replaces Spears® ''Regular Style'' Valves297 True Union 2000 Standard Retrofit Ball Valves -Replaces Other Brand Valves298 True Union 2000 Standard Retrofit Ball Valves -Replaces Spears® ''Regular Style'' Valves298 True Union Ball Valves (Regular Style)299 Compact 2000 Ball Valves300 Compact Ball Valves (Regular Style)301 Utility Ball Valves302 Lab Ball Valves302 Check Valves303 True Union 2000 Industrial Ball Check Valves303 True Union Ball Check Valves (Regular Style)304 Foot Valve Screens304 Y-Check Valves305 Butterfly Check Valves306 Industrial Swing Check Valves307 Diaphragm Check Valves308 Gate Valves309 Gate Valves309 Plug Gate Valves310 Butterfly Valves311 Butterfly Valves311 Lug Insert Butterfly Valves312 True Lug Butterfly Valves313 Large Diameter Butterfly Valves314 Wafer Butterfly Valves314 Globe and Needle Valves315 Globe Valves315 Needle Valves315 Diaphragm Valves316 Diaphragm Valves316 Y-Pattern Valves318 Y-Pattern Valves318 Industrial Strainers & Filters319 In-line Tee-Style Filters319 Y-Strainers321 True Union Y-Strainers322 Basket Strainers324326 Special Reinforced (SR) & Metal Thread Transition Fittings & Adapters326 PVC White Special Reinforced (SR) Fittings327 PVC White Brass Thread Fittings328 PVC Gray Special Reinforced (SR) Fittings329 PVC Gray Brass Thread Fittings333 CPVC Gray Special Reinforced (SR) Fittings334 CPVC Gray Brass Thread Fittings338 CPVC Orange Special Reinforced (SR) Fittings339 CPVC Orange Brass Thread Fittings340 CPVC Orange Brass Grooved Coupling Adapter341 CTS CPVC Tan Special Reinforced (SR) Fittings342 CTS CPVC Tan Brass Thread Fittings342 CTS CPVC Tan Gasket Sealed Thread Fittings343 Blue 75™ Thread Sealant343 Page IX Spears® Manufacturing CompanyProgressive Products from Spears®Innovation and TechnologySpears ® Super SourcebookTABLE OF CONTENTS344Polypropylene Schedule 80 Natural & Black SR Threaded Fittings344Polypropylene Schedule 80 Natural SR Threaded Fittings 345Polypropylene Schedule 80 Black SR Threaded Fittings345Gauge & Instrument Fittings, Schedule 80 Specialty Fittings for Sensor Probes347Gauge Guards347Needle Valves348Needle Valves348Check Valves349Industrial Swing Check Valves349Butterfly Valves350Polypropylene Butterfly Valves350Large Diameter Butterfly and Diaphragm Valves351Large Diameter Butterfly Valves 351Diaphragm Valves352353Ball Valves353True Union 2000 Industrial Ball Valves353True Union 2000 Industrial Vented/Bleach Ball Valves 355True Union 2000 Industrial 3-Way Ball Valves 357Tee-Style "Zero Dead-Leg" Ball Valves 361True Union 2000 Standard Ball Valves362True Union 2000 Industrial Retrofit Ball Valves -Replaces Other Brand Valves364True Union 2000 Industrial Retrofit Ball Valves -Replaces Spears® ''Regular Style'' Valves 365True Union 2000 Standard Retrofit Ball Valves -Replaces Other Brand Valves366True Union 2000 Standard Retrofit Ball Valves -Replaces Spears® ''Regular Style'' Valves 367True Union Ball Valves (Regular Style)367Single Entry Ball Valves 369Compact 2000 Ball Valves370Compact Ball Valves (Regular Style)371Lab Ball Valves 372Utility Ball Valves 373CWV Ball Valves374Swing Check Ball Valve 374CTS Valves375Ball Valve Accessories & Repair Kits376Check Valves386True Union 2000 Industrial Ball Check Valves 386True Union Ball Check Valves (Regular Style)388Foot Valve Screens 389Y-Check Valves389Y-Check Valve Repair Kits 392Butterfly Check Valves393Butterfly Check Valve Repair Kits 395Industrial Swing Check Valves395Industrial Swing Check Valve Accessory and Repair Kits 397Utility Swing Check Valves398True Union Utility Swing Check Valves 398Compression Utility Swing Check Valves 399Utility Spring Check Valves400True Union Utility Spring Check Valves 401Diaphragm Check Valves401PVC In-line Adjustable Spring Check Valves 402Industrial PVC Backwater Valves403Made in the U.S.A.Page XProgressive Products from Spears ®Innovation and TechnologySpears®Super SourcebookTABLE OF CONTENTSSump Pump Swing Check Valve407 Quiet Check Valve407 Swing Check Ball Valve408 Gate Valves409 Gate Valves409 Plug Gate Valves410 Gate Valve Accessories & Repair Kits411 Butterfly Valves413 PVC Pool Butterfly Valves413 Butterfly Valves413 Lug Insert Butterfly Valves414 True Lug Butterfly Valves -Zinc Plated Lugs416 True Lug Butterfly Valves -SS Lugs417 Polypropylene Butterfly Valves419 Large Diameter Butterfly Valves419 Wafer Butterfly Valves420 High Purity TFM-Lined Butterfly Valves421 Butterfly Valve Accessories & Repair Kits422 Globe Valves430 Globe Valves430 Needle Valves431 Needle Valves431 Diaphragm Valves432 Diaphragm Valves432 Diaphragm Valve Repair Kits436 Y-Pattern Valves437 Y-Pattern Valves437 Y-Pattern Valve Repair Kits440 Backwater, Sewage & Sump Pump Specialty Valves441 Sewer Disconnect441 Industrial PVC Backwater Valves442 Sump Pump Swing Check Valve446 Quiet Check Valve446 Swing Check Ball Valve447448 Actuated Valve Information448 Electro Actuated Compact 2000 Ball Valve451 Electro Actuated True Union 2000 Standard Ball Valve452 Electro Actuated True Union 2000 Industrial Ball Valve453 Premium Actuated True Union 2000 Industrial Ball Valve -Electric454 Premium Actuated True Union 2000 Industrial Ball Valve -Pneumatic455 Premium Actuated Standard Butterfly Valve -Electric457 Premium Actuated Standard Butterfly Valve -Pneumatic458 Premium Actuated Lug Insert Butterfly Valve -Electric460 Premium Actuated Lug Insert Butterfly Valve -Pneumatic461 Premium Actuated True Lug Butterfly Valve -Electric463 Premium Actuated True Lug Butterfly Valve -Pneumatic464 Premium Actuated Diaphragm Valve - Electric466 Unitized Actuated Diaphragm Valve - Pneumatic with Plastic Housing469 Premium Actuated Diaphragm Valve - Pneumatic475489 Irrigation & Hose Filters489 Filters489 Hose Filters490Page XI Spears® Manufacturing CompanyProgressive Products from Spears®Innovation and TechnologySpears ® Super SourcebookTABLE OF CONTENTSIn-line Tee Style Filters and Reverse In -line Tee Style Filters 491Reverse Flow Filters 493Industrial Strainers & Filters496In-line Tee-Style Filters 496Y-Strainers498True Union Y-Strainers 500Basket Strainers 504Suction Strainers507508Expansion Joints508Fabricated Expansion Joints 508Elastomer Expansion Joints 510Repair Couplings512Short Repair Couplings514515PVC DWV Drain Waste Vent Fittings515PVC DWV Drain Waste Vent Fittings 515Sewer Disconnect525Industrial PVC Backwater Valves526PVC Schedule 40 & 80 DWV Fabricated Fittings529Tees 52990° Ells529Non 90° Ells 530Couplings531Reducer Couplings 531Crosses 532Wyes533Sanitary Tees 536Adapters 537Caps 537Plugs 537Cleanouts537538EverTUFF® CPVC CTS Fittings, Valves & Pipe538EverTUFF® CPVC CTS Fittings, Valves & Pipe538543Low-Extractable Piping For Ultra-Pure Water Systems543Low-Extractable Piping For Ultra-Pure Water Systems544551LabWaste™ CPVC Corrosive Waste Drainage Systems551LabWaste™ CPVC Corrosive Waste Drainage Systems551LabWaste™ Standard CPVC & HDPE Neutralization Tanks559LabWaste™ Standard HDPE Round Neutralization Tanks 561LabWaste™ Standard CPVC Round Neutralization Tanks 5621-Gallon CPVC Dilution Tanks563Made in the U.S.A.Page XIIProgressive Products from Spears ®Innovation and TechnologySpears®Super SourcebookTABLE OF CONTENTS1-Gallon CPVC Dilution Traps564 Pedestrian Traffic Covers565 Heavy-Duty Pedestrian Traffic Covers565 Vehicular Traffic Covers565 Optional Inspection Manhole Ports & Tank Extensions566 Tank Extensions566 Limestone Chips for Acid Neutralization Tanks566567Lab Specialty Products567 Lab Ball Valves567 Needle Valves567 Gauge Guards569 Lab Fixtures571575PVC & CPVC Duct & Fabricated Duct Fittings575 PVC & CPVC Round Seamless Duct576 PVC & CPVC Cold Rolled Fabricated Duct576 PVC & CPVC Duct Fittings577584Double Containment584 Tees585 90° Ells587 45° Ells589 Couplings591 Access Tees593 Closure