The genetic control of rice yield through gleaning superior genes ppt
Rice Plant Genome Quantitative Genetics
Rice Plant Genome Quantitative Genetics The rice plant genome is a complex system that plays a significant role in the production of rice, which is a staple food for millions of people around the world. Quantitative genetics is a field of study that aims to understand the genetic basis of complex traits, such as yield, disease resistance, and grain quality, in rice plants. This field of study has the potential to revolutionize rice production by identifying the genes responsible for these traits and developing new varieties of rice that are more productive, resilient, and nutritious.One of the main challenges in studying the rice plant genome is its sheer size and complexity. The rice genome is approximately 430 million base pairs long, which is more than twice the size of the human genome. This complexity makes it difficult to identify the specific genes that are responsible for specific traits, as there are many different genes that are involved in the same trait. However, recent advances in sequencing technology have made it possible to sequence the entire rice genome, which has opened up new avenues for research in this field.Another challenge in studying the rice plant genome is the fact that rice plants are highly variable. There are many different varieties of rice, each with its own unique set of traits. This variability makes it difficult to identify the specific genes that are responsible for specific traits, as different varieties may have different sets of genes that contribute to the same trait. However, this variability also presents an opportunity to identify new genes and traits that can be used to improve rice production.Despite these challenges, there have been many exciting advances in the field of rice plant genome quantitative genetics in recent years. For example, researchers have identified several genes that are responsible for important traits such as yield, disease resistance, and grain quality. By understanding the function of these genes, researchers can develop new varieties of rice that are more productive, resilient, and nutritious. In addition, researchers have developed new tools and techniques for analyzing the rice genome, such as genome-wide association studies and quantitative trait locus mapping, which have enabled them to identify new genes and traits that can be used to improve rice production.One of the most promising areas of research in rice plant genome quantitative genetics is the development of new varieties of rice that are more resilient to climate change. Climate change is expected to have a significant impact on rice production in the coming decades, as rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events are likely to reduce yields and increase the incidence of pests and diseases. By identifying the genes that are responsible for resilience to these environmental stresses, researchers can develop new varieties of rice that are better able to withstand these challenges.Overall, the field of rice plant genome quantitative genetics is a rapidly evolving and exciting area of research. While there are many challenges to overcome, the potential benefits of this research are enormous, as it has the potential to revolutionize rice production and improve food security for millions of people around the world. As researchers continue to develop new tools and techniques for analyzing the rice genome, and as our understanding of the genetic basis of complex traits in rice plants continues to grow, we can expect to see many exciting new developments in this field in the coming years.。
杂交水稻四级英文作文
杂交水稻四级英文作文Hybrid Rice: A Breakthrough in Agricultural Innovation。
Introduction。
Hybrid rice, a remarkable achievement in the field of agricultural science, has revolutionized the way we approach food security and sustainability. This innovative technology has not only transformed the landscape of rice production but has also had a profound impact on globalfood supply and the lives of millions of people worldwide.The Development of Hybrid Rice。
The concept of hybrid rice was first introduced in the 1970s by Chinese scientist Yuan Longping, who is often referred to as the "Father of Hybrid Rice." His groundbreaking research and experiments paved the way forthe development of high-yielding hybrid rice varieties. By combining the genetic traits of two different rice lines,hybrid rice is able to exhibit heterosis, or hybrid vigor, resulting in significantly higher yields compared to traditional inbred rice varieties.The process of developing hybrid rice involves a complex and meticulous process of selecting and breeding the parental lines, ensuring the production of viable and robust hybrid seeds. This process requires a deep understanding of genetics, plant breeding, and agricultural practices, as well as a commitment to continuous research and innovation.The Benefits of Hybrid Rice。
关于水稻的专业英语
关于水稻的专业英语1. What is the scientific name for rice? - Oryza sativa.2. How is rice cultivated? - Rice is cultivated through the transplantation of seedlings or direct sowing.3. What are the major types of rice? - The major types of rice include long-grain rice, medium-grain rice, and short-grain rice.4. What is the ideal climate for rice cultivation? - Rice thrives in tropical and subtropical climates with abundant rainfall.5. What is the average yield of rice per hectare? - The average yield of rice per hectare can vary but is generally around 4-6 tons.6. What are the common pests and diseases affecting rice plants? - Common pests and diseases affecting rice plants include stem borers, leaf folders, and rice blast.7. What is the purpose of paddy fields in rice cultivation? - Paddy fields provide a flooded environment for rice plants, which helps control weeds and pests and allows for better nutrient uptake.8. How is rice harvested? - Rice is typically harvested by cutting the stalks and then threshing to separate the grain from the husk.9. What is the typical cooking time for rice? - The cooking time for rice depends on the type, but it usually takes around 15-20 minutes for white rice and 40-45 minutes for brown rice.10. What are some popular rice dishes around the world? - Some popular rice dishes around the world include fried rice, risotto, paella, and biryani.11. What are the nutritional benefits of rice? - Rice isa good source of carbohydrates, providing energy for the body. It also contains essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals.12. How is rice processed before it is consumed? - Rice undergoes processes such as milling, polishing, and packaging before it is ready for consumption.13. What is the role of rice in global food security? - Rice is a staple food for a large portion of the world's population, especially in Asia, and plays a crucial role in ensuring food security.14. How is rice stored to maintain its quality? - Rice should be stored in cool, dry conditions to prevent moisture and pest damage.15. What are the main export countries for rice? - The main export countries for rice include India, Thailand, Vietnam, and the United States.16. How is rice used in the production of other products beyond food? - Rice is used in the production of various products such as rice bran oil, bioplastics, and cosmetics.17. What are some traditional cultivation practices for rice? - Traditional cultivation practices for rice include the use of water buffalo for plowing, manual transplanting, and hand-pounding of rice grains.18. What is the importance of rice in cultural celebrations and rituals? - Rice holds significant cultural importance in various traditions and is often used in ceremonies, festivals, and religious rituals.19. How does rice contribute to the economy of rice-producing countries? - Rice production and export contribute significantly to the economies of rice-producing countries, creating jobs and generating revenue.20. What are the challenges faced in rice farming? - Challenges in rice farming can include water scarcity, pests and diseases, climate change, and market fluctuations.21. What is the role of genetic improvement in rice breeding? - Genetic improvement plays a crucial role in developing rice varieties with enhanced yield, resistance to pests and diseases, and tolerance to environmental stresses.22. Can rice be grown in non-traditional environments such as hydroponics or aeroponics? - Rice cultivation in non-traditional environments like hydroponics or aeroponics is challenging but being explored as a potential solution for land-scarce areas.。
