谓语的常见用法

谓语的常见用法
Ⅰ．概说
A．英语句子结构相对简单
1．5种类型的谓语
1326 在一个完整的句子中，主语之外的部分称为谓语，共有5种类型的谓语。

第一类包含一个不及物动词（Ⅳ）：
He came．
My wife cried．
第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语（TV＋O）：
John likes me．
His uncle wrote letters．
第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语（DV+IO+DO）：
They teach me English．
I bought Mary sugar．
第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语（LV＋C）：
He is a teacher．
She looks sad．
第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语（FV＋O＋C）：
We made him king．
She left the house dirty．
2．动词的短语形式
1327 不过动词、宾语及补语的意义还应当广一些，上面例句中的及物动词、不及物动词或其他动词都是一个单词，但有时可以是一个起同样作用的短语或成语。

例如“及物动词+名词”可以看
作是一种不及物动词：
He lost heart．（他灰心了。

）
This habit has struck root．（这种习惯已根深蒂固）
下面句子中的动词成语则可以看作是一种及物动词：
I looked for my lost dictionary．（我在找我弄失的字典。

）
He paid attention to his lesson．（他很注意他的功课。

）
He gave up drinking．（他戒酒了。

）
He is afraid of blood．（他怕血。

）
He can't get along with anyone．（他和谁都处不好。

）
下面句中的动词成语可以看作一种宾补动词：
I waited for him to come．（我等他来。

）
详见1182—1206节。

3．宾语的9种形式
1328 此外，也不只是名词或代词可用作宾语，共有9种东西可用作及物动词、双宾动词及宾补动词的宾语。

由于它们是名词或起名词的作用，可以称作名词等同体（Noun－Equivalent），名词等同体，可用作动词的宾语：
I know John（名词）．
She kept the floor dirty．
I will teach John Chinese．
I know him（代词）．
She kept it clean．
That depends upon them．
He threw out an apple of discord（名词短语）．
I have just visited the Board of Trade．
I am not fond of wild goose chase．
This matter interests the rich and the poor（the +形容词或分词）．
The general visited the dying and the wounded．I know the long and（the）short of this case．
He wants to go to college（不定式）．
She refuses to marry me．
I asked to see a friend in prison．
He is fond of swimming in the morning（动名词）．
He avoids meeting any of his friends．
I postponed going to the doctor．
I know that she loves me（that引起的从句）．
I am sure that you will succeed．
Is he afraid that he will be defeated？
I wonder what he wants（疑问词引起的从句）．
I asked where he had been．
I don't know which way I should go．
I don't know what to do（疑问词引起的不定式）．
I am doubtful how to settle this problem．
I do not care where to eat dinner．
4．补语的15种形式
1329 不只是名词和形容词可用作补语，上面所提的9种名词等同体以及下面例句中的6种形容词等同体（Adjective－Equiva－lent）都可用作系动词或宾补动词的补语。

名词及名词等同体作补语：
He is a king（名词）．
We chose him chairman．
It is me（代词）．
He became a fish out of water（名词短语）．
I find it a moot point．
The victims are always the poor（the +形容词）．
To respect others is to be respected（不定式）．
Seeing is believing（动名词）．
His purpose is that all children should be educated（that引起的从句）．The problem is who is to blame（疑问词引起的从句）．
My problem is how to learn（疑问词引起的不定式）．
形容词及形容词等同体作补语：
He seems happy（形容词）．
You look young．
He makes me angry．
He is out（地点副词）．
The show is over．
Time is up．
He is at home（介词短语）．
We are on good terms．
He leaves his desk out of order．
It seems interesting（现在分词）．
The situation grows encouraging．
I saw Mary smoking．
I am astonished（过去分词）．
He looked frightened．
I had my clothes washed．
He is to blame（不定式）．
It is to be thrown away．
He wants his daughter to marry a rich man．
5．再复杂的句子也可简化
1330 因此我们可以把许多词看成一个词，把许多不同形式看作同类东西，从而使句子的结构变得简单化。

例如我们可以把I know that he does not like to live in this country．中的10个斜体词和I know John．中的一个斜体词看作是有同一语法作用的东西，因为两者都是及物动词的宾语。

