【新高考】2021高考英语人教版一轮复习：阅读理解话题十六 重大政治历史事件、文化渊源(A) (含解析)

话题十六重大政治历史事件、文化渊源(A)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
[2019·安徽省安庆市高三模拟考试(二模)]Last year marked the 100th anniversary of the end of World War I. There were events around the world in memory of those who died in the conflict. We have picked out three of them in European countries. Let's take a look.
Belgium
In a park, the famous Belgian artist Koen Vanmechelen had an exhibition called Coming World, Remember Me. The works consisted of 600,000 individual clay sculptures, one for each person killed during the World War. In the center of the exhibition was a big egg made of clay, symbolizing a new world.
U. K.
In a small town called Aldridge, almost 100 houses in one street were covered with 24,000 poppies and statues of soldiers. They stood for the men from the area who had been killed in the war. The flowers were chosen because of a poem written by the Canadian doctor John McCrae in 1915. They made people think of fields of blood.
France
The British artist Guy Denning arrived in La Feuille, a small town in the northwest of France, to stick life-size drawings of soldiers who never came back home. Armed with glue and a brush, Denning stuck his drawings carefully on walls. Before long 112 men, mainly young adults, were brought back to mind, if not to life.
1．What do we know about Coming World, Remember Me?
A．It's the name of an exhibition.
B．It's a film about World War I.
C．It's a work standing for peace.
D．It's a sculpture made of clay.
2．Why were poppies chosen to symbolize the dead soldiers?
A．The British preferred them.
B．They showed the cruelty of war.
C．A Canadian doctor suggested them.
D．The fields were filled with them.
3．How was the 100th anniversary of the end of World War I marked in France?
A．A memorial to the dead soldiers was built.
B．112 wounded soldiers in the war were helped.
C．Drawings of some dead soldiers were put up.
D．Young adults were encouraged to join the army.
B
[2020·成都第一次诊断]Japan recently lowered its voting age from 20 to 18. This decision was in part to help young people feel more engaged in politics. But it may also signal the change of social views regarding the beginning of adulthood.
Adulthood has traditionally been defined by a combination of age and the achievement of social milestones(里程碑). Most countries have a legally defined age to determine when a person becomes an adult —the age of majority. In Australia, most states consider a person to be an adult in court at 18. The age of 18 is also consistent with other adult privileges, such as the right to purchase alcohol and to marry. However, 17-year-olds can serve in the army and get a driver's licence. The law defines adulthood on the basis of age and it also recognizes the process of becoming an adult as involving himself gradually in social responsibility. This legal approach to adulthood is mirrored in other countries, where there are differences between the age of majority and social responsibility given to young people.
Socially, determinants of adulthood traditionally focus on a person taking increasing responsibility for their lives in various ways. Completing school, taking full-time employment, getting married and parenthood —these are all observable indicators to determine when a person is viewed as an adult.
Since the 1980s, however, people have achieved some of these observable milestones at later ages. Increased access to education has delayed young people leaving home and developing romantic relationships. Economic changes have also resulted in unstable employment markets and increases in costs of living, prompting many young people to remain at home and dependent on parents.
Due to these social changes, our expectations of young people and their level of social responsibility have also changed. The recognition of a new life stage —emerging(发展初期的) adulthood —has been recommended to account for the changes to social milestones that have traditionally represented adulthood.
4．What can we learn about adulthood from the text?
A．People reach observable indicators much later.
B．Age alone is a reliable determinant of adulthood.
C．Participation in politics is a responsibility for adulthood.
D．Economic changes mainly shift people's views on adulthood.
5．What right can people enjoy at the age of 17 in most states of Australia?
A．V oting. B．Buying wines.
C．Getting married. D．Driving legally.
6．What does the underlined word “prompting”in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Encouraging. B．Advising.
C．Forbidding. D．Persuading.
7．What's the main idea of the text?
A．Emerging adulthood reflects a new life stage.
B．Adulthood is defined differently in different places.
C．Social changes are challenging the idea of adulthood.
D．Adulthood is a combination of rights and responsibilities.
Ⅱ.完形填空
During the early years of the twentieth century polio (小儿麻痹症) was an annoying and whispered word. Polio __1__ small children and damaged their nervous system. So thousands of American youngsters were __2__ to withered (萎缩的) arms and legs and lifelong disabilities.
The __3__ of polio in the 1910's, 20's and 30's led medical professionals around the world to __4__ for a weapon to use against the disease. The so-called Great Race for a polio vaccine (疫苗) __5__ with the discovery of the century by American doctor and medical researcher Dr. Jonas Salk in 1952.
Before announcing it to the world in 1955 that an __6__ injected (给……注射) vaccine against the feared virus was now a __7__，Dr. Salk first tested his vaccine successfully in 1952. Albert Sabin followed Dr. Salk a few years later by inventing an oral __8__ of the polio vaccine in 1962.
The efforts of Dr. Salk and his contemporaries to fight back against the polio virus have __9__. The once terrible disease is __10__ a fear of mothers now. Polio has not been completely __11__ from existence, but it no longer carries the __12__ that it used to carry thanks to the vaccine developed by Dr. Salk.
The polio vaccine is sure to __13__ in the history of medical discovery, and Dr. Salk and his contemporaries' accomplishments should __14__ all of the great power that education and __15__ provide for humans.
1．A.struck B．influenced
C．discouraged D．disconnected
2．A.admitted B．exposed C．accustomed D．reduced 3．A.outbreak B．disappearance C．movement D．arrival 4．A.answer B．hunt C．hope D．wait
5．peted B．continued C．rested D．ended
6．A.experimental B．exact C．expensive D．effective 7．A.possibility B．wonder C．reality D．dilemma
8．A.version B．copy C．virus D．tool
9．A.left off B．started off C．paid off D．turned off 10．A.merely B．still C．never D．barely
11．A.prevented B．saved C．wiped D．spared
12．A.burden B．sacrifice C．disappointment D．horror 13．A.live on B．put in C．spread out D．get down 14．rm B．warn C．remind D．rid
15．A.knowledge B．culture C．sympathy D．background
话题十六重大政治历史事件、文化渊源(A)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
体裁：说明文题材：社会文化主题：三个国家用不同方式纪念在第一次世界大战中死去的战士和平民
【文章大意】文章介绍了比利时、英国和法国纪念在第一次世界大战中死去的人们的三种方式。