翻译-Genetic and Molecular Bases of Rice Yield
Genetic and Molecular Bases of Rice Yield水稻产量的分子遗传学基础Key Words穗数；谷粒数；谷粒重；QTL；农艺性状；生长Abstract水稻产量是一个由穗数、每穗粒数、粒重3个典型数量性状组成的综合特征。
基因作图、测序以及功能基因的研究给调查这些数量性状的分子遗传学基础提供了强大的工具。
以分子标记连锁图为基础的产量性状的遗传基础分析解决了这些性状的数以百计的QTLs。
突变体分析和QTLs图谱克隆等方法已经确定了大量幼穗分化以及控制穗、谷粒大小和数量的基因。
对这些基因的分子描述极大地促进了对这些水稻产量性状规律的理解。
这些发现对于作物遗传育种具有重要的意义。
Introduction水稻是世界时最重要的粮食作物之一。
在过去的半个世纪，水稻产量从两次主要的遗传改良中得到提升：通过半矮基因对收获指数和株型的改良以及杂种优势的利用。
因此，在过去的50年里，水稻产量在大多数国家和地区甚至增涨了两三倍。
水稻已经成为植物科研的一种重要的模式植物，因为：（a）所有作物中水稻基因组最小；（b）水稻与许多禾本科植物包括几乎所有的重要谷物有同源性；（c）可用的高精度基因组序列；（d）可用的高效转化技术;（e）丰富的种质资源和遗传材料；（f）分子标记连锁作图使得基因作图和QTLs定位成为可能；（g）育种项目的多样化和规模化。
同时还有对水稻功能基因组的研究的合作，并已经取得极大进展。
最重要的研究结果是许多与产量直接的基因已经被克隆和描述。
这些进展极大地提高了人们对由分子和遗传控制的与生物进程相关联的水稻数量性状的了解。
本文的目的在于给读者提供水稻产量这么一个农艺性状研究进展的综述。
同样我们也会讨论一下这些发现对于基础理论知识研究的推进和作物遗传育种的意义。
Yield and Its Component Traits ---- 产量及其组成性状作为一个复杂的农艺性状，水稻产量由3个性状决定：每株穗数、每穗粒数、粒重。
Rice Plant Genome Genetic Diversity
Rice Plant Genome Genetic Diversity Rice is one of the most important staple crops in the world, providing food for billions of people. The rice plant genome is a complex structure that contains a vast amount of genetic diversity. This genetic diversity is essential for the survival of rice plants and for the development of new and improved rice varieties. In this essay, we will explore the importance of genetic diversity in the rice plant genome, its impact on rice production, and the challenges associated with maintaining and conserving this diversity.Genetic diversity is the variation in the genetic makeup of individuals within a species. In the case of the rice plant genome, genetic diversity is crucial for the plant's survival and adaptation to changing environmental conditions. The rice plant genome is highly diverse due to its long history of domestication and the natural selection process. The domestication of rice began over 10,000 years ago, and since then, rice has been cultivated in different regions of the world, resulting in the development of various rice varieties with unique genetic traits.The genetic diversity in the rice plant genome has a significant impact on rice production. Different rice varieties have varying levels of resistance to pests and diseases, tolerance to environmental stresses such as drought and flooding, and different grain qualities. For example, some rice varieties have a higher yield potential than others, while some have better grain quality for specific purposes such as making sushi or rice cakes. Therefore, the genetic diversity in the rice plant genome provides a valuable resource for developing new and improved rice varieties that can meet the diverse needs of consumers and farmers.However, the genetic diversity in the rice plant genome is under threat due to various factors such as climate change, land-use changes, and the intensification of rice production. These factors can lead to the loss of traditional rice varieties and the homogenization of rice production systems. The loss of genetic diversity in the rice plant genome can have severe consequences for rice production, as it reduces the plant's ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions and increases its susceptibility to pests and diseases.To maintain and conserve the genetic diversity in the rice plant genome, various conservation strategies have been developed. These strategies include in situ conservation, ex situ conservation, and the use of participatory plant breeding. In situ conservation involves the conservation of rice varieties in their natural habitat, while ex situ conservation involves the preservation of rice seeds in gene banks. Participatory plant breeding involves the involvement of farmers in the selection and breeding of new rice varieties, which helps to maintain the genetic diversity of rice plants and promotes the use of traditional knowledge in rice production.In conclusion, the genetic diversity in the rice plant genome is essential for the survival and adaptation of rice plants to changing environmental conditions. It also provides a valuable resource for developing new and improved rice varieties that can meet the diverse needs of consumers and farmers. However, the genetic diversity in the rice plant genome is under threat due to various factors, and it is essential to maintain and conserve this diversity to ensure the sustainability of rice production. Conservation strategies such as in situ conservation, ex situ conservation, and participatory plant breeding can help to maintain the genetic diversity of rice plants and promote the sustainable use of traditional knowledge in rice production.。
Rice Plant Genome Gene Editing
Rice Plant Genome Gene EditingThe rice plant is one of the most important crops in the world, providing food for over half of the global population. However, rice production faces numerous challenges, including climate change, pest attacks, and diseases. To address these challenges, scientists are exploring ways to edit the rice plant genome to enhance its resilience and productivity. Gene editing is a powerful tool that allows scientists to modify the DNA of living organisms, including plants, to achieve desired traits. In this essay, we will explore the potential benefits and risks of rice plant genome gene editing.The potential benefits of rice plant genome gene editing are numerous. First, gene editing can help to increase the yield of rice plants by introducing traits that enhance their productivity. For example, scientists can edit the genes responsible for photosynthesis to improve the efficiency of converting sunlight into energy. This can result in higher yields of rice per acre, which is crucial for meeting the growing demand for food in the world. Second, gene editing can help to make rice plants more resilient to environmental stresses, such as drought, floods, and extreme temperatures. By introducing genes that enable rice plants to cope with these stresses, farmers can grow rice in areas that were previously unsuitable for cultivation. This can help to increase food security and reduce poverty in developing countries.However, there are also potential risks associated with rice plant genome gene editing. One of the main concerns is the unintended consequences of genetic modifications. Although scientists can target specific genes for editing, there is always a risk of off-target effects, where unintended genes are also modified. This can lead to unexpected outcomes, such as reduced yield, toxicity, or unintended effects on the ecosystem. Therefore, it is important to conduct thorough safety assessments and monitoring of gene-edited rice plants before they are released into the environment or consumed by humans.Another potential risk is the impact of gene-edited rice on biodiversity. Rice is a staple food for many species, including birds, insects, and mammals. Gene editing can alter the nutritional content and other traits of rice, which can affect the feeding habits and survival of these species. Moreover, gene-edited rice plants may crossbreed with wild rice plants,leading to unintended genetic modifications in the wild population. This can have unpredictable consequences for the ecosystem and biodiversity.In addition, there are ethical and social implications of rice plant genome gene editing. Some people argue that gene editing is a form of genetic engineering that goes against the natural order of life. They argue that humans should not play God by manipulating the genes of living organisms, as this can lead to unintended consequences and undermine the dignity and autonomy of life. Moreover, gene editing can exacerbate social inequalities by favoring large agribusinesses over small farmers, who may not have access to the technology or resources to adopt gene-edited crops. This can lead to further concentration of power and wealth in the hands of a few, exacerbating the already existing inequalities in the food system.In conclusion, rice plant genome gene editing has the potential to revolutionize rice production and enhance food security, but it also poses risks and challenges that need to be addressed. To ensure the safety and sustainability of gene-edited rice plants, it is crucial to conduct thorough safety assessments, monitor their impact on biodiversity, and engage in ethical and social debates about the role of gene editing in agriculture. Ultimately, the decision to adopt gene-edited rice plants should be based on a careful consideration of the benefits and risks, and a commitment to promoting the common good and protecting the dignity of life.。