我们也可把He begged to see a friend in prison．中的6个斜体词和He begged pardon．中的一个斜体词看作是作用相等，因为两者都是宾语。

同样，我们也可把He is to come to the office at eight．中的7个斜体词和He is punctual．中的一个斜体词看作相等的东西，因为两者都是补语。

另外下面4个句子中的斜体词，形式不一，我们却可看作一类东西，都是及物动词或是起及物动词作用的词组：
He likes chocolate．（他喜欢巧克力。

）
He is fond of teaching．（他爱教书。

）
John pays attention to his business．（约翰关心他的买卖。

）
I am sure that he will be a good husband．（我肯定他会是一个好丈夫。

）
此外，在上面单元中，我们已谈到名词、名词成语、不定式、从句等等，尽管形式不同，字数不等，却都起同样作用，担任句子的主语。

这样，不管多复杂的句子都可简化，而简化是语法的目的。

B．何种谓语类型用何种动词
1．47种谓语类型
1331 我们一方面有不同形式的动词，另一方面有不同形式的宾语及补语。

把它们结合起来，再加上一些其他因素，我们可以得出47种基本的谓语类型，这几乎代表了英语中的各种可能的谓语。

我们可能读到的或写出的任何谓语，几乎都可以（而且应当）纳入这些类型。

这47种类型可列举如下：
IV 有3种类型
TV＋O 有15种类型
DV＋IO＋DO 有5种类型
LV＋C 有13种类型
FV＋O＋C 有11种类型
5类谓语共有47种类型
2．一个特定动词只能用在几个特定的谓语类型中
1332 为了更好了解这些谓语类型，先看看下面句子：
a．I know him to work hard．
b．We want him to come．
c．She let us to use her car．
d．They suppose all of us to obey．
e．John saw Mary to walk with a boy．
所有这些句子的谓语都属于第42种类型，即“宾补动词+名词+不定式”，但只有b．句的谓语是正确的，因为只有want这一动词可用于这个类型，其他动词都不能这样用。

再看下面句子：a．I tried advising her．
b．I asked seeing the boss．
c．He thinks going with you．
d．We wish moving to another place．
e．They refused helping us．
上面所有谓语都属于第13种类型，即“及物动词+动名词”，但只有a．句是正确的，因为动词tried 可用于这种类型，而其他动词不可这样用。

从上面10个例句我们可以看出，一个特定动词只能用在某一特定的类型中，在一特定类型中，一个特定的动词能用还是不能用，完全是一个习惯用法的问题。

1333 从下面句子中可以看出know可用在多少类型的谓语中：
I know John．（及物动词+名词）（正确）
I know John to come tomorrow．（宾补动词+名词+不定式）（错误）
I know that John comes tomorrow．（及物动词+that引起的从句）（正确）
I know to answer this question．（及物动词+不定式）（错误）
I know the work easy．（宾补动词+名词+形容词）（错误）
I know how to answer this question．（及物动词+疑问词引起的不定式）（正确）
I know the work to be easy．（宾补动词+名词+to be+形容词）（正确）
I know John coming（宾补动词+名词+现在分词）．（错误）
I know organizing a political party（及物动词+动名词）．（错误）
从上面例句我们可以看出某些动词只能用在47种类型的某些类型中，不能在许多类型中使用。

3．一个特定的谓语类型中只能用某些特定的动词
1334 有些类型中可以使用很多动词，另一些却只能使用少量动词。

例如在“系动词+that引起的从句”这种类型中只能用be这一个动词。

在“不及物动词+介词+疑问词引起的从句”这种类型中约可用20个动词，在“及物动词+不定式或动名词”这类类型中，约可用50个动词，而在“及物动词+that引起的从句”这种类型中，约可用150个动词。