1．答案与解析：A细节理解题。

根据Belgium标题下的“In a park, the famous Belgian artist... had an exhibition called Coming World, Remember Me.”可知，这是一场展览的名字，故选A项。

2．答案与解析：B推理判断题。

根据U. K．标题下的“The flowers were chosen because of a poem written by the Canadian doctor John McCrae in 1915. They made people think of fields of blood.”可知，选择罂粟这种花是因为一名加拿大的医生的一首诗，这些罂粟让人们想到了“血色疆场”，很多战士在第一次世界大战中战死，因此罂粟象征了战争的残忍，故选B项。

【测训诊断】本题易根据文中的“The flowers were chosen because of a poem written by the Canadian doctor John McCrae in 1915.”而误认为选用罂粟花是因为一名加拿大医生推荐，从而误选C项，但其实真正的原因在下一句“They made people think of fields of blood.”，因此在解题时考生一定要全面理解文本信息后再作出选择，切勿仅靠只言片语就作出选择。

3．答案与解析：C细节理解题。

根据France标题下的“The British artist Guy Denning arrived... to stick life-size drawings of soldiers who never came back home.”可知，在法国，一位艺术家张贴了真人一样大小的死去战士的画像来纪念第一次世界大战结束100周年，故选C项。

B
体裁：议论文题材：社会生活主题：关于“成年”的社会观点的变化
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述了由于教育机会的增加、经济上的变化等社会变化，年轻人进入成年人生阶段的时
间推迟了。

【难句分析】Economic changes have also resulted in unstable employment markets and increases in costs of living, prompting many young people to remain at home and dependent on parents.
分析：该句是一个简单句，句中的“prompting many young people to remain at home and dependent on parents”为现在分词短语作结果状语；result in意为“导致，造成”。

译文：经济上的变化也导致了不稳定的就业市场和生活成本的增加，这促使许多年轻人留在家里并依赖父母。

4．答案与解析：C考查推理判断。

根据第一段第一、二句“Japan recently lowered its voting age from 20 to 18. This decision was in part to help young people feel more engaged in politics”可知，日本最近将投票年龄从20岁降至18岁，这一决定在某种程度上是为了帮助年轻人更好地参与政治；又根据本段第三句中的“it may also signal the change of social views regarding the beginning of adulthood”可推知，参与政治是成年人的责任，故C项正确。

5．答案与解析：D考查细节理解。

根据第二段的内容，尤其是第五句“However, 17-year-olds can serve in the army and get a driver's licence”可知，在澳大利亚的大部分州，人们在17岁时可以服兵役和获得驾照，故D项正确。

6．答案与解析：A考查词义猜测。

根据第四段尾句“Economic changes have also resulted in unstable employment markets and increases in costs of living, prompting many young people to remain at home and dependent on parents”可知，经济上的变化也导致了不稳定的就业市场和生活成本的增加，这促使许多年轻人留在家里并依赖父母；据此可推知，A项“促进，助长”与画线词意思相近，故A项正确。