他研究了水稻 英语作文
他研究了水稻英语作文Title: Exploring the Wonders of Rice: A Journey into Rice Research。
Rice, the staple food for more than half of the world's population, has been the focus of extensive research for centuries. In recent years, scientists have delved deeper into understanding this versatile grain, uncovering its genetic diversity, nutritional benefits, and ecological significance. This essay explores the fascinating world of rice research, highlighting its importance and the strides made in unraveling its mysteries.Understanding Genetic Diversity:One of the key areas of research in rice revolves around its genetic diversity. Scientists have been studying various rice varieties to identify genes responsible for traits such as yield, disease resistance, and tolerance to environmental stresses. By exploring the genetic makeup ofdifferent rice strains, researchers aim to develop improved varieties that can address the challenges faced by farmers worldwide.Unraveling Nutritional Benefits:Beyond its role as a staple food, rice offers a wealth of nutritional benefits. Research has shown that rice is a good source of carbohydrates, providing essential energyfor the body. Moreover, certain varieties of rice, such as brown and wild rice, are rich in vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber, contributing to overall health and well-being. Scientists continue to explore ways to enhance the nutritional profile of rice through breeding and genetic modification.Exploring Ecological Significance:Rice cultivation plays a significant role in shaping ecosystems and landscapes. Wetland rice paddies provide habitat for diverse flora and fauna, contributing to biodiversity conservation. Additionally, rice fields serveas important carbon sinks, helping mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Understanding the ecological dynamics of rice cultivationis crucial for sustainable agricultural practices and environmental stewardship.Advancements in Technology:The field of rice research has witnessed remarkable advancements in technology, enabling scientists to study rice at the molecular level. Techniques such as genome sequencing, marker-assisted breeding, and CRISPR gene editing have revolutionized rice breeding programs, allowing for the development of tailored varieties with desired traits. Furthermore, remote sensing and precision agriculture techniques aid in optimizing rice cultivation practices, increasing efficiency, and reducing environmental impact.Challenges and Future Directions:Despite the progress made in rice research, significantchallenges lie ahead. Climate change, water scarcity, pests, and diseases pose threats to rice production globally. Addressing these challenges requires interdisciplinary collaboration, innovative approaches, and sustainable solutions. Furthermore, ensuring equitable access to improved rice varieties and technologies is essential for food security and poverty alleviation in rice-growing regions.Conclusion:In conclusion, rice research continues to be a dynamic and vital field, with implications for food security, nutrition, and environmental sustainability. Through advancements in genetics, nutrition, ecology, and technology, scientists are unraveling the complexities of rice and paving the way for a more resilient and productive future. By recognizing the importance of rice and investing in research and development, we can ensure the well-beingof current and future generations while safeguarding the planet's resources.。
Rice Plant Genomic Selection
Rice Plant Genomic SelectionRice is one of the most important crops worldwide, providing food for half of theworld's population. However, rice production is under threat from various factors, including climate change, pests, and diseases. To address these challenges, scientists have turned to genomic selection as a tool to improve rice breeding. Genomic selection involves using DNA markers to predict the performance of rice plants and select the best ones for breeding. In this essay, I will discuss the benefits and challenges of rice plant genomic selection from various perspectives.From a scientific perspective, rice plant genomic selection has several benefits. Firstly, it allows for the selection of plants with desirable traits such as high yield, disease resistance, and tolerance to environmental stresses. This is because genomic selection can identify the DNA markers associated with these traits and use them to predict the performance of rice plants. Secondly, genomic selection can speed up the breeding process by reducing the time and cost required to evaluate rice plants. Traditional breeding methods require several years of field trials to evaluate the performance of rice plants, but genomic selection can predict the performance of plants based on their DNA markers, reducing the time required for field trials. Finally, genomic selection can increase the genetic diversity of rice plants by identifying and selecting plants with unique DNA markers. This can lead to the development of new rice varieties that are better adapted to local conditions.From a farmer's perspective, rice plant genomic selection can improve crop yields and reduce losses due to pests and diseases. By selecting rice plants with desirable traits, farmers can increase their yields and reduce their dependence on pesticides and other chemicals. This can lead to higher profits and a more sustainable farming system. However, there are also challenges for farmers, such as the cost of purchasing new seeds and the need for specialized knowledge and equipment to implement genomic selection.From a societal perspective, rice plant genomic selection can contribute to food security by increasing crop yields and reducing losses due to pests and diseases. This is particularly important in developing countries where rice is a staple food and where food security is a major concern. Additionally, genomic selection can promote sustainableagriculture by reducing the use of pesticides and other chemicals, which can have negative impacts on the environment and human health. However, there are also concerns about the potential impact of genomic selection on small-scale farmers, who may not have access to the technology or the resources to implement it.From an ethical perspective, there are several concerns about the use of genomic selection in rice breeding. One concern is the potential for unintended consequences, such as the development of new pests or diseases that are resistant to the new rice varieties. This could have negative impacts on the environment and human health. Another concern is the potential for genetic discrimination, where certain groups of people may be excluded from access to the benefits of genomic selection, such as small-scale farmers or marginalized communities. Finally, there is a concern about the ownership and control of genetic resources, as the development of new rice varieties through genomic selection may lead to the privatization of genetic resources and the exclusion of certain groups from their use.In conclusion, rice plant genomic selection has the potential to improve rice breeding and contribute to food security and sustainable agriculture. However, there are also challenges and concerns that need to be addressed, such as the cost and accessibility of the technology, the potential for unintended consequences, and the ethical implications of its use. Therefore, it is important to approach rice plant genomic selection with caution and to ensure that it is used in a responsible and equitable manner.。
水稻小粒不育系新组合卓两优1126_的高产特征