每种类型中能用的动词，在本单元中将几乎全部列出并加上例句，以便读者了解并掌握什么动词在何种类型中使用。

不过某些谓语类型中可用的动词极多（可说是成百上千）。

在这种情况下只能给出一小部分动词。

C．谓语类型与句型
1335 关于上面提到的类型有几点值得注意：
1．动词只须与主语在人称和数上一致，因此它们之间的关系相对比较简单。

而动词和宾语及补语的关系比较复杂，这在下面47种谓语类型中可清楚看出。

如果对主语不加考虑，这47种谓语类型也就是47种句型。

事实上在下面讨论中，谓语类型的公式都采用“S＋TV＋N”，“S+DV＋N ＋N”，“S＋FV＋N＋A”这类形式，里面包含了主语（S），因此也就代表了句型。

2．一个句型可以包含一个简单句：
John knows how to play football．
He avoided meeting her at some party．
3．它也可以包含一个带有宾语从句的复合句：
He knows what you are doing．
I asked where he got it．
4．但并列句中至少需有两个句型：
I have decided to go（一个句型）and he will go too（一个句型），but she decides to remain at home （一个句型）．（共包含三个句型）
D．修饰语与独立成分
1336 句型指一个完整句子的骨架，它可包含任何数量的修饰语（即形容词、副词及起同样作用的其他词语）。

这些修饰语可能在意思上很重要，但在语法上却是可以删除的，在我们考虑句型，也就是句子的基本结构时，可以对它们不加考虑。

所有下面句子都属于同一句型，即“主语+及物动词+名词”，但却可包含不同类型的修饰语（斜体部分）。

最后包含25个词的句子和第一个包含4个词的句子同属一个句型：
I saw a house．
I saw a big house．
I saw a big house on the opposite side．
I saw a big house on the opposite side，which was said to be haunted by a ghost．
Yesterday I saw a big house…．
Yesterday when I sailed down the river I saw a big house…．
修饰语在后面将作详细讨论。

句型还可以包含一个独立成分，但基本结构不变。

所有下面句子都属于同一句型，即“主语+系动词+补语”：
That man is crazy．
Oh！that man is crazy．
Oh！that man is crazy，I am sure．
Oh！that man is crazy，you may be sure，Mary．
E．句型的用法
1337 在下面讨论中，所列出能用于某句型的动词的数目只是大致估计。

列出的目的只是说明某一句型使用范围大致有多广。

一般说来，数目越小，越难使用，因为如果这个句型只限于用少数动词，则用错的机会更多。

1338 偶尔也会有些例外的句子无法归入这47种句型的任何一个。

但如果把某些不规则的动词短语适当转换为规则的动词短语，则它们大部分仍可归入某些句型：
I have a good mind（=intend）to punish you．（have a good mind可能换为intend，则句型将是“主语+及物动词+不定式”。

）
He will have it（=insists）that I have cheated him．（主语+及物动词+that引起的从句）
“Who has taken my pen？”“John（has taken your pen）．”
（I）Beg（your）pardon．
（It was）No sooner said than（it was）done．
（You）Live and let（others）live．
（I wish you）Good luck！
1339 确定一个句子属于哪个句型是有好处的。

下面的句子都是错的，因为它们不代表47种句型中的任何一个：
1．I hear about that John has arrived．（主语+不及物动词+介词+that引起的从句）
2．I paid attention what he was doing．（主语+及物动词+名词+疑问词引起的从句）
3．He is afraid of that he will be assassinated．（主语+系动词+形容词+介词+that引起的从句）4．He is afraid being assassinated．（主语+系动词+形容词+动名词）
5．I know that who has broken the window．（主语+及物动词+that+疑问词引起的从句）
6．We want peaceful．（主语+及物动词+形容词）
这些句型应改正如下：
正确句型正确句子
1．主语+及物动词+that引I hear that John has ar-
起的从句rived．
2．主语+及物动词+名词+ I paid attention to what
介词+疑问词引起的从句he was doing．
3．主语+系动词+形容词+ He is afraid that he will
that引起的从句be assassinated．
4．主语+系动词+形容词+ He is afraid of being as-
介词+动名词sassinated．
5．主语+及物动词+疑问词I know who has broken
引起的从句the window．
6．主语+及物动词+名词We want peace．
其次，应确定使用的动词是否适合用于某个谓语类型。

