资产阶级革命时期英国文学
外国文学史知识点总结
外国文学史知识点总结第十四章一、意大利1、马里诺诗派：（1）运用比喻、典故和象征的手法，追求绮丽、浮华的诗风，雕琢辞藻，用以书法贵族阶级的伤感情调和寻求感官刺激的艺术趣味。
（2）马里诺，抒情诗集《七弦琴》、《风笛》，长诗《安东尼斯》。
2、阿卡迪亚诗派：（1）反对马里诺诗派。
但仍然有严重的形式主义色彩。
（2）主张以古希腊的田园诗为榜样，发扬自然朴实的诗风。
3、启蒙主义：（1）哥尔多尼①喜剧作家，以“风俗喜剧”取代“即兴喜剧”。
②奠定了意大利现实主义戏剧的基础。
③代表作《女店主》。
提现了作者抨击贵族、赞美平民的启蒙主义思想，洋溢着争取自由平等的时代精神。
二、俄国1、古典主义文学、启蒙文学、伤感文学。
2、代表人物：罗蒙诺索夫，杰尔查文，冯维辛，拉季谢夫（《从彼得堡到莫斯科》），卡拉姆津。
三、法国1、巴洛克文学：（1）与严谨、匀称、和谐相对立。
（2）语言雕琢浮夸。
2、古典主义：（1）主张向古典作家学习创作经验，从古典文学中寻找创作素材，甚至强调模仿古人。
政治上拥护王权，强调个人利益服从国家整体利益。
（2）创始者马雷伯。
沙普兰是古典主义诗学的创立者，他创立了法兰西学院。
（3）思想基础是笛卡尔的唯理主义哲学。
与其针锋相对的是伽桑迪的唯物主义。
（4）艺术形式上，对各种体裁做了严格的界定，并把它们分为高级的体裁：史诗和悲剧，低级的体裁：喜剧，禁止混淆。
（5）最大的成就是悲剧和喜剧。
（6）戏剧创作“三一律”。
①定义：一出戏只有一条情节线索，剧情只能发生在同一地点，剧中时间不得超过二十四小时。
②优点：使戏剧结构严谨，情节集中，冲突迅速展开达到高潮。
③缺点：束缚剧作家的手脚，导致形象公式化，概念化，削弱了作品的艺术感染力。
（7）戏剧大师：①高乃依，法国古典主义悲剧的奠基者。
主要作品有《熙德》（古典主义的奠基作）、《贺拉斯》、《西拿》、《波利厄科特》。
②拉辛，代表作《安德洛玛克》，《费得尔》。
③莫里哀（原名让·巴蒂斯特·波克兰），法国古典主义喜剧的创始人。
英国文学简史Part Three The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution
Part Three The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution第三部分英国资产阶级革命时期I The English Revolution and the Restoration 英国革命和复辟Literature of the Revolution Period 革命时期的文学：The spirit of unity and feeling of patriotism ended with the reign of Elizabeth I, and England was then convulsed with the conflict between the two antagonistic camps, the Royalists and the Puritans. English literature of this revolution and restoration period was very much concerned with the tremendous social upheavals of the time. Milton, one of the greatest poets of England, defended the English Commonwealth with his pen.随着伊丽莎白一世统治的结束，人们统一的精神和爱国主义的感情也随之而去。
英国因为量大对抗阵营——保皇党和清教徒的冲突而骚乱。
英国革命和复辟时期的文学主要与当时的社会巨变有关。
英格兰最伟大的诗人之一弥尔顿用他的笔来捍卫英国共和制。
II Milton 弥尔顿1.Life and Work 生平和作品(1)Life: John Milton was born in London in 1608.约翰·弥尔顿1608年出生于伦敦。
王守仁《英国文学选读》（第4版）配套题库-章节题库-第4、5单元【圣才出品】
王守仁《英国⽂学选读》（第4版）配套题库-章节题库-第4、5单元【圣才出品】第4单元17世纪英国诗⼈Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.1. In the Revolution Period _____ towers over his age as William Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan Age and as Chaucer towers over the Medieval Period.【答案】John Milton【解析】在英国资产阶级⾰命期间，约翰·弥尔顿可与伊丽莎⽩时代的莎⼠⽐亚和中世纪的乔叟相媲美。
2. The poems of John Donne belong to two categories: the _____ and the later _____. 【答案】youthful love lyrics；sacred verses【解析】受⽣活经历的影响，约翰·多恩的诗歌可分为两部分：年轻有活⼒的爱情诗和庄严的宗教诗。
3. In 1637 Milton wrote the finest pastoral elegy in English, _____, to memorize the tragic death of a Cambridge friend.【答案】Lycidas【解析】Lycidas是英国诗⼈⽶尔顿年轻时为溺海夭亡的剑桥同学⾦（Edward King）写的⼀⾸悼诗。
4. About the beginning of the 17th century appeared a school of poets called “ _____” by Samuel Johnson, the 18th century writer.【答案】Metaphysicals【解析】⾸先⽤“⽞学派”这名词的是18世纪英国诗⼈、批评家德莱顿。
英国文学资产阶级革命时期
Chapter 1 The English Revolution and Restoration1. Queen Elizabeth I died leaving no heirs, thus ending the Tudor dynasty.2. James I became the new king in 1603.–Began the Stuart line of kings–Great Britain became the United Kingdom3. Believed in the Divine Right of Kings.-- God made him king and God alone can tell him what to do.-- Did not allow Puritans to make changes in the Church of England or to challenge his authority.-- Caused friction with Parliament used to working with the monarch.