新编简明英语语言学教程戴炜栋第1-3章课后练习题答案

《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版 第1-3章练习题 参考答案
Chapter 1 Introduction 
P13 
1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language ？
答：答： Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and 
observe observe language language language facts facts facts first, first, first, which which which are are are found found found to to to display display display some some some similarities, similarities, similarities, and and and generalizations generalizations generalizations are are are made made made about about about them; them; them; then then then he he 
formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed observed facts facts facts to to to fully fully fully prove prove prove their their their validity. validity. validity. In In In linguistics, linguistics, linguistics, as as as in in in any any any other other other discipline, discipline, discipline, data data data and and and theory theory theory stand stand stand in in in a a a dialectical dialectical 
complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 
2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 
答：答： The major branches of linguistics are: 
(1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; 
(2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; 
(3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; 
(4) (4) syntax: 
syntax: syntax: it it it studies studies studies the the the rules rules rules which which which govern govern govern how how how words words words are are are combined combined combined to to to form form form grammatically grammatically grammatically permissible permissible permissible sentences sentences sentences in in languages; 
(5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language; 
(6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use. 
3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? 
答：答： The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred 
to as “t raditional gramma grammar.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional g r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional g
rammar in several basic ways. Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. 
Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other 
hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence. 
Then, Then, modem modem modem linguistics linguistics linguistics differs differs differs from from from traditional traditional traditional grammar grammar grammar also also also in in in that that that it it it does does does not not not force force force languages languages languages into into into a a a Latin-based Latin-based 
framework. 
4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why? 
答：答： In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. 
5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing? 
答：答： Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu age is always “invented” by its users to reco rd speech when the need 
arises. arises. Even Even Even in in in today's today's today's world world world there there there are are are still still still many many many languages languages languages that that that can can can only only only be be be spoken spoken spoken but but but not not not written. written. written. Then Then Then in in in everyday everyday 
communication, communication, speech speech speech plays plays plays a a a greater greater greater role role role than than than writing writing writing in in in terms terms terms of of of the the the amount of amount of information information conveyed. conveyed. conveyed. And And And also, also, also, speech speech speech is is 
always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the 
“revised” record of spe ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from from everyday speech, everyday speech, 
which they regard as authentic. 
6. How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky's distinction between competence and
performance?
答：答： Saussure's Saussure's distinction 
distinction distinction and and and Chomsky's Chomsky's Chomsky's are are are very very very similar, similar, similar, they they they differ differ differ at at at least least least in in in that that that Saussure Saussure Saussure took took took a a a sociological sociological sociological view view view of of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual. 
7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?
答：答： First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules. 
Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the 
symbol stands for. 
Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound. 
Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess. 
8. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system? （2．2语言的识别性特征）
美国语言学家 C. Hockett 提出了人类语言的 12种识别性特征，其中最重要的识别性特种有5种：
即语言的任意性、创造性、二重性、移位性和文化传递性。

这些特征是所有人类语言所共有的。

人类语
言的识别性特征是动物“语言”所不具有的。

1） 任意性：它指音与义之间没有逻辑联系。

比如说，不同的语言使用不同的音指相同的事物。

2） 创造性：语言的创造性主要表现在语言使用者能够以有限的语言规则为基础说出和理解无限的
句子，包括他们以前从没有听说过的句子。

3） 二重性：它指语言在结构上存在两个层次：低层次和高层次。

在低层次是一个个没有意义的音，
如/p/,/g/,/i/等，但是这些处在低层次的没有意义的音可以依照一定的语言规则结合在一起形成语言体系的高层次，即：有意义的单位，如词素，单词等。

4） 移位性：移位性：移位性指人类可以使用语言来谈论过去的事情，现在的事情或将来的事情；移位性指人类可以使用语言来谈论过去的事情，现在的事情或将来的事情；移位性指人类可以使用语言来谈论过去的事情，现在的事情或将来的事情；语言也可语言也可
以用来谈论我们客观世界中的事情，或假想世界中的事情。

总之，语言的使用可以脱离交际的
直接情景语境，从而不受语言时空距离的影响。

5） 文化传递性：文化传递性：文化的传递性是指，文化的传递性是指，文化的传递性是指，虽然人类习得语言的能力有遗传因素的原因，虽然人类习得语言的能力有遗传因素的原因，虽然人类习得语言的能力有遗传因素的原因，但是语言体系但是语言体系
具体内容的习得不是通过遗传来传递的，而是要通过后天的学习来获得。