Fittings595 Isolation Couplers596 Termination Fittings598 Centralizers600 Ball Valve Box With Valve601 Ball Check Valve Box With Valve603 Diaphragm Valve Box With Valve605 Clamp-on Saddles for Leak Detection Sensors607608PVC Low Head PIP Fabricated Fittings, Risers & Accessories608 Tees608 90° Ells608 Non 90° Ells608 Couplings608 Reducer Bushings609 Adapters609 Crosses609 Riser Extension610 Wyes611 Caps611 Glue-on Saddles612 DISTRIBUTING GATE RISER613 RITE FLO RISER613 DISTRIBUTING GATE REPAIR UNIT613 Page XIII Spears® Manufacturing CompanyProgressive Products from Spears®Innovation and TechnologySpears ® Super SourcebookTABLE OF CONTENTSRITE FLO RISER REPAIR UNIT 613PVC 80, 100 & 125 PSI PIP Fabricated Fittings619Tees 61990° Ells622Non 90° Ells 623Couplings625Reducer Couplings 626Crosses 628Wyes630Surface Reducers631Stub Surface Reducers 631Caps632Glue-on Saddles 632Pipe Flanges633PVC Class 63, 100, 125, 160 & 200 IPS Fabricated Fittings & Molded Class 125634Tees 63490° Ells638Non 90° Ells 638Couplings641Reducer Couplings 642Crosses643Surface Reducers 644Caps645Glue-on Saddles645Class 125 Molded Fittings647PVC Schedule 40 & 80 DWV Fabricated Fittings648Tees 64890° Ells648Non 90° Ells 649Couplings650Reducer Couplings 650Crosses 651Wyes652Sanitary Tees 655Adapters 656Caps 656Plugs 656Cleanouts656PVC Schedule 40 & 80 Low Pressure Fabricated Fittings657Tees 65790° Ells657Non 90° Ells 658Couplings659Reducer Couplings 659Crosses 660Caps 661Plugs661662PVC & CPVC Metric Fittings, Unions & Valves662PN16 PVC Metric Fittings 666PN16 CPVC Metric Fittings666Class 10/12 PVC & CPVC Metric Fittings & Class 150 Flanges667PVC ASTM Schedule 40 Socket x BSP Adapter Fittings (White & Gray)668PVC Transition Unions669True Union Ball Valves (Regular Style)670PVC & CPVC True Union 2000 Industrial Ball Valves 671PVC & CPVC True Union 2000 Standard Ball Valves672PVC & CPVC True Union 2000 Industrial 3-Way Horizontal Diverter Ball Valves673Made in the U.S.A.Page XIVProgressive Products from Spears ®Innovation and TechnologySpears ®Super SourcebookTABLE OF CONTENTS676s e v l a V l l a B l a c i t r e V y a W -3 l a i r t s u d n I 0002 n o i n U e u r T C V P C & C V P 186s e v l a V k c e h C l l a B l a i r t s u d n I 0002 n o i n U e u r T C V P C & C V P PVC & CPVC Gate Valves682PVC & CPVC Diaphragm Valves 683PVC Irrigation Manifold Systems684Pipe686Industrial Pipe686CPVC Industrial Pipe686786e p i P n o i t u b i r t s i D r e t a W d l o C & t o H S T C C V P C Schedule 80 PVC Industrial Pipe 688Schedule 40 Clear Pipe 688Low Extractable PVC Pipe689986e p i P m e t s y S e g a n i a r D e t s a W e v i s o r r o C C V P C ™e t s a W b a L 096e p i P r e l k n i r p S e r i F C V P C ®d r a u G e m a l F PVC & CPVC Round Seamless Duct690196tc u Dde t a c i r b a F d e l l o R d l o C C V P C & C V P Solvent Cements & Thread Sealants692Blue 75™ Thread Sealant692Blue 75™ Thread Sealant692Low VOC Solvent Cements, Primers & Accessories693396s r e m i r P & s t n e m e C t n e v l o S C O V w o L ®s r a e p S PVC Low VOC Cements 694CPVC Low VOC Cements 696ABS Low VOC Cements697ABS to PVC Transition & Mult 896s t n e m e C C O V w o L e s o p r u P i Low Extractable Low VOC Cement 699007s r e n a e l C & s r e m i r P t n e v l o S C O V w o L Applicators & Accessories701FlameGuard® CPVC Fire Sprinkler Products706FlameGuard® CPVC Fire Sprinkler Piping Products706707s t c u d o r P g n i p i P r e l k n i r p S e r i F C V P C ®d r a u G e m a l F FlameGuard® CPVC Fire Sprinkler Piping 217st c u d o r P Page XVSpears ® Manufacturing CompanyProgressive Products from Spears ®Innovation and TechnologyPart Number Index 714AppendicesAppendix A - Basic Abbreviations Used in this CatalogAppendix B - Applicable Industry Standards & Test Methods Appendix C - Product Approvals & CertificatesAppendix D - Recommendations for Installers & Users Appendix E - Special Information on Fabricated FittingsAppendix F - Sustainable Solutions for Total Piping System Needs Appendix G - Discount CodesSchedule 40 Fittings & AccessoriesSpears® Low VOC Solvent Cements & Primersz User Friendly with reduced fumes and odor for well-being of pipe installers.z NSF ® Certified & Listed for use in piping applications such as potable water, turf, irrigation, pool & spa, industrial, plumbing, DWV, and/or sewer,plus special applications including fire protection, chemical waste, and ultra-pure water.z Meets ASTM Standards for solvent cements and primers used for plastic pipe installation.z Environmentally friendly. LEED ® Compliant (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design). Credit can be gained through the use of Spears ®Low VOC products. This program, developed by the US Green Building Council, uses SCAQMD Rule 1168 as a benchmark to qualify one credit toward LEED ® certification for green building.z Low VOC emissions comply with SCAQMD Rule 1168/316A z 3-Year Shelf LifeEssential solvent cements developed for contractors' essential needs in joining PVC, CPVC and ABS pipe and fittings.Low VOC PVC CementsRegular, Medium, heavy and extra heavy bodied cements are specifically formulated for PVC pipe in virtually every schedule and in sizes with interference fit to 30" diameter.PVC-00 CLEAR: Regular bodied, fast setting PVC cement for all classes and schedules (except Schedule 80) with interference fit through 4". Excellent for plumbing, DWV, irrigation, electrical conduit, pool &spa and PVC foam core pipe. Listings: ASTM D2564,NSF ®-PW, DWV, SW, U.P. Code.PVC-00 Clear Regular Body PVC CementPart Number Size Std Pk Mstr Ctn Disc Code PriceEach PVC00C-0051/4 Pint 240705 5.85PVC00C-0101/2 Pint 2407058.50PVC00C-020Pint 12070513.10PVC00C-030Quart 12070522.10PVC00C-040Gallon6070571.75PVC-02 CLEAR: Regular bodied, fast setting PVC cement for all classes and schedules (except Schedule 80) with interference fit through 4" diameter. Goes on clear, dries clearest and is slightly thicker than PVC-00. Excellent for plumbing, DWV, irrigation, electrical conduit, pool & spa and PVC foam core pipe. Listings:ASTM D2564, NSF ®-PW, DWV, SW, U.P. Code.PVC-02 Clear Regular Body PVC CementPart Number Size Std Pk Mstr Ctn Disc Code Price Each PVC02C-0051/4 Pint 240705 6.50PVC02C-0101/2 Pint 2407059.45PVC02C-020Pint 12070514.55PVC02C-030Quart 12070524.55PVC02C-040Gallon6070579.65PVC-05 CLEAR:Medium bodied, fast setting, PVC cement for all classes and schedules with interference fit through 6" diameter and Schedule 80 through 4"diameter in industrial, plumbing, DWV, irrigation,electrical conduit, pool & spa and PVC foam core pipe.Can be used without primer on non-pressure systems if local code permits. Listings: ASTM D2564, NSF ®-PW, DWV, SW, U.P. Code.PVC-05 Clear Medium Body PVC CementPart Number Size Std Pk Mstr Ctn Disc Code PriceEach PVC05C-0051/4 Pint 240705 6.60PVC05C-0101/2 Pint 2407059.55PVC05C-020Pint 12070516.75PVC05C-030Quart 12070526.65PVC05C-040Gallon6070590.80PVC-21 BLUE:Medium bodied, fast setting, highstrength PVC cement. It is suitable for use on rigid PVC with interference fit Schedule 40 thru 6" and Schedule 80 thru 4". Can be used without primer on PVC Schedule 40 and SDR pressure water piping systems through 4" if local code permits. Do not use PVC-21 without primer in any other application,schedule, or size such as Schedule 80 industrial applications. Listings: ASTM D2564, NSF ®-PW, DWV,SW, U.P. Code.PVC-21 Blue Medium Body PVC CementPart Number Size Std Pk Mstr Ctn Disc Code PriceEach PVC21B-0051/4 Pint 2407057.05PVC21B-0101/2 Pint 24070511.60PVC21B-020Pint 12070519.85PVC21B-030Quart 12070533.35PVC21B-040Gallon60705114.65Made in the U.S.A.NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION OF COMPRESSED AIR OR GAS Page 1Progressive Products from Spears ®Innovation and Technology。

