ATC Radio Communication
国际航线飞行培训：英语通信知识培训(一)
杰普逊航图简介
标注23：非强制报告点
标注24：重叠在低空航路 图上的J15高空航路
标注25：交叉定位点 ROYAI，标注用于惯性 导航系统(INS)的地理坐 标，表明该点同时也可 作为区域导航航路点使用
英语通信知识培训(一）
培训内容
一.杰普逊航路图简介 二.防止无线电通讯失效措施 三. 示范用语
杰普逊航图简介
杰普逊航图简介
标注1：Canaries终端区(TMA)为A类空域 标注2：A类空域的高度上限为飞行高度层FL300 标注3：机场周围划设的管制地带(CTR)
杰普逊航图简介
标注4：蓝色的机场识别信息和用大写字母标示的机场所在地理位置，表明该机场为IFR．机场，至少公布了一张仪表进近图， 在杰普逊航路手册欧洲分册中以Tenerife north为索引名，可以找到该机场的仪表进近图，机场的名称为Los Rodeos，该机 场的四字代码为GCXO，机场标高为2073英尺，机场内最长跑道长度为11300英尺，图上数据单位为百英尺。
关于防止中断通讯、飞错高度/航路的管理措施
• 在接收和需要其他人员转发管制员指令时，该指令必须得到证 实并进行必要的记录，才可以按照该指令飞行。除得到空中交 通管制员许可外，机长不得转发管制员的许可和指令。
• 遵守无线电通信纪律，禁止干扰无线电通讯频率。
• 指令的接收：机长、副驾驶或飞行通信员应当守听来自空中交 通管制部门的全部指令。所有机组成员都必须保证收到并能够 正确理解ATC的许可并交叉检查。必须完整地复诵ATC的指令 。如果飞行机组不能完全理解空中交通管制放行许可的含义， 应当立即请求空中交通管制部门予以澄清。
英语无线电陆空对话用语手册
五位数全为非 0 数，例：38143，认读为：单数字+单数字+单数字+
单数字+单数字
3. 频率与时间的发音。
118.1
ONE ONE EIGHT WUN WUN AIT
DECIMAL ONE
DAY-SEE-MAL WUN
120.37
ONE TWO ZERO WUN TOO ZE-RO
DECIMAL THREE DAY-SEE-MAL TREE
所有单词或句子重复两遍。 B）提供信息情报时：因为通信内容复杂，
要求把所有单词或句子发送两遍。 *方框内容为重点熟记内容。
*以上内容在陆空对话中并不完整，希望结合以后学习的内容熟练掌 握。 *认真区分意思相近的语句及语句使用情况。
一、 航空交通管制各部门呼叫代号（呼号）
英文名称
中文名称
呼叫代号（呼号）
Area control center 区域管制中心
CONTROL
or
CENTER
Radar(in general)
雷达（一般）
RADAR
Approach control
进近管制
APPROACH
Approach control rader 进近雷达进场管制 ARRIVAL
arrivals
Approach control radar 进近雷达离场管制 DEPARTURE
SEVEN
SEV-EN
0803
ZERO THREE or ZE-RO TREE or
ZERO EIGHT ZERO ZE-RO AIT ZE-RO
THREE
TREE
1300
ONE THREE ZERO WUN TREE ZE-RO
民航英文缩写专业解析
民航英文缩写专业解析名词解释ADF:自动信标接收机,指示NDB电台的方位ALT:高度AP:自动驾驶仪ATIS:机场气象广播,包括风,能见度,云,修正海压,使用的跑道等等CHECKLIST:检查单,飞机起飞,爬升,平飞,下降,着陆前所作的的检查COM:甚高频通讯机,118.0-135.95MHZ,用于陆空对话及ATIS接收DME:测距机,用来测量DME台的距离EFIS:特指有阴极射线管的电子仪表系统FLAP:襟翼,机翼后缘可转动部分,通常用于起飞落地GEAR:起落架HDG:HEADING,航向IAS:指示空速ILS:精密仪表进近,俗称盲降,包括航向道和下滑道,引导飞机至60米高度NA V:甚高频导航接收机,108.00-117.95MHZ,用于接收VOR/DME及ILS信号NDB:导航用广播电台,可听见莫尔斯码TRANSPONDER:二次雷达应答机,采用8进制编码,自动报告飞机位置V1:起飞决断速度,高于此速度不可中断起飞,否则将冲出跑道Vr,(Rotate):起飞抬头速度VOR:全向信标机,提供稳定的方位信号AA/B Autobrake 自动刹车ABS Absolute 绝对ABV Above 上方A/C Aircraft；Air Conditioning 飞机；空调AC Alternating Current 交流电ACARS ARINC Communication Addressing and Reporting System 航空无线电通讯地址和报告系统ACC Aft Core Cowl 发动机后核心整流罩ACCEL Acceleration, Accelerate (d), Accelerometers 加速，加速度计ACIA Asynchronous Communication Interface Adapter 异步通讯接口转接头ACM Air Cycle Machine 空气循环机ACN Aircraft Classification Number 飞机分类编号ACMP Alternating Current Motor Pump 交流马达泵ACP Audio Control Panel 音响控制面板ACP Automatic Control Panel 自动控制面板ACPC AC Power Center 交流电源中心ACSC Air Conditioning System Controller 空调系统控制器ACSU Adjustable Cam Switch Unit 可调凸轮电门组件ACT Active 工作的,有效的,生效的,正在使用的ACU Air Conditioning Unit 空调组件3D (3-D) Three dimensional 三维的，立体的AD Airworthiness Directive 适航性指令A/D Analog-to-Digital 模拟-数字，模-数ADC Air Data Computer 大气数据计算机ADC Autodeploy Computer 自动放出计算机ADCU Autodeploy Control Unit 自动放出控制组件ADDR Address 地址，广播ADF Automatic Direction Finder 自动定向仪，无线电罗盘ADG Air Driven Generator 空气驱动发电机ADGPC ADG Power Center 空气驱动发电机电源中心ADI Attitude Director Indicator 姿态指引仪ADIRS Air Data Inertial Reference System 大气数据惯性基准系统ADIRU Air Data Inertial Reference Unit 大气数据惯性基准组件ADM Air Data Module 大气数据模件ADP Air Driven Pump 空气驱动泵ADS Air Data System 大气数据系统ADSHC Air Data Sensor Heater Controllers 大气数据传感器加温控制器ADV Advance 提前，预先AECU Audio Electronic Control Unit 音响电子控制组件AEPC APU/External Power Contactor APU/外部电源接头AFCS Automatic Flight Control System 自动飞行控制系统AFDS Autopilot Flight Director System 自动驾驶飞行指引系统AFM Airplane Flight Manual 飞机飞行手册（FAA批准）AFT Afterward 向后AGB Accessory Gearbox 附件齿轮箱AGC Automatic Gain Control 自动增益控制A/G Air/Ground 空中/地面，空/地AGL Above Ground Level 高于地面AH Alert Height 警戒高度AHC Attitude and Heading Computer 姿态和航向计算机AHRS Attitude and Heading Reference System 姿态和航向基准系统AHS Attitude Heading System 姿态航向系统AHM Attitude Hold Mode 姿态保持方式A/ICE Anti-Ice 防冰AID Aircraft Interface DiscrepancyAircraft Installation Delay 飞机接口误差（故障）飞机安装延误AIDS Aircraft Integrated Data System 飞机综合数据系统AIL Aileron 副翼AILC Anti-Ice and Leak Detection Controller 防冰与渗漏检测控制器AIS Audio Integrating System 音响综合系统ALIGN Aligning, Alignment 校准，对准ALPHA Alpha 字母，迎角ALT Altitude 高度ALT Altitude Hold (PFD/FD) 高度保持（主显/飞行指引仪上）ALT ACQ Altitude Acquire 高度获取ALT CAP Altitude Capture (PFD/FD) 高度截获（主显/飞行指引仪上）ALTM Altimeter 高度表ALTN Alternate 备用ALTS Altitude Select 高度选择AM Amplitude Modulation 调幅AMA Audio Monitor Adapter 音响监控接头AMB Ambient 外部，外界AME Amplitude Modulation Equivalent 等值调幅AMI Airline Modifiable Information 航线可变更信息AMM Aircraft Maintenance Manual 飞机维护手册AMP Amperes 安培AMPL Amplifier 放大（器）AMTOSS Aircraft Maintenance Task Oriented Support System 飞机维护任务保障系统AN/CDU Alternate Navigation on CDU 控制显示组件的备用导航ANN ANNUN Annunciator 告示牌，信号牌（灯）ANP Actual Navigation Performance 实际导航性能ANS Alternate Navigation System 备用导航系统ANT Antenna 天线AOA Angle of Attack 迎角AOC Airline Operational Communication Data Link 航空公司运作通讯数据链AOG Aircraft On Ground 停飞飞机，飞机停飞A/P Autopilot 自动驾驶仪AP Autopilot; Auxiliary Power 自动驾驶仪；辅助电源APC Auxiliary Power Control 辅助电源控制APC/EPC Auxiliary Power Contactor/External Power Contactor 辅助电源接触器/外部电源接触器APD Approach Progress Display 进近进程显示APD/CL Access Panels and Doors/Component Location 盖板和舱门/部件位置APL Airplane 飞机APM Airport Planning Manual 机场计划手册APP Approach 进近APPR Approach 进近APPROX Approximately 大约APR Automatic Power Reserve 自动功率储备APR Automatic Performance Reserve 自动性能储备APU Auxiliary Power Unit 辅助动力装置AR As Required 按需要ARINC Aeronautical Radio Incorporated 航空无线电公司ARM Aircraft Recovery Manual 飞机修复手册ARP Air Data Reference Panel 大气数据基准面板ARPT Airport 机场ARR Arrival 到达，进港A/S Airspeed；Antiskid 空速；防滞ASA Aircraft Separation Assurance 飞机之间间隔的确保（确保飞机之间的间隔）ASA Autoland Status Annunciator 自动着陆状态信号牌ASCA APU Starter-Contactor Assembly APU起动机接触器组件ASCV Anti-Skid Control Valve 防止控制活门ASYM Asymmetrical 不对称的ASCU Antiskid Control Unit 防滞控制组件ASI Airspeed Indicator 空速表A/SKID Anti-Skid 防滞ASP Audio Selector Panel 音响选择板ASR Airport Surveillance Radar 机场监视雷达ASSY Assembly 组件，组装Asym Asymmetric/Asymmetry 不对称A/T Autothrottle 自动油门ATA Actual Time of Arrival 实际到达时间ATA 100 Air Transport Association of America Specification No.100 美国航空运输协会第100号规范ATC Air Traffic Control 空中交通管制ATCRBS Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System 空中交通管制雷达信标系统ATD Advanced Training Device 先进训练设备ATE Auto Test Equipment 自动测试设备ATO Aborted Takeoff 中断（止）起飞ATP Acceptance Test Procedure 验收测试（试飞）程序ATR Automatic Throttle Retarder 自动收油门装置ATS Air Turbine Starter 空气涡轮起动机ATSCV Air Turbine Starter Control Valve 空气涡轮起动机控制活门ATT Attitude；Attendant 姿态ATTD Attitude，姿态；乘务员ATTND Attendant （空中）服务员AUTO Automatic 自动AUTO BAL Automatic Balance 自动平衡AUTOTHROT Autothrottle 自动油门ATTO XFER