-- When Parliament complained, Charles disbanded it for 11 years.4. The English Civil War (1642--1649)⏹The King’s supporters-- Called Cavaliers-- Mostly Anglicans, Catholics-- Mostly landed nobility⏹The Parliament’s supporters-- Called the Roundheads-- Mostly Puritans-- Mostly middle class5. The Commonwealth6. The Restoration(1660-16887. The Glorious Revolution (1688)⏹Charles II died in 1685, his brother James was his successor.⏹James II was Roman Catholic, who believed in divine right .⏹James II was expelled by Parliament.⏹William from Holland became the King.⏹Constitutional MonarchyJohn Donne (1572-1631)---the founder of the Metaphysical schoolI. Metaphysical Poetry•Metaphysical Poetry（玄学派诗歌)•It is the poetry of John Donne and other seventeenth-century poets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and metaphysical conceits and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas.•Example: compare love bt. Husband and wife with compass.;•dislike traditional poem•Scholar, Highly abstract or theoretical;•Example:“It sucked me first, and now sucks thee,And in this flea, our two bloods mingled be;This flea is you and I, and thisOur marriage bed, and marriage temple is”Cavalier Poets(保皇派诗人）•Cavalier poets were often courtiers.•The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elegant, but often superficial. They mostly dealt in short songs on the flitting joys of the day, but underneath their light-heartedness lies some foreboding of impending doom. This spirit of pessimism and cynicism is typical of the aristocratic class in decline.PART THREE: THE PERIOD OF THE ENGLISH BOURGEOIS REVOLUTIONChapter 1. The English Revolution and the RestorationⅠ. The Weakening of the Tie Between Monarchy and Bourgeoisie:During the Tudor dynasty (1485-1603) the English bourgeoisie lived in harmony with the Crown. Until about 1590, the bourgeoisie had many interests in common with those of the monarchy —in the struggles against Spain, against the Roman Catholic Church, against noble houses ruining the country with their civil wars. Hence the collaboration between the monarchy and the bourgeoisie. But when all its internal and external foes had been crushed, the bourgeoisie ceased to depend upon the protection of the monarchy. At the same time the Crown strove to consolidate its position before it was too late. There had already been some conflict between the Queen and Parliament at the end of Elizabeth's reign. There were more and more quarrels of James I and Charles I with their Parliaments.Ⅱ. The Clashes Between the King and Parliament:The major parliamentary clashes of the early 17th century were over monopolies, the means by which the monarchy attempted to control commercial activity in the interests of the court.The king granted monopolies on such and such merchandises to his favourites, and then nobody could sell them without purchasing the permission of the monopoly holders. This caused grave inconvenience to merchants and a sharp rise in prices. And monopolies were extended in the reigns of James I and Charles I on such necessities as butter, herrings, salt, beer, and many others.At last the Parliament declared that monopolies without its consent were illegal. Charles I dissolved it in 1629. For eleven years Charles ruled the country with an absolute government. He relied upon the prerogative courts (the Star Chamber, etc.) as the instruments of his policy.Severe persecutions hit the capitalist class as a whole. Thus arose the demand for a new government on the part of the English bourgeoisie.