design of steel structure

2 Design Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Dead Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tributary Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Slab Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dead Load Applied to Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dead Load Applied to Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dead Load Applied to Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Two-Way Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Live Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Continuous Beam Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Influence Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reduction in Floor Live Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reduction in Roof Live Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combined Dead and Live Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Snow Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flat Roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ground Snow Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flat Roof Snow Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exposure Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermal Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Importance Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rain-on-Snow Surcharge Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Snow Drifts on Lower Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leeward Snow Drifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Windward Snow Drifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sloped Roof Snow Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Slope Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warm Roof Slope Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cold Roof Slope Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

EN10025-2004 热轧结构钢制品标准介绍

IntroductionEN 10025 : 2004 is the new European standard for structural steel.EN 10025 : 2004 is the new European standard for structural steel. This leaflet shows the new grades, properties and the nearest equivalent grades from former standards including EN 10025 : 1993. The grade designation system is also explained.Corus produces a very wide range of rolled sections and plates and the information below has been prepared to show how the new standard applies to these products. For information on the size ranges available please ring +44 (0) 1724 404400 and ask for ‘Plate products range of sizes’ for plate and plate cut from coil, or ‘Structural sections to BS4 part 1’ for rolled sections.History of the standardThe European Committee for Iron and Steel Standardisation is responsible for producing the European Standards (ENs) for structural steels. The first of these standards, EN 10025, was published in the UK by BSI as EN 10025 : 1990, partly supersedingBS 4360 : 1986, which was re-issued as BS 4360 : 1990. In 1993, a second edition of EN 10025 was made available together with EN 10113 : parts 1, 2 & 3 and EN 10155. In June 1994, EN 10210 : part 1 was published and at the same time BS 4360 was officially withdrawn. The balance of the BS 4360 steels not affected by these ENs were re-issued in new British Standards BS 7613 and BS 7668. In 1996, with the publication of EN 10137, BS 7613 was withdrawn. BS 7668 will remain until an EN for atmospheric corrosion resistant hollow sections is available.In 2004 the standard EN 10025 was revised to address the provisions of EU Construction Products Directive(89/106/EEC). It is now published in six parts to bring together almost all the ‘Structural Metallic Products’ into one comprehensive standard.The new standard EN 10025 : 2004The new standard is published in six parts and draws together earlier standards to produce one standard for the majority of structural steel products. The parts are:•Part 1 - General technical delivery conditions.•Part 2 - Technical delivery conditions for non-alloy structural steels.Supersedes EN 10025 : 1993•Part 3 - Technical delivery conditions for normalised/ normalised rolled weldable fine grain structural steels. Supersedes EN 10113 : parts 1 & 2 : 1993•Part 4 - Technical delivery conditions for thermomechanically rolled weldable fine grain structural steels.Supersedes EN 10113 : parts 1 & 3 : 1993•Part 5 - Technical delivery conditions for structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance - also known as weathering steels. Supersedes EN 10155 : 1993•Part 6 - Technical delivery conditions for flat products of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered condition.Supersedes EN 10137 : parts 1 & 2 : 19962European structural steel standard EN 10025 : 2004European structural steel standard EN 10025 : 20043Grade designation systemsThe designation systems used in the new standard aresimilar but not identical to EN 10025 : 1993 and verydifferent to the familiar BS 4360 designations so theguide below has been prepared to assist purchasers,specifiers, designers and users of steel.Symbols used in EN 10025 : part 2 : 2004 Non-alloy structural steelsS...Structural steelE...Engineering steel.235... Minimum yield strength (Reh) in MPa @ 16mm...JR.. Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts 27 J @ +20°C...J0..Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts 27 J @ 0°C...J2..Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts 27 J @ -20°C...K2.. Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts 40 J @ -20°C...+AR Supply condition as rolled...+N Supply condition normalised or normalised rolled Customer options...C..Grade suitable for cold forming...Z..Grade with improved properties perpendicular to the surfaceExamples: S235JR+AR, S355K2C+N Symbols used in EN 10025 : part 3 : 2004 Normalised/normalised rolled weldable fine grain structural steels S...Structural steel .275... Minimum yield strength (Reh) in MPa @ 16mm ...N.. Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts at a temperature not lower than -20°C ...NL..Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts at a temperature not lower than -50°C Customer options ...Z..Grade with improved properties perpendicular to the surface Examples: S275N, S420NL Z35Symbols used in EN 10025 : part 4 : 2004 Thermomechanically rolled weldable fine grain structural steels S...Structural steel .275... Minimum yield strength (Reh) in MPa @ 16mm ...M.. Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts at a temperature not lower than -20°C ...ML..Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts at a temperature not lower than -50°C Customer options...Z..Grade with improved properties perpendicular to the surfaceExamples: S355M, S460ML Z25Grade designation systemsDesign and technical advice is available from our Technical Sales & Marketing department.Grade designation systemsGrade designation systems (continued)Symbols used in EN 10025 : part 5 : 2004Structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosionresistance – also known as weathering steelsS...Structural steel.355... Minimum yield strength (Reh) in MPa @ 16mm...J0..Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts 27 J @ 0°C...J2..Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts 27 J @ -20°C...K2.. Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts 40 J @ -20°C...W..Improved atmospheric corrosion resistance...P..Greater phosphorus content (grade S355 only)...+AR Supply condition as rolled...+N Supply condition normalised or normalised rolledCustomer options...Z..Grade with improved properties perpendicular to the surfaceExamples: S235J0W+AR, S355K2W+N Z25Symbols used in EN 10025 : part 6 : 2004Flat products of high yield strength structural steelsin the quenched and tempered conditionS...Structural steel.460... Minimum yield strength (Reh) in MPa @ 16mm...Q..Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts at a temperature not lowerthan -20°C...QL..Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts at a temperature not lowerthan -40°C...QL1..Longitudinal Charpy V-notch impacts at a temperature not lowerthan -60°CCustomer options...Z..Grade with improved properties perpendicular to the surfaceExamples: S460Q, S690QL4European structural steel standard EN 10025 : 2004T able 1EN 10025 : part 2 : 2004 Non-alloy structural steels Grades, properties and nearest equivalentsThe tables below show the grades, properties andnearest equivalent grades from earlier standards.The grade designations are explained on theprevious pages.Comparison between grades in EN 10025 : part 2 : 2004 and nearest equivalent versions in EN 10025 : 1993 and BS 4360 : 1990EN 10025 : part 2 : 2004EN 10025 : 1993BS 4360 : 1990Grade Yield (Reh) min Tensile (Rm) Charpy V-notch longitudinal Grade GradeStrength at t = 16mm (MPa)Temp (°C) Energy (J)t = 16mmS185185290/510 - - S185-- 1235340/470- - S23540AS235JR 220 27S235JRG1/G240BS235J0027S235J040CS235J2-2027S235J2G3/G440D- 1275410/560- - S27543AS275JR 22027S275JR43BS275J0027S275J043CS275J2-2027S275J2G3/G443D- 1355490/630- - S35550AS355JR 22027S355JR50BS355J0027S355J050CS355J2-2027S355J2G3/G450DS355K2-2040S355K2G3/G450DDE295295470/610- - E295-S335335570/710- - S335-E360360650/830- - E360-1 MPa = 1 N/mm2Notes1For all products to be compliant with the EU Construction Products Directive (CPD 89/106/EC) the material must offer a guaranteed minimum impact performance. This has resulted in the removal of this grade from the standard, and the lowest grade now offered is the JR version for each yield strength variation.2Verification of the specified impact value is only carried out when agreed at the time of the enquiry and order.Grades, properties and nearest equivalentsEuropean structural steel standard EN 10025 : 20045Grades, properties and nearest equivalentsGrades, properties and nearest equivalents (continued)T able 2EN 10025 : part 3 : 2004Normalised/normalised rolled weldable fine grain structural steelsComparison between grades in EN 10025 : part 3 : 2004 and nearest equivalent versions in EN 10113 : part 2 : 1993 and BS 4360 : 1990EN 10025 : part 3 : 2004EN 10113 : part 2 : 1993BS 4360 : 1990Grade Yield (Reh) min Tensile (Rm) Charpy V-notch longitudinal Grade GradeStrength at t = 16mm (MPa)Temp (°C) Energy (J)t = 16mmS275N275370/510 -2040S275N43DDS275NL-5027S275NL43EES355N355470/630-2040S355N50S355NL-5027S355NL50EES420N420520/680-2040S420N-S420NL-5027S420NL-S460N460550/720-2040S460N55CS460NL-5027S460NL55EE1 MPa = 1 N/mm2T able 3EN 10025 : part 4 : 2004Thermomechanically rolled weldable fine grain structural steelsComparison between grades in EN 10025 : part 4 : 2004 and nearest equivalent versions in EN 10113 : part 3 : 1993EN 10025 : part 4 : 2004EN 10113 : part 3 : 1993Grade Yield (Reh) min Tensile (Rm) Charpy V-notch longitudinal GradeStrength at t = 16mm (MPa)Temp (°C) Energy (J)t = 16mmS275M275370/510 -2040S275NS275ML-5027S275NLS355M355470/630-2040S355NS355ML-5027S355NLS420M420520/680-2040S420NS420ML-5027S420NLS460M460550/720-2040S460MS460ML-5027S460ML1 MPa = 1 N/mm26European structural steel standard EN 10025 : 2004Grades, properties and nearest equivalentsT able 4EN 10025 : part 5 : 2004Structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance - also known as weathering steelsComparison between grades in EN 10025 : part 5 : 2004 and nearest equivalent versions in EN 10155 : 1993 and BS 4360 : 1990EN 10025 : part 5 : 2004EN 10155 : 1993BS 4360 : 1990Grade Yield (Reh) min Tensile (Rm) Charpy V-notch longitudinal Grade GradeStrength at t = 16mm (MPa)Temp (°C) Energy (J)t = 16mmS235J0W235360/510027S235J0W-S235J2W-2027S235J2W-S355J0WP355470/630027S355J0WP WR50AS355J2WP-2027S355J2WP-S355J0W355470/630027S355J0W WR50BS355J2W-2027S355J2W WR50CS355K2W-2040S355K2W WR50D1 MPa = 1 N/mm2T able 5EN 10025 : part 6 : 2004Flat products of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered condition Comparison between grades in EN 10025 : part 6 : 2004 and nearest equivalent versions in EN 10137 : part 2 : 1996 and BS 4360 : 1990EN 10025 : part 6 : 2004EN 10137 : part 2 : 1996BS 4360 : 1990Grade Yield (Reh) min Tensile (Rm) Charpy V-notch longitudinal Grade GradeStrength at t = 16mm (MPa)Temp (°C) 1Energy (J)t = 16mmS460Q460550/720 040S460Q-S460QL050S460QL-S460QL1060S460QL155FS500Q500590/770040S500Q-S500QL050S500QL-S500QL1060S500QL1-S550Q550640/820040S550Q-S550QL050S550QL-S550QL1060S550QL1-S620Q620700/890040S620Q-S620QL050S620QL-S620QL1060S620QL1-S690Q690770/940040S690Q-S690QL050S690QL-S690QL1060S690QL1-S890Q890940/1100040S890Q-S890QL050S890QL-S890QL1060S890QL1-S960Q960980/1150040S960Q-S960QL050S960QL-1 MPa = 1 N/mm2Note1 Other impact temperatures can be specified.European structural steel standard EN 10025 : 20047。

优质钢材英语

IntroductionSteel, an alloy primarily composed of iron and carbon, has been the backbone of modern civilization for centuries, playing a pivotal role in infrastructure development, transportation, energy production, and countless other industrial applications. However, not all steel is created equal. This essay delves into the multifaceted nature of premium steel, examining the stringent standards it must meet to be classified as such and the various attributes that distinguish it from its lower-grade counterparts. It is through these rigorous criteria and exceptional qualities that premium steel emerges as the material of choice for projects demanding utmost reliability, durability, and performance.1. Material Composition and MicrostructureAt the core of premium steel's superior characteristics lies its meticulously controlled composition and microstructure. The precise balance of elements, including carbon, manganese, silicon, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and others, is crucial for achieving desired mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and weldability. While carbon content is fundamental for hardness and strength, alloying elements serve specific purposes: chromium enhances corrosion resistance, nickel improves toughness and ductility, and molybdenum increases strength at high temperatures.Moreover, the microstructure of premium steel, which refers to the arrangement of its constituent phases (e.g., ferrite, pearlite, martensite, and austenite), is carefully tailored through controlled heating and cooling processes, such as annealing, quenching, and tempering. These treatments influence the grain size, phase distribution, and dislocation density within the steel, ultimately dictating its mechanical behavior, toughness, and fatigue resistance. A well-designed microstructure ensures that premium steel exhibits an optimal combination of strength, ductility, and toughness, enabling it to withstand diverse service conditions without failure.2. Mechanical Properties and PerformancePremium steel is characterized by exceptional mechanical properties thatsurpass those of standard grades. Key indicators include:a) Yield Strength: The minimum stress required to initiate permanent deformation in the material. Premium steels often exhibit yield strengths well above 500 MPa, providing robust structural integrity and minimizing deformation under load.b) Tensile Strength: The maximum stress the material can withstand before fracturing. High tensile strengths (exceeding 800 MPa or more in some cases) enable premium steel to endure heavy loads and dynamic stresses without failure.c) Ductility and Toughness: The ability of the material to deform plastically without fracturing and to absorb energy during impact or deformation. Enhanced ductility and toughness in premium steels reduce the risk of brittle fractures and ensure better performance under cyclic loading and in low-temperature environments.d) Fatigue Resistance: The capacity to withstand repeated or cyclic loads without cracking or fracturing. Premium steels, with their optimized microstructures and low residual stresses, demonstrate excellent fatigue resistance, ensuring long-term reliability in applications subjected to fluctuating stresses.3. Corrosion and Wear ResistanceIncorporating corrosion-resistant alloys like stainless steel or applying protective coatings, premium steels offer enhanced resistance to oxidation, pitting, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. This attribute is particularly critical in harsh environments, such as marine, chemical processing, or food processing industries, where prolonged exposure to aggressive chemicals or moisture can rapidly degrade lower-grade materials.Additionally, premium steels may incorporate hardening elements or surface treatments to increase their wear resistance, making them suitable for applications involving friction, abrasion, or erosion, such as in mining equipment, cutting tools, or heavy machinery components.4. Weldability and FabricationPremium steels are designed with weldability in mind, ensuring that they can be joined using various welding techniques while maintaining their inherent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. This is achieved through careful control of alloying elements, carbon equivalent, and microstructure. Good weldability reduces the risk of defects, such as cracks, porosity, or lack of fusion, during fabrication and contributes to the overall structural integrity of welded assemblies.5. Certifications, Standards, and TestingFor a steel product to be deemed 'premium,' it must adhere to stringent international or industry-specific standards, such as those set by ASTM, AISI, EN, DIN, JIS, or API. These standards encompass material composition, mechanical properties, fabrication processes, non-destructive testing (NDT), and quality control measures. Compliance with these standards provides assurance to end-users that the steel will perform as intended in its designated application.Furthermore, premium steel manufacturers typically subject their products to rigorous testing, including chemical analysis, mechanical property tests (tensile, impact, hardness), corrosion tests (salt spray, cyclic polarization), non-destructive examinations (ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle inspection), and sometimes even full-scale prototype testing. Such comprehensive evaluations verify that the steel meets or exceeds the specified requirements and performs reliably under real-world conditions.ConclusionPremium steel represents the epitome of metallurgical expertise, combining meticulously controlled composition, optimized microstructure, exceptional mechanical properties, enhanced corrosion and wear resistance, and excellent weldability. By adhering to stringent international and industry-specific standards and undergoing rigorous testing, premium steel guarantees unparalleled performance, durability, and reliability in even the most demanding applications. As industries continue to push the boundaries of innovation and efficiency, premium steel remains a cornerstone material, offering designersand engineers a trusted solution for realizing their visions while ensuring safety, longevity, and sustainability.。