Automatic Transfer 自动转换AUX Auxiliary 辅助A V Avionics 航空电子设备A V AIL Available 存在，可用，有A VG Average 平均A VM Airborne Vibration Monitor 机载震动监视器AZ Azimuth 方位BB/AIR Bleed Air 引气，放气BAL Balance 平衡BARO Barometric Pressure 气压压力BATT Battery 电瓶BAT Battery 电瓶BB Broad Band 宽带BBL Body Buttock Line 机身纵剖线B/CRS Back Course 背台航道B/C Back Course (Localizer) 背台航道（航道台）BDI Bearing Distance Indicator 方位距离指示器BCD Binary Coded Decimal 二进制-十进制编码BFN Binary Fractional Notation 二进分式计数法BFO Beat Frequency Oscillator 拍频振荡器BIT Built-In Test 自检，自测，内装测试BITE Built-In Test Equipment 自测设备，内装测试设备BK Break 中断，打断BKGRD Background 背景BKR Breaker 断电器BL Buttock Line 纵剖线BLD Bleed 引气，放气B/LEAK Bleed Leak 引气渗漏BLK Black; Block 黑色；块，堵塞，BLW Below 下方BMS Boeing Material Specification 波音材料规格（书）BMV Brake Metering Valve 剎车计量活门Bnr，bnr Burner 燃烧室BPCU Bus Power Control Unit 汇流条电源控制组件BPI Brake Pressure Indicator 剎车压力指示器BPSU Brake and Position Sensor Unit 刹车和位置传感器组件BRG Bearing 方位; 轴承BRK Brake 剎车（装置），制动（装置）BRT Bright; Brightness (stroke intensity control) 亮度（频闪灯亮度控制）BS, B/S Body Station 机身站位BSI Borescope Inspection 孔探仪检查BTB Bus Tie Breaker 汇流条连接接触器(断路器)BTBR Bus Tie Breaker Relay 汇流连接接触器继电器BTL Bottle 氧气瓶，灭火瓶BTMS Brake Temperature Monitoring System 刹车温度监视系统BTMU Brake Temperature Monitoring Unit 刹车温度监视组件BTS Bleed Temperature Sensor 引气温度传感器BUTE Bent-up Trailing Edge 上弯后缘BVCU Bleed Valve Control Unit 引气活门控制组件CC Center, Caution, Cable, Captain, Celsius, Cool，Cabin，Cycles 中心，注意，电缆，机长，摄氏，冷却，座舱, 循环CAA Civil Aviation Authority （英国）民航局CAI Cabin Altitude Indicator 客舱高度指示器CAIV Cowl Anti-Ice Valves 整流罩防冰活门CAL Calibrate 校正，校准CANC Cancel 取消，删除CAP Capture 载获CAPT or C Captain 机长CAS Calibrated Airspeed 校准空速CAS Crew Alerting System, Calibrated Airspeed 机组警告系统, 校准空速CAT Category 目录，类CATII Category II 二类飞行标准CB C/B Circuit Breaker 跳开关，电路断路器CBIT Continuous BIT 连续自检CB Circuit Breaker （电路）跳开关CBP Circuit Breaker Panel 跳开关面板CBT Computer Based Training 计算机辅助飞行训练CBV Cross Bleed Valve 交叉引气活门CBW Cross Bleed Wing Valve 交叉引气机翼(防冰)活门CCA Circuit Card Assembly 电路板组件CCDL Cross Channel Data Link 交输通道数据链路CCP Compass Control Panel 罗盘控制面板CCW Counter-clockwise 逆时针反时针CDH Clearance Delivery Head 放飞主任CDI Course Deviation Indicator 偏航指示器CDL Configuration Deviation List 配置缺差清单，缺件清单CDP Compressor Discharge Pressure 压气机出口压力CDTS Compressor Discharge Temperature Sensor 压缩机出口温度传感器CDU Control Display Unit 控制显示组件CES Canadair Equipment Specification 加空设备规格（范）CESM Commercial Engine Service Memorandum 商用发动机服务备忘录CFM Cubic Feet Per Minute 立方英尺/分钟CFMI Joint company GE/SNECMA CFM国际公司（由美国的GE和法国的SNECMA联合的公司）CG Center of Gravity 重心CH Chapter, Channel 章，通道CHAN Channel 通道CHGR Charger 充电器，加注器CHR Chronometer 精密计时器，秒表CIT Compressor Inlet Temperature 压气机进口温度CK Check 检查CKPT Cockpit 驾驶舱CL Close 关闭，闭合C/L Centerline 中心线CLB Climb, Maximum Climb 爬高，爬升；最大爬升CLK Clock 时钟CLR Clear 清除CM Centimeters 厘米CMD Command 指令，命令CMM Component Maintenance Manual 部件维护手册CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor 互补型金属氧化物半导体CMPS Compass 罗盘CMPTR Computer 计算机CNTRL，Cntrl Control 控制，操纵（机构）CO Carbon Dioxide；Company 二氧化碳；公司COAX Coax Coaxial 同轴（的）Col Column 驾驶杆，栏（目）COM Communication 通讯，连络Comb Combustor；Combination 燃烧室; 结合，组合COMM Communication 通讯，联络COMND Command 指令，指挥COMP Compartment; Comparator 舱; 比较器COMP Compressor；Compensate, Compensator 压气机；补偿补偿器COND Condition，conditioning; Continued 条件，状态；调节；继续CONFIG Configuration 配置，布局，形态CONN Connection 连接，接头CONT Control, Continuous, Contactor, Controller 控制,操纵,连续的,接触器,控制器COOL Cooling 冷却，散热CORR Correction 修正CPAM Cabin Pressure Acquisition Module 座舱压力采集组件CPC Cabin Pressure Controller 座舱压力控制器CPCP Cabin Pressure Control Panel 座舱压力控制面板CPCS Cabin Pressure Control System 座舱压力控制系统CPLT Copilot 副驾驶CPOST Computer Power-On Self-Test 计算机电源接通后自检CPT Cockpit Procedures Trainer 驾驶舱程序训练器cps Cycles per second 循环数/秒CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理器CRES Corrosion Resistant Steel 防（耐）腐钢CRF Compressor Rear Frame 压气机后框架CRS Course 航道，航线CRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管CRZ Cruise 巡航CSD Constant Speed Drive 恒速传动装置CSDB Collins Serial Data Bus 柯林斯串行数据总线CSEU Control System Electronics Unit 控制（操纵）系通电子组件CSI Cycles Since Installed 安装后（以来）循环数CSM Current Service Messages 当前勤务信息CSN Cycles Since New 总循环数CSU Centralized Strapping Unit, Configuration Strapping Unit 中央搭（连）接组件，配置连接组件CT Control Transformer 控制变压器CT Current Transformer 电流互感器CTA Current Transformer Assembly 电流互感器组件CTD Column Timer Decoder 柱状定时解吗器CTL Control; COMM/NA V Tuning Unit 控制；通讯导航调谐组件CTR; ctr Contour; Center 轮廓；中央，中心CU Copper 铜CU Control Unit 控制组件CVR Cockpit V oice Recorder 驾驶舱话音记录器cw Clockwise 顺时针CW Continuous Wave 连续波CWS Control Wheel Steering 驾驶盘操纵CWS Caution and Warning System 警告和提示系统DDA Drift Angle 偏流角，偏航角DA（H）Decision Altitude（Height）决断高度D/A Digital to Analog 数字-模拟DAC Digital to Analog Converter 数-模转换器DADC Digital Air Data Computer 数字式大气数据计算机DADS Digital Air Data System 数字式大气数据系统DAP Digital Audio Playback 数字式音响播放DB, dB Decibel 分贝DBU Data Base Unit 数据库组件DC Direct Current 直流电D&C Delays & Cancellations (飞行)延误和取消DCP Display Control Panel 显示控制面板DCPC DC Power Center 直流电源中心DCPCS Digital Cabin Pressure Control System 数字式座舱压力调节系统DCTCU Direct Current Tie Control Unit 直流连接条控制组件DCU Data Concentrator Unit 数据集中组件DCV Directional Control Valve 方向控制活门D/D Direct Descent 直接下降DDG Dispatch Deviations Guide 放飞缺件指南DDM Difference in Depth of Modulation 调制深度差DECEL，decel Decelerate 减速Deg Degree 度DEFL Defuel 放油，抽油DEL Delete 删除DEMUX Demultiplexer 信号分离器Den Density 密度DEP Departure 离港，离开DEPR Depressurize 释压, 减压DEPT Departure 离港，离场DES Descent 下降DEST Destination 目的地DET Detector 探测器DEV Deviation 偏离，偏差，缺差DFDAU Digital Flight Data Acquisition Unit 数字式飞行数据采集组件DFDR Digital Flight Data Recorder 数字式飞行数据记录器DFIS Designated Flight Instrument System 指定的飞行仪表系统DG Directional Gyro 方位陀螺DGAC Direction Generale I’Aviation Civile （法）民航总局DH Decision Height 决断高度dia Diameter 直径diag Diagonal 对角（线）的diag Diagram 图diam Diameter 直径DIFF，diff Difference, Differential 差，压差，差别的Dig, dig Digital 数字的Dim, dim Dimension 尺寸DIR，dir Direct; Direction 直接，直飞; 方向DISC Disconnect 脱开，断开DISCH Discharge 释放，放电，出口（气）DISEG, diseg Disengage 断开，脱开Disp disp Dispatch 派遣，放飞DIST Distance 距离DISTR, distr Distribution, or Distributor 分配，分配器DITS Digital Information Transfer System 数字信息转换系统Div, div Division 部分，一格，分隔DK Deck 舱DME Distance Measuring Equipment 测距机Dmax Maximum Diameter 最大直径Dmin Minimum Diameter 最小直径DN Down 下，向下，放下DNTKFX Down Track Fix 下航道（道）定位点DOT Department of Transport 运输部DP Differential Pressure 压差DPCT Differential Protection Current Transformer 