F．47种句型的公式
1340 每种句型都可以用一个公式来代表，例如：“S＋IV”，“S＋TV＋N”，“S＋LV＋AP”，“S ＋FV＋N + PaP”，“S＋DV＋N＋that－Cl”．下面列出了代表某些词的缩写形式：
S= Subject（主语）PaP ＝Past Participle（过
O= Object（宾语）去分词）
C= Complement（补语）N= Noun or Pronoun（名
IO= Indirect Object（间接词或代词）
宾语）R= Reflexive Pronoun（反
DO= Direct Object（直接身代词）
宾语）A= Adjective（形容词）
IV= Intransitive Verb（不P= Preposition（介词）
及物动词）AP＝Adverb of Place，or
TV＝Transitive Verb（及Adverbial Particle，as
物动词）in，out，up，away
DV= Dative Verb（双宾动（地点副词或副词性小
词）品词）
LV＝Linking Verb（系动
词）W－Cl = Interrogative-
FV= Factitive Verb（宾补Clause，（疑问词引起的动词）
从句，由whether，
I= Infinitive（不定式）what，which，who，
G= Gerund（动名词）whom，whose，where，
PrP = Present Participle when，why，how引
（现在分词）起）
That-Cl= Noun-Clause inn．＝innumreable＝hun-
（that引起的名词从dreds or thousands（无
句）数，成百上千）
“·”表示它前后的词构成成语，如IV．P，LV．A．P．，TV．N．P，LV．PaP，它们包含2个或3个词。

1341 一个“+”号表示这个句型包含2个基本成分，即主语及不及物动词，如：
S+IV S+IV．AP
2个“+”号表示这个句型包含有3个基本成分，即主语，及物动词及宾语，如：
S+TV+N S+IV．P+ that－Cl
S+LV．A．P+G
或指另外3个成分，如主语、系动词及补语：
S+LV+A S+LV+ that-Cl
S+LV+P．N
3个“+”号表示这个句型包含4个成分：主语、双宾动词、间接宾语及直接宾语，如：
S+DV+N+N S+DV+N+W-Cl
S+DV+N+ that-Cl
也可以是另外4个成分，如主语、宾补动词、宾语及（宾语）补语：
S+FV+N+A S+FV +N +PaP
S+IV．P+N+I
这里我们可以了解一个十分重要的事实，即英语句子是很简单的，它少则包含两个成分，多则包含四个成分。

了解了公式及图解的意义，现在就可开始藉助它们研究47种谓语类型或句型。

注意：句子末尾的星号表示这个句子将在每一类句型讲完之后进行图解。

Ⅱ．47种谓语类型（附公式及图解）
A．各种不及物动词
1．S+IV（John laughed．）
1342 不及物动词不跟有宾语或补语，其数量不可胜数：
They smiled．John died．Mary walked slowly．Fire burns．
I dreamed last night．He wept bitterly．You must dress for dinner．That depends．It does not pay．1343 通常跟有宾语的及物动词，如果宾语可以猜出，着重点不是宾语，而是动词（动作）时，可以把宾语省略，用作不及物动词：
A tractor can cut，push，pull，dig，lift，pump，carry and spray．The blind do not see．We must eat．I will change （my dress）．The knife cuts well．I will consider．If time permits．He can read．Don't
trouble（yourself）．The stain shows（itself）．They married（each other）．
1344 有些动词用在表示数量的名词前，看起来像及物动词，实际上却是不及物动词：
The thermometer rose（or fell）two degrees．
He waited ten minutes．The wedding lasted three days．
I walked five miles．
1345 图解：
2．S+IV．AP（John moved in．）
1346 无数的不及物动词可以跟有特定的地点副词，与之构成成语。