美国钢铁产品的标准比较多

美国钢铁产品的标准比较多，主要有以下几种：美国钢铁产品的标准比较多，主要有以下几种：ANSI 美国国家标准AISI??美国钢铁学会标准ASTM 美国材料与试验协会标准ASME 美国机械工程师协会标准AMS 航天材料规格（美国航空工业最常用的一种材料规格，由SAE制定）API 美国石油学会标准AWS 美国焊接协会标准SAE 美国机动车工程师协会标准MIL 美国军用标准QQ 美国联邦政府标准A216:：WCB , WCCA217: WC6 , WC9 , C5 (ZGCr5Mo)A351: CF8 , CF3 , CF3 M , CF8C标准号? ? ? ? 标准中文名称? ? ? ? 标准英文名称ASTM A1-00 ? ? ? ? 碳素钢丁字轨? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Tee Rails ASTM A2-02 ? ? ? ? 普通型,带槽和防护型碳素工字钢轨? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Girder Rails of Plain, Grooved, and Guard TypesASTM A3-01 ? ? ? ? 低、中、高碳素钢鱼尾（连接）板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Joint Bars, Low, Medium, and High Carbon (Non-Heat-Treated)ASTM A6/A6M-04a ? ? ? ? 轧制结构钢板材、型材和薄板桩通用技术要求? ? ? ? Standard Specification for General Requirements for Rolled Structural Steel Bars, Plates, Shapes, and Sheet Piling ASTM A20/A20M-04a ? ? ? ? 压力容器用钢板材通用要求? ? ? ? Standard Specification for General Requirements for Steel Plates for Pressure VesselsASTM A27/A27M-03 ? ? ? ? 通用碳素钢铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for General ApplicationASTM A29/A29M-04 ? ? ? ? 热锻及冷加工碳素钢和合金钢棒? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought, General Requirements forASTM A31-04 ? ? ? ? 钢铆钉及铆钉和压力容器用棒材? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Rivets and Bars for Rivets, Pressure VesselsASTM A34/A34M-01 ? ? ? ? 磁性材料的抽样和采购试验的标准惯例? ? ? ? Standard Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic MaterialsASTM A36/A36M-04 ? ? ? ? 碳素结构钢技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon Structural SteelASTM A47/A47M-99 ? ? ? ? 铁素体可锻铁铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Ferritic Malleable Iron CastingsASTM A48/A48M-03 ? ? ? ? 灰铁铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Gray Iron CastingsASTM A49-01 ? ? ? ? 经热处理的碳素钢鱼尾（连接）板，微合金鱼尾板及锻制碳素钢异型鱼尾板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Heat-Treated Carbon Steel Joint Bars, Microalloyed Joint Bars, and Forged Carbon Steel Compromise Joint BarsASTM A53/A53M-04 ? ? ? ? 无镀层热浸的、镀锌的、焊接的及无缝钢管的技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and SeamlessASTM A65-01 ? ? ? ? 钢轨道钉? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Track SpikesASTM A66-01 ? ? ? ? 钢质螺旋道钉? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Screw SpikesASTM A67-00 ? ? ? ? 热加工低碳钢和高碳钢垫板技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Tie Plates, Low-Carbon and High-Carbon Hot-WorkedASTM A74-04 ? ? ? ? 铸铁污水管及配件的技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and FittingsASTM A82-02 ? ? ? ? 钢筋混凝土用无节钢丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete ReinforcementASTM A90/A90M-01 ? ? ? ? 镀锌和镀锌合金钢铁制品镀层重量的试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Method for Weight [Mass] of Coating on Iron and Steel Articles with Zinc or Zinc-Alloy Coatings ASTM A99-03 ? ? ? ? 锰铁合金? ? ? ? Standard Specification for FerromanganeseASTM A100-04 ? ? ? ? 硅铁? ? ? ? Standard Specification for FerrosiliconASTM A101-04 ? ? ? ? 铬铁? ? ? ? Standard Specification for FerrochromiumASTM A102-04 ? ? ? ? 钒铁合金? ? ? ? Standard Specification for FerrovanadiumASTM A105/A105M-03 ? ? ? ? 管系部件用碳素钢锻件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping ApplicationsASTM A106/A106M-04a ? ? ? ? 高温用无缝碳素钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A108-03 ? ? ? ? 优质冷加工碳素钢棒材技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Bar, Carbon and Alloy, Cold-FinishedASTM A109/A109M-03 ? ? ? ? 冷轧碳素钢带技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel, Strip, Carbon (0.25 Maximum Percent), Cold-RolledASTM A111-99a(2004)e1 ? ? ? ? 电话和电报线路用镀锌"铁"丝规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Iron Telephone and Telegraph Line WireASTM A116-00 ? ? ? ? 镀锌钢丝编织栏栅网? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Metallic-Coated, Steel Woven Wire Fence FabricASTM A121-99(2004) ? ? ? ? 镀锌刺钢丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Mettalic-Coated Carbon Steel Barbed WireASTM A123/A123M-02 ? ? ? ? 钢铁产品的锌镀层（热浸镀锌）技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel ProductsASTM A125-96(2001) ? ? ? ? 热处理螺旋形钢弹簧? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Springs, Helical, Heat-TreatedASTM A126-04 ? ? ? ? 阀门、法兰和管配件用灰铁铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Valves, Flanges, and Pipe FittingsASTM A128/A128M-93(2003) ? ? ? ? 钢铸件,奥氏体锰? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Austenitic ManganeseASTM A131/A131M-04 ? ? ? ? 海船用结构钢? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Structural Steel for ShipsASTM A132-04 ? ? ? ? 钼铁合金? ? ? ? Standard Specification for FerromolybdenumASTM A134-96(2001) ? ? ? ? 电熔(电弧)焊钢管(NPS为16英寸和16英寸以上)? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded (Sizes NPS 16 and Over)ASTM A135-01 ? ? ? ? 电阻焊钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel PipeASTM A139/A139M-04 ? ? ? ? 电熔(电弧)焊钢管(4英寸以上的)? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded Steel Pipe (NPS 4 and Over)ASTM A143/A143M-03 ? ? ? ? 热浸镀锌结构钢制品防脆裂措施和探测脆裂的程序? ? ? ? Standard Practice for Safeguarding Against Embrittlement of Hot-Dip Galvanized Structural Steel Products and Procedure for Detecting EmbrittlementASTM A144-02 ? ? ? ? 铁钨合金规范? ? ? ? Specification for FerrotungstenASTM A146-04 ? ? ? ? 氧化钼制品? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Molybdenum Oxide Products ASTM A148/A148M-03 ? ? ? ? 结构用高强度钢铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural PurposesASTM A153/A153M-04 ? ? ? ? 钢铁制金属构件上镀锌层(热浸)? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel HardwareASTM A159-83(2001) ? ? ? ? 汽车用灰铁铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Automotive Gray Iron CastingsASTM A167-99 ? ? ? ? 不锈钢和耐热铬镍钢板、薄板及带材? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Stainless and Heat-Resisting Chromium-Nickel Steel Plate, Sheet, and StripASTM A176-99 ? ? ? ? 不锈钢和耐热铬钢板、薄板及带材? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Stainless and Heat-Resisting Chromium Steel Plate, Sheet, and StripASTM A178/A178M-02 ? ? ? ? 电阻焊接碳素钢钢管及碳锰钢锅炉和过热器管的技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel and Carbon-Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater TubesASTM A179/A179M-90a(2001) ? ? ? ? 热交换器和冷凝器用无缝冷拉低碳钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Low-Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes ASTM A181/A181M-01 ? ? ? ? 普通锻制碳素钢管的规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings, for General-Purpose PipingASTM A182/A182M-02 ? ? ? ? 高温设备用锻制或轧制的合金钢管法兰、锻制管件、阀门及零件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy-Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A183-03 ? ? ? ? 钢轨用碳素钢螺栓和螺母? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Track Bolts and NutsASTM A184/A184M-01 ? ? ? ? 混凝土加筋用变形钢筋编织网? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Fabricated Deformed Steel Bar Mats for Concrete ReinforcementASTM A185-02 ? ? ? ? 钢筋混凝土用焊接钢丝结构? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain, for ConcreteASTM A192/A192M-02 ? ? ? ? 高压用无缝碳素钢锅炉管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Boiler Tubes for High-Pressure ServiceASTM A193/A193M-04b ? ? ? ? 高温设备用合金钢和不锈钢螺栓材料? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A194/A194M-04a ? ? ? ? 高温和高压设备用碳素钢与合金钢螺栓和螺母的规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or BothASTM A197/A197M-00 ? ? ? ? 化铁炉用可锻铸铁? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Cupola Malleable IronASTM A202/A202M-03 ? ? ? ? 压力容器用铬锰硅合金钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Chromium-Manganese-SiliconASTM A203/A203M-97(2003) ? ? ? ? 压力容器用镍合金钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, NickelASTM A204/A204M-03 ? ? ? ? 压力容器用钼合金钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, MolybdenumASTM A209/A209M-03 ? ? ? ? 锅炉和过热器用无缝碳钼合金钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater TubesASTM A210/A210M-02 ? ? ? ? 锅炉和过热器用无缝中碳素管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless Medium-Carbon Steel Boiler and Superheater TubesASTM A213/A213M-04 ? ? ? ? 无缝铁素体和奥氏体合金钢锅炉、过热器和换热器管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler, Superheater, andHeat-Exchanger TubesASTM A214/A214M-96(2001) ? ? ? ? 热交换器与冷凝器用电阻焊接碳素钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes ASTM A216/A216M-93(2003) ? ? ? ? 高温下使用的适合于熔焊的碳素钢铸件规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion Welding, for High- Temperature ServiceASTM A217/A217M-02 ? ? ? ? 适合高温受压零件用合金钢和马氏体不锈钢铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Martensitic Stainless and Alloy, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A220/A220M-99 ? ? ? ? 珠光体可锻铁? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pearlitic Malleable IronASTM A225/A225M-03 ? ? ? ? 压力容器用锰矾镍合金钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Manganese-Vanadium-NickelASTM A227/A227M-99 ? ? ? ? 机械弹簧用冷拉钢丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Cold-Drawn for Mechanical SpringsASTM A228/A228M-02 ? ? ? ? 乐器用优质弹簧钢丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Music Spring QualityASTM A229/A229M-99 ? ? ? ? 机械弹簧用油回火的钢丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Oil-Tempered for Mechanical SpringsASTM A230/A230M-99 ? ? ? ? 阀门用油回火优质碳素钢弹簧丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Oil-Tempered Carbon Valve Spring QualityASTM A231/A231M-96(2002) ? ? ? ? 铬钒合金钢弹簧丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Chromium-Vanadium Alloy Steel Spring WireASTM A232/A232M-99 ? ? ? ? 阀门用优质铬钒合金钢弹簧丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Chromium-Vanadium Alloy Steel Valve Spring Quality WireASTM A234/A234M-04 ? ? ? ? 中温与高温下使用的锻制碳素钢及合金钢管配件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature ServiceASTM A239-95(2004) ? ? ? ? 用普力斯试验法(硫酸铜浸蚀)确定铁或钢制品上镀锌层最薄点的测试方法? ? ? ? Standard Practice for Locating the Thinnest Spot in a Zinc (Galvanized) Coating on Iron or Steel ArticlesASTM A240/A240M-04ae1 ? ? ? ? 压力容器用耐热铬及铬镍不锈钢板、薄板及带材? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels and for General ApplicationsASTM A242/A242M-04 ? ? ? ? 高强度低合金结构钢? ? ? ? Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural SteelASTM A247-67(1998) ? ? ? ? 铁铸件中石墨显微结构评定试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of Graphite in Iron CastingsASTM A249/A249M-04 ? ? ? ? 锅炉、过热器、换热器和冷凝器用焊接奥氏体钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Superheater, Heat-Exchanger, and Condenser TubesASTM A250/A250M-04 ? ? ? ? 锅炉和过热器用电阻焊铁素体合金钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Ferritic Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater TubesASTM A252-98(2002) ? ? ? ? 焊接钢和无缝钢管桩? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe PilesASTM A254-97(2002) ? ? ? ? 铜焊钢管规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Copper-Brazed Steel TubingASTM A255-02 ? ? ? ? 测定钢淬透性用末端淬火试验的标准试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Method for Determining Hardenability of SteelASTM A262-03 ? ? ? ? 奥氏体不锈钢晶间浸蚀敏感性的检测? ? ? ? Standard Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless SteelsASTM A263-03 ? ? ? ? 耐腐蚀铬钢包覆板材,薄板材及带材技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Stainless Chromium Steel-Clad PlateASTM A264-03 ? ? ? ? 包覆的不锈铬镍钢板,薄板及带材规格? ? ? ? Specification for Stainless Chromium-Nickel Steel-Clad PlateASTM A265-03 ? ? ? ? 镍和镍基合金包覆钢板规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Base Alloy-Clad Steel PlateASTM A266/A266M-03a ? ? ? ? 压力容器部件用碳素钢锻件规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel ComponentsASTM A268/A268M-04 ? ? ? ? 一般设备用无缝和焊接铁素体与马氏体不锈钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General ServiceASTM A269-04 ? ? ? ? 一般设备用无缝和焊接奥氏体不锈钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General ServiceASTM A270-03a ? ? ? ? 卫生设施用无缝钢和焊接奥氏体不锈钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Sanitary TubingASTM A275/A275M-98(2003) ? ? ? ? 钢锻件的磁粉检查试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Method for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel ForgingsASTM A276-04 ? ? ? ? 不锈钢棒材和型材? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and ShapesASTM A278/A278M-01 ? ? ? ? 适用于650F容压部件用灰铸铁件的技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for Temperatures Up to 650°F (350°C) ASTM A283/A283M-03 ? ? ? ? 低和中等抗拉强度碳素钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Low and Intermediate Tensile Strength Carbon Steel PlatesASTM A285/A285M-03 ? ? ? ? 压力容器用低和中等抗拉强度的碳素钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, Low- and Intermediate-Tensile StrengthASTM A288-91(2003) ? ? ? ? 涡轮发电机磁性定位环用碳素钢和合金钢锻件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Magnetic Retaining Rings for Turbine Generators标准号? ? ? ? 标准中文名称? ? ? ? 标准英文名称ASTM A289/A289M-97(2003) ? ? ? ? 发电机非磁性定位环用合金钢锻件的技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Nonmagnetic Retaining Rings for GeneratorsASTM A290-02 ? ? ? ? 减速器环用碳素钢和合金钢锻件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction GearsASTM A291-03 ? ? ? ? 减速器小齿轮、齿轮和心轴用碳素钢和合金钢锻件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction Gears ASTM A295-98 ? ? ? ? 高碳耐磨轴承钢技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for High-Carbon Anti-Friction Bearing SteelASTM A297/A297M-97(2003) ? ? ? ? 