Ⅲ. The Outburst of the English Revolution:The various classes in England soon split up into two camps. The opposition leaders in Parliament were supported by contributions of merchants, the mass demonstrations of artisans and apprentices in the city, and by the peasants' riots against enclosures in the countryside. While around the King were clustered the conservative gentry, the big landlords and the monopolists. A civil war broke out in 1642 and lasted till 1649.At first, the Royalists had certain military advantages. Then Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658), the famous opposition leader, reorganized the Parliamentary forces into the New Model Army. Once properly organized, the Army advanced rapidly to victory and the Royalists were decisively routed in Naseby in 1645. The war soon ended and Charles was captured. But he escaped from captivity, and civil war broke out again until the King was re-captured and executed in 1649, as "a public enemy to the good people of this nation." Monarchy was abolished. England was declared a commonwealth, i.e., a republic.Ⅳ. The Split within the Revolutionary Camp:As soon as victory was won, there arose a split in the revolutionary camp. First, the middle bourgeoisie (Independents) struggled with the big bourgeoisie (Presbyterians) for the supremacy in Parliament. Then the bourgeoisie as a whole broke with the people. So class struggle became complicated under the new situation.The Levellers, a section of the petty bourgeoisie, maintained that "the poorest he that is in England hath a life to live as the greatest he", and wanted manhood suffrage. But the Independents, who represented the bourgeoisie, answered: "Liberty cannot be provided for in a general sense." The ordinary people who previously fought for the Parliament were now disappointed; they felt they had been betrayed. A revolt of the Levellers broke out and was put down by Cromwell.At the same time arose the movement of the Diggers who preached a rural communism and led the poor peasants to dig up the waste land in several places. But this was also suppressed by the landlords and soldiers. Gerard Winstanley (1609-52?), leader of the Diggers, wrote: "Every one talks of freedom, but there are but few that act for freedom, and the actors of freedom are oppressed by the talkers and verbal professors of freedom." The full realization of the people's democracy is impossible unless there is a working class to carry it out thoroughly.Ⅴ. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restoration:Thus the bourgeois dictatorship was established, and Cromwell became the Protector of the English Commonwealth. But the breach of the big bourgeoisie with the popular forces meant that their government could only be maintained by a compromise with the feudal remnants. After the death of Cromwell, the Parliament recalled Charl es Ⅱ to England in 1660. Then followed the Restoration period. A white terror was introduced to the country. Many Republicans were put to death. Most notorious was Jeffreys, the Chief Justice of Charles Ⅱ and James Ⅱ. He alone executed hundreds