但在多数情况下，这些副词并不表示地点，而有其他意思，因此可以称作副词性小品词（Adverbial Particle）．
a．Don't answer back（=answer rudely）when a superior speaks to you．He backs away（=draws back）from her because he has made her angry．Don't worry，I will never back out（=fail to fulfil a promise）．In order to survive，we must band together（=unite）．He barged in（＝inter－rupted rudely）while we were talking．The storm will soon blow over（=pass away without injurious effect）．The dynamite placed beneath the bridge blew up（=exploded）．He blows up（=loses his temper）at every small incident．Quick！The soup is boiling over（=over－flowing the side of a pan）．Brace up（=take courage）if you really want to get married．Many prisoners broke away（=suddenly escaped）．Our car suddenly broke down（=failed to function）on our way home．A fire broke out （＝started suddenly and violently）on Sixth Street．Tears burst forth（=suddenly appeared）．b．She colours up（=blushes）if we mention her love．An accident like this comes about（=happens）every day．My wife and I come together（＝are reconciled）after ten years of quarrel．The seeds have come up（=shot up above the ground）．When we were talking，a young man came up
（=approached）．Three days after the quarrel，I cooled down（=became calm）．She was shocked at the bill，but she had to cough up（=pay，perhaps unwillingly）．Hardly a week had he learned computer science when he cracked up（= suffered a mental breakdown）．An error may creep in（=steal
in unnoticed）．This old empire crumbled away （=disintegrated gradually）because of misrule．I should not take much sugar，but I cannot cut down（=lessen）．
c．All members of my family dine out（=eat away from home）every Sunday．They drink liquor every day and can－not do without（=dispense with it）．We dressed up（= put on formal clothes）for a banquet．I will drop by（=call casually）when I am free．The production of rice dropped off
（=decreased）last year．He dropped out（=left school before finishing his courses）at fifteen．The well has dried up（＝become dry）．The road is rough，we should ease down（=lessen speed）．Let us ease down（＝work less，make less effort）．His reputation faded out（=gradually disappeared）after his death．The country fell apart（= fell to pieces）because of civil war．I never fall back（=re－treat）before difficulties．Our country falls behind（= drops behind）in science and technology．Let us fall to （= begin to eat or to work．）
d．We were unable to get by（=pass）because the road was blocked．She got down（=dismounted）from her horse．The train got in．We got off（＝started a journey）．How are you getting on？I get up at six in the morning．At last I have to give in（=yield）．Rice is going down（= becoming cheaper）．A rumour went forth（＝became public）．The gun went off（=exploded）suddenly．Our work went on （=continued）．The candle has gone out（= ceased to burn）．I won't hold back（=keep behind）if every one goes forward．Since I have started，I can't leave off（=stop）．Look in（=Pay a short visit）as you pass．While all are busy，don't look on（=be a mere spectator）．Look out（=Take precaution），here comes a truck！I moved in（=moved into a house）after he moved out．All trouble will pass away （=cease to exist）．She passed away（=died）a month ago．
e．The clock ran down（=stopped running，because the battery had exhausted itself）．She ran on （=talked incessantly）．Supplies have run out（=become exhausted）．Bad weather set in（=began）．We set out（=set off）on February 16．He settled down（=established himself）at a small village．I don't want to listen any more，so shut up！He stood aside（or apart，aloof）while we were quarrelling．Some stood back（＝retreated），some stood out （＝refused to yield）．The proposal will stand over（=be postponed）till next Friday．At the bad news I stepped back from surprise．The tyrant should step down
（=re-sign）．Many volunteers stepped forward（=offered help）．My brothers quarrelled，but my father never stepped in（=interfered）．He stowed away（=hid in a ship or plane to get a free ride）．The band struck up（＝began to play）．He summed up（=summarized）after a debate．The son tagged behind （or along）（＝followed closely）wherever his mom went．Before I think ahead（=anticipate），I think back（=recall）．Our business is just ticking over（= getting on in a routine way）．We touched down （=landed after a flight）at 6 p．m．Many workers walked out（=re- fused to work）．
1347 图解：
3．S+ IVp（This cloth wore well．）
1348 约有九十个不及物动词用于主动形式却有被动意义，它们通常和表示无生命东西的主语连用：
a．This play acts excellently．The figures will not add up．The bread bakes well．The door blew open．The candle blew out．This bottle does not break．The dust won't brush off the hat．The luggage carries easily．David's raincoat caught on the nail．Some of the documents don't seem to check with the facts．This cannot compare （favourably）with that．Some of the sentences won't construe．Potatoes will cook slowly．Every minute counts．These people mostly count for nothing．The potatoes cropped well last year，but I think will crop badly this year．This light wood cuts like butter．The pineapple doesn't cut easily．This piece of cloth will cut up into two suits．Instinct derives from ancestors．Milk digests easily．Thie wine drinks well．The tooth draws easily．The frog eats like chicken．
b．This dress fastens down the back．The toilet does not flush．The eggs hatch out easily．This rice won't grind fine．Water heats readily．This cloth irons easily．This house lets well．The door will not lock．These books pack easily．My watch pawns for two dollars．These potatoes peel easily．She photographs（takes）well．The land ploughs hard．The film does not print well．This story reads ill （or well）．The photo reproduces well．
c．His house rents at＄800 a month．This poem does not rhyme．A shame does．not rub off．This plastic scratches easily．The play screen badly（=is unfit for filming）．The book sells well．This door won't shut．This cigarette smokes better than others．This wood split straight．This material stains easily．The
ship steers with ease．The match will not strike．This paper will not tear．His de－scent traced back to a king．This poem translates easily．The TV set won't turn on．This board will never warp．This material washes easily．Such shoes wear badly．The plan worked out well．The photo washes out a little．d．Drums are beating（=are being beaten）．The book is binding（=is being bound）．Some trouble is brewing．Young people are always brimming with new ideas．The house is building．The bridge is completing now．The meal is digesting well．What is doing now？The task is finishing．Guns are firing．Friendship is forming．The theatre is rapidly filling up with people．The fish is frying．The house is leasing．The cows are milking．One boy is missing（or wanting）．He paid what was owing．Music was playing．Something is preparing．My application is processing．The problem is settling this way．A new film is showing．The boy is shaping well．The seeds of trouble are sowing．The fruits are spoiling quickly．Measures are taking．
1349 图解：
B．各种及物动词＋各种宾语
4．S+TV+N或S+TV．N（John learned Japanese．）
1350 无数的及物动词可以用名词或代词作宾语：
John has a plan．Do you like him？What an interesting book
I am reading！He speaks English．I love cats．
1351 不及物动词有时和后面跟的名词构成成语。