差动保护电流互感器DPDT Double Pole Double Throw 双极双排（电门）DPI Differential Pressure Indicator 压差指示器，压差表DPST Double Pole Single Throw 双极单排（电门）DPL Detailed Parts List 详细零部件清单DPV Directional Pilot Valve 导流活门DR Dead Reckoning 推测领航DSDD Double Sided Double Density 双边双密度DSP Digital Signal Processor 数字式信号处理器DSP Display Select Panel 显示选择面板DSPL Display 显示，显示器DST Desktop Simulation Trainer 台式（计算机）模拟训练器DTG Distance To Go 待飞距离DTY dty Duty 负荷，负载，DU Display Unit 显示组件，显示器EEADI Electronic Attitude Director Indicator 电子姿态指引仪EAROM Electrically Alterable Read-only Memory 电可变只读存储器EAS Equivalent Airspeed 相应空速，等效空速EBS Engine Bleed System 发动机引气系统EBU Engine Build-up 发动机组装ECON，econ Economy 经济ECP EICAS Control Panel EICAS控制面板ECS Environmental Control System 环境控制系统ECU Electronic Control Unit 电子控制组件E/D End of Descent 下降结束，下降终点ED EICAS Display EICAS显示器ED1 EICAS Primary Display EICAS主显示器ED2 EICAS Secondary Display EICAS副显示器EDP Engine Driven Pump 发动机驱动泵EDU Electronic Display Unit 电子显示组件E/E Electrical/Electronic 电气/电子（设备）EEC Electronic Engine Control 电子发动机控制装置EED Engine Exceedance Data 发动机超限数据EFD Electronic Flight Display 电子飞行显示器EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory 电气可抹除可编程只读存储器EFH Engine Flight Hours 发动机飞行小时EFI Electronic Flight Instrument 电子飞行仪表EFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System 电子飞行仪表系统EGT Exhaust Gas Temperature 排气温度EHSI Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator 电子水平状态指示仪EHSV Electro Hydraulic Servo Valve 电子液压伺服活门EICAS Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System 发动机指示和机组警告系统EIS Entry into Service 投入使用EIU Engine Interface Unit 发动机接口组件EL Elevation 标高ELCU Electrical Load Control Unit 电气负荷控制组件Elec elec Electrical 电电气Elev elev Elevator 升降舵Elex elex Electronics 电子设备ELT Emergency Locator Transmitter 应急定位发射机ELEC Electrical 电气的，电的ELVE Elevator 升降舵EMER, EMG Emergency 应急EMF/emf Electromotive Force 电动势EMI Electromagnetic Interference 电磁干扰EMU Engine Maintenance Unit 发动机维护组件Enbl enbl Enable 接通, 导通，使。
空中交通无线电通话用语
空中交通无线电通话用语Radiotelephony communications for air traffic services前言无线电通话是当今管制员与飞行员信息沟通的主要方式，而无线电通话的正确与否直接关系到飞行安全。
在国际航空史上,由于无线电通话用语不标准而导致的飞行事故和事故征候屡有发生.据美国联邦航空局统计，在1992年的17起管制原因造成的事故征候中,有11起与无线电通话中的理解错误有关。
在我国航空运输持续发展、空中交通流量持续增加的形势下，进一步规范无线电通话用语对确保我国空中交通的安全、顺畅具有十分重要的意义。
为此,我局依据民用航空行业标准《空中交通无线电通话用语》(MH/T 4014-2003）印制了本书。
本书中的英语标准通话参考了国际民航公约有关附件以及航行服务程序《空中交通管理》(DOC4444）等技术性文件，征求了国际民航组织陆空通话专家的意见；其中的汉语标准通话考虑了我国的现状，结合了广大管制和飞行人员多年的实践经验，涵盖了空中交通无线电通话的各个方面.本书还特别增加了我国民航特有的公制高度层,以及缩小垂直间隔（RVSM）、区域导航（RNAV）、8。
33KHz频率间隔等方面的最新通话内容。
民航总局领导十分关心和高度重视本书的编写工作，并在实际编写工作中给予了许多指示和具体的指导，原民航总局副局长、现民航总局顾问阎志祥同志还亲笔题写了书名。
此外，在本书的编写过程中还得到了总局飞标司、适航司、安全技术中心、各地区空管单位和航空公司飞行部门的大力支持。
在此，谨向他们表示衷心的感谢。
鉴于本书需要实践的检验以及在实践中不断完善,我局将不断跟踪国际民航组织及航空发达国家在无线电通话用语方面的工作,积极搜集本书在使用过程中的情况。
我局衷心希望得到各使用者的建议。
希望本书能为推进我国空管事业的发展，保证航空安全发挥积极的作用。
民航总局空管局二〇〇三年八月一日1 范围本标准规定了民用航空空中交通无线电通话用语（英语和汉语）的规范表述方法，以及飞行各阶段无线电通话的有关内容。
列车运行控制系统的五个级别
列车运行控制系统的五个级别一、列车运行控制系统的五个级别列车运行控制系统是保障列车安全运行的重要设备，它通过控制列车的速度、位置和运行模式，确保列车在轨道上的稳定运行。
根据功能和安全性等方面的不同，列车运行控制系统可以分为五个级别，分别是ATC、ATO、CBTC、CTBC和ETCS。
二、ATC（Automatic Train Control）级别ATC是列车运行控制系统的最基本级别，它主要通过信号系统和车载设备实现对列车的自动控制。
在ATC级别下，列车通过接收信号系统发出的信息，控制列车的速度和位置，以确保列车在规定的区间内安全运行。
ATC级别适用于高速铁路等需要保证列车安全运行的场所。
三、ATO（Automatic Train Operation）级别ATO是在ATC基础上进一步发展的列车运行控制系统级别。
ATO级别在保证列车安全运行的基础上，更加注重列车的运行效率和准点性。
相比于ATC级别，ATO级别的列车运行更加自动化，列车的运行速度和位置更加精确可控。
ATO级别适用于城市轨道交通等高密度、高频率的线路。
四、CBTC（Communications-Based Train Control）级别CBTC是一种基于通信技术的列车运行控制系统级别，它通过车载设备和地面设备之间的通信，实现对列车的精确控制。
CBTC级别不仅可以控制列车的速度和位置，还可以实现列车的精确停站、车辆调度和列车间的安全距离控制等功能。
CBTC级别适用于复杂的轨道交通系统，如地铁、轻轨等。
五、CTBC（Communication-Based Train Control）级别CTBC是一种基于通信技术的列车运行控制系统级别，它在CBTC的基础上进一步发展，主要用于高速铁路系统。
CTBC级别通过车载设备和地面设备之间的通信，实现列车的精确控制和列车间的安全距离控制。
CTBC级别的列车运行更加高效、精确和安全，适用于高速铁路等需要高速、高频的线路。
ATC-术语&缩略语
OBCU On-Board Control Unit 车载控制单元 DCS HMI TI MTBF MTBF F Mbps PIS PSU PAS DI DMI DTB EB FAS FMA FPM FSB Data Communication System 数据通信系统 Human Machine Interface人机界面 查询应答器 Transponder Interrogator Mean Time Between Failure平均无故障时间 Mean Time Between Functional Failure 平均 功能 故障间隔时间 Mega bits per second兆/每秒 Passenger Information System乘客信息系统 Power Supply Unit电源单元 Passenger Announcement System 乘客广播系统 Departure Indicator 发车表示器 Driver Machine Interface 司机界面 Driverless Turnback 无人驾驶折返 Emergency Brake 紧急制动
PESB Platform Emergency Stop Button 紧急关闭按钮
FireAlarm System 火灾报警系统 Fallback Movement Authority 后备模式移动授权 Fine Position Measurement精确定位测量 Full Service nt System 列车控制管理 TCMS 系统 IATO Intermittent Automatic Train Operation 点式列车自 动运行 Intermittent Automatic Train Protection 点式列车自 IATP 动防护 ID Identification 标识号 IEEE IP ISCS ISP LCO Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 国 际电子与电气工程师协会 Internet Protocol 网络协议 Integrated Supervision and Control System 综 合监 控系统 Interstation Stopping Point 区间停车点 Local Control Operator 车站值班员
签派执照试题.
姓名得分一、单选题咨询通告属于民航法规体系中的（C）：A.法律；B.法规；C.规章；D.管理程序。
目前最新版的CCAR121部是（D）：A.R1B.R2C.R3D.R4初始批准营运人Ⅱ类运行时，只批准其按决断高( A )米、跑道视程（）米的标准进近着陆。
A45 500 B.45 550 C.60 550 D.60 350当飞行机组配备3名驾驶员时，其中包含1名第二机长时，公司可计划排班的最大飞行时间为（C）。
A．8 h B．10 h C．12 h D.14 h如果延程运行时间在180 分钟内，每个指定的延程运行备降机场应当能够提供等效于或高于国际民航组织规定的第（B）类救援和消防服务(RFFS)的要求A、3B、4C、5D、6以下说法不正确的是：DA 国际标准的基础是海平面温度15度B 国际标准的基础是气压1013.25HPAC 国际标准的基础是29.92IN HGD 国际标准的基础是海平面温度0度以下说法错误的是：BA 温度越高，飞的越高B 温度越高，飞的越低C 压力调定和指示高度朝同一个方向运动。
D 在恒定的指示高度，当空气静温上升时，真实高度上升。
附件6要求飞机的净起飞飞行轨迹要以35英尺（对于转弯坡度大于15°的为50英尺）的余度超越所有的障碍物，净起飞飞行轨迹由实际飞行轨迹减去以下梯度而获得,双发飞机为：AA.0.80%B.2.40%C.0.90%D.3.20%什么情况下，旅客氧气面罩会自动落下？（D ）A 飞机高度超过11000英尺B 飞机高度超过14000英尺C 座舱高度超过11000英尺D 座舱高度超过14000英尺以上有关机组氧气系统正确的是：BA 机组氧气系统是独立于旅客氧气系统的化学氧气发生器提供；B 机组氧气系统是独立与旅客氧气系统的氧气瓶提供；C 机组氧气系统是不独立于旅客氧气系统的化学氧气发生器提供；D 机组氧气系统是不独立于旅客氧气系统的氧气瓶提供；如果条件限制，无法对行李重量进行称重，每件行李重量按（C ）公斤计算。
雅思阅读回顾
例题4
题目：The cork oak has the thickest bark of any living tree. 栓皮栎树在现存的树木中树皮最厚
原文：Cork – the thick bark of the cork oak tree (Quercus suber) – is a remarkable material. (It is tough, elastic, buoyant, and fire-resistant and suitable for a wide range of purposes. )软木，即栓皮栎厚实的树皮是一种不寻常的材料。(坚韧、弹性、易浮、耐火，具有广泛的用途。)
注意
说明文，弄清楚作者描述的对象即可。议论文，熟悉结构与行文方式，透过繁复的字句找到作者的真正观点。
注意
剑9文章 840字
剑12 文章1080字
达人阅读 文章1300 字
是非判断题
根据雅思官方英国文化教育协会的说明，Not Given 的设置是为了降低考生盲选正确的概率. 相对来说更能测试出考生真实的语言能力。
VS
剑桥OG Test 1阅读第6题
题目：Archaeologists realized that the boat had been damaged on purpose.
例题1
原文：The boat was not a wreck, but had been deliberately discarded, dismantled and broken.
damaged
例题1
原文题目都是说船被故意破坏了。True
原文：And, proving the truth of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur’s words ‘ chance favours only the prepared mind.’ Perkin saw the potential of his unexpected find.