of innocent people. But the big bourgeoisie was more afraid of the people's revolution than of the King's reaction. Only when James Ⅱ threatened torestore the old absolute monarchy that the bourgeoisie expelled him and invited William, Prince of Orange, from Holland, to be King of England, in 1688. This was the so-called "Glorious Revolution" —"glorious" because it was bloodless and there was no revival of the revolutionary demands. So, after a century of disputes and battles, the state structure of England was settled, within which capitalism could develop freely.Ⅵ. The Religious Cloak of the English Revolution:The English Revolution was carried out under a religious cloak. Religious disputes filled many pages of the political pamphlets of the 17th century: Both sides believed they were fighting God's battles. But religion covered something more. Marx pointed out, "Cromwell and the English people had borrowed speech, passions and illusions from the Old Testament for their revolution." That is why the English Revolution was sometimes called the Puritan Revolution.Puritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour in whatever calling one happened to be, but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labour. The wealthy were to accumulate capital, the poor to labour at their tasks, as a "divine duty." Worldly pleasures were condemned as harmful. This was precisely the outlook needed by the bourgeoisie for the accumulation of capital. The Puritans opposed the old church that squandered a lot of money upon robes, candles and magnificent processions. They closed down the London theatres in 1642, not only for their extravagance and deterioration but also for the puritanic abhorrence of "worldly" pleasures in general.Ⅶ. Literature of the Revolution Period:The spirit of unity and the feeling of patriotism ended with the reign of Elizabeth I, and England was then convulsed with the conflict between the two antagonistic camps, the Royalists and the Puritans. English literature of this revolution and restoration period was very much concerned with the tremendous social upheavals of the time. Milton, one of the greatest poets of England, defended the English Commonwealth with his pen. His pamphlets, together with those of Gerard Winstanley and John Lilburne (1614-57), leader of the Levellers, played an active part in pushing on the revolutionary cause. Even after the Restoration in 1660, Milton and Bunyan, the poor tinker-writer, continued to defend in their works the ideals of the Revolution, "the good old cause", and expose the reactionary forces. We shall first discuss them in the following chapters.。
英国资产阶级革命文学
英国资产阶级革命（也被称为英国内战或英国大革命）发生在17世纪中期，具有深远的政治、社会和文化影响。
这一时期的文学作品反映了社会变革和政治动荡的影响。
以下是一些代表性的英国资产阶级革命文学：1. 《牧羊诗》（"Pastoral Poetry"）：- 作者：约翰·密尔顿（John Milton）- 特点：密尔顿是英国资产阶级革命时期最重要的文学人物之一。
他的《牧羊诗》是他早期的作品之一，描绘了乡村生活和自由的理想，其中尤以《失乐园》（"Paradise Lost"）最为著名，反映了对权威的质疑和对个体自由的追求。
2. 《记忆的书》（"The Book of Memory"）：- 作者：霍布斯（Thomas Hobbes）- 特点：霍布斯的政治哲学著作《利维坦》在资产阶级革命时期产生了深远的影响。
他认为社会需要强大的中央政府来维持秩序，对权威的理论贡献影响深远。
3. 《伊利亚特》（"Eliot"）：- 作者：约翰·多恩（John Donne）- 特点：多恩是一位元代的诗人，他的作品既受到宗教启发，又包含对爱情和个体经验的深刻思考。
他的诗歌作品通过独特的语言表达了对人性和信仰的不同层面的探讨。
4. 《彷徨者的回归》（"The Return of the Wanderer"）：- 作者：亨利·沃恩（Henry Vaughan）- 特点：亨利·沃恩是一位清教徒诗人，他的诗歌作品表达了对信仰、自然和人类存在的思考。