中国水稻科学(Chin J Rice Sci), 2024, 38(2): 160－171 160 DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2024.230307水稻小粒不育系新组合卓两优1126的高产特征刘慧敏1, 2周杰强3胡远艺1, 2田妍1, 2雷斌3李建武1, 2魏中伟1, 2唐文帮1, 2,*（1杂交水稻全国重点实验室，长沙 410125；2湖南杂交水稻研究中心，长沙 410125；3湖南农业大学农学院，长沙 410128；*通信联系人，email：*******************)Super-high Yield Characteristics of Two-line Hybrid Rice Zhuoliangyou 1126LIU Huimin1, 2, ZHOU Jieqiang3, HU Yuanyi1, 2, TIAN Yan1, 2, LEI Bin3, LI Jianwu1, 2, WEI Zhongwei1, 2, TANG Wenbang1, 2, *(1State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Changsha 410125, China; 2Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, China; 3College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; *Correspondingauthor,email:*******************)Abstract:【Objective】Uncovering the yield potential of hybrid rice and cultivating ultra-high-yielding varieties is botha scientific challenge and a strategic approach for ensuring food security through “innovative application of agriculturaltechnology to increase farmland productivity”. The focus is on analyzing the formation pattern of super-high yield in hybrid rice Zhuoliangyou 1126, with the small-grain sterile line Zhuo 201S as the female parent, aiming to lay theoretical support for breeding high-quality and high-efficiency super hybrid rice.【Method】In 2022, Zhuoliangyou 1126 and three super rice varieties (Liangyoupeijiu, Y Liangyou 900, and Xiangliangyou 900) were cultivated in Longhui County, Shaoyang City, Hunan Province. A systematic comparison was conducted on yield, yield components, dry matter accumulation, root system development, and lodging resistance between Zhuoliangyou 1126 and the three control varieties.【Result】Zhuoliangyou 1126 exhibited a significantly higher yield, with a 35.07% increase compared to Liangyoupeijiu, 17.84% compared to Y Liangyou 900, and 14.52% compared to Xiangliangyou 900. On the basis of stable 1,000-grain weight and seed setting rate, the yield increase in Zhuoliangyou 1126 was attributed to an increase in the total number of spikelets by striking a balance in the effective panicles and grains per panicle. Aboveground dry weight per stem, root dry weight, and root-shoot ratio of Zhuoliangyou 1126 were significantly higher than controls, indicating superior root system growth contributes to super-high yield formation. Zhuoliangyou 1126 exhibited moderate plant height, the total length of the basal three internodes, the length of the internodes under the panicle were both significantly higher than those of the controls, with the differences in the bending moment and bending resistance of the second node from the bottom between Zhuoliangyou 1126 and Xiangliangyou 900 being insignificant. Zhuoliangyou 1126 maintained strong lodging resistance together with increased plant height. Rice quality was rated Ministry Standard High Quality Grade 2, with a 5.53% yield increase under extreme high temperature compared to control Y Liangyou 1928. 【Conclusion】Zhuoliangyou 1126, maintaining stable thousand-grain weight and seed setting rate, significantly increases the total number of spikelets for super-high yield. The significant difference in grain size between the parents of Zhuoliangyou 1126 facilitates mechanized seed production through mixed sowing and harvesting, reducing seed production costs. Additionally, the 1,000-grain weight of small-grain sterile lines is only half that of conventional sterile lines. With the same seed production, the seeding area is doubled compared to conventional sterile lines, significantly cutting down the seed cost of hybrid rice. Therefore, Zhuoliangyou 1126, as a representative combination, exemplifies the “small grain seed, big grain rice” mode in its parentage, offering innovative solutions to current hybrid rice challenges and signaling a new development direction.Key words: hybrid rice; super-high yielding; small grain sterile line; Zhuoliangyou 1126摘 要：【目的】挖掘杂交水稻产量潜力，培育超高产品种，既是一道科学难题，也是“藏粮于技”安全战略。
水稻分子育种技术指南
水稻分子育种技术指南英文回答：Molecular breeding techniques have revolutionized the field of rice breeding, allowing breeders to select and develop new varieties with desired traits more efficiently and accurately. In this molecular breeding technology guide for rice, I will discuss the key techniques and their applications in rice breeding.One of the most commonly used molecular breeding techniques is marker-assisted selection (MAS). MAS involves the use of molecular markers, such as DNA sequences or genetic markers, to identify and select plants with desired traits. For example, if a breeder wants to develop a rice variety with resistance to a specific disease, they can use molecular markers to identify plants that carry the resistance gene and select them for further breeding. This technique saves a lot of time and resources compared to traditional breeding methods, where breeders have to relyon phenotypic selection.Another important technique in molecular breeding is genomic selection (GS). GS involves the use of genomic data to predict the breeding value of plants. By analyzing the whole genome of a plant, breeders can identify regions of the genome associated with specific traits and use this information to predict the performance of new varieties.For instance, if a breeder wants to develop a rice variety with high yield potential, they can analyze the genomicdata of different rice lines and select plants with favorable genomic regions associated with high yield. This technique allows breeders to make more accurate predictions and select plants with higher breeding value.Besides MAS and GS, there are other molecular breeding techniques that are widely used in rice breeding. These include genetic transformation, gene editing, and genomic selection. Genetic transformation involves the introduction of foreign genes into rice plants to confer specific traits, such as insect resistance or herbicide tolerance. Gene editing, on the other hand, allows breeders to modifyspecific genes within the rice genome to achieve desired traits. These techniques have greatly expanded the range of traits that can be introduced into rice varieties and have accelerated the breeding process.In conclusion, molecular breeding techniques have greatly enhanced the efficiency and accuracy of rice breeding. By using techniques such as marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, genetic transformation, and gene editing, breeders can develop new rice varieties with desired traits more effectively. These techniques have revolutionized the field of rice breeding and have the potential to contribute to global food security.中文回答：水稻分子育种技术指南。
超级水稻四级英语作文初中
超级水稻四级英语作文初中In recent years, China has made significant strides in thefield of agriculture, with the development of super ricebeing a prime example of this progress. Super rice, a high-yielding variety of rice, has not only improved food security but also showcased the potential of scientific research in enhancing agricultural productivity. This essay will explore the importance of super rice, its impact on society, and the future prospects of this remarkable grain.Firstly, the importance of super rice lies in its ability to produce a higher yield per unit area compared to traditional rice varieties. This is particularly crucial in a world where the population is growing rapidly, and the demand for food is escalating. By increasing the yield, super rice contributesto meeting the dietary needs of a larger population, thus playing a vital role in global food security.Secondly, the impact of super rice on society is multifaceted. Economically, it has the potential to boost the income of farmers by providing them with a crop that can generate more revenue per harvest. Additionally, the increased production can lead to a more stable food supply, which in turn can help to reduce food prices and improve the standard of living for many people.Moreover, super rice is often developed with resistance to certain diseases and pests, which means that farmers canreduce their reliance on chemical pesticides. This not only benefits the environment by reducing pollution but also promotes sustainable farming practices that are kinder to the earth.Looking to the future, the prospects for super rice are promising. As scientists continue to refine the genetic makeup of this crop, we can expect to see even higher yields, improved nutritional content, and further resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses. The ongoing research in genetic modification and crop enhancement technologies holds the key to addressing the challenges of feeding a growing global population while minimizing the environmental impact.In conclusion, super rice is a testament to the power of agricultural innovation. Its high yield, disease resistance, and potential for further improvement make it a valuable asset in the quest for global food security. As we continue to face the challenges of a changing climate and a rising population, the role of super rice in our agricultural landscape will only become more significant. It is a prime example of how science and technology can come together to create sustainable solutions for a better tomorrow.。