美国联邦航空管理局 航行公告 词汇与汉译
FAA vocabularyUTC time 世界协调时EDT (eastern district time) 美国东区时间TFR 地形跟踪雷达Law enforcement 执法IFR (instrument flight rule) 仪表飞行规则VFR (visual flight rule) 目视飞行规则Latitude: 39º40'41"N北纬39 42 40Longitude: 75º36'25"W 西经75º36'25"Altitude: From surface up to but not including 2999 feet AGL 从地表到2999英尺（不包含2999）的地面以上水平（范围）N/A (not available)Nautical mile 海里(约合1852km)NOTAM 航行通告Issue date 颁布日期Beginning date and time 开始日期和时间：May 04, 2015 at 0115 UTCEnding date and time 结束日期和时间Effective date(s) 生效日期MEDEVAC (medevac) [美口]救伤直升机Except as otherwise 除非另有记载Necessitate 使成为必须；迫使File 提出（申请）In consultation with 咨询；磋商No pilots may operate an aircraft in the areas covered by this NOTAM (except as described).任何飞行员不得在该航行公告所覆盖的区域内操作飞行器（除非另有描述）Except the flight operations listed below:除了下列飞行运营之外：Aircraft arriving or departing airports within this TFR. Aircraft must have file d an IFR/VFR flight plan, be squawking an ATC discrete code prior to departure and at all times while in the TFR and must remain in two-way radio communications with ATC.在该地形跟踪雷达范围之内到达或离开机场的飞机。
雅思阅读练习：航空交通管制
雅思阅读练习：航空交通管制阅读段落Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before the Grand Canyondisaster. As early as the 1920s, the earliest air traffic controllers manuallyguided aircraft in the vicinity of the airports, using lights and flags, whilebeacons and flashing lights were placed along across-country routes to establishthe earliest airways. However, this purely visual system was useless in badweather, and, by the 1930s, radio communication was coming into use for ATC. Thefirst region to have something approximating today’s ATC was New York City, withother major metropolitan areas following soon after.段落大意本段介绍了在大峡谷空难前就已经存在的基础性的航空交通管制(采用目视导航，恶劣天气下无效，随后使用无线电通信)。
阅读笔记Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed before:1920s, the EARLIEST ATC: PURELY visual (useless in bad weather)By 1930s, radio communication逻辑关系1. 对比(逻辑连接词: HOWEVER)The earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in thevicinity of the airports, using lights and flags, while beacons and flashinglights were placed along across-country routes to establish the earliestairways.This purely visual system was useless in bad weather.。
ATC 放行许可 ( ATC Clearance)
:CCA922 cleared to Beijing via PIKAS,flight planned route,initial climb to 900 meters,PIKAS 12D departure,request level change en route,departure frequency will be 120.3,squawk 0722.
-REG/IDUPE SEL/FKEH DOF/010921
第一行：FF：电报优先等级。以后是各有关部门的电报地址。
第二行：FPL：飞行计划。AZA793：航班号。I：仪表飞行。S：正班
第三行：A321：机型。M：尾流分类，中型飞机。以后为机载设备：S：标准通讯及导航设
备。D：测距机。R：适合RNP规定的飞机。S：S型应答机。
请求放行许可范例：
AZA793: BEIJING DELIVERY GOOD MORNING, ALITALIA 793.
--------北京放行早上好，意大利拐九三。
CLR: GOOD MORNING ALITALIA 793, DELIVERY,GO AHEAD.
-------- 意大利拐九三早上好，北京放行，请讲。
AZA793: ALITALIA 793 DESTINATION ZBTJ,INFORMATION DELTA COPIED.
REQUEST ATC CLEARANCE.
-------- 意大利拐九三目的地天津，收到通播DELTA，请求放行许可。
CLR: ALITALIA 793 IS CLEARED TO DESTINATION ZBTJ,FLIGHT PLANNED ROUTE.FLIGHT LEVEL FOUR THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED METERS.DEPARTURE RUNWAY 36 LEFT,VM TWO DEPARTURE,INITIALLY MAINTAIN ONE THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED METERS ON QNH.DEPARTURE FREQUENCY 119 DECIMAL SQUAWK 0007. OCCA922.
20分钟雅思阅读瞬提0.5-1分,速度瞬提10分钟!
不骗不诓，20分钟雅思阅读瞬提0.5-1分！阅读速度加快10分钟！最终大招—整体阅读法此方法是目前为止雅思阅读最快速最高效的答题方法，没有之一！但对“烤鸭们”有一定的词汇要求，同时需要用此方法至少练习三套剑桥真题融会贯通。
整体阅读法核心解题思路：做一篇阅读之前，对每个题型中的前一到两个题目有所了解，画出关键词，遇到相应关键词出现原文即解决相应的题目，以文章为主线做题，而不是按照题号出现顺序做题。
我们首先拿一套剑桥真题为例讲解：《剑桥雅思真题8》Test1Passage2READING PASSAGE2You should spend about20minutes on Questions14-26,which are based on Reading Passage2on the following pages.Questions14-19Reading Passage2has seven paragraphs,A-G.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-G from the list below.Write the correct number,i-x.in boxes14-19on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi Disobeying FAA regulationsii Aviation disaster prompts actioniii Two coincidental developmentsiv Setting altitude zonesv An oversimplified viewvi Controlling pilots'licencesvii Defining airspace categoriesviii Setting rules to weather conditionsix Taking off safelyx First steps towards ATC14Paragraph AExample AnswerParagraph B x15Paragraph C16Paragraph D17Paragraph E18Paragraph F19Paragraph GAIR TRAFFIC CONTROL IN THE USAA An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in1956resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration(FAA)to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States,which were becoming quite congested.The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in the United States,and similar air traffic control procedures are also in place over much of the rest of the world.B Rudimentary air traffic control(ATC)existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster.As early as the1920s,the earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in the vicinity of the airports, using lights and flags,while beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross-country routes to establish the earliest airways.However,this purely visual system was useless in bad weather,and,by the1930s,radio communication was coming into use for ATC.The first region to have something approximating today's ATC was New York City,with other major metropolitan areas following soon after.C In the1940s,ATC centres could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War,but the system remained rudimentary.It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America's airspace took place,and this was fortuitous,for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes,reducing pilots'margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely in the air.D Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at the nation's airports,telling arriving and departing traffic what to do.This is a very incomplete part of the picture.The FAA realised that the airspace over the United States would at any time have many different kinds of planes,flying for many different purposes,in a variety of weather conditions,and the same kind of structure was needed to accommodate all of them.E To meet this challenge,the following elements were put into effect.First,ATC extends over virtually the entire United States.In general,from365m above the ground and higher,the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace.In certain areas,mainly near airports,controlled airspace extends down to215m above the ground,and,in the immediate vicinity of an airport,all the way down to the surface.Controlled airspace is that airspace in which FAA regulations apply.Elsewhere,in uncontrolled airspace,pilots are bound by fewer regulations.In this way,the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace,below365m,while the pilot who does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily enter the controlled airspace.F The FAA then recognised two types of operating environments.In good meteorological conditions,flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules(VFR),which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety.Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules(IFR),under which the pilot relied on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane's instrument panel to fly safely.On a clear day,a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan,and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same airspace.However,a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above and beyond the basic pilot's license that must also be held.G Controlled airspace is divided into several different types,designated by letters of the alphabet.Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F,while controlled airspace below5,490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E.All airspace above5,490m is designated ClassA.The reason for the division of Class E and Class A airspace stems from the type of planes operating in them.Generally,Class E airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft(few of which can climb above5,490m anyway),and commercial turboprop aircraft.Above5,490m is the realm of the heavy jets,since jet engines operate more efficiently at higher altitudes.The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A,all operations are IFR,and pilots must be instrument-rated,that is, skilled and licensed in aircraft instrumentation.This is because ATC control of the entire space is essential.Three other types of airspace,Classes D,C and B,govern the vicinity of airports.These correspond roughly to small municipal,medium-sized metropolitan and major metropolitan airports respectively,and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations.For example,all a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C airspace is establish two-way radio contact with ATC.No explicit permission from ATC to enter is needed,although the pilot must continue to obey all regulations governing VFR flight.To enter Class B airspace,such as on approach to a major metropolitan airport,an explicit ATC clearance is required.The private pilot who cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing their license.Questions20-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage2?In boxes20-26on your answer sheet,writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this20The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet engine.21Air Traffic Control started after the Grand Canyon crash in1956.22Beacons and flashing lights are still used by ATC today.23Some improvements were made in radio communication during World War II.24Class F airspace is airspace which is below365m and not near airports.25All aircraft in Class E airspace must use IFR.26A pilot entering Class C airspace is flying over an average-sized city.方法解析：此套真题主要由两部分题型组成——标题对应（list of headings）+判断题（T/F/NG）大多数同学主要采取两种阅读方法来完成此题目。
无线电通话用语-雷达用语
Radar identification and vectoring
a) recognition of the aircraft identification in
a radar label;
b) recognition of an assigned discrete code,
the setting of which has been verified, in a
15 赵琦 航行系
雷达用语
一般雷达管制用语--引导指令 航向飞（三位数） FLY HEADING (three digits) 左（ 或 右）转，航向（ 三位数 ）〔 原因 〕 TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) HEADING (three digits)] [reason] 左（或右）转（数值）度〔原因〕 TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) (number of degrees) [reason]
14
赵琦 航行系
雷达用语
一般雷达管制用语--引导指令
离开（重要点）航向（三位数）
LEAVE (significant point) HEADING (three digits) 保持航向（三位数） CONTINUE HEADING (three digits)
保持现在航向
CONTINUE PRESENT HEADING
device which provides information on range,
azimuth and/or elevation of objects.