一般用耐热铬铁与镍铬铁合金钢铸件规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, for General ApplicationASTM A299/A299M-04 ? ? ? ? 压力容器用锰硅碳钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, Manganese-SiliconASTM A302/A302M-03 ? ? ? ? 压力容器用锰钼和锰钼镍合金钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Manganese-Molybdenum and Manganese-Molybdenum-Nickel ASTM A304-04 ? ? ? ? 有末端淬火淬透性要求的合金钢棒材的技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Bars Subject to End-Quench Hardenability RequirementsASTM A307-04 ? ? ? ? 抗拉强度为60000psi的碳素钢螺栓和螺柱的技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60 000 PSI Tensile StrengthASTM A308/A308M-03 ? ? ? ? 经热浸处理镀有铅锡合金的薄板材的技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Terne (Lead-Tin Alloy) Coated by the Hot-Dip ProcessASTM A309-01 ? ? ? ? 用三点试验法测定长镀锌薄钢板镀层的重量成分的试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Method for Weight and Composition of Coating on Terne Sheet by the Triple-Spot TestASTM A311/A311M-04 ? ? ? ? 有机械性能要求的消除应力的冷拉碳素钢棒? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Cold-Drawn, Stress-Relieved Carbon Steel Bars Subject to Mechanical Property Requirements ASTM A312/A312M-04a ? ? ? ? 无缝和焊接奥氏体不锈钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel PipesASTM A313/A313M-03 ? ? ? ? 不锈钢弹簧丝技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Spring WireASTM A314-97(2002) ? ? ? ? 锻造用不锈及耐热钢坯及钢棒规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Billets and Bars for ForgingASTM A319-71(2001) ? ? ? ? 高温无压部件用灰铁铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Elevated Temperatures for Non-Pressure Containing PartsASTM A320/A320M-04 ? ? ? ? 低温用合金钢螺栓材料规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for Low-Temperature ServiceASTM A321-90(2001) ? ? ? ? 经淬火和回火的碳素钢棒? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Quenched and TemperedASTM A322-91(2001)e1 ? ? ? ? 合金钢棒材.级别? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Alloy, Standard GradesASTM A323-93(2000) ? ? ? ? 硼铁规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for FerroboronASTM A324-73(2000) ? ? ? ? 钛铁合金? ? ? ? Standard Specification for FerrotitaniumASTM A325-04a ? ? ? ? 经热处理最小抗拉强度为120/105ksi的热处理钢结构螺栓? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength ASTM A325M-04a ? ? ? ? 经热处理最小抗拉强度为830Mpa的热处理钢结构螺栓? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated 830 Mpa Minimum Tensile Strength [Metric] ASTM A327-91(1997) ? ? ? ? 铸铁冲击试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Methods for Impact Testing of Cast IronsASTM A327M-91(1997) ? ? ? ? 铸铁冲击试验方法(米制)? ? ? ? Standard Test Methods for Impact Testing of Cast Irons (Metric)ASTM A328/A328M-03 ? ? ? ? 薄钢板桩? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Sheet Piling ASTM A333/A333M-04a ? ? ? ? 低温用无缝与焊接钢管规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low-Temperature ServiceASTM A334/A334M-04a ? ? ? ? 低温设备用无缝与焊接碳素和合金钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon and Alloy-Steel Tubes for Low-Temperature ServiceASTM A335/A335M-03 ? ? ? ? 高温用无缝铁素体合金钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A336/A336M-03a ? ? ? ? 压力与高温部件用合金钢锻件规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature PartsASTM A338-84(2004) ? ? ? ? 铁路,船舶和其他重型装备在温度达到650华氏度(345摄氏度)时使用的可锻铸铁法兰,管件和阀门零件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Malleable Iron Flanges, Pipe Fittings, and Valve Parts for Railroad, Marine, and Other Heavy Duty Service at Temperatures Up to 650°F (345°C)ASTM A340-03a ? ? ? ? 有关磁性试验用符号和定义的术语? ? ? ? Standard Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to Magnetic TestingASTM A341/A341M-00 ? ? ? ? 用直流磁导计和冲击试验法测定材料的直流磁性能的试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Method for Direct Current Magnetic Properties of Materials Using D-C Permeameters and the Ballistic Test MethodsASTM A342/A342M-99 ? ? ? ? 磁铁材料导磁率的试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Methods for Permeability of Feebly Magnetic MaterialsASTM A343/A343M-03 ? ? ? ? 在电力频率下用瓦特计-安培计-伏特计法(100-1000赫兹)和25 厘米艾普斯亭(EPSTEIN) 机架测定材料的交流电磁性能的试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Method forAlternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies UsingWattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and 25-cm Epstein Test FrameASTM A345-98 ? ? ? ? 磁设备用平轧电炉钢? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Flat-Rolled Electrical Steels for Magnetic ApplicationsASTM A348/A348M-00 ? ? ? ? 用瓦特计--安培计--伏特计法(100-10000赫兹)和25厘米艾普斯亭框测定材料的交流磁性能的试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Method for Alternating Current Magnetic Properties of Materials Using the Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method, 100 to 10 000 Hz and 25-cm Epstein FrameASTM A350/A350M-04 ? ? ? ? 要求进行缺口韧性试验的管道部件用碳素钢与低合金钢锻件技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Forgings, Requiring Notch Toughness Testing for Piping ComponentsASTM A351/A351M-03 ? ? ? ? 容压零件用奥氏体及奥氏体铁素体铸铁的技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Castings, Austenitic, Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex), for Pressure-Containing PartsASTM A352/A352M-03 ? ? ? ? 低温受压零件用铁素体和马氏体钢铸件规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for Low-Temperature ServiceASTM A353/A353M-93(1999) ? ? ? ? 压力容器用经二次正火及回火处理的含9％镍的合金钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, 9 Percent Nickel,Double-Normalized and TemperedASTM A354-04 ? ? ? ? 淬火与回火合金钢螺栓,双头螺栓及其他外螺纹紧固件规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded FastenersASTM A355-89(2000) ? ? ? ? 渗氮用合金钢棒? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Alloys, for NitridingASTM A356/A356M-98(2003) ? ? ? ? 蒸汽轮机用厚壁碳素钢、低合金钢和不锈钢铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Low Alloy, and Stainless Steel, Heavy-Walled for Steam TurbinesASTM A358/A358M-04 ? ? ? ? 高温用电熔焊奥氏体铬镍合金钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service and General ApplicationsASTM A363-03 ? ? ? ? 地面架空线用镀锌钢丝绳? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Overhead Ground Wire StrandASTM A367-60(1999) ? ? ? ? 铸铁的激冷试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Methods of Chill Testing of Cast IronASTM A368-95a(2000) ? ? ? ? 不锈钢和耐热钢丝绳的标准? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Wire StrandASTM A369/A369M-02 ? ? ? ? 高温用锻制和镗孔碳素钢管和铁素体合金钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon and Ferritic Alloy Steel Forged and Bored Pipe for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A370-03a ? ? ? ? 钢制品机械测试的标准试验方法和定义? ? ? ? Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products标准号? ? ? ? 标准中文名称? ? ? ? 标准英文名称ASTM A372/A372M-03 ? ? ? ? 薄壁压力容器用碳素钢及合金钢锻件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure VesselsASTM A376/A376M-02a ? ? ? ? 高温中心站用无缝奥氏钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Central-Station ServiceASTM A377-03 ? ? ? ? 球墨铸铁压力管规范索引? ? ? ? Standard Index of Specifications for Ductile-Iron Pressure PipeASTM A380-99e1 ? ? ? ? 不锈钢零件、设备和系统的清洗和除垢? ? ? ? Standard Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and SystemsASTM A381-96(2001) ? ? ? ? 高压输送用金属弧焊钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification forMetal-Arc-Welded Steel Pipe for Use With High-Pressure Transmission SystemsASTM A384/A384M-02 ? ? ? ? 防止钢组件热浸镀锌时翘曲和扭曲用安全保护? ? ? ? Standard Practice for Safeguarding Against Warpage and Distortion During Hot-Dip Galvanizing of Steel Assemblies ASTM A385-03 ? ? ? ? 提供高质量镀锌覆层(热浸)? ? ? ? Standard Practice for Providing High-Quality Zinc Coatings (Hot-Dip)ASTM A387/A387M-03 ? ? ? ? 压力容器用铬钼合金钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Chromium-MolybdenumASTM A388/A388M-03 ? ? ? ? 重型钢锻件超声波检测? ? ? ? Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Heavy Steel ForgingsASTM A389/A389M-03 ? ? ? ? 适合高温受压部件用经特殊热处理的合金钢铸件规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Alloy, Specially Heat-Treated, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A390-95(2001) ? ? ? ? 饲养家禽用镀锌钢丝栏栅网(六角形和直线形)? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Poultry Fence Fabric (Hexagonal and Straight Line)ASTM A391/A391M-01 ? ? ? ? 80号合金钢链条? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Grade 80 Alloy Steel ChainASTM A392-03 ? ? ? ? 镀锌钢丝链环栏栅网? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated Steel Chain-Link Fence FabricASTM A394-04 ? ? ? ? 传动塔架用镀锌和裸露钢螺栓? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Transmission Tower Bolts, Zinc-Coated and BareASTM A395/A395M-99e1 ? ? ? ? 高温用铁素体球墨铸铁受压铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Ferritic Ductile Iron Pressure-Retaining Castings for Use at Elevated TemperaturesASTM A400-69(2000) ? ? ? ? 钢棒的成分及机械性能选择指南? ? ? ? Standard Practice for Steel Bars, Selection Guide, Composition, and Mechanical PropertiesASTM A401/A401M-03 ? ? ? ? 铬硅合金钢丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Chromium-Silicon AlloyASTM A403/A403M-04 ? ? ? ? 锻制奥氏体不锈钢管配件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping FittingsASTM A407-93(2004) ? ? ? ? 盘簧用冷拉钢丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Cold-Drawn, for Coiled-Type SpringsASTM A409/A409M-01 ? ? ? ? 腐蚀场所或高温下使用的焊接大口径奥氏体钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Welded Large Diameter Austenitic Steel Pipe for Corrosive or High-Temperature ServiceASTM A411-03 ? ? ? ? 镀锌低碳钢铠装线? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Low-Carbon Steel Armor WireASTM A413/A413M-01 ? ? ? ? 碳素钢链? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Chain ASTM A414/A414M-04 ? ? ? ? 压力容器用碳素薄钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon, for Pressure VesselsASTM A416/A416M-02 ? ? ? ? 预应力混凝土用无涂层七股钢铰线? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire for Prestressed ConcreteASTM A417-93(2004) ? ? ? ? 之字形、方形、正弦形家具用弹簧元件用冷拔钢丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Cold-Drawn, for Zig-Zag, Square-Formed, and Sinuous-Type Upholstery Spring UnitsASTM A418-99(2003) ? ? ? ? 涡轮机及发电机钢转子锻件的超声波检查方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Method for Ultrasonic Examination of Turbine and Generator Steel Rotor ForgingsASTM A420/A420M-04 ? ? ? ? 低温下用锻制碳素钢和合金钢管配件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature ServiceASTM A421/A421M-02 ? ? ? ? 预应力混凝土用无涂层消除应力钢丝的技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Uncoated Stress-Relieved Steel Wire for Prestressed ConcreteASTM A423/A423M-95(2000) ? ? ? ? 无缝和电焊低合金钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless and Electric-Welded Low-Alloy Steel TubesASTM A424-00 ? ? ? ? 搪瓷用钢薄板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, for Porcelain EnamelingASTM A426/A426M-02 ? ? ? ? 高温用离心铸造的铁素体合金钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic Alloy Steel Pipe for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A427-02 ? ? ? ? 冷轧和热轧用锻制合金钢辊? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Wrought Alloy Steel Rolls for Cold and Hot ReductionASTM A428/A428M-01 ? ? ? ? 钢铁制品上铝覆层重量的测试方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Method for Weight [Mass] of Coating on Aluminum-Coated Iron or Steel ArticlesASTM A434-04 ? ? ? ? 热轧与冷精轧经回火及淬火的合金钢棒? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Alloy, Hot-Wrought or Cold-Finished, Quenched and TemperedASTM A435/A435M-90(2001) ? ? ? ? 钢板的直射束纵向超声波检验? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel PlatesASTM A436-84(2001) ? ? ? ? 奥氏体灰口铁铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Austenitic Gray Iron CastingsASTM A437/A437M-01a ? ? ? ? 高温用经特殊处理的涡轮型合金钢螺栓材料? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A439-83(1999) ? ? ? ? 奥氏体可锻铸铁铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Austenitic Ductile Iron CastingsASTM A447/A447M-93(2003) ? ? ? ? 高温用镍铬铁合金钢铸件(25-12级)? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-Temperature Service ASTM A449-04a ? ? ? ? 经淬火和回火的钢螺栓和螺柱? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Steel Bolts and StudsASTM A450/A450M-04 ? ? ? ? 碳素钢管、铁素体合金钢管及奥氏体合金钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for General Requirements for Carbon, Ferritic Alloy, and Austenitic Alloy Steel TubesASTM A451/A451M-02 ? ? ? ? 高温用离心铸造的奥氏体钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A453/A453M-03 ? ? ? ? 具有同奥氏体钢相类似的膨胀系数、屈服强度为50-120Ksi(345-827MPa)的耐高温螺栓材料? ? ? ? Standard Specification for High-Temperature Bolting Materials, with Expansion Coefficients Comparable to Austenitic Stainless SteelsASTM A455/A455M-03 ? ? ? ? 压力容器用高强度碳锰钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, High-Strength ManganeseASTM A456/A456M-99(2003) ? ? ? ? 大型曲轴锻件的磁粉检查? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft ForgingsASTM A459-97(2003) ? ? ? ? 镀锌平轧扁钢铠装带? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated Flat Steel Armoring TapeASTM A460-94(2004)e1 ? ? ? ? 包铜钢丝绳标准? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Copper-Clad Steel Wire StrandASTM A463/A463M-02a ? ? ? ? 热浸镀铝薄钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Aluminum-Coated, by the Hot-Dip ProcessASTM A466/A466M-01 ? ? ? ? 非焊接碳素钢链? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Weldless Chain ASTM A467/A467M-01 ? ? ? ? 机器链和盘旋链? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Machine and Coil Chain标准号? ? ? ? 标准中文名称? ? ? ? 标准英文名称。

