木乃伊

Mummy
Introduction The Egyptian mummification process The most famous mummy in the world
Introduction
A mummy is a body, human or animal, whose skin and organs have been preserved by either intentional or incidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold (ice mummies), very low humidity, or lack of air when bodies are submerged in bogs, so that the recovered body will not decay further if kept in cool and dry conditions. Some authorities restrict the use of the term to bodies deliberately embalmed with chemicals, but the use of the word to cover accidentally desiccated bodies goes back at least to the 1730s. Mummies of humans and other animals have been found all around the world, both as a result of natural preservation through unusual conditions, and as cultural artifacts. Over one million animal mummies have been found in Egypt, many of which are cats.
拉美西斯大帝木乃伊——人类历史上最著名的木乃伊
Ramesses——the greatest mummy
一代圣主 公元前13世纪，拉美西斯二世在位长达67年。埃及在他的统治下空前繁荣， 无论是威望还是财富在当时的世界上都首屈一指。他功勋卓著，被历史学家奉为 “大帝”。他有150个孩子。
幸免一劫 拉美西斯在96岁时去世，防腐工匠的职责就是保住他的身体，以便他在死后使用。 拉美西斯二世的尸体被精心修饰，它的奢侈程度超乎任何人的想象，尸体所穿的服饰 也异常华美。然而多年来，考古学家一直找不到拉美西斯的尸体。由于盗墓者的光顾， 一些法老的木乃伊早在公元前1000年就已消失。但是还好，拉美西斯的尸体只是在一 座秘密陵墓中躲藏了3000年，并没有消失。当时的祭司把他和其他一些法老的木乃伊 秘密转移到了安全的地方。
The Egyptian mummification process
Mummification was reserved for the richest and most powerful in Egyptian society. The process was long and expensive. There were three main people who took part in this process; the scribe, the cutter, and the embalmer. The mummification would take place in a workshop often near the site of the tomb. The process of mummification would last often over two months. The body would be stripped and placed on a board. The brain was extracted through the nose. The empty brain cavity would be later filled with resin or a combination of linen and resin. The chest would be cut open and the main organs would be removed with exception of the heart. The organs, after being removed, would be stored in Canopic jars with a drying agent. These jars were normally in a set of four, representing the four sons of Horus（古代埃及太阳神）. These organs may also be wrapped in four packages and placed back in the abdominal cavity or be wrapped in one package and placed on the mummie's legs. The body cavity would be washed and packed with natron, a natural occurring drying agent in Egypt.
木乃伊，即“人工干尸”引。 此词译自英语mummy,源自 波斯语mumiai，意为“沥 青”。世界许多地区都有用 防腐香料体，年久干瘪，即 形成木乃伊。古埃及人笃信 人死后，其灵魂不会消亡， 仍会依附在尸体或雕像上， 所以，法老王等死后，均制 成木乃伊，作为对死者永生 的或用香油（或药料）涂尸 防腐的方法，而以古埃及的 木乃伊为最著名。古代埃及 人用防腐的香料殓藏尸企盼 和深切的缅怀。
The body would dry for up to 40 days.
After the body is dried, it is sewn back together and the cut is sealed with wax or metal. At times, the body may be filled with linens, saw dust, salt, or ash to keep the body firm. Their eye sockets would be filled with linen or fake eyeballs depending on the time. The body would be cleaned and wrapped in a very thick layer of linen. When this was completed, the body was ready to be transported to the tomb prepared for it. Before the body is laid to rest, a burial mast would be placed over the mummified body. The most famous burial mask was found the in tomb of King Tut . The body would then be placed into a sarcophagus, or type of coffin to protect the body. The more wealthy and powerful they were, the more elaborately decorated these were. There also may have been several layers of caskets into which the body would be placed.
埃及人在制造木乃伊时，首先从死尸的鼻孔中用铁钩掏出一部分的 脑髓并把一些药料注到脑子里去进行清洗。然后，用锋利的石刀， 在侧腹上切一个口子，把内脏完全取出来，把腹部弄干净，用椰子 酒和捣碎的香料填到里面去，再照原来的样子缝好。这一步做完了 之后，便把这个尸体在泡碱粉里放置70天，再把尸体洗干净，从头 到脚用细麻布做绷带把它包裹起来，外面再涂上通常在埃及代替普 通胶水使用的树胶，然后把尸体送给亲属，亲属将它放到特制的人 形木盒里，保管在墓室中，靠墙直放着。 这种费用昂贵的处理尸体 的办法一般适用于法老、达官贵人和富翁。 穷人制作木乃伊的办法则简单多了，将腹部用泻剂清洗一下，然后 把尸体放到泡碱粉里浸70天，取出后，让风吹干，葬于干燥的沙丘 中。 古埃及人不论贫富贵贱，死后都要被制成木乃伊。这是因为古 埃及人相信，人是由躯体和灵魂构成的，即使在阴间的世界里，死 者仍需要自己的躯体。尸体并非“无用的躯壳”，只要这个躯壳一 直保存完好，就可以一直用下去。灵魂随着肉体的点滴破坏而逐渐 丧失，而肉体的彻底毁灭则意味着灵魂的全部消亡。只要保存住肉 体，让灵魂有栖身之处，死者就能转世再生。
死后，歌颂他丰功伟绩的纪念物在埃 及随处可见，包括卢克索的拉美西斯神庙和阿 布.辛拜勒神庙前的巨型雕像，这倒符合拉美西 斯生前的愿望：让自己的名字永远流传。所以 在埃及，你几乎在每处遗址都能找到拉美西斯 自己修建的纪念物。