7．答案与解析：C考查主旨大意。

通读全文可知，文章尾段第一句“Due to these social changes, our expectations of young people and their level of social responsibility have also changed”为全文的主题句；又结合全文内容可知，本文主要论述了由于社会的变化，年轻人进入成年人生阶段的时间发生了变化，而人们关于“成年”这一概念的看法也发生了变化，故C项正确。

Ⅱ.完形填空
体裁：记叙文题材：社会生活主题：小儿麻痹疫苗的发现
【文章大意】本文主要介绍了乔纳斯·索尔克造福全人类的世纪
医学发现——小儿麻痹症疫苗。

【背景知识】乔纳斯·索尔克(Jonas Edward Salk,1914年10月28日－1995年6月23日)，出生在纽约的一个俄裔德系犹太移民家庭。

索尔克教授曾在匹兹堡大学组建了一个由三人组成的研究团队，共同攻克小儿麻痹症的难题，并在1955年4月12日宣布小儿麻痹症疫苗研制成功。

小儿麻痹症疫苗的研制成功是现代医学史上的一次飞跃。

《时代周刊》将他评为20世纪最具影响100人之一。

【核心词汇】 1.strike v．侵袭；撞击；给(某人以……)印象；攻击
The area was struck by an outbreak of cholera.那一地区爆发了霍乱。

She strikes me as a very efficient person.在我眼里，她是个很干练的人。

2．reduce sb./sth. to (doing) sth.使陷入(更坏的)境地，使沦落，使陷入窘境
She was reduced to tears by their criticisms.他们的批评使她流下了眼泪。

They were reduced to begging in the streets.他们沦落到沿街乞讨。

1．答案与解析：A小儿麻痹症危害儿童，破坏他们的神经系统。

strike在此处表示“伤害，危害”，符合语境。

influence“影响，支配”；discourage“阻拦，使灰心”；disconnect“使分离，切断”。

2．答案与解析：D因此成千上万的美国儿童落得四肢萎缩和终身残疾。

reduce在这里不表示常见的“减少，降低”，而是构成固定短语后产生全新的含义：be reduced to (doing) sth.“使陷入(更坏的)境地，使沦落，使陷入窘境”。

3．答案与解析：A20世纪10至30年代小儿麻痹症的爆发(outbreak)使得全世界的医学专家寻求对抗这种疾病的武器。

disappearance“消失，消亡”；movement“运动，迁移，行踪，逐步的转变”；arrival“到达，到达者，推行，引进”。

4．答案与解析：B参见上题解析。

hunt for“搜寻，搜索”；answer for“对……负责，因……受到谴责”；hope for“盼望”；wait for“等待”。

5．答案与解析：D这场竞赛以Jonas Salk的世纪发现告终。

compete with“与……竞争”；continue with“继续”；rest with“是……分内的事”；end with“以……结束”。

6．答案与解析：D既然是Jonas Salk成功试验过的疫苗，且是向全世界宣布疫苗的情况，那么effective“有效的”符合语境。

7．答案与解析：C有效的注射式小儿麻痹症疫苗变成了现实(reality)。

possibility“可能性”；wonder“奇迹，惊奇”；dilemma“困境”。

8．答案与解析：A Albert Sabin追随Salk并发明了口服式疫苗。

version“版本”，符合语境。

copy“复制品”；virus“病毒”；tool“工具，手段”。

9．答案与解析：C根据语境可知，Salk医生和他的同代人对抗小儿麻痹症的努力成功了。

leave off“中断”；start off“开始”；pay off“奏效，成功”；turn off“关掉，不再想”。

10．答案与解析：D曾经可怕的疾病几乎不再是妈妈们害怕的东西了。

barely“几乎不，几乎没有”。

11．答案与解析：C虽然小儿麻痹症没有完全被消灭，但是多亏了Salk医生研制的疫苗，它不再像过去那般令人害怕了。

wipe“消除，抹掉”，符合语境。

prevent... from“阻止……做某事”；save... from“拯救……使其免于……”；spare... from“免去……”。

12．答案与解析：D参见上题解析。

此处horror意为“(某事物)令人厌恶的性质，(尤指)震惊性，恐怖性”。

13．答案与解析：A小儿麻痹症疫苗一定会在医疗发现史上永垂不朽。

live on“继续存在”，符合语境。

14．答案与解析：C Salk医生和他的同代人的成就应该提醒(remind)所有人教育和知识赋予人类的能力。

15．答案与解析：A参见上题解析。