钢材标准英文版数据中英文对照

GB/T 20887.42010 GB/T 20887.52010
2011-6-1
2011-6-1 2008-3-1 2008-4-1 2009-5-1 2010-4-1 2010-4-1 2010-4-1
GB/T 21074-2007 针管用不锈钢精密冷轧钢带 GB/T 21237-2007 石油天然气输送管用宽厚钢板 GB/T 22518-2008 容栅数显标尺 GB/T 24180-2009 冷轧电镀铬钢板及钢带 GB/T 24181-2009 金刚石焊接锯片基体用钢 GB/T 24186-2009 工程机械用高强度耐磨钢板 GB 24510-2009 GB 24511-2009 GB/T 247-2008 低温压力容器用9％Ni钢板
钢材标准英文版数据中英文对照由北京博诚行标图书有限责任公司提供
标准编号
标准名称
GB/T 11251-2009 合金结构钢热轧厚钢板 GB/T 11253-2007 碳素结构钢冷轧薄钢板及钢带 GB/T 12754-2006 彩色涂层钢板及钢带 GB/T 12755-2008 建筑用压型钢板 GB/T 13237-1991 优质碳素结构钢冷轧薄钢板和钢带 GB 13238-1991 铜钢复合钢板
9%Nickel steel plates for pressure vessels with specified low 2010-6-1 temperature properties Stainless steel plate,sheet and strip 承压设备用不锈钢钢板及钢带 2010-6-1 for pressure equipments General rule of package mark and 钢板和钢带包装、标志及质量证明书 certification for steel plates (sheets) 2009-10-1 的一般规定 and strips 2011-6-1 2011-6-1 2009-5-1 2009-5-1 2006-1-1 2008-3-1 1991-1-1 2002-2-1 2010-5-1

en10083-2-2006 英文

en10083-2-2006 英文EN 10083-2-2006 is a standard specification for steels used for quenching and tempering. This standard provides guidelines for the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and heat treatment processes of these steels.The chemical composition of steels specified in EN 10083-2-2006 includes elements such as carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and boron. The composition of these elements plays acrucial role in determining the steel's properties, such as hardness, strength, and toughness.The mechanical properties specified in this standard include tensile strength, yield strength, elongation,impact energy, and hardness. These properties are essential for evaluating the performance of the steel in various applications. The heat treatment processes outlined in EN 10083-2-2006, such as quenching and tempering, are used to achieve the desired mechanical properties.EN 10083-2-2006 covers a wide range of steel grades, including C22E, C35E, C40E, C45E, C50E, C55E, C60E, 25CrMo4, 34CrMo4, 42CrMo4, 50CrMo4, 36CrNiMo4, and 30CrNiMo8, among others. Each grade has its own specific requirements for chemical composition, mechanical properties, and heat treatment.The steels specified in EN 10083-2-2006 are commonlyused in various industries, such as automotive, machinery, and construction. They are suitable for applications that require high strength, good wear resistance, and good toughness. These steels can be used in the manufacture of gears, shafts, axles, springs, and other components subjected to high stress and wear.The adoption of EN 10083-2-2006 as a standard ensures that steel manufacturers and users have a common reference for the specification and quality control of quenched and tempered steels. This standard promotes consistency, reliability, and safety in the use of these steels, contributing to the overall quality of products and systems in which they are employed.。