答：The main features of human language are termed design features. They include: 
1) Arbitrariness
Language is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds . A good example 
is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. 
2) Productivity
Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before. 
3) Duality 
Language consists of two 
sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system. 
Chapter P30 
答： English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of of articulation. articulation. articulation. In In In terms terms terms of of of manner manner manner of of of articulation articulation articulation the the the English English English consonants consonants consonants can can can be be be classified classified classified into into into the the the following following following types: types: types: stops, stops, 
fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals and glides. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into following types: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal. 
5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?
答：答： V owels may be distinguished as front, central, and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest. To further distinguish members of each group, we need to apply another criterion, i.e. the openness of the mouth. Accordingly, we classify 
the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels. A third criterion that is often used in the classification of vowels is the shape of the lips. In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unfounded vowels, i. e., without rounding the lips, and all the back vowels, with the exception of [a:], are rounded. It should be noted that some front vowels can be pronounced with rounded lips. 
6. A. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:
1) voiced palatal affricate 
2) voiceless labiodental fricative 
3) voiced alveolar stop 
4) front, close, short 
5) back, semi-open, long 
6) voiceless bilabial stop 
B. Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds: 
1) [ t ] 2) [ l ] 3) [ʧ] 4) [w] 5) [ʊ] 6) [æ
] 答：A. (1) [ʤ] (2) [ f ] (3) [d ] (4) [ ɪ ] (5) [ ɔ:] (6) [p] 
B. (1) voiceless alveolar stop (2) voiced alveolar liquid 
(3) voiceless palatal affricate (4) voiced bilabial glide 
(5) back, close, short (6) front, open 
7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be more interested in the
difference between, say, [l] and [ɫ],
[p h ] and [p], a phonetician or a phonologist? Why? 答：答： (1) Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language 
–––– the speech sounds. But while both are the speech sounds. But while both are related to the study of sounds,, they differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the 
speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc. Phonology, on the other hand, aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 
(2) A phonologist will be more interested in it. Because one of the tasks of the phonologists is to find out rule that governs 
the distribution of [l] and [ɫ], [p
h ] and [p]. 8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme?
答：答： A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. A phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, the phoneme /l/ in English can be realized as dark [ɫ], clear [l], etc. which are allophones of the phoneme /l/. 
9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.
答：答： Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules. 
There are many such sequential rules in English. For example, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel. That is why [lbik] [lkbi] are impossible combinations in English. They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing 
P40 
suffix: -or 
meaning: the person or thing performing the action 
stem type: added to verbs 
examples: actor, “one who acts in stage plays, motion pictures, etc.” translator, “one who translates”
答：(1) suffix: -able 
meaning: something can be done or is possible 
stem type: added to verbs 
examples: acceptable, “can be accepted”
respectable, “can be respected”
(2) suffix: -ly 
meaning: functional 
stem type: added to adjectives 
examples: freely. “adverbial form of …free‟ ”
quickly, “adverbial form of 'quick' ”.
(3) suffix: -ee 
meaning: the person receiving the action 
stem type: added to verbs 
examples: employee, “one who works in a company”
interviewee, “one who is interviewed”
3. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.
Model: a- 
prefix: a- 
meaning: “without; not”
stem type: added to adjectives 
examples: asymmetric, “lacking symmetry”asexual, “without sex or sex organs”
答：(1) prefix: dis- 
meaning: showing an opposite 
stem type: added to verbs or nouns 
examples : disapprove, “do not approve”
dishonesty, “lack of honesty”.
(2) prefix: anti- 
meaning: against, opposed to 
stem type: added to nouns or adjectives 
examples : antinuclear, “opposing the use of atomic weapons and power”
antisocial, “opposed or harmful to the laws and customs of an organized community. ”
(3) prefix: counter- 
meaning: the opposite of 
stem type: added to nouns or adjectives. 
examples: counterproductive, “producing results opposite to those intended”
sth.) ”
counteract, “act against and reduce the force or effect of (
carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.
Sue moves in high-society circles in London. 
A traffic warden asked John to move his car. 
has moved to Friday, February 22nd. 
The club h as
are moving back and forth. 
The branches of the trees 
答：(1) the third person singular 
(2) the past tense 
(3) the present perfect 
(4) the present progressive 
5. Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.
a) go, goes, going, gone 
b) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability 
c) inventor, inventor‟s, inventors, inventors‟
d) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize 
答：(略) 
6. The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectional affixes. Underline all of the derivational affixes and
circle the inflectional affixes.
a) The farmer‟s cows escaped. 
b) It was raining. 
c) Those socks are inexpensive. 
d) Jim needs the newer copy. 
e) The strongest rower continued. 
f) She quickly closed the book. 
g) The alphabetization went well. 
答：(略) 。