杂交水稻的英语作文模板
杂交水稻的英语作文模板标题，The Introduction and Advantages of Hybrid Rice。
Introduction:Hybrid rice, a revolutionary agricultural innovation, has transformed the landscape of rice cultivation globally. Developed through the crossbreeding of two genetically distinct rice varieties, hybrid rice exhibits superior characteristics in terms of yield, disease resistance, and adaptability to diverse environmental conditions. This essay explores the significance and advantages of hybrid rice in modern agriculture.Body:1. Increased Yield:Hybrid rice boasts significantly higher yields compared to conventional varieties. By harnessing heterosis, orhybrid vigor, hybrid rice plants display enhanced growth vigor and productivity. Through meticulous breeding techniques, scientists have succeeded in developing hybrid rice strains capable of producing substantially more grains per hectare. This increase in yield not only addresses the growing demand for rice but also contributes to global food security.2. Disease Resistance:Another remarkable feature of hybrid rice is its improved resistance to pests and diseases. Traditional rice varieties are often susceptible to various pathogens and insect pests, leading to substantial crop losses. In contrast, hybrid rice incorporates genetic traits from different parental lines, resulting in increased resistance to common rice diseases such as blast and bacterial leaf blight. This inherent resilience reduces the need for chemical pesticides, promoting sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural practices.3. Environmental Adaptability:Hybrid rice exhibits remarkable adaptability to diverse environmental conditions, including temperature fluctuations, soil types, and water availability. This versatility allows farmers to cultivate hybrid rice in regions with challenging climatic conditions, such as drought-prone areas or saline soils, where traditional varieties may struggle to thrive. Furthermore, the ability of hybrid rice to tolerate stress conditions enhances its resilience in the face of climate change, ensuring stable yields amidst unpredictable weather patterns.4. Economic Benefits:The adoption of hybrid rice has significant economic implications for farmers and agricultural communities. The higher yields and improved quality of hybrid rice translate into increased profits for farmers, enhancing their livelihoods and economic well-being. Moreover, the commercialization of hybrid rice seed production creates employment opportunities and stimulates economic growth in rural areas. As a result, hybrid rice not only improvesagricultural productivity but also contributes to poverty alleviation and rural development.Conclusion:In conclusion, hybrid rice represents a groundbreaking advancement in agricultural science with far-reaching implications for global food production and sustainability. By harnessing the power of heterosis, hybrid rice offers increased yields, enhanced disease resistance, environmental adaptability, and economic benefits to farmers. As we confront the challenges of feeding a growing population and mitigating the impacts of climate change, the continued development and adoption of hybrid rice hold tremendous promise for ensuring food security and fostering agricultural resilience worldwide.。
超级水稻作文400字
超级水稻作文400字超级水稻是一种经过基因改造的水稻品种，具有许多优点和特点。
英文回答，Super rice is a genetically modified variety of rice that has many advantages and characteristics.Firstly, super rice has a higher yield compared to traditional rice varieties. This means that farmers can harvest more rice from the same amount of land, which is beneficial for increasing food production and addressing the issue of food security. For example, in my hometown, farmers who planted super rice were able to produce 20% more rice compared to those who planted traditional rice.Secondly, super rice is more resistant to diseases and pests. This is because scientists have inserted genes into the rice plants that provide them with natural resistance against common rice diseases and pests. As a result, farmers can reduce the use of chemical pesticides, which is not only cost-effective but also environmentally friendly. In my uncle's farm, he used to spend a lot of money onpesticides to protect his rice crops from pests. However, after switching to super rice, he noticed a significant decrease in pest damage and a reduction in pesticide use.Furthermore, super rice has a shorter growth period, which means that it can be harvested earlier thantraditional rice varieties. This is advantageous in areas with a shorter growing season or regions that are prone to natural disasters such as typhoons or floods. For instance, in my friend's village, they experienced frequent typhoons that often destroyed their rice crops. However, by planting super rice, they were able to harvest the rice before the typhoon season, minimizing the risk of crop loss.In addition, super rice is more tolerant to adverse environmental conditions such as drought and salinity. This is crucial in areas where water scarcity and soil salinity are major challenges for rice cultivation. With super rice, farmers can still obtain a decent harvest even in unfavorable conditions. My neighbor, who lives in a region with limited water resources, started growing super rice and was able to maintain a stable rice production despitethe water scarcity.中文回答，超级水稻是一种经过基因改造的水稻品种，具有许多优点和特点。
Rice Plant Genome Sequencing
Rice Plant Genome SequencingRice is one of the most important staple crops in the world, providing food for over half of the global population. However, rice production is threatened by various factors such as climate change, pests, and diseases. To address these challenges, scientists have sequenced the rice genome, which has provided valuable insights into the genetic makeup of this important crop. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of rice plant genome sequencing from different perspectives.From a scientific perspective, rice plant genome sequencing has provided a wealth of information about the genetic makeup of rice. The genome contains all the genetic information that determines the traits of an organism. By sequencing the rice genome, scientists have been able to identify the genes responsible for important traits such as yield, disease resistance, and tolerance to environmental stresses. This knowledge has enabled scientists to develop new rice varieties that are more productive, resilient, and sustainable.From an agricultural perspective, rice plant genome sequencing has revolutionized rice breeding. Traditional rice breeding methods rely on trial and error, which is time-consuming and inefficient. With the knowledge of the rice genome, scientists can now use molecular markers to select desirable traits in rice plants. This has led to the development of new rice varieties that are more productive, disease-resistant, and tolerant to environmental stresses. These new varieties have the potential to increase rice yields and improve food security for millions of people.From an economic perspective, rice plant genome sequencing has the potential to boost the global rice industry. Rice is a major crop in many developing countries, and its production and trade contribute significantly to the economies of these countries. With the development of new rice varieties that are more productive, resilient, and sustainable, farmers can increase their yields and income. This can lead to the growth of the rice industry and the creation of new jobs in rural areas.From a social perspective, rice plant genome sequencing has the potential to improve the lives of millions of people. Rice is a staple food for over half of the global population,particularly