2
赵琦 航行系
Radar identification and vectoring
Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR): A
民航英语考试真题及答案
民航英语考试真题及答案选择题（每题只有一个正确答案）在民航中，用于指示乘客登机的地方通常被称为什么？A. Departure GateB. Boarding GateC. Arrival GateD. Customs Gate答案：B民航中用来标识乘客身份和座位信息的文件是什么？A. Boarding PassB. Flight TicketC. ItineraryD. Passport答案：A在飞行中，哪个术语指的是飞机在空中飞行而不与地面接触的状态？A. TaxiingB. TakeoffC. LandingD. Airborne答案：D在飞行中，哪个术语指的是飞行员与空中交通管制员的通信？A. ATC CommunicationB. Radio CommunicationC. Phone CommunicationD. Text Messaging答案：A哪个术语指的是在飞行中，飞机为了安全而必须保持的最低高度？A. Minimum AltitudeB. Maximum AltitudeC. Cruising AltitudeD. Climbing Altitude答案：A填空题民航中的“ICAO”代表__________(答案：国际民航组织)飞机上的“IFE”通常指的是__________系统（答案：机内娱乐）飞行中，飞行员用来与地面通信的无线电设备通常被称为__________（答案：无线电收发机）解答题请解释什么是“Flight Delay”并简述可能导致航班延误的常见原因。
答案：“Flight Delay”指的是航班未能按照计划时间起飞或到达。
可能导致航班延误的常见原因包括天气条件不佳、机械故障、空中交通管制、机场运营问题等。
简述在飞行中，“Cabin Crew”的主要职责是什么？答案：“Cabin Crew”在飞行中的主要职责包括确保乘客的安全和舒适、提供食品和饮料服务、进行紧急情况下的安全演示和疏散等。
移动通讯词汇中英对照
移动通讯词汇中英对照小编为大家整理了移动通讯词汇中英对照，希望对你有帮助哦!移动通讯词汇中英对照一：压电效应 piezoelectric effect压控震荡器 voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)压控振荡器输入控制电压 VCO input control voltage压扩单边带调幅companding single sideband/amplitude modulation (CSSB/AM)压扩器 compander压缩器 compressor亚毫米波长 submillimeter wavelength延迟拨号信号 delay-dialing signal延迟角 delay angle延伸系统 stretch system严重故障 major fault盐雾试验 salt fog test验收试验 acceptance test扬声电话机 loudspeaking telephone set扬声器额定阻抗 rated impedance of loudspeaker扬声器功率 power of loudspeaker样值 sample遥测 telemetry， telemetering遥控 telecontrol遥信 telecommand遥导 teleguidance遥警 remote alarm野战通信系统 tactical communication system业务的非透明支持 non-transparent support of services业务协调 service interworking业务连线阻抗 service connection impedance业务轮廓 service profile业务轮廓管理 service profile management业务区 service area业务提供 provision业务信道 traffic channel业余业务 amateur service一次群(基群)，数字群 primary block (digroup)一阶锁相环 first-order phase-locked loop一致性规范 conformity specification移带倒频 band-shift inversion移动台标志号码 mobile identification (MIN)移动地球站 mobile (satellite) earth station移动电台 mobile station移动设备 mobile equipment移动台被呼 mobile terminated (MT)移动台国际ISDN号码mobile station international ISDN number (MSISDN)移动台划分 mobile allocation (MA)移动台接入寻找 mobile access hunting (MAH)移动台漫游号码 mobile station roaming number (MSRN)移动台始呼 mobile originated (MO)移动台特性 mobile station feature移动通信系统 mobile communication system移动无线局 mobile switching center (MSC)移动业务 mobile service移动应用部 mobile application part (MAP)移动用户 mobile subscriber移动用户电话码 directory number (DN)移动终端 mobile termination (MT)已调波 modulated wave异步的 heterochronous异步通信 asynchronous communication异步网 nonsynchronized network“异或非”门 exclusive-NOR gate“异或”门 exclusive-OR gate抑躁输入信号电平 noise-quieting input-signal level抑制器，抑制部件 suppressor， suppression component抑制载波单边带发射 suppressed carrier SSB emission译码约束长度 decoding constraint length音节表 syllable chart音节清晰度 syllable articulation音节压扩 syllable companding音量控制 volume control音频保护比 AF protection ratio音频放大器 audio frequency amplifier音载负载 audio frequency load移动通讯词汇中英对照二：散射发射 spurious emission散射输出功率 spurious output power散射响应抗扰性 spurious response immunity散射响应频率 spurious response frequency散射窄带(射频)分量spurious narrow-bandwidth (RF) components再定时 retiming再起动规程 restart procedure再生 regeneration再生器 regeneration再生中继器 regenerative repeater再生中继站 regenerative relay station再现性 reproducibility在线测试 on-line testing载波 carrier载波电话 carrier telephone载波电话增音机 carrier telephone repeater载波电话终端机 carrier telephone terminal载波跌落 carrier drop载波功率 carrier power载波恢复 carrier recovery， carrier reinsertion载波检测多址 carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) 载波降低度 carrier reduction载波频率偏置 carrier frequency offset载波抑制度 carrier suppression载干比 carrier-to-interference ratio载体设备 vehicle equipment载躁比 carrier to noise ratio早期故障期 early fault period躁声带宽 noise bandwidth躁声功率 noise power躁声温度 noise temperature躁声系数 noise factor， noise figure躁声抑制 noise suppression增量调制 delta modulation (DM)增量调制编码 delta modulation code增强型定位报告系统 EPLRS增益控制 gain control增值业务 value added service窄带发射 narrowband emission窄带干扰 narrowband disturbance窄带器件 narrowband device占机信号 seizing signal占机证实信号 seizing-acknowledgement signal占空建立呼叫 on-air-call-set-up占线前标 seizure precursor占线测试 engaged test占用带宽 occupied bandwidth战略密码体制 strategic cipher system战术电台 tactical radio战术密码体制 tactical cipher system战术通信电子对抗系统tactical communication electronic warfare system折叠单极天线 folded monopole antenna折叠偶极天线 folded dipole antenna折射指数 refractive index折线编码律 segmented encoding law帧 frame帧定位 frame alignment帧定位时隙 frame alignment time slot帧定位信号 frame alignment signal帧定位恢复时间 frame alignment recovery time帧号码 frame number (FN)帧失位时间 out-of-frame alignment time帧同步码 frame synchronization code真迹电报 telewriting真空电子器件 vacuum electron device真空电容器 vacuum capacitor阵列天线 array antenna振荡 oscillation振荡器 oscillator振动试验 vibration test振幅键控 amplitude shift keying (ASK)振幅压扩单边带 amplitude companded SSB (ACSB)振铃音 ringing tone振鸣 howling整流 rectification正/零/负码速调整 positive/ zero/ negative justification正常检查 normal inspection正常充电 normal charging正常突发 normal burst正反码 positive and inverse code正交部分响应键控 quadrature partial response keying (QPRK) 正交调幅 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)正交调幅器 quadrature modulator正交调频 quadrature frequency hopping正交相干解调器 quadrature coherent demodulator正码速调整(正脉冲塞入) positive justification (positive pulse stuffing)正态分布 normal distribution正向话终信号 clear-forward signal支线 branch feeder直达线路 direct route直接波 direct wave直接长途拨号网 direct distance dial network直接分配 direct distribution直接呼叫 direct call直接检测 direct detection直接接入 direct access直接耦合放大器 direct-coupled amplifier直接调频 direct frequency modulation直接序列扩频 direct sequence spread spectrum (DS)直流/直流变换器 DC/DC converter直流放大器 DC amplifier直同连接延时 through-connection delay指配频带 assigned band指配频率 assigned frequency移动通讯词汇中英对照三：抗扰试验电平 immunity test level抗扰性电平 immunity level抗扰性限值 immunity limit抗扰性余量 immunity margin抗躁声送话器 antinoise microphone可编程终端 programmable terminal可变电容器微音效应 microphone effect of variable capacitor 可变分频器 variable division frequency divider可擦可编程只读存储器erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM)可达性 accessibility可服务性 serviceability可焊性 solderability可焊性试验 solderability test可见弧 visible arc可接收质量水平 acceptable quality level可靠性 reliability可靠性测试 reliability testing可靠性分配 reliability allocation可靠性和维修性保证 reliability and maintainability assurance 可靠性设计 reliability design可靠性预计 reliability prediction可靠性增长 reliability growth可拓展性 expansibility可视电话 television telephone可视电话机 television telephone set可适应性 adaptability可调数位时隙(可塞入数位时隙) adjustable digit time slot (stuffable digit time slot)可听声 audible sound可维修性 maintainability可信度 certainty factor可移植性 portability可用场强 usable field strength可用功率通量密度 usable power flux density (Pu)可用时间 available time可用性 availability可预置分频器分频比 prescalar divider division ratio可重用性 reusability客观评价 objective evaluation空分 space division空分多址 space division multiple address (SDMA)空间分集 space diversity空间激光通信 laser space communication空间探测器 space probe空间无线电通信 space radiocommunication空间系统 space system空间站(电台) space station空深网 deep space network (DSN)空闲信道 idle channel空闲信道检测 idle channel detection空中交通管制 air traffic control (ATC)控位卫星 station-keeping satellite控制台 console控制系统 control system控制系统的程序 program of control system控制系统误差 control system error控制信道 control channel (CCH)控制信号 control signal口令 password块结束符 end of block (EOB)块校验规程 block check procedure快捕带 fast pull-in range快闪要求 flash request宽带发射 broadband emission宽带干扰 broadband disturbance宽带器件 broadband device宽带射频功率放大器wideband radio frequency power amplifier宽带数据峰值频偏 wideband data peak frequency deviation 宽频段电台 wide band station扩频 spread spectrum扩展频谱通信 spread spectrum communication扩展器 expandor扩展耗损 spreading loss扩展卷积码 diffuse convolutional codes。
雅思阅读剑8讲解
剑8test 1 passage 1篇章结构体裁：说明文主题：时间记录的历史结构：A段---人类计算时间的历史B段---纬度对于计时的影响C段---月、日的划分以及目光时的产生D段---测量昼夜日光时的工具E段---各国用机械钟计时的不同方法F段---早期机械钟的发展G段---机械钟的改进和落地摆钟的产生H段---当代计时技术及其影响解题地图难度系数：★★★★解题顺序：LABELLING→MATCHING(5～8)→MATCHING(1～4)友情提示：遇到段落信息配对题，可以先放下做别的题，最后再来对付它!必背词汇1. coordinate v. 协调，配合The agencies are working together to coordinate policy on food safety.各机构正在共同努力，以配合相关食品安全政策的实施。
I couldn't get my brain to function or coordinate my muscles.我不能让我的大脑(正常地)活动或者与我的肌肉相协调。
2. successive adj. 连续的，相继的The team has had five successive victories. 球队已经取得5次连续的胜利。
Successive governments have tried to deal with this issue. 历届政府都试图解决这个问题。
3. artificial adj. 人工的，人造的This product contains no artificial preservatives. 本产品不含任何人工防腐剂。
Prior to treatment water may be stored in natural or artificial basins.治疗前的水可以储存在自然或人工的盆地内。
4. crucial adj. 决定性的，关键的This aid money is crucial to the government's economic policies.这项援助资金对政府的经济政策来说是至关重要的。
rfsatc进近和进近的流程和注意事项
rfsatc进近和进近的流程和注意事项下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor.I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copy excerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!RFSATC进近：流程详解与注意事项在航空领域，RFSATC（Radio Frequency Satellite Communications，无线电频率卫星通信）进近是一种先进的导航技术，用于引导飞机安全、精确地降落。
航空术语缩写一览表