他的诗歌在英国资产阶级革命时期反映了宗教和哲学的变革。
这些文学作品反映了17世纪中期英国社会和文化的复杂性，以及个体对权威和自由的探求。
它们在历史的长河中成为了英国文学史上重要的一部分。
英国文学史各个时期中的文学流派[终稿]
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英国文学史各个时期中的文学流派古英语和中古英语时期古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期.最早的文学形式是诗歌, 以口头形式流传,主要的诗人是吟游诗人.到基督教传入英国之后,一些诗歌才被记录下来.这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》,用头韵体写成.古英语时期(1066?1500)从1066年诺曼人征服英国,到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语.文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇,民谣和诗歌.在几组骑士传奇中,有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事,其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就.中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣,最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣.3,最重要的诗人是被称为"英国诗歌之父"的乔叟,代表作是《坎特伯雷故事集》,取得了很高的艺术成就.他首创了诗歌的双韵体?每两行压韵的五步抑扬格,后被许多英国诗人采用.乔叟用伦敦方言写作,奠定了用英语语言进行文学创作的基础,促进了英语语言文学的发展.文艺复兴时期的英国文学得到了空前的发展,在诗歌,散文和戏剧方面尤其兴盛.诗歌方面,新的诗体形式如十四行诗,无韵体诗被介绍到英国.重要的诗人有Philip Sidney,他不仅写了许多优美的十四行诗,还创作了最早的诗歌理论作品之一《诗辩》.Edmund Spenser用斯宾塞诗节创作了著名长诗《仙后》.莎士比亚除了戏剧创作之外也是一位伟大诗人,著有两部叙事诗,两部长诗和154首十四行诗.英文的《圣经钦定本》作成于1611年,不仅具有重大的宗教意义,也是一部伟大的文学作品,并且对英国的语言文化产生了深远的影响.它的纯朴,平易,明晰的散文风格奠定了英国散文的传统.一个著名的哲学家兼散文家是Francis Bacon,他的文学著作主要有《随笔》,收录了他在各个时期发表的58篇随笔,思想深刻,文笔简洁,富有警句格言.戏剧代表文艺复兴时期英国文学的最高成就.主要戏剧家有马洛(Christopher Marlowe), 莎士比亚(W. Shakespeare).17世纪的英国文学17世纪是英国社会剧烈动荡的时期之一,由于君主专制和资产阶级之间的矛盾,爆发了1642年的内战并导致了1688年的"光荣革命".与政治斗争和资产阶级革命思想紧密相连的是宗教斗争和清教徒思想.因此这一时期的文学和艺术多展示革命思想的发展与成长,并带有浓厚的清教主义倾向.两个代表作家是弥尔顿和班扬.弥尔顿的代表作〈失乐园〉和班扬的代表作〈天路历程〉都取材于〈圣经〉.〈天路历程〉是一部寓言作品,用"基督徒"到达天国的历程象征人类追求美好未来的进程.18世纪的英国文学18世纪产生了一种进步思潮?启蒙运动,这一时期的思想家和作家们崇尚理性,认为启蒙教化是改造社会的基本手段,因此18世纪又被称为"理性的时代".在文学领域体现为18世纪上半期的新古典主义,代表作家有诗人蒲伯(A. Pope)和期刊随笔的创始人斯梯尔(R.Steele)和艾迪生(J.Addison).18中期兴起了英国现代小说,出现了大批有影响的小说家.理查逊(Samuel Richardson)的小说〈帕美拉〉(Pamela)采用书信体形式对人物的心理活动进行细致的描写,大大丰富了小说的创作方法.哥尔德史密斯(Oliver Goldsmith)的〈威克菲牧师传〉(The Vicar of Wakefield)是英国文学史上著名的感伤小说之一.劳伦斯斯特恩(Laurence Sterne)打破传统的叙事方法,创作了〈项迪传〉,而被认为是英国现代派文学的先驱.迪福(Daniel Defoe)是英国文学史上第一个现实主义小说家,代表作是〈鲁滨逊漂流记〉.讲述故事情节并分析鲁滨逊这一人物形象.斯威夫特是英国文学史上著名的讽刺小说家,以犀利的文笔对教会和社会的虚伪腐败进行了辛辣的讽刺.代表作是〈格列佛游记〉菲尔丁是英国最杰出的小说家之一,在理论与实践上都为英国小说的发展作出了贡献.在他的代表作〈汤姆?琼斯〉中,他塑造了众多栩栩如生的人物,展示了错综复杂的社会矛盾.讲述故事情节,分析主题和主要人物形象19世纪的英国文学19世纪英国文学主要包括上半期的浪漫主义时期和中后期的批判现实主义小说.布来克和罗伯特?彭斯属于前浪漫主义诗人.布来克的代表作品有〈天真之歌〉和〈经验之歌〉.彭斯是著名的苏格兰民族诗人,写了很多脍炙人口的歌颂友谊,爱情,自由,平等的诗歌,其中〈一朵红红的玫瑰〉广为流传.浪漫主义全盛时期以华滋华斯与柯律维治联合发表〈抒情歌谣集〉为开始,到瓦尔特斯各特的逝世为止,主要文学成就为诗歌,涌现了华滋华斯为代表的"湖畔派"诗人和拜伦,雪莱,济慈等富有革命理想,颂扬自由与解放的诗人.19世纪中后期的批判现实主义作家真实地描写了英国资产阶级的社会生活,暴露和批判了资产阶级社会的罪恶,对人民群众寄予了深刻的同情.狄更斯是英国最杰出的批判现实主义小说家,善于描写社会底层人们的生活和思想,作品题材广泛,思想深刻;萨克雷则善于描写上层社会形形色色的人物.批判现实主义女性小说家及她们的代表作品:Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Mrs. Gaskell, George Eliot.分析简?爱这一人物形象并分析小说的主题思想.托马斯?哈代是19世纪末20世纪初英国最伟大的现实主义小说家,他称自己的作品是"性格与环境的小说".代表作品是〈德伯家的苔丝〉.20世纪的现代派作家人们对西方文明的危机感和第二次世界大战的恶果促成了西方现代派文学的形成.主要表现为意识流小说,代表作家有詹姆斯乔伊斯和弗洁尼亚沃尔夫.乔伊斯的小说〈尤利西斯〉描写的是现代都市居民庸俗,猥琐的精神生活.弗洁尼亚的〈到灯塔去〉则运用了娴熟的象征手法和意识流技巧.。
英美文学 第三部分 英国资产阶级革命时期文学
• chose poet as his profession; • Travel on the continent 1638-1639 met Galileo in Italy; • married in 1642, but no more than a month, his wife went back to her parents and refused to return. ( wife’s family was strongly royalist) • In 1652, Eyes trouble �total blindness; • In 1656, remarried. (His second wife died in child birth several years later.) ; “ On His Deceased Wife” (1658).�the only love poem to his second wife.