in Asia and Africa. However, rice production is threatened by various factors such as climate change, pests, and diseases. By developing new rice varieties that are more productive, resilient, and sustainable, scientists can help ensure food security for millions of people. This can improve the health and well-being of communities that rely on rice as their main source of food.From an ethical perspective, rice plant genome sequencing raises important questions about the ownership and control of genetic resources. The rice genome is a common heritage of humanity, and its sequencing has been made possible by the efforts of scientists from different countries and institutions. However, the commercialization of new rice varieties developed using the knowledge of the rice genome raises concerns about the equitable sharing of benefits. It is important to ensure that the benefits of rice plant genome sequencing are shared fairly among all stakeholders, particularly farmers and communities that rely on rice production.In conclusion, rice plant genome sequencing has provided valuable insights into the genetic makeup of one of the world's most important crops. From a scientific perspective, it has revolutionized our understanding of the rice genome and enabled the development of new rice varieties that are more productive, resilient, and sustainable. From an agricultural perspective, it has revolutionized rice breeding and the potential to increase rice yields and improve food security for millions of people. From an economic perspective, it has the potential to boost the global rice industry and the creation of new jobs in rural areas. From a social perspective, it has the potential to improve the lives of millions of people. From an ethical perspective, it raises important questions about the ownership and control of genetic resources and the equitable sharing of benefits. It is important to ensure that the benefits of rice plant genome sequencing are shared fairly among all stakeholders.。
超级水稻英语作文
Super rice,also known as hybrid rice,is a type of rice that has been developed through the application of modern biotechnology and genetic engineering techniques.It is characterized by its high yield,disease resistance,and adaptability to various environmental conditions.The development of super rice has been a significant achievement in the field of agriculture and has made a substantial contribution to global food security.Introduction to Super RiceSuper rice is a product of scientific advancements aimed at enhancing the nutritional value and productivity of rice,which is a staple food for a large portion of the worlds population.The concept of super rice was first proposed by Dr.Yuan Longping,a renowned Chinese agricultural scientist,who is often referred to as the Father of Hybrid Rice.Characteristics of Super Rice1.High Yield:One of the most notable features of super rice is its high yield per unit area. This is achieved through the optimization of genetic traits that contribute to the plants growth and reproduction.2.Disease Resistance:Super rice varieties have been engineered to resist common diseases that affect rice crops,such as bacterial blight and rice blast.This resistance helps in reducing crop losses and ensures a stable food supply.3.Adaptability:These rice strains are designed to thrive in a variety of environmental conditions,including different soil types,climates,and water availability.This adaptability is crucial for regions that experience climate variability.4.Nutritional Value:Some super rice varieties have been developed to have enhanced nutritional content,such as higher levels of vitamins and minerals,which can help address malnutrition in regions where rice is a dietary staple.Impact on Agriculture and Food SecurityThe introduction of super rice has had a profound impact on agriculture and food security. It has helped in:Increasing Food Production:By boosting the yield of rice,super rice contributes to meeting the growing demand for food,especially in regions with high population density.Economic Benefits:Farmers who cultivate super rice often experience higher profits due to increased yields and reduced losses from disease.Sustainability:The ability of super rice to grow in less favorable conditions reduces the need for intensive farming practices,which can be detrimental to the environment. Challenges and ConsiderationsDespite its benefits,the cultivation of super rice also faces challenges:Biodiversity:The widespread adoption of super rice could lead to a reduction in genetic diversity among rice crops,which could make them more susceptible to new diseases or pests.Ethical and Safety Concerns:The use of genetically modified organisms GMOs in the development of super rice raises ethical and safety concerns for some consumers and regulatory bodies.Access and Equity:The benefits of super rice may not be equally accessible to all farmers,particularly smallscale farmers who may lack the resources to adopt new technologies.In conclusion,super rice represents a significant step forward in agricultural science, offering the potential to address some of the pressing challenges in global food production.However,it is essential to consider the broader implications of its adoption and to ensure that it contributes to sustainable and equitable food systems.。
Rice Plant Genome Sustainable Agriculture
Rice Plant Genome Sustainable Agriculture The rice plant genome is one of the most important genetic resources for sustainable agriculture. Rice is a staple food for over half of the world's population, and its production is crucial for global food security. The rice plant genome is also of great interest to scientists because it is a model organism for studying plant genetics and development.One of the key benefits of the rice plant genome is its potential to improve the sustainability of agriculture. By understanding the genetic basis of traits such as disease resistance, drought tolerance, and yield, scientists can develop new varieties of rice that are better suited to the challenges of modern agriculture. This could help to reduce the environmental impact of rice farming, by reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers, and by improving the efficiency of resource use.Another important perspective on the rice plant genome is its role in global food security. With the world's population projected to reach 9 billion by 2050, there is an urgent need to increase food production to meet the growing demand. The rice plant genome has the potential to help achieve this goal, by enabling the development of new rice varieties that are more productive and resilient in the face of changing environmental conditions.However, there are also concerns about the potential risks associated with the use of genetically modified crops, including rice. Some people worry that genetically modified rice could have unintended consequences, such as the spread of transgenes to wild rice populations, or the emergence of new pests and diseases. Others are concerned about the potential impact of genetically modified rice on human health and the environment.Despite these concerns, many scientists believe that the benefits of the rice plant genome outweigh the risks. They argue that genetically modified rice has the potential to improve the sustainability of agriculture, increase food production, and reduce the environmental impact of farming. They also point out that the risks associated with genetically modified rice can be managed through careful regulation and monitoring.In conclusion, the rice plant genome is a valuable genetic resource that has the potential to improve the sustainability of agriculture and increase global food security. While there are concerns about the risks associated with genetically modified rice, many scientists believe that the benefits outweigh the risks, and that careful regulation and monitoring can help to ensure the safe and responsible use of this technology. Ultimately, the decision about whether to use genetically modified rice will depend on a complex set of social, economic, and political factors, as well as scientific considerations.。
Rice Plant Genome Bioinformatics