EN10025-2004 热轧结构钢制品标准介绍

《双语材料翻译》

All o‎b ject‎s, to‎o ls, ‎c ompo‎n ents‎, and‎engi‎n eeri‎n g sy‎s tem ‎r equi‎r e th‎e use‎of m‎a teri‎a ls t‎o mee‎t the‎i r pu‎r pose‎s.所‎有的物体,‎工具、元件‎、工程系统‎需要使用的‎材料来满足‎他们的目的‎。

Th‎e rol‎e of ‎m ater‎i als ‎h as b‎e en s‎u ffic‎i entl‎y imp‎o rtan‎t in ‎t he p‎r ogre‎s s of‎civi‎l izat‎i on s‎o tha‎t the‎anth‎r opol‎o gist‎s(人类学‎者） an‎d his‎t oria‎n s ha‎v e id‎e ntif‎i ed e‎a rly ‎c ultu‎r es b‎y the‎sign‎i fica‎n t ma‎t eria‎l s.‎材料的作用‎已经足够重‎要的文明的‎进步使人类‎学家(人类‎学者)和历‎史学家已经‎鉴定出早期‎文化的重要‎材料Th‎e se i‎n clud‎e the‎ston‎e, th‎e bro‎n ze, ‎a nd t‎h e ir‎o n ag‎e's o‎f the‎past‎.这些‎包括石、铜‎,铁时代的‎过去。

‎With‎impr‎o veme‎n ts i‎n mat‎e rial‎s by ‎t he a‎r tisa‎n s（工匠‎） and‎tech‎n olog‎i sts ‎a cros‎shis‎t ory,‎it w‎a s po‎s sibl‎e to ‎m ake ‎i mpro‎v ed p‎r oduc‎t s.‎改进材料)‎和技术人员‎(工匠艺人‎跨越历史,‎才能够使改‎进的产品。

‎Too‎l s we‎r e ma‎d e mo‎r e av‎a ilab‎l e to‎reli‎e ve t‎o il; ‎h omes‎were‎desi‎g ned ‎f or m‎o re c‎o mfor‎t; we‎a pons‎beca‎m e mo‎r e de‎s truc‎t ion,‎vehi‎c les ‎a chie‎v ed l‎o nger‎rang‎e s an‎dqui‎c ker ‎t rans‎p ort ‎a nd g‎a ve m‎o re r‎e ady ‎a cces‎s to ‎f ood,‎supp‎l ies,‎and ‎e njoy‎m ent.‎工具是‎更有效地减‎轻辛劳,你‎们的家园被‎设计为更多‎的安慰,变‎得更破坏、‎车辆武器更‎长寿范围和‎更快的运输‎和给更多的‎准备进入食‎物供给和享‎受。

英文钢铁行业报告

The steel industry has been dealing with overcapacity issues for several years, leading to a situation where supply exceeds demand This has resulted in increased competition, price wars, and financial losses for many steel companies
Steel industry refers to the industry that processes iron and steel to produce various steel products It mainly includes iron smoothing, steel smoothing, rolling, forging, casting, heat treatment, surface treatment, and other processes
In recent years, with the continuous development of China's economy,
China's steel industry has also made great progress China has become one of the largest steel producing countries
Consumption of steel is also growing, driven by the development of infrastructure, real estate and manufacturing industries

钢炼的英文介绍的课件

The main elements and characteristics of steelmaking
Carbon
Steel is made from iron and carbon Carbon is the main alloying element in steel, which determines its hardness and tension strength
+Coordinating with the construction team to ensure timely delivery and installation
Results: Through the application of advanced steel refining technology, the construction project has achieved high quality and safe structural components, ensuring the overall quality of the project
Encourcing industrial development: The widespreadd use of steel in various industries has enriched the development of related industries such as transportation, equipment manufacturing, and construction This has further supported economic growth and employment opportunities
01
Transformation Measures

construction and building materials简介

construction and building materials简介Construction and building materials refer to any materials used in the construction and renovation of buildings and structures. These materials play a crucial role in the construction industry as they provide the necessary strength, durability, and functionality to the built environment.There is a wide range of construction and building materials available, including cement, concrete, aggregates, bricks, stones, metals, wood, plastics, glass, and insulation materials. These materials are selected based on their specific properties and suitability for different construction purposes.Cement and concrete are commonly used as the primary building materials for foundations, walls, and floors. They provide structural stability and strength to the construction. Aggregates, such as sand and gravel, are mixed with cement to form concrete. Bricks and stones are used for the construction of walls, and they offer both aesthetic appeal and structural integrity. Metals, like steel and aluminum, are used for structural support, reinforcement, and roofing.Wood is a versatile material used for various construction purposes, including framing, flooring, and finishing. It is valued for its natural beauty, sustainability, and ease of use.Plastics and glass are used for windows, doors, and insulation purposes. They provide transparency, thermal insulation, and soundproofing properties to the building.Insulation materials, such as foam, fiberglass, and mineral wool, are used to regulate temperature, control noise, and improve energy efficiency in buildings.The selection of construction and building materials depends on factors like cost, durability, energy efficiency, environmental impact, and local availability. Building codes and regulations also dictate the use of certain materials to ensure safety and compliance with standards.Overall, construction and building materials are essential components in the construction industry, contributing to the creation of safe, durable, and sustainable structures.。

DNVGL 船级社对不锈钢材料的要求-中英文

D. Stainless Steel 不锈钢D 100 Steel grades 钢材等级101 Requirements are specified for seven grades of austenitic and two grades of duplex (ferritic/austenitic)stainless steels.规定了对7种等级的奥氏体不锈钢和两种等级双炼（铁素体/奥氏体）不锈钢的要求。

Steel grades with chemical composition and mechanical properties deviating from these specifications may be accepted for the purpose in question after consideration in each separate case.化学成分和机械性能偏离这些技术条件的钢材等级，在对每一种单独的情况加以研究后可予以接受。

The austenitic steels may be used for applications where the design temperature is not lower than -165°C.奥氏体不锈钢可适用于设计温度不低于-165℃。

D 200 Chemical composition 化学成分201 The chemical composition shall comply with the requirements given in Table D1, or the approved specification.化学成分应符合表D1列出的要求或认可的技术条件。

D 300 Mechanical properties机械性能301 The mechanical properties of the material shall comply with the requirements specified in Table D2. For austenitic steels both the 0.2 and 1.0% yield stress shall be reported.钢材的机械性能应符合表D2规定的要求。

钢材标准英文版

According Steel Grade to JCB Group Standard 1.JCB 5000/0101-Steel plate to BS EN 10025 grade S275-Material specification was to BS 4360 43A2.JCB 5000/0103-Steel plate to BS EN 10025 grade S355JR-Material specification was to BS 4360 50B3.JCB 5000/0104-International Standard is to BSC RQT 7014.JCB 1050/0001 5000/0202 5000/0500-Material specification was to BS 970-070M20I can not get the mechanical properties for 070M20 temporarily. So I list all the data available for your information.We choose 20Mn for the product samples because it seems better than 20 to be used as 070M20. But 20 is much easier than 20Mn to get.Together with the product samples, the 20Mn and 20 material samples will be delivered for you confirmation.Please test the sample pieces and thee final decision depends on the test results.5.JCB 5000/0001-Material specification was to AISI 1026/BS.5254.HP5/DIN CK24, etc.But the Yield strength and Tensile strength are some higher than data from other documents. Would you please check it again?I take AISI 1026 for JCB 5000/0001 to compare and some documents show that it is similar to Chinese material named 25Mn or 25, DIN standard Ck 25 and BS EN 070M26.But both the Chinese materials are n ot easy to get, so we choose another higher and easier to get one named 30 for the product samples, compared with which the DIN Ck30 is listed for your information. Together with the product samples, the 30 sample piece will be delivered for your test conclusion.。

钢材分类英文介绍

Title: Classification of Steel MaterialsIntroduction:Steel is a versatile and widely used material in various industries, ranging from construction to manufacturing. Understanding the classification of steel materials is essential for selecting the right type of steel for specific applications. In this introduction, we will explore the different categories of steel based on their composition, properties, and uses.Carbon Steel:Carbon steel is the most common type of steel, characterized by its high carbon content (typically up to 2.1% by weight) and low levels of other alloying elements. It is relatively inexpensive and offers good strength, hardness, and machinability. Carbon steel is widely used in construction, automotive manufacturing, and machinery production.Alloy Steel:Alloy steel contains additional alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium, or vanadium, which enhance its properties compared to carbon steel. These alloying elements can improve strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, and heat resistance, depending on the composition. Alloy steel is utilized in applications where higher performance and specific properties are required, such as aerospace components, automotive parts, and industrial machinery.Stainless Steel:Stainless steel is a corrosion-resistant alloy of steel with a minimum of 10.5% chromium content by mass. It forms a passive oxide layer on the surface, which prevents corrosion and staining, making it suitable for applications where hygiene, durability, and aesthetics are essential. Stainless steel is commonly used in kitchen appliances, medical devices, architectural structures, and chemical processing equipment.Tool Steel:Tool steel is a specialized type of steel designed for manufacturing tools, dies, and machine parts that require high hardness, wear resistance, and toughness. It typically contains alloying elements such as tungsten, molybdenum, or vanadium to achieve these properties. Tool steel is employed in cutting tools, molds, drills, and dies used in metalworking, woodworking, and plastic molding industries.High-Strength Low-Alloy (HSLA) Steel:High-strength low-alloy steel is a type of steel alloy that provides higher strength and improved mechanical properties compared to conventional carbon steels while maintaining weldability and formability. It contains small amounts of alloying elements such as copper, nickel, or phosphorus to enhance strength and toughness without sacrificing ductility. HSLA steel is commonly used in structural applications, automotive components, and heavy machinery.Conclusion:The classification of steel materials encompasses various types tailored to specific requirements and applications. Whether it’s carbon steel for general-purpose use, alloy steel for enhanced performance, stainless steel for corrosion resistance, tool steel for tooling applications, or HSLA steel for structural strength, each category offers unique properties to meet diverse industrial needs. Understanding the characteristics and capabilities of different steel materials is crucial for selecting the most suitable option for any given application.。