• 17th century, the clashes over monopoly (by the King) on merchandises led to inconveniences to merchants and sharp rise in prices. • Parliament (by the bourgeoisie) announced that monopolies without its consent were illegal. • then Charles I dissolved parliament in 1629, and ruled the country with an absolute government for 11 years (till 1640). Severe persecutions hit the capitalist class. • Consequently, there arose a demand for a new government.
17世纪三大文学现象的基本成就
17世纪三大文学现象的基本成就
17世纪欧洲文学的主要成就：英国资产阶级革命文学(清教徒文学)、法国古典主义文学、巴洛克文学。
法国古典主义文学
17世纪的古典主义文学最早出现于法国，是流行于西欧，特别是法国的一种带有浓厚封建色彩的资产阶级文学思潮。
因为它在文艺理论和创作实践上以古希腊古罗马文学为典范，故称“古典主义”。
高乃依，法国剧作家，古典主义的创始者，代表作有《熙德》。
莫里哀，法国古典主义喜剧家，代表作有《伪君子》《唐璜》《贵人迷》和《吝啬鬼》。
《吝啬鬼》塑造了著名的吝啬鬼典型阿巴贡。
英国清教徒文学
17世纪的英国文学以体现清教徒思想的作品最为出色，这是英国资产阶级革命的产物，被称为英国清教徒文学。
这场革命是在宗教的外衣下进行的，斗争主要在保王的国教与革命的清教之间展开。
17世纪，新兴资产阶级主张纯洁教会，清除国教中天主教的影响，因而其有“清教徒”之称。
他们以《圣经》作为斗争的思想武器，主要代表人物为约翰·弥尔顿和约翰·班扬。
约翰·弥尔顿，英国诗人，恩格斯称其为“第一个为弑君辩护的人”，是文艺复兴运动和18世纪启蒙思想运动的桥梁，代表作有《失乐园》。
巴洛克文学
巴洛克文学特指17世纪在欧洲各国广泛流行的一种贵族形式主
义的文学，它是由封建制度的危机引起的。
巴洛克文学起源于意大利、西班牙，兴盛于法国。
在艺术形式上涉及了诗歌、戏剧、小说等各种体裁。
卡尔德隆，西班牙作家，代表作有《人生如梦》。
英国文学7个时期 各自特点介绍
英国文学7个时期英国文学发端于中世纪，经历了古英语、中古英语、文艺复兴、17世纪、18世纪、19世纪、20 世纪文学 7 个时期，取得了举世瞩目的成就。
古英语文学英国在10世纪以前属于古英语时期，早期的凯尔特等部族及 5 世纪入侵的盎格鲁、撒克逊和朱特人，起初都没有留下书面文学。
6世纪末到7世纪末，由于肯特国王阿瑟尔伯特皈依基督教，该教僧侣开始以拉丁文著书写诗，其中以比德所著《英国人民宗教史》最有历史和文学价值。
9世纪，威塞克斯国王阿尔弗雷德为振兴文化，组织人力将各种拉丁文著作译成英语，并倡导以英语撰写《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》，其中包括有关盎格鲁-撒克逊和朱特人的英雄史诗《贝奥武甫》和《朱迪斯》，以及一些抒情诗、方言诗、谜语和宗教诗、宗教记述文、布道词。
中古英语文学 11世纪，随着诺曼人入侵，古英语渐渐演化为中古英语，文学上开始流行模仿法国的韵文体骑士传奇，其中以《高文骑士与绿衣骑士》最有艺术价值。
14世纪后半叶是中古英语发展的高峰，出现了似受古英语诗影响的口头韵体诗，最有名的长诗《农夫彼尔斯的幻想》，一般认为是教会人员朗兰德所写，以中世纪梦幻故事的形式探讨人间善恶，讽刺社会丑行，表达对贫苦农民的深切同情。
此时期国王查理第二当政，宫廷开始用盎格鲁-诺曼法语，王室贵族兴起赞助文人之风。
英国文学史上出现的第一位大诗人乔叟以其诗体短篇小说集《坎特伯雷故事集》和其他长短诗集成为英国文学的重要奠基人。
15世纪，有民间歌谣抄本流传至今，最有名的是关于绿林好汉罗宾汉的传说；马洛礼的散文小说《亚瑟王之死》为英国小说的雏形。
文艺复兴时期文学 16世纪中叶至17世纪初主要是伊丽莎白女王时代，英国开始文艺复兴运动。
学者纷纷翻译意大利和法国学术、文学名著并自行著述，以托马斯 ·莫尔（1477～1535)的《乌托邦》最有价值。
英国文艺复兴文学最突出的是诗歌和戏剧。
西德尼( 1554～1586 )的十四行诗、斯宾塞的《仙后》都是诗歌方面的代表作。
英国文学知识简单整理