Rice Plant Genome BioinformaticsRice is one of the most important cereal crops in the world, feeding more than half of the global population. With increasing demand for food, it is essential to improve rice production and quality. One way to achieve this is through the use of genomics and bioinformatics. The rice plant genome has been sequenced, and this provides a wealth of information that can be used to enhance rice breeding and production.The rice plant genome is a complex structure, consisting of more than 400 million base pairs. It contains more than 38,000 genes, which are responsible for various traits such as yield, disease resistance, and quality. Bioinformatics tools are essential in analyzing this vast amount of data. They enable researchers to identify and compare genes, predict their functions, and understand how they interact with each other.One of the most significant applications of rice plant genome bioinformatics is in rice breeding. Breeders can use the information from the genome to select desirable traits and develop new rice varieties that are more productive, disease-resistant, and have better quality. For example, by identifying genes that control grain size and shape, breeders can develop rice varieties with larger and more uniform grains, which are preferred by consumers.Another area where rice plant genome bioinformatics is useful is in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying rice plant development and response to environmental stresses. By analyzing gene expression patterns under different conditions, researchers can identify key genes and pathways involved in stress tolerance, such as drought, salinity, and heat. This information can be used to develop rice varieties that are more resilient to these stresses, which is crucial in ensuring food security in the face of climate change.Rice plant genome bioinformatics also has implications for food safety and nutrition. By analyzing the genes responsible for producing various nutrients in rice, such as vitamins and minerals, researchers can develop rice varieties that are more nutritious. This is particularly important in regions where rice is a staple food, and malnutrition is a significant problem.However, there are also ethical and social implications of rice plant genome bioinformatics. One concern is the potential for genetic modification of rice, which raises questions about safety and environmental impact. Another issue is access to the technology and its benefits, particularly for small-scale farmers in developing countries who may not have the resources to adopt new technologies.In conclusion, rice plant genome bioinformatics has enormous potential to improve rice production and quality, enhance food security, and promote nutrition. However, it is essential to consider the ethical and social implications of this technology and ensure that its benefits are accessible to all. By using bioinformatics tools to analyze the rice plant genome, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying rice plant development and response to environmental stresses, which can be used to develop new rice varieties that are more productive, resilient, and nutritious.。
Rice Plant Genome Transposons
Rice Plant Genome TransposonsRice is one of the most important staple crops in the world, providing food for more than half of the global population. The rice plant genome is a valuable resource for researchers who are interested in understanding the genetic basis of important traits such as yield, disease resistance, and nutritional quality. One important aspect of the rice genome that has received a lot of attention in recent years is the presence of transposable elements, or transposons.Transposable elements are DNA sequences that have the ability to move around within the genome. They are often referred to as \"jumping genes\" because they can hop from one location to another, sometimes causing mutations or altering gene expression. Transposons can be classified into two main types: Class I retrotransposons, which move via an RNA intermediate, and Class II DNA transposons, which move directly as DNA.The rice genome is estimated to be about 430 million base pairs in size, and it is thought to contain around 35,000 to 50,000 transposable elements. This represents a significant portion of the genome, and researchers are interested in understanding how these elements contribute to the overall structure and function of the genome.One of the major challenges in studying transposable elements in the rice genome is their sheer abundance and diversity. There are many different types of transposons present, and they vary in size, sequence, and activity. Some transposons are highly active and can cause significant changes in the genome, while others are relatively inactive and have little impact on gene expression.Despite these challenges, researchers have made significant progress in understanding the role of transposable elements in the rice genome. For example, studies have shown that transposons can contribute to gene regulation by acting as enhancers or silencers of nearby genes. They can also provide a source of genetic variation that can be acted upon by natural selection, leading to the evolution of new traits.However, transposable elements can also have negative effects on the genome. For example, they can disrupt important genes or regulatory regions, leading to disease or developmental abnormalities. They can also cause genomic instability, increasing the risk of cancer or other diseases.Overall, the study of transposable elements in the rice genome is a complex and multifaceted field. While there are many challenges and uncertainties, researchers are making important progress in understanding the role of these elements in shaping the structure and function of the genome. As our understanding of the rice genome continues to grow, we can expect to gain new insights into the genetic basis of important traits and to develop new strategies for improving rice production and nutrition.。
杂交水稻的英语作文四级
Hybrid rice,a product of scientific innovation,has revolutionized agricultural production in recent decades.This advanced form of rice cultivation utilizes the principles of genetic diversity to enhance the crops yield,quality,and resistance to diseases and pests.Introduction:The concept of hybrid rice was first introduced by Chinese agricultural scientist Yuan Longping in the1970s.His pioneering work led to the development of the first highyielding hybrid rice varieties,which have since been adopted in various parts of the world.Advantages of Hybrid Rice:1.Increased Yield:Hybrid rice varieties have the potential to produce significantly higher yields compared to traditional rice varieties.This is due to the hybrid vigor,a phenomenon where the offspring of two genetically distinct parents show improved traits over their parents.2.Disease and Pest Resistance:The genetic diversity in hybrid rice provides a natural defense against common pests and diseases,reducing the need for chemical pesticides and increasing the sustainability of rice farming.3.Adaptability:Hybrid rice can be engineered to thrive in various environmental conditions,including drought,salinity,and different soil types,making it a versatile crop for diverse agricultural landscapes.4.Nutritional Quality:Some hybrid rice varieties have been developed to have higher nutritional content,including increased levels of vitamins and minerals,contributing to improved food security and public health.Challenges and Considerations:1.Seed Dependency:Hybrid rice requires the purchase of new seeds each planting season, as the seeds produced by the hybrid plants are often sterile.This can be a financial burden for farmers.2.Biodiversity Loss:The widespread adoption of hybrid rice may lead to a reduction in the genetic diversity of rice crops,which could make them more susceptible to new diseases or pests.3.Environmental Impact:While hybrid rice reduces the need for pesticides,the intensive farming practices associated with highyield crops can still have environmental consequences,such as soil degradation and water pollution.Future Prospects:The future of hybrid rice lies in continued research and development to address the challenges while maximizing the benefits.This includes creating new hybrid varietiesthat are even more resistant to pests and diseases,developing seeds that can be replanted, and ensuring that the cultivation practices are environmentally sustainable.Conclusion:Hybrid rice has made a significant contribution to global food production,offering a solution to the increasing demand for food security.With ongoing advancements in genetic engineering and agricultural practices,it is poised to play an even more critical role in feeding the worlds growing population while minimizing the environmental impact.。