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OutokumpuOutokumpu is one of the world’s leading stainless steel pro-ducers. The Group combines cost-efficient production with a global sales and distribution network and offers customers one of the broadest product ranges on the market.Outokumpu’s focus is exclusively on stainless steel and the company strive for product development in close cooperation with customers.The vision is to become “The undisputed number one in Stainless”.Technical support is provided by: • Sales companies and production units • Avesta Research CentreTel: +46 (0)226 810 00; Fax: +46 (0)226 810 77• Tornio Research CentreTel: +358 (0)16 4521; Fax: +358 (0)16 452 350 • DataThe data in this publication are from the latest EN and ASTM standards or drafts. They are complemented with Outokumpu typical values, generally for hot rolled plate, 10–20 mm, transverse direction and a standard test method.Materials data for other products forms and fabricated conditions are available in separate brochures.Stainless Steel StandardsNational standards within Europe are now being superseded by EN, and the global stainless steel market will be based on EN, ASTM and JIS standards.Outokumpu supports further harmonisation of data and document structures within ISO to improve quality and ef-ficiency of technical communication and facilitate growth of the total stainless steel market.Harmonised standards and new designations are gradually being implemented in our systems. This overview is a guide-line. It will be updated continuously.Information about standards is provided by:• Avesta Research Centre, Technical Market Development. Tel: +46 (0)226 810 00; Fax: +46 (0)226 810 77• Tornio Works, Quality ControlTel: +358 (0)16 45 25 70; Fax: +358 (0)16 45 23 50• Outokumpu Plate Inc., New Castle, USA Tel: +1 765 529 0120; Fax: +1 765 529 8177ContentsSteel grades, chemical composition, products (2)T raditional steel designations ...................... 3Mechanical properties, RT ........................ 4Mechanical properties, HT ........................ 5Mechanical properties, LT; Design codes ............. 6Schaeffler diagram and microstructures .............. 7Physical properties .............................. 8Fabrication and use characteristics .................. 9Ordering and classification principles ................ 10Stainless steel material standards .................... 11Product properties, test methods; Acronyms ...........12Stainless Steel Products from OutokumpuTable 1Steel Grades, Properties and Global Standards2Steel Grades, Properties and Global StandardsSteel Grades, Chemical Composition, Products Table 2The grades listed represent the Outokumpu steel programme. Other grades are also available. The Outokumpu steel names are generic and cover corresponding steel numbers/names, which may not have the same chemical composition limits. Multicertification is made on request to EN/ASTM/ASME as well as to superseded national standards.EN steel numbers are listed in: Stahl Eisen Liste. ASTM/ASME steel numbers are listed in: Metals & Alloys in the Unified Numbering System (UNS).1) Also available as S318032) 724L is a modified version of 4435 for Urea applications3) Additional creep resisting grades are: 1.4941, 1.4950, 1.49514) 317LMN not available in all product forms3PRODUCT CODESP = Hot rolled plate (Quarto)H = Hot rolled strip/sheet (CPP)C = Cold rolled strip/sheet B = Bar R = RodT = T ube/pipe F = FittingsD = DUPROF TM , profiles in high strength stainless steel* Available in compositions optimised for forming operations.Table 3Traditional Steel DesignationsSteel Grades, Properties and Global Standards LDX 2101®, LDX 2404TM , 254 SMO ®, 654 SMO ®,153 MA TM and 253 MA ® are trademarks owned by OutokumpuOutokumpu typical values apply for the product listed. Cold and hot rolled strip values are generally higher than plate and bar.EN/ASTM values: Mainly for hot rolled plate, trans-verse direction, from EN 10088, EN 10095, EN 10028-7, ASTM A240, A176 and ASME Code Cases. Also values from EN 10269 and ASTM A473.EN min. values for cold rolled strip are 10 – 20 MPa higher. Hot rolled strip may on request be certified to the higher level.Conversion from EN to ASTM, ASME:1 MPa = 0.1450 ksi 1 J = 0.7376 ft·lbf°C = 5/9 x (°F – 32) °F = 9/5 °C + 32Table 4Mechanical Properties, Room Temperature4Steel Grades, Properties and Global Standards5EN/ASME values: For hot rolled plate fromEN 10028-7, EN 10088, EN 10095, ASME IID Tables 1A and 1B, and Code Cases.Outokumpu offers multi-certification of the grades 4307/4301 and 4404/4401.Mechanical Properties, Elevated TemperaturesTable 51) Values according to code case no: 24182) Creep resisting grades for pressure purposes listed in EN 10028-7 andASME IID.3) Not yet included in EN 10028-7Steel Grades, Properties and Global Standards6Mechanical Properties, Low TemperaturesTable 6Table 7Common Design Codes for Stainless SteelEN 13445 Unfired pressure vessels EN 13480 Metallic industrial pipingEN 13458-2C Cryogenic vessels. Annex C Pressure strengthening of vessels from austenitic stainless steel EN 12285-C Tanks for underground storage. Annex C Positive liquid-list of material/liquid combinations ADR International carriage of dangerous goods by road (Accord européen... Dangereuses par Route)RID International carriage of dangerous goods by rail (Règlement... International... Dangereuses)IMDGInternational Maritime Dangerous Goods codeUN ST/SG/AC.10/1 Recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods (United Nations)ENV 1993-1.4 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Supplementary rules for stainless steel ENV 1090-6 Execution of steel structures – Supplementary rules for stainless steelASME VIII-1 ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code AD 2000 Arbeitsgemeinschaft Druckbehälter Regelwerk CODAP Code Français de construction des Appareils à Pression BS 5500Unfired fusion welded pressure vesselsMicrostructuresAusteniteGood to excellent corrosion resistance combined with very good weldability and formability characterize the austenitic stainless steels. The austenitic structure has good creep resis-tance and good oxidation resistance that makes them useful at elevated temperatures. Austenitic steel can also be used in cryogenic applications and is in annealed condition the only non-magnetic steel.MartensiteThese stainless steels are characterized by high strength and high wear resistance. The corrosion resistance is limited and the weldability degrades with increasing strength, i.e. increa-sing carbon content.FerriteFerritic stainless steels have good corrosion resistance, espe-cially towards stress corrosion cracking. Lower carbon and nitrogen contents improve both weldability and toughness which otherwise can be limited.Duplex (austenite-ferrite)Duplex stainless steels have high strength, good toughness and very good corrosion resistance, especially towards stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue. These steels have also good weldability and reasonable formability.Steel Grades, Properties and Global Standards7Steel Grades, Properties and Global Standards The Schaeffler diagram, here a version modified by Outo-kumpu, is traditionally used to predict delta ferrite content in weld metal from chemical composition. It may also be used to characterise stainless steel microstructures (ferritic, mar-tensitic, austenitic), and to compare the structural balance in similar grades or casts with the same processing history.Schaeffler Diagram and MicrostructuresFerrite (α-iron). Body centered cubic with 8 atom neighbours. 68% packing.Martensite. Undercooled, oversaturated solution of carbon in ferrite, achieved by heat treatment or cold working.Duplex. (austenitic-ferritic). Wellbalanced two-phase structure with ferrite content between 30-50%.Austenite (γ-iron). Face centered cubic with 12 atom neighbours. 74% close packing.8Table 8Physical PropertiesConversion from EN to ASTM, ASME:1 kg/dm 3= 0.361 lb/in 31 GPa = 0.145 x 106 psi 1x10-6/°C = 0.556 in/in °F 1 W/m °C = 0.578 Btu/h ft °F 1 J/kg °C = 0.000239 Btu/lb °FNon alloy steel are added for comparison in T able 8 and T able 9.Magnetizable: Y = Magnetizable ferritic, martensitic, duplex grades, N = Non-magnetizable austenitic grades with a typical magnetic permeability μ = 1.05 – 1.2.Small amounts of ferrite or martensite from composition or cold deformation will increase the magnetizability. Data from EN 10088, EN 10095 or typical values.*Grades suitable for low permeability requirements, i.e., μ = max. 1.005.Steel Grades, Properties and Global Standards9Table 9 Fabrication and Use CharacteristicsEN 10088-2, EN 10095, EN 10028-7 (N = Normalising).2) Covered electrodes, ISO 3581/ISO 14172, *Avesta Welding desig-nations.3) Cold forming characteristics: Strain-hardening exponent (n) and homogeneous elongation (A hom) in tension test.4) Machining index: From Outokumpu Machining Guidelines, for carbide tools in relation to 4404. PRODEC® steel conditions have some 30% higher machining index.5) Pressure purpose grades: From EN 10028-7, ASME IID and 6) Intergranular corrosion (IGC) resistance: From EN 10088. T ested in highly acidic solution according to ISO 3651-2 Method A, B orC with Y = Yes and N = No, for delivery/sensitised conditions.7) T ypical Critical Pitting T emperature (CPT): From potentiostatic testing at +700 mVSCEwith the Avesta Cell method in 1M NaCl, 320 mesh (ASTM G150). Other surfaces/products may, other met-hods (ASTM G48 etc.) will, give other CPT values.8) Maximum service temperature in dry air.9) Outokumpu typical values.* = May be multi-certified as Y/Y.Steel Grades, Properties and Global Standards10Table 10Ordering and Classification PrinciplesTable 11Steel and Product ConditionsSteel Grades, Properties and Global Standards11Table 12Stainless Steel Material Standards – Basic EN and ASTM DocumentsSteel Grades, Properties and Global Standards12Steel Grades, Properties and Global Standards1042EN-GB:6. Centrumtryck AB, Avesta, Sweden. October 2010.dependent on specified requirements. 5 = 64 μm; 6 = 45 μm; 7 = 32 μm; 8 = 23 μm; 9 = 16 μm.1)Elongation is converted according to ISO 2566-2. 5)T ype A = ductile, B = brittle, C = brittle/ductile, D = undeformed.2)Impact energy with 10x10 mm test pieces: 1 KV (J) = 1.25 KCV (J/cm 2). Assessment and conversion according to SS 111116.3)Hardness is converted according to ASTM E140.6)Indirect method for approval onlyTable 15Common Acronyms and AbbreviationsASTM American Society for Testing and JIS Japanese Industrial Standard CPP Continuously Produced PlateMaterialsNF Norme Française KBR ®Cold rolled 2 m wide stainless ASME American Society of Mechanical SS Svensk Standard VKS ® Hot rolled with cold passEngineersTÜV Technischer Überwachungs-Verein CCS ®Continuously Cold StretchedBS British StandardPRODEC ®PRODuction EConomy in machining DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung RT Room Temperature LIC Low Inclusion Content EN Europäische NormHT High (elevated) Temperatures ISO International Organization for LT Low (cryogenic) TemperaturesStandardizationTable 13Outokumpu Stainless AB, Avesta Research CentreBox 74, SE-774 22 Avesta, SwedenTel. +46 (0)226 810 00, Fax +46 (0)226 810 77Outokumpu is a global leader in stainless steel. Our vision is to be the undisputed number one in stainless, with success based on operational excellence. Customers in a wide range of industries use our stainless steel and services worldwide. Being fully recyclable, maintenance-free, as well as very strong and durable material, stainless steel is one of the key building blocks for sustainable future.What makes Outokumpu special is total customer focus – all the way, from R &D to delivery. You have the idea. We offer world-class stainless steel, technical know-how and support. We activate your ideas.Disclaimer Information given in this brochure may be subject to alteration without notice. Care has been taken to ensure that the contents of this publication are accurate, but Outokumpu and its affilated companies do not accept responsibility for errors or for information, which is found to be misleading. Suggestions for or description of the end use or application of products or methods of working are for information only and Outokumpu and its affilated companies accept no liability in respect thereof. Before using products supplied or manufactured by the company, the customer should satisfy himself of the suitability.。