轮档挡好-- Chocks in地面电源设备接好--Ground power connected收到-- Roger现在关闭发动机--Shutting down engines准备牵引-- Ready for pushback所有舱门已关好--All doors checked closed松刹车-- Brakes off松刹车-- Release parking brakes刹车已松-- Brakes off刹车已松-- parking brake Released可以牵引--Clear for pushback23号跑道起飞--Runway( or face)two three05号跑道起飞--Runway( or face)zero five牵引完成--Pushback complete刹车--Brakes on刹车--Set parking brake刹车刹好--Brakes on刹车刹好-- Parking brake set准备启动1（或2）号发动机--Start number one(or two) 可以启动1（或2）号发动机--Clear number one(or two) 已经供气（如需气源车）--Pressure on启动结束--Start complete断开地面设备-- Disconnect ground equipment插销移开--Ping Removed稍等--Standby稍等启动-- Standby for start稍等推出-- Standby for pushback在左（或右）方打手势--Hand signal on the left(or right) aircraft crew, air crew 机组, 机务人员pilot 驾驶员, 机长co-pilot, second pilot 副驾驶员navigator 领航员steward 男服务员stewardess, hostess 空中小姐radio operator 报务员Bairliner 班机monoplane 单翼飞机glider 滑翔机trainer aircraft 教练机passenger plane 客机propeller-driven aircraft 螺旋桨飞机jet (aircraft) 喷射飞机amphibian 水陆两用飞机seaplane, hydroplane 水上飞机turbofan jet 涡轮风扇飞机turboprop 涡轮螺旋桨飞机turbojet 涡轮喷射飞机transport plane 运输机helicopter 直升机supersonic 超音速hypersonic 高超音速transonic 跨音速subsonic 亚音速Airbus 空中客车Boeing 波音Concord 协和Ilyusin 依柳辛McDonald-Douglas 麦道Trident 三叉戟Tupolev 图波列夫hatch 舱口aeroengine, air engine 航空发动机navigation light 航行灯fuselage, body 机身nose 机头wing 机翼aileron 副翼wing flap 襟翼tail plane 水平尾翼starboard wing 右翼port wing 左翼pilot"s cockpit 驾驶舱parachute 降落伞passenger cabin 客舱propeller 螺旋桨pressurized cabin 密封舱undercarriage 起落架undercarriage wheel 起落架轮elevator 升降舵radio navigation device 无线电导航设备radio directive device 无线电定向设备luggage compartment 行李舱(fuel) tank 油箱auxiliary (fuel) tank 副油箱main (fuel) tank 主油箱autopilot 自动驾驶仪ground crew 地勤人员airport 航空港, 民航机场airfield, aerodrome, airdrome 机场airport beacon 机场灯标airport meteorological station 机场气象站main airport building, terminal building 机场主楼emergency landing runway, forced landing runway 紧急着陆跑道taxiway 滑行跑道runway 跑道omnirange radio beacon 全向式无线电航空信标fuel depot 燃料库control tower 塔台tarmac 停机坪radio beacon 无线电信标boarding check 登机牌plane ticket 飞机票flight, flying 飞行bumpy flight 不平稳的飞行smooth flight 平稳的飞行ramp 扶梯altitude, height 高度air route, air line 航线extra flight 加班economy class, tourist class 经济座non-stop flight 连续飞行climbing, to gain height 爬升circling 盘旋forced landing 迫降connecting flight 衔接航班speed, velocity 速度ceiling 上升限度cruising speed 巡航速度top speed 最高速度first class 头等night service 夜航airsick 晕机direct flight, straight flight 直飞landing 着陆to rock, to toss, to bump 颠簸to taxi along 滑行to lose height, to fly low 降低to take off, take-off 起飞A/T autothrottle自动油门, adjustment/test 调整/测试ABNORM abnormal 不正常的AC alternating current 【电】交流电ACARS ARINC Communications Addressing and Reporting System ACCEL acceleration, accelerate 使增速ACM air cycle machine 空气循环机ADC air data computer 大气资料电脑ADF automatic direction finder 自动方位寻找器ADI attitude director indicator 姿态指示器ADP air driven pump, air driven hydraulic pump 气动液压泵ADV advance 推进AFCS automatic flight control system 飞控系统AGL above ground level 地标位AI anti-ice 防冰AIDS aircraft integrated data system 整合资料系统AIL aileron 副翼ALT altitude 高度ALTM altimeter 高度计ALTN alternate 交替的ALTNT alternate 交替的AMB ambient 环绕的AMM Airplane Maintenance Manual 修护手册ANN announcement 通告ANNUNC annunciator 通告器ANT antenna 天线AOA angle of attack 功角APB auxiliary power breaker 辅助的动力断电器APD approach progress display 接近行进显示APL airplane 飞机APPR approach 接近APPROX approximately 近乎APU auxiliary power unit 辅助的动力单元ARINC Aeronautical航空学的Radio Incorporated【美】有限责任的ARINC IO ARINC I/O errorARNC STP ARINC I/O UART data strip error 通用非同步收发传输器ASA autoland status annunciator 自动落地状况通告器ASP audio selector panel 音频选择面板ASYM asymmetrical 非对称的ATC air traffic control 空中交通管制ATC/DABS air traffic control/discrete address beacon systemATT attitude 姿态ATTND attendant 服务员AUTO automatic 自动装置的AUX auxiliary 辅助的AVM airborne vibration monitor 空中震动监视器BB/CRS back course 回程BARO barometric 气压计的BAT battery 电池;蓄电池BFO beat扑动frequency oscillator 频率振汤器BITE built-in test equipment 装备自我测试BK brake 煞住(车)BKGRD background (干扰录音或无线电广播的)杂音BPCU bus power control unit 汇流排电力控制单元BRKR breaker 断电器BRT bright 发亮的BTB bus tie束缚breaker 汇流排联系断电器BTL bottle 瓶子CC/B circuit breaker 【电】断路器,断路开关C center 中央CADC central air data computer 中央大气资料电脑CAPT captain (飞机的)机长CB circuit breaker 【电】断路器,断路开关CCA central control actuator 中央控制致动器CCW counterclockwise 逆时针方向的CDU control display unit 控制显示器CH channel 频道CHAN channel 频道CHG change 改变CHR chronograph 记时器CHRGR charger 充电器CK check 检查CKT circuit 【电】电路;回路CL close 关闭;盖上;合上CLB climb 倾斜向上CLR clear 变乾净;变清楚CLSD closed 关闭的;封闭的;闭合的CMD command 命令CMPTR computer 电脑CNX cancelled 取消,废除;中止COL column 圆柱(报纸的)栏,段COMM communication 通讯COMP compressor 压缩机COMPT compartment 隔间CON continuous 连续的,不断的COND condition 状态CONFG configuration 结构;表面配置CONFIG configuration 结构CONN connection 连接CONT control 控制CP control panel 控制面板CPCS cabin pressure control system 舱压控制系统CPS cycles per second 每秒循环CRS course 方向CRT cathode阴极ray射线tube 阴极射线管CRZ cruise 巡航CSEU control system electronics unit 控制系统电子元件CT current电流transＦＯＲＭer变压器CTN caution 注意CTR center 中央CU control unit 控制元件CUST customer 顾客;买主CW clockwise 顺时针方向的CWS control wheel steering掌舵DDA drift漂移angleDADC digital air data computer 数位化大气资料电脑DC direct直系的,指挥currentDEC decrease减少, decrement减少率DECEL decelerate 降低速度DECR decrease 减少DEG degree 度数DEPR depressurize 洩压; 压下DEPT departure 离开;出发DEST destination 目标, 目的地DET detector 探测器DETNT detent (机械上的)止动装置;棘爪DEV deviation 误差;偏航DFDR digital flight data recorderDG directional方向的gyro回转仪罗盘DH decision决定height高度,海拔DIFF differential 依差别而定的;鉴别性的DIR direct 指挥DISC disconnect 使分离,分开,断开DISCH discharge 释放,排出(液体,气体等)DISCONT discontinued 停止,中断DISENG disengage 解开,解除;使脱离DISP dispatch 派遣DIST distance 距离;路程DK deck (船的) 舱面,甲板DME distance measuring equipment 测距仪DMU data management unit 资料管理单元DN down 向下DPCT differential protection current transＦＯＲＭer【电】变压器DR door 门DSCRT IO discrete分离I/O errorDSPLY display 显示DSPY display 显示EEADI electronic attitude director indicator 数位化姿态指示器ECON economy 节约, 经济ECS environmental control system 环控系统EDP engine driven pump, engine hydraulic pump 引擎液压泵EEC electronic engine control 引擎电控EFDARS expanded flight data acquisition and reporting systemEFI electronic flight instruments 电子化飞行仪表EFIS electronic flight instrument systemEGT exhaust gas temperature 排气尾温EHSI electronic horizontal situation indicator 水平状况方位指示器EICAS engine indicating and crew alerting system引擎状况警告指示ELEC electrical 与电有关的,电气科学的ELEV elevation 高度;海拔EMER emergency 紧急情况ENG engage啮合,接合, engineENT entrance入口,门口, entryENTMT entertainment 娱乐EPC external power contactor 外电源接触器EPR engine pressure ratio 推力比EPRL engine pressure ratio limit 推力比范围EQUIP equipment 装备ERR error 错误ESS essential 必需品EVAC evacuation 撤空;排泄物EVBC engine vane and bleed control 引擎放气控制EXH exhaust 排出;排气EXT external 外部的EXTIN extinguish, extinguished 灭火器EXTING extinguishing 熄灭FF/D flight director 飞行引向器F/F fuel flow 燃油流量F/O first officerFAA Federal美国联邦Aviation Administration行政机构FCC flight control computer 飞行控制电脑FCEU flight controls electronic unit 飞控电子单元FCU fuel control unit 燃油控制器FDR feeder 餵食器FIM Fault Isolation Manual 故障隔离手册FL flow 流量FL/CH flight level changeFLD field(飞机)场,;(广阔的一大片)地(知识)领域;专业;(活动)范畴FLT flight (飞机的)班次FLUOR fluorescent 发亮的FMC flight management computer 飞行管理电脑FMS flight management system 飞行管理系统FREQ frequency 频率FRM Fault Reporting Manual 错误报告手册FSEU flap/slat electronic unit 副翼电控单元FT feet复, foot单英尺FWD forward 前面的GG/S glide slope, ground slope 下滑坡度GA go-around 重飞GB generator breaker 发电机断电器GCB generator circuit breaker 发电机断路器GCR generator control relay 发电机控制继电器GCU generator control unit 发电机控制组件GEN generator 发电机GHR ground handling relay 地面操作继电器GND ground 地面GP group 团体GPWS ground proximity warning system 地面接近警告GR gear 齿轮;传动装置; (飞机的)起落架GRD ground 地面GS ground speed 地速GSSR ground service select relay 地面勤务选择继电器GSTR ground service transfer relay 地面勤务转换继电器GW gross总量weight 总重HH/L high/low 高/低HDG heading 【航】航向HF high frequency 高频HORIZ horizontal 水平HP high pressure 高压HSI horizontal situation indicator 水平状况方位指示器HTR heater 加热器HYD hydraulic 液压的IIAS indicated airspeed 指示空速IDENT identification 识别;鉴定IDG integrated drive generatorIGN ignition 点火,发火;点火开关ILLUM illuminate, illuminated 被照明的;发光的ILS instrument landing system 仪降IMP imperial (度量衡)英制的IN in, input 输入INBD inboard 内侧的INC incorporated结合的, increase增大, increment增加INCR increase 增加IND indicator 指示器INFC interface 分界面INFLT inflight 飞行过程中的INHIB inhibit 抑制禁止INIT initiation 入门;开始实施INOP inoperative 不活动的INPH interphone 对讲机INST instrument 仪器;仪表INT interphone 对讲机INTLK interlock 连结INTPH interphone 对讲机INTMT intermittent 时断时续的;周期性的IP intermediate pressure 中间的压力IRS inertial reference system 惯性参考系统IRU inertial惯性的reference unit 惯性参考组件ISLN isolation 隔离ISOL isolation 隔离IVSI instantaneous瞬时的vertical speed indicator 垂直速度指示器MMCDP maintenance control display panel 修护控制显示面板MCP mode control panel 模式控制面板MCU modular模件concept观念unitMDA minimum decision altitude 最小判断高度MIC microphone 扩音器;麦克风MIN minimum 最小量,最小数;最低限度MM Maintenance Manual 修护手册MOD module 组件;单元MON monitor 监视器;监控器MOT motion (机械的)装置,运转MPU magnetic pickup 检波器MSG message 信息MSTR master 主要的;总的MSU mode selector unit 模式选择组件MTG miles to go 英里MU management unit 管理组件MUX multiplexer 多路传输NN/A not applicable 可应用的NAC nacelle 引擎舱;气球吊篮NAV navigation 导航NCD no computed data 无法计算资料NEG negative 否定的; 反面的【电】负的,阴极的【数】负的NEUT neutral 中立的NLG nose landing gear 鼻轮起落架NO. number 数,数字NORM normal 正常的,正规的,标准的NRM normal 正常的,正规的,标准的NVMEM RD non-volatile memory read error 故障读错误排除才能消除NVMEM WR non-volatile memory write error 故障写错误排除才能消除O02 oxygen 氧气OBS observer 观察员OK okay 对,很好地OPR operate 运转OPT option 选择权OPRN operation 操作OUT output 输出OUTBD outboard 外部的OVHD overhead 头顶(船舱)顶板OVHT overheat 过热OVRD override 权力高於;优先於; 越过OXY oxygen 氧气PP/RST press to reset 压下清除故障P/S pitot皮托管(流速计);皮托静压管/static 静态的PA passenger address 客舱广播PASS passenger 旅客PCA power control actuator 电控致动器PCT percentage 百分比PDI pictorial deviation indicator 偏航图表示PES passenger entertainment娱乐systemPLA power level anglePLT pilot (飞机等的)驾驶员,飞行员PMG permananet magnet generator 永磁发电机PNEU pneumatic 气动PNL panel 【电】配电盘;控电板POR point of regulation调节POS position, positive (电池的)阳极【数】正的PPOS present当前的出席的positionPRESS pressure 压力PRG FLOW program flow error 流量程序错误PRIM primary 首要的,主要的PROC procedure 程序;手续;步骤PROG MEM ROM memory error 唯读记忆体错误PROJ projector 投射器PROT protection 保护,防护;PS pitot static 皮托管(流速计);皮托静压管PSI pounds per square inch 每平方寸上的压力磅数PSS passenger service system 客服系统PSU passenger service unit 客服组件PTT push to talk 发话PTU power transfer unit 动力传送组件PWR power 动力QQAD quick-attach-detach 快拆卸;使分离QTS quarts 一夸脱的容器QTY quantity 数量RR/T rate of turn 回转速率R/W MEM RAM memory error 随机存取记忆体错误R right 右边的RA radio altimeter, radio altitude 雷达高度RAT ram air turbine 冲压驱动RCVR reciever 接受RDMI radio distance magnetic indicator 磁场距离指示REC recorder 记录器RECIRC recirculate 再循环REF reference 参考REFRIG refrigeration 冷冻REG regulator 调节器REL release 释放,解放REP representative 代表性的,典型的REQ required 必须的RES reserve 储备RESSTART power interrupt restart error 动力中断重新起动错误REV reverse 倒退,使倒转RF right front 右前RH right hand 右手RLSE release 释放,解放RLY relay 【电】继电器RLY/SW relay/switchRMI radio magnetic indicator 磁场方位指示RMT OUT high-speed ARINC output error 汇流排输出错误RN right noseROT rotation 旋转RPM revolutions循环,(一)周期回转,旋转per minuteRPTG reporting 报导RR right rear 後方RST reset 重新设定RTO rejected丢弃takeoff起飞RUD rudder (飞机的)方向舵RW right wing 右翼RWY runway (机场的)跑道SSAM stabilizer trim/elevator asymmetry limit module尾舵飞操组件SAT static air temperature 静压空气温度SEC second 第二次SEI standby engine indicator 紧急直接引擎指示SEL select 选择SELCAL selective calling 飞航呼叫SERV service 服务SG signal generator 信号产生器SLCTD selected 选择SLCTR selector 选择器SOV shut off valve 关断阀SP speed 速度SPD speed 速度SPD BK speed brake 速煞SQL squelch 压扁SSB single side bandSTA station 驻地(各种机构的)站,所,STAB stabilizer 安定装置;安定翼STBY standby 备用STS system status 系统状况SURF surface 表面SW switch 开关SWITCH IN switch input errorSYNC synchronous 同步的SYS system 系统SYST system 系统TT/R thrust reverser 反推力器T.O. takeoff 起飞TACH tachometer 转速计TAI thermal热的anti-iceTAS true airspeed 真空速TAT total air temperature 总温TCC turbine case cooling 涡轮(机)冷却TE trailing edge 後缘(飞机的)襟翼,阻力板TEMP temperature 温度,气温TFR transfer 转换THR thrust 推力THROT throttle 节流阀THRSH threshold 门槛THRT thrust 推力THRU through 穿过;通过遍及,在...