整个成语，如果被化作一个整体，可以看成是一个不及物动词：
He lost hope（=despaired）．He gave ground（=retreated）The accident took place（=happened）this morning．
He made the grade（=succeeded）．We made our way（= advanced）to the jungle．
在某些成语中，名词前没有冠词，也没有物主代词：
a．He will bear witness．Her beauty beggars description（= makes words poor）．Don't borrow trouble
（=worry about trouble that won't come）．We broke ground（=ploughed，untilled ground，began an undertaking）．Our boat cast anchor．I often caught cold．He caught fever（or infection）．Her house caught fire．He changed colour（=be－came pale）．His personality commands esteem（or respect）．He never did evil（or ill，wrong）．None of us care whether they do right or wrong，good or harm．We did（=produced）Romeo and Juliet．Jan did（=acted）Juliet．I did（=prepared）omelette（or breakfast）．Tom did（=wrote）poetry．His brother did（=translated）French into English．I did （=studied）electricity．They cry wolf（=give a false warning）just for arms aid．
b．One must exercise patience and caution when one exercises authority and discipline．He felt regret，but not satisfaction．He found time（or leisure）to study．He has finished college．After he took the lead，we followed suit．They gained time by giving me ambiguous answers．My watch gained time．We have gained ground（=got an advantage）．We will soon gain power，if we are patient enough．He gave evidence in the law－court．He gave ear（or heed，credit）to the rumour．He gave judgement （or advice，notice，warning，trouble）．I've had it（= can't suffer any more）．You hit it（=said the right thing）．This theory doesn't hold water（=isn't valid）．The criminal jumped（or skipped）bail（=gave up the bail money and ran away to avoid trial）．
c．My mother kept house and kept books．Being hospitable he kept open house（= provided hospitability for any comer）．He cannot keep body and soul together（=keep away hunger）．He kept bad company（=associated with bad people）．My watch does not keep（good）time，so I am late．He killed time by reading novels or doing another thing interesting．
d．He left school last year．We may lose ground but will never lose hope．I never lost courage（or heart）after I fail．Be quick，don't lose time．He lost self-contrcl（or himself）in moments of stress．e．Mother makes dinner．It seemed late，but he made good time（= travelled fast and arrived on time）．He doesn't work hard，but he makes good salary．Make haste（or speed）．He can make money （or profit），but spend much．After so many years of war we must make peace．I made tea（or hay）．We made way（＝stood aside）for others to pass through．We made way（or headway）（= advanced）in the face of difficulty．He marked time（= spent idle hours）while waiting for his wife．
f．The soldiers mounted（or kept，relieved，stood）guard．He moved heaven and earth（=did everything）to attack his opponent．They opened fire（=started shooting）and killed three of us．The children often play havoc（=do great damage）．He plays politics（＝attains political aims by hook or by crook）．He had broken the window，so he played possum（kept quiet to avoid attention）He played second fiddle （=held a subordinate place）．He failed be－cause he had often played truant．
g．We raised money for a great project．I can read character from handwriting．He can read music．I must say goodbye now．We said grace（＝said a prayer of thanks before or after a meal）．We set（or made，struck）sail（=began a voyage）in February，1969．He refused to yield，he showed fight．He showed courage（or fear）．He sowed discord among his enemies．He struck oil（=had good luck in some enterprise）．He suffered（or sustained）defeat．
h．Don't take alarm if I tell you some bad news．He has to take breath after climbing upstairs．He took cold and could not work．He takes drink and drugs．Take heart，don't be afraid．The law will soon take effect（＝be effective）．Take exercise every morning and keep healthy．He took flight after murdering a woman．He took medicine（or poison）．Don't take offence（=be offended）．Something strange took place（=happened）in this old house．Let's take rest．We take stock every week．The evil has taken root（=become established）．My dream will take shape （=materialize）next year．He took trouble to help me．