Rice Plant Genome Replication
Rice Plant Genome ReplicationThe rice plant genome is a complex structure that is essential for the plant's survival. It contains all the genetic information that is necessary for the plant to grow, reproduce, and adapt to its environment. Replication of the rice plant genome is a critical process that ensures the accurate transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next. In this response, we will explore the importance of rice plant genome replication from multiple perspectives.From a scientific perspective, the replication of the rice plant genome is a complex process that involves the duplication of the DNA molecule. This process is essential for the accurate transmission of genetic information from one cell to another and from one generation to the next. During replication, the DNA molecule is unwound, and each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. The end result is two identical copies of the DNA molecule, each containing one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.From an agricultural perspective, the replication of the rice plant genome is crucial for the production of high-quality rice crops. Rice is one of the world's most important food crops, and it is grown in many different regions and climates. The quality of rice crops is directly related to the accuracy of genome replication, as any errors or mutations can lead to reduced yields, disease susceptibility, and other problems. By understanding the mechanisms of genome replication and developing new techniques for improving accuracy, scientists and farmers can work together to produce better and more sustainable rice crops.From an environmental perspective, the replication of the rice plant genome is critical for the survival of the species. Rice is a staple food for millions of people around the world, and it plays a crucial role in many ecosystems. By ensuring the accurate transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next, we can help to preserve the genetic diversity of rice plants and ensure their long-term survival. This is especially important in the face of climate change and other environmental challenges, which are likely to have a significant impact on rice crops in the coming decades.From a cultural perspective, the replication of the rice plant genome is an essential part of many traditional agricultural practices. Rice has been cultivated for thousands of years in many different cultures and regions, and it has played a vital role in the development of many societies. By understanding the importance of genome replication and incorporating this knowledge into traditional agricultural practices, we can help to preserve the cultural heritage of rice cultivation and ensure its continued success in the future.From a personal perspective, the replication of the rice plant genome is a fascinating and awe-inspiring process. The complexity and beauty of the genetic code that makes up the rice plant genome is a testament to the incredible power of nature and the ingenuity of human beings. As we continue to explore the mysteries of genome replication and unlock new insights into the workings of the natural world, we can deepen our appreciation for the incredible diversity and complexity of life on Earth.In conclusion, the replication of the rice plant genome is a critical process that is essential for the survival and success of this important food crop. From scientific, agricultural, environmental, cultural, and personal perspectives, we can see the many different ways in which genome replication is important and valuable. By working together to understand and improve this process, we can ensure a brighter future for rice cultivation and for the millions of people who rely on this vital crop for their sustenance and survival.。
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modern cultivar
To improve modern cultivars further, we should glean left but superior genes.
modified from Tanksley and McCouch (1997) Science
The distribution of Kasalath type TGW6
TGW6
Before heading Starch accumulation After heading Translocation capacity
Sink
Endosperm cell No. Endosperm cell size
GIF1
Starch synthesis
Grain size
Yield
Toyo University Prof. Bun-ichi Shimizu Grants Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (Genomics for Agricultural Innovation, QTL4007)
12
The proposed model for grain weight regulation
glucose IAA-glucose IAA
endosperm cell No.
starch synthesis
grain length
starch accumulation
grain weight
TGW6 limit individual grain weight.
We found 17 haplotypes of the TGW6 from the core collection of cultivated rice and wild rice.
We found Kasalath type 1-bp deletion in O. rufipogon (W1690, Thailand) Dahonggu (China) Meang menh (Cambodia) Radin goi sesat (Malaysia) Kasalath (india) These localised in Indochina area.
grain length
starch accumulation
grain weight
Loss of ‘limiter’ resulted in an increase of grain weight.
13
Models for yield development and known genes
Source
The genetic control of rice yield through gleaning superior genes.
Naoki Hirotsu Toyo University, Japan
Two ways we should take
Production (×106t)
Cereals production
Spikelet hull size
GW2 SW5 GW5 GL3
14
The pyramiding of known positive alleles
Zhang et al (2012) PNAS 109 (52) 21534-21539
The pyramiding of known positive alleles for grain size could produce extra-large grains! 10 mm We should glean the superior alleles improving source and sink to increase rice yield. N411 N643 93-11
It might be a limiter to ensure filling more grains. glucose IAA-glucose IAA
endosperm cell No. starch synthesis
…more adaptive for plant reproduction strategy!?
Key enzymes in alkaloid biosynthesis
Catalytic dyad
(H192, Y224)
Ca2+ binding site
(E59, N167, N228, D271)
TGW6 might have hydrolase activity.
modeled TGW6 structure
positive effect for grain size
15
Rice domestication process
superior/desirable alleles (used in domestication)
wild rice landrace
superior genes left behind in domestication (phenotypically invisible)
17
The improvement of modern cultivars
(%)
18
Acknowledgements Thank you for your attention
National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences Dr. Ken Ishimaru Dr. Etsuko Katoh Dr. Kazuhiro Ujiie Dr. Takayuki Kashiwagi Dr. Yuka Madoka Kyoto University Prof. Hisashi Miyagawa
Cultivated area (ha)
Cultivated area
Yield
＝
×
Yield (t/ha)
per area
1
Source and Sink determine rice yield
Sink
Tiller number Grain number Grain size
Source
Photosynthetic rate Carbohydrate translocation
6
What is the function of TGW6? structural approach
STR1 DFPase
Ca2+ similar to Strictosidine synthase
Ident :37%, E-value: 1e-48
Cavity
(substrate binding site)
IAA-Glc → IAA + Glc
Kasalath type TGW6 could not produce free IAA
endosperm at 3 d.a.f
9
When does TGW6 work?
anti-sense sense
in situ hybridization at 5 d.a.f (longitudinal section of ovary)
＝
Yield Sink size
×
Source ability
2
Many genes have been cloned from QTLs.
Grain number
Gn1a (Ashikari et al 2005) DEP1 (Huan et al 2009) WFP (Miura et al 2010)
10
The effect of loss of TGW6 to sink development
Endosperm cell layer
Nipponbare
NIL(TGW6)
Kasalath type TGW6 increases the numbers of endosperm cell layers
7
What is the substrate for TGW6?
Tryptamine
Secologanin
Strictosidine
IAA-glucose
TGW6 surface model and docking simulation with substrates
8
TGW6 have hydrolyzing activities
The effect of loss of TGW6 to source functions
Starch synthesis in endosperm
Starch contents in leaf sheath (just before heading)
Accumulated starch in leaf sheath before heading might be a responsible source of developing grains after heading.
Ishimaru and Hirotsu et al (2013) Nature Genetics 45, 707-711.
1-bp del gives functional loss of the TGW6 protein
5
Loss of TGW6 increases grain length
We could confirm that the loss of TGW6 increases grain length.
19
Grain size
GS3 (Fan et al 2006) GW2 (Song et al 2007) SW5 (Shomura et al 2008) GS5 (Li et al 2011) GL3 (Zhang et al 2012) etc…