各处;在...之间,在...之中TIE bus tie系,拴,捆,扎汇流排联系TLA thrust lever angle 推力杆角度TMC thrust management computer 推力管理电脑TMS thrust management system 推力管理系统TMSP thrust mode select panel 推力选择面板TO TO/takeoff 起飞TOL tolerance 【机】公差,容限TR transＦＯＲＭer【电】变压器rectifier【电】整流器TRP thrust rating panel 推力等级面板TUNE tuner (频率))调整器;【无】调谐器TURB turbine 涡轮(机)TURBL turbulent, turbulence【气】湍流;(气体等的)紊流UUBR utility有多种用途的;通用的bus relay 汇流排继电器UPR upperUSB upper side band 【机】传送带(无线电的)波段,频带VV/NAV vertical navigation 【经】纵向联合的导航V/S vertical speed 垂直的速率VERT vertical 垂直的VERT SPD vertical speed 垂直的速率VFY verify 验证VG vertical gyro 垂直回转仪罗盘VHF very high frequency 超高频无线电VIB vibration 震动VLD valid 合法的;有效的VLV valve 【机】阀,活门VOL volume 量;额VOLT voltage 电压;伏特数VOR VHF omni range receiver 方向无线识标VOX voice 声音VTR video tape reproducer (录音,录影的)播放装置WW/D wiring线路diagram图解W/W wheel well 轮舱WARN warning 警告;警报WG wing 机翼WHL wheel 轮子; 变换方向WHLS wheels 车轮WPT waypoint 位子点WSHLD windshield 挡风玻璃WX weather 天气WXR weather 气象雷达XX-CH cross channel 交叉频道X-CHAN cross channel 交叉频道XDCR transducer 变换器XMISSION transmission 传送XMIT transmit 发射XMTR transmitter 发射机XPNDR transponder 询答机YY/D yaw damper 阻尼器Air Glossary（航空缩略语）AAAC - Army Air CorpsAAIB - Air Accident Investigation Branch of the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions.aae - above aerodrome elevation. Also see aal.aal - above aerodrome level. Also see aae.ab initio - elementary flying training, literally "from the beginning",.abm abeam - an aircraft is abeam a point when that point is at ninety degrees left or right of the aircraft"s track, but term usually used to indicate a general position rather than a specific point.a/c - aircraft.ACARS - Aircraft Communication Adressing and Reporting System.AC - alternating current.ACC - Area Control Centre. And ACZ Aerodrome Control Zone. See ATZ below.ACMS - aircraft condition monitoring system.ACR - aerodrome control radar.accelerate-stop distance - calculated distance required for an aircraft to accelerate to V1 (which see), reject take-off and brake safely to a halt.A/D - aerodrome.AD - Airworthiness Directive, issued by airworthiness authorities to correct a defect found in an aircraft type after certification. Compliance is mandatory and may be required immediately and before further flight, within a specified period of time or number of flying hours, or when next due for routine maintenance.ADA - Advisory aispace - Advisory Area or Advisory Route.ADC - air data computer.ADELT - automatically deployable emergency locator transmitter.ADF - automatic direction finder/finding. Radio compass which gives a relative bearing to the non-directional radio beacon to which it is tuned.ADI - attitude deviation indicator. An advanced type of artificial horizon, part of a flight director system providing pitch and roll inＦＯＲＭation and commands.ADIZ - Air Defence Identification Zone. An area of airspace extending upwards from the surface, usually along a national boundary, within which identification of all aircraft is required in the interests of national security.ADR - Accident Data Recorder.ADS - Automatic Dependence Surveillance.ADT - Approved Departure Time.AEF - Aerodromes Environmental Federation.AEW - Airborne early warningAerad - UK-published flight guide and navigational chart system.aerodrome/airport elevation - highest point of an aerodrome"s usable runway(s) expressedin feet above mean sea level (amsl).AFB - air force base, usually U.S. or Canadian.AFCS - automatic flight control system, an advanced autopilot. Also IFCS, integrated flight control system.AFDS - Autopilot and flight director system.AFI - assistant flying instructor. Also AFIC, assistant flying instructor course, FIC, flying instructor course.AFIS - Aerodrome Flight InＦＯＲＭation Service, providing inＦＯＲＭation to, but not control of, aircraft using that aerodrome.AFIS(O)- Aerodrome Flight InＦＯＲＭation Service (Officer)AFS - Aerodrome Fire Service.AFS - Aeronautical Fixed Service - telephone/teleprinter network, includes AFTN.AFS - auto flight system.AFTN - Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunications Network. A ground- based teleprinter network transmitting flight plans, weather inＦＯＲＭation etc.AGO - air-to-ground operatorA/G - air-to-ground.agl - above ground level.AHRS - attitude-heading reference system. A sensor deriving aircraft attitude and heading in ＦＯＲＭation from gyros and accelerometers.AIAA - area of intense aerial activity, usually military.AIC - Aeronautical InＦＯＲＭation Circular. Bulletins issued at intervals by the CAA relating to matters of airworthiness, administration, operating procedures, safety etc. AICs are colour-coded according to subject, e.g. safety circulars are pink, thus "Pink 12" issued in December 1990.AIDS - Airborne integrated data system.AIP - Aeronautical InＦＯＲＭation Publication. The UK Air Pilot, statutory bible of aeronautical inＦＯＲＭation published by the CAA.Airep - ＦＯＲＭfor reporting position and Met conditions in flight.Airmet - CAA"s telephone aviation weather service, covering Southern, Northern and Scottish regions of the UK. Also Metdial and Metplan, privately-operated aviation weather services. For full details see Pilot, February 1991.AIS - Aeronautical InＦＯＲＭation Service. CAA unit based at London-Heathrow Airport, providing flight-planning services and inＦＯＲＭation for pilots. Publishes AICs, above.AIZ - Aerodrome InＦＯＲＭation Zone. See ATZ below.ALERFA - alert phase of search-and-rescue procedure.alt - altitude. Height above sea level.alternate - aerodrome specified on a flight plan to which an aircraft chooses to divert if a landing at its intended destination is not possible (for reasons of poor weather, for example).altimeter setting - barometric pressure reading in millibars, hectopascals or (in USA) inches of mercury (Hg) used to set a pressure altimeter"s sub-scale to QFE or QNH .AM - Amplitude modulation.AME - authorized medical examiner. A doctor approved by the CAA (or foreign licensing authority) to conduct examinations for the issue or renewal of aircrew medical certificates.amsl - above mean sea level (sometimes asl in USA).anhedral - sloping down from root to tip. Opposite: dihedral.ANO - Air Navigation Order. Statutory legal instrument defining the laws of air navigation, pilot licensing etc, in the UK. Other aviation legislation includes the Rules of the Air and Air Traffic regulations and the Air Navigation (General) RegulationsAoA - angle of attack. Also alpha, thus "high alpha", high angle of attack.AOA - Airport Operators" Association.AOC - Air Operator"s Certificate, issued by the CAA and required by aircraft operators flying scheduled or charter public transport flights, including cargo, air-taxi and pleasure-flying work. Also Air Officer Commanding in RAF parlance.AoE - airport of entry (usually in USA).AOG - aircraft on ground, a term used to denote urgency when requesting spares or service from suppliers or manufacturers, meaning that the aircraft cannot fly again until the parts have been supplied.AOPA - Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association.A/P - airport or autopilot.A & P - Airframe and Powerplant Mechanic (USA).APA - Aerodromes Protection Agency, the federation of associations for the advancement of British general aviation facilities.APHAZ - Aircraft Proximity Hazards Assessment Panel, which investigates near-miss reports filed by air traffic controllers (see also JAWG).APP - Approach (control).APU - auxiliary power unit. Large transport aircraft and some business jets have an APU, typically a small turbine, to provide power for engine-starting and for running systems when on the ground, obviating the need for external power or ground power unit, GPU.ARB - Airworthiness Review Board.ARCAL - aircraft radio control of aerodrome lighting.Aresti - key shorthand notation system devised by Spaniard José L Aresti whereby aerobatic display routines or competition sequences can be drawn up on paper like a musical score. Now largely superseded by the simpler FAI Aerobatic Catalogue system.ARINC - Aeronautical Radio Incorporated. A non-profit corporation owned by airlines to set standards for airline avionics and provide communications services.ARP - aerodrome reference point.articulated rotor - blades can flap, drag and feather.ARV - air recreational vehicle.ASDA - accelerate-stop distance available.ASI - airspeed indicator, a flight instrument which measures the speed of an aircraft through the air.ASR - altimeter setting region, a geographical area for which the lowest value of QNH is forecast hourly and relayed by air traffic