i．Don't tempt providence（=take an unnecessary risk）．He has touched bottom（=is begining to prosper after his worst days）．The boat turned turtle（=turned upside down）．
在某些成语中名词前有不定冠词，或作复数：
j．He often acted a double part （=was deceitful）．Since I criticized him，he has borne a grudge（=nursed a grievance）．The enemy beat a retreat（=retreated in a hurry）．Thomas Edison blazed a torch （=started some－thing new）in various fields．Don't breathe a word（=say a word）about this secret．When angry，he calls names（= call somebody by abusive names）．I would like to cross swords （=argue）with this boaster．You have done a good job（=done something well）．I drew a blank（=failed to get any information）when I returned to the office．We must draw a line（=distinguish）between right
and wrong．We down tools（=stop work）at six．
k．My sister fixed a date for the celebration．This evening I have a date（or an engagement）（=have a social meeting）with her．I have a job（or a time）（=have trouble）writing this first love letter．（但：I have myself a time ［＝have a good time］writing it．）As they didn't lift a finger （or a hand）（=didn't give help），I lent（or gave） a hand（=gave help）to the old lady．
1．I made an appointment（=had an engagement to meet some one）for 3 p．m．He made a boast，but who believed him？He made a call over the phone．He made a face（= twisted his face），and then we were no more angry．Don't make a fuss（=get excited about a trifle）．John made a hit（=gave a good impression）at the exhibition of his works．Shall we make a move（=start）right now？Dick made a public appearance after nine years in prison．Thomas makes a quick buck（＝earns money quickly）．We make a row（or a scene）（=started a violent quarrel）from time to time．As soon as we arrived we made reservations for hotel rooms．I must make tracks（=set off）before it is late．William made waves （=created a sensation to impress others）at the party．
m．A big boss behind pulls strings（=secretly exerts influence）．Don't run a risk（=put yourself in danger）．The patient ran a temperature（=had a fever）．The criminal has served a sentence（or time）（=passed term of imprisonment）．I smell a danger in this desolate area．We struck a happy medium （=found an answer between two extremes）．As you committed mistakes for the first time，we might stretch（or strain）a point（=allow an exception to the rules）．
n．I would willingly take a back seat（=occupy an unimportant position）．We take a coffee break （=drink coffee and rest a short while）after two hours of work．He took（or drew）a long breath before he spoke．The situation took a turn（=changed）for the better．He wouldn't turn an honest penny （=make money by honest means）．
在另一些成语中名词前有定冠词或有物主代词：
o．Act your age（=Don't be childish）．My warning merely beat the air（= made useless efforts）．I must bide my time （=wait for a good chance）．Someone blacked his eye（= gave him a blow）．He blew his own trumpet（=praised himself）．He has blown his mind（=becomes wildly enthusiastic
because of drugs）．He bossed the show（＝con- trolled everything）．She boxed his ear（＝smacked him on the ear）．I have to break（or cancel，change，postpone）the appointment．After half an hour of silence，I broke the ice（＝overcome reserve）．The news broke her heart．He broke his word（=failed to keep his promise）．I broke the news（=announced the news）to her．They broke the peace（= quarrelled）．He burned his fingers（=suffered a loss through a rash action）．We buried the hatchet （= made peace）．I am not buying it（=am not to be deceived）．
p．He calls the roll（=calls the names to check who are absent）．Dick carried the ball（or the can）（=did the hardest part of the work）．I carried（or gained）my point（= succeeded）．We carried （or gained）the day（=won）．I caught my breath（=rest after hard breathing）after running．He tried to catch the train but missed it．This advertisement catches my eye．He changed his coat（=became a turncoat）．Don't change your mind．He changed his tune （＝changed his policy）．He cleared his reputation（=free his name from reproach）．He cracked the whip（=suddenly became bossy）to impress me．We crossed the Rubicon （=took a decisive step forward）．When nobody could settle the problem，he cut the Gordian knot（=settle it in an unusual rapid way）．
q．I did the sights（or the travel）（=went sightseeing or took a trip）．The little girl can do（=make clean and tidy）her hair，her teeth，her nails，even the laundry，the bed- room，the dishes．She does （=learns）her lessons well，and can do（=solve）any sum（or problem）．She does her bit（＝does her share of duty）splendidly．He dogged my footsteps（=constantly followed me）because he suspected I was a spy working for foreigners．He drags his feet（or heels）（=hesitates）when asked to work．We drew the swords（=were ready to fight）．He has to eat his words （=take back his words）．Although small，this table fills the bill（=is just right）．I have to face the music（＝face trouble）．He is feeling his way（=proceeding carefully but slowly）．Although they were cripples，they fought the way up the hill．We all follow the crowd．Don't worry，I'll foot the bill（=pay all the expenses）．This number of persons will not form the majority．
r．He got the sack（=was dismissed）．He got the upper hand （=gained control）．He has the courage of his convictions （=acts bravely according to his belief）．This car has had its day（=fallen into
disuse）．This small affair hits the headlines（=becomes important news）in this small town．The music hits the public taste．He hits his stride（＝exhibits his best ability）when he tells a story．We will hold the fort（=defend the position）to the last．Hold your temper（=Don't get angry）．I have to hold my tongue（or my peace）（＝keep silent）．I must hold my own（=keep what I have）．We must hold （or keep，maintain）our ground（=keep what we have）．He has always husbanded his resources （=been frugal against an emergency）．
s．I jogged his memory（=reminded him）．He jumped the gun（=started to run before the starter's gun），and jumped the traces（=didn't obey the rules）．The train jumped the rails（or the track）（=suddenly，left the rails）and many were killed．Dick slipped but kept his feet（= kept standing）．He knows his way about（or around）（= understands the ways of the world）．He knows the ropes （or the score）（=knows the special rules）in the export business．He will lead the way（=be a guide）to the old castle．I left the beaten track（＝did not follow the crowd）．He lost his reason（=became mad）．t．He made the grade（＝succeeded）in business．The doctor makes（or goes）the rounds（=goes from place to place to inspect）every morning．We made our way（＝advanced）through the forest．He mended his fences（＝made peace with people who dislike him）．You missed the boat（＝missed the opportunity）．The company opened its doors （＝started doing business）in 1950 and closed its doors （= stopped doing business）in 1983．This exhibition opened our eyes（=made us see the truth）．I picked my way（= proceeded）up a steep hill．I must play the game（=do what is right）．You played your cards well（=acted cleverly）．Dick played the market（=bought and sold stocks）and lost lots of money．Jim pocketed his dignity（=laid a- side his pride）and even pocketed an insult（＝accepted it）．He has poisoned your ear（or mind）so that you can't be fair．
u．Every member should pull his weight（＝does his part）．Don't pull my leg（=fool me）．Once you succeed，never push your luck（=expect to continue to be lucky）．He has to run the gauntlet（=receive a series of ill treatment）．He ruled the roost（=lorded it over）．We must save the situation（=do something to improve the situation）．Anew method will see the light（=be disclosed）．This serves my turn（or purpose）．I have served my apprenticeship for seven years．She set the table for ten persons．He。