control centres. Also airport surveillance radar and air-sea rescue.ASTOVL - advanced short take-off and vertical landing.ATA - actual time of arrival. Also Air Training Association.ATC - air traffic control.ATCA - air traffic control assistantATC(C) - air traffic control centre;ATCO - air traffic control officer..ATIS - automatic terminal inＦＯＲＭation service, a continuous recorded broadcast of routine non-control airport inＦＯＲＭation, usually at large airports.ATPL - Air Transport Pilot"s Licence, needed to act as pilot-in- command of a commercial air transport aircraft exceeding 20,000 kg all-up weight.ATO - assisted take-off e.g. J(et) or (R)ocket assisted.ATS - air traffic service. Also ATSU, ATS Unit.ATSORA - air traffic services outside regulated airspace.ATC(U) - air traffic control unit.ATZ - Aerodrome Traffic Zone. An area of protected airspace surrounding an aerodrome bounded by a circle of 2 nm or 2.5 nm radius (depending on runway length) centred on the mid-point of the longest runway. Permission is required for entry into and movement in an ATZ.AUW - all-up weight, a term for the total loaded weight of an aircraft, made up of empty weight plus useful load; maximum auw is the maximum allowable weight, including fuel and payload, specified in an aircraft"s Certificate of Airworthiness. Sometimes referred to (in USA especially) as gross weight and maximum gross weight respectively. Also MTWA, maximum total weight authorised; BOW Basic operating weight, the weight of an aircraft with all equipment, lubricants, fuel and operating crew, but without payload; MLW, maximum landing weight, above which fuel must be burned off or jettisoned before landing or there may be risk of structuraldamage.avgas - aviation gasoline, usually followed by the octane rating. Used by piston-engined aircraft. Also LL, low lead.avtur - aviation turbine fuel (kerosene). Used by turboprops and jets.AWR - airborne weather radar.Awy - airway.BBA - British AirwaysBAA - British Airports Authority.BAeA - British Aerobatic Association.BALPA - British Airline Pilots Association.base leg - The crosswind segment of an aerodrome circuit bringing the aircraft from the downwind leg to final approachBAUA - Business Aircraft Users Association.BCAR - British Civil Air Requirements. Airworthiness standards laid down by the CAA for certification of aircraft on the UK Civil Aircraft Register.BCP - break cloud procedure.BCPL - Basic Commercial Pilot"s Licence, the minimum qualification necessary in the UK to receive payment for acting as a pilot. Also CPL, Commercial Pilot"s Licence, and SCPL, Senior Commercial Pilot"s Licence (no longer issued).beta mode - manually-controlled mode for CS propellers on turboprop aircraft enabling reverse pitch to be selected for braking or to aid ground manoeuvring.BFR - Biennial Flight Review (USA). Holders of U.S. FAA Private Pilot Licences must undergo a flight check with an FAA-approved examiner every two years. No UK equivalent.BGA - British Gliding Association.BHAB - British Helicopter Advisory Board.bhp - brake horsepower.BHPA - British Hang-Gliding and Paragliding Association.Bleed air - Hot compressed air taken from turbine engines.BMAA - British Microlight Aircraft Association.Bottlang - Loose-leaf Euopean airfields manual for VFR operations.BRG - bearing, the horizontal direction to or from any point expressed in degrees of the compass.BWPA - British Women Pilots Association.CC - Celsius (temperature) or compass.CAA - Civil Aviation Authority.CAD/CAM - computer-aided design/manufacture.CAAFU - Civil Aviation Authority Flying Unit, based at Stansted Airport, which perＦＯＲＭs such tasks as navaid checking and calibration and also examines candidates for instrument ratings and commercial pilot"s licences.CANP - Civil Aviation Notification Procedure. A voluntary system whereby civil operators notify their intention to fly at low level (at or below 1,000 feet agl, when crop-spraying or powerline inspecting for example), aimed at avoiding conflict with low-flying military aircraft.CAP - Civil Air Publication. InＦＯＲＭation booklets issued by the CAA, e.g. CAP 53 The Private Pilot Licence.CAS - calibrated airspeed -- indicated airspeed corrected for air density and compressibility.casevac - casualty evacuation.CAT - clear-air turbulence. Also CATegory when referring to certain instrument landing systems which require special aircraft instrumentation, certification and pilot qualification beyond those needed for standard instrument approaches (e.g. a CAT IIIC ILS permits operation down to the surface of the runway without external visual reference, true zero-zero operation).CAVOK - pronounced CAV-okay (ceiling and visibility OK), visibility at least ten kilometres, with no cloud below 5,000 feet, with no Cbs, precipitation, thunderstorms, shallow fog or low。
国外学飞必备知识Radio Communication and Light Gun Signals
Receipt, acknowledgement of, and compliance with ATC clearances and instructions
• Instructions require a pilot to take specific action – Report 5 mile final – Turn to heading 230 – Go around
Recommended procedure or phraseology
Use of call signs
• If using a call sign like Riddle, only do it where it’s recognized
• Always use your complete tail number when making an initial call
clearances and instructions • Interpretation and compliance with light gun signals
Selection of appropriate frequencies
• Must make sure you use the right frequency – If you’re on the wrong frequency you aren’t going to give or receive the information necessary – Clogging up another frequency unnecessarily
both before takeoff • Make sure volume is appropriate
– Had a friend down an aircraft for broken coms when in reality the volume was just turned down
北京地铁15号线CBTC信号系统
北京地铁15号线CBTC信号系统北京地铁15号线CBTC信号系统蒋先进郑聪摘要：本⽂介绍北京地铁15号线采⽤的信号系统的特点，描述了ATP/ATO⼦系统的功能，分析了ATP/ATO⼦系统的结构，并解释了ATP/ATO⼦系统的⼯作原理。
关键词：北京地铁15号线；CBTC信号系统Abstract: The paper introduces the characteristic of the signaling system used on the capital international airport link project, describes the function of ATP/ATO subsystem, analyzes the configuration of the ATP/ATO subsystem, explains the work principle of CBTC system.Key words: mass transit of Beijing; capital international airport line; CBTC signal system1 概述北京地铁15号线⼀期⼯程规划线路整体呈东北——西南⾛向，西起⼋达岭⾼速东侧北沙滩，东⾄顺义区俸伯站。
北京地铁15号线⼀期线路全长38.3公⾥，其中地下线约24.6公⾥，⾼架线约13.7公⾥。
本⼯程共设18座车站，其中孙河站-后沙峪站4座车站为⾼架车站，其余为地下车站。
同时本⼯程设有⼀处车辆段（马泉营车辆段），⼀处停车场（俸伯停车场）。
北京地铁15号线全线采⽤双线分⽅向运营、右侧⾏车制，北沙滩站⾄俸伯站为上⾏⽅向，俸伯站⾄北沙滩站为下⾏⽅向，最⾼运⾏速度100km/h，平均旅⾏速度不⼩于55km/h，技术速度不低于65km/h。
北京地铁15号线低压供电采⽤三相五线制配电、TN-S接地系统；信号系统⽤电负荷为⼀级负荷，由两路独⽴的低压交流电源(380/220V±5％、50Hz±0.5%)供电。
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ATC Radio Communication
(for PPL Students )
(Outbound Aircraft)
Pilot:DVT Ground
Transflight910
Abeam cutter
Northwest departure
With information E
Ground: Transflight910
DVT Ground
Taxi to Rwy 7R via C, C1
Pilot:Taxi to Rwy 7R via C, C1
Transflight910
(Taxi to 7R ,C1,And holding short Rwy 7R,change frequency to 118.4)
Pilot: DVT Tower
Transflight910
Charlie 1,7R
Ready for departure
Tower: Transflight910
Hold short of Rwy 7R
Pilot:Hold short of Rwy 7R
Transflight910
(Later)
Tower: Transflight910
Position and hold Rwy 7R
Pilot: Position and hold,Rwy 7R
Transflight910
Tower: Transflight910
Rwy 7R,clear for takeoff
Fly straight out(or fly runway heading) until advised Pilot: Rwy 7R, Fly straight out
clear for takeoff
Transflight910
(Later)
Tower: Transflight910
Left turn approved, monitor tower 120.2
Good day
Pilot: Left turn approved,
monitor tower 120.2
Transflight910
Good day
(Later)
Tower: Transflight910
frequency change approved
Pilot: frequency change approved
Transflight910
(change your frequency to northwest practice area 122.75,make sure you are out of D airspace)
Pilot: Northwest practice area
Transflight910
Over shooting range
3500feet ,climb to 4500feet
Heading to lake pleasant
Northwest
Other pilot 1: Northwest practice area
Transflight921
Over Marina
6500feet ,slow flight
Northwest
Other pilot 2: Northwest practice area
Transflight415
Over outlet mall
5500feet ,steep turn
Northwest
(after you finish doing maneuver, go back to DVT airport, listen to A TIS frequency 126.5 get information code)
Pilot: Northwest practice area
Transflight910
2 miles west of shooting range
3500feet
Go back to Deer valley
Last call
Northwest
(Inbound call frequency change to tower 120.2)
Pilot: DVT tower
Transflight910
Shooting range
inbound for full stop
With information F
Tower: Transflight910
Make left base Rwy 7L
Report canal & freeway
Pilot: left base Rwy 7L
Report canal and freeway
Transflight910
Pilot: DVT tower
Transflight910
canal and freeway
Tower: Transflight910
Traffic on 2 miles final
Y ou are number 2
Continue (Continue your pattern or what you supposed to do) Pilot: continue
Looking for traffic
Transflight910
Pilot: DVT tower
Transflight910
Traffic in sight
Tower: Transflight910
Cleared to land ,Rwy 7L
Pilot: Rwy 7L, Cleared to land
Transflight910
(after land on the runway)
Tower: Transflight910
Turn right B9 contact ground .8(121.8)
Good day
Pilot: Turn right B9 contact ground .8
Transflight910
Good day
(change frequency to ground 121.8)
Pilot: DVT ground
Transflight910
Clear of Rwy 7L at B9
Request taxi back to Transpac Ground: Transflight910
Taxi and hold short at 7R
Monitor tower 118.4
Pilot: Taxi and hold short at 7R
Monitor tower 118.4
Transflight910
(Later)
Tower: Transflight910
Cross Rwy 7R ,no delay, traffic on final
Contact ground
Pilot : Cross Rwy 7R ,no delay
Contact ground
Transflight910
(after cross 7R,change frequency to 121.8)
Pilot:DVT ground
Transflight910, C9,
Request taxi back to transpac
Ground: Transflight910
Taxi straight to the ramp
Good day
Pilot: Taxi straight to the ramp
Good day
Transflight910
★If you have any questions on study or flight, please feel comfortable to contact us at any time!
Study Group,CSAPA
07/06/2009。