一．古英语时期（Old English Literature 公元499—1066年）英国文学开山之作：头韵体诗歌（alliteration）《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）(该作属于epic民族英雄史诗)开德蒙（Caedmon）：《赞美诗》（Anthem）琴涅武甫（Cynewulf）：《十字架之梦》（Dream of the Rood）比德（Bede）：《英吉利人教会史》（Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum）阿尔弗雷德大帝（King Alfred）：《盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史》（Anglo-Saxon Chronicle），被誉为“英国散文之父”（Father of English Prose）二．中古英语时期（Medieval English Literature 公元1066年—15世纪）Romance (浪漫传奇) 《亚瑟王之死》头韵体诗歌：《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight）英国民谣ballad：《罗宾汉名谣集》（The Robin Hood Ballads）威廉·兰格伦（William Langland）：《农夫皮尔斯的幻想》（The Vision Concerning piers the Plowman）杰弗里·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）：英国中世纪最伟大的诗人，享有“英国诗歌之父”的美誉（Father of English Poetry）。
代表作：八音节（octosyllabic）英雄双韵体（heroic couplet）诗歌《坎特布雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）.托马斯·马洛礼（Sir Thomas Malory）：英国15世纪优秀的散文家，代表作为《亚瑟王之死》（Le Morte d’Arthur）三．文艺复兴时期（Renaissance 15世纪末—17世纪）托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More）：伟大的人文主义者，代表作：《乌托邦》（Utopia），《国王爱德华五世悲戚的一生》（The painful Life of Edward Ⅴ）.托马斯·魏厄特（Thomas Wyatt）和亨利·霍华德（Henry Howard）的十四行诗（Sonnet）.前者将意大利十四行诗引入英国；后者在此基础上，发展了英国十四行诗歌。
17世纪英国文学概况
4、玄学派诗人（Metaphysical Poets）：17世纪初英国出现一批诗人，他们才智过人。喜欢使用“玄学奇喻”被称为玄学派诗人。
玄学奇喻（Conceit）：A suprising metapher，comparing two very dissimilar things，to startle his reader。It is used in John Donne’s poems。
玄学派的主要代表人物有约翰*多恩（John Donne），乔治*赫伯特（George Herbert），理查德*克拉肖（Richard Crashaw），亨利*沃恩（Henrry Vangham），安德鲁*马维尔（Andrew Mawell）。
The Metaphysical Poet's leader is John Donne .George Herbert was a saint of God.Andrew Mawell's best well known work is <<To His Coy Mistress>>(致他的羞涩女郎）。
（二）、The 16th-18th century english literature’s masters are Donne，Milton and Deyden。With the back ground of conflict between royalist and puritans Donne appeared。Milton was appeared during the Revolution.And Dryden was appeared during the Restroration.
英国文学史(启蒙运动时期)
英国文学史（启蒙运动时期）这个部分讲启蒙运动（The Enlightenment Movement）时期的文学，还是照常，先提历史和文学背景，看看英国什么情况。
一、历史背景18世纪的英国，刚刚经历过资产阶级革命，也就是光荣革命（1688），光荣革命制宪，英国政体由君主专制转化为君主立宪，大权从国王手中落到了议会手上，资本主义发展迅速，资产阶级地位很高，而且18世纪英国开始了工业革命，在思想上面强调理性，这也是启蒙的主旨，那么文学上也会发生相应的改变，上个时期主要是德莱顿的古典主义文学时期，启蒙运动一开，文学基本就变为宣扬思想的武器，随着启蒙的深入，作家们也开始逐渐抛弃这种文学风格。
当然，18世纪初期古典主义还是在的，但是受启蒙思想的影响，古典主义变成了新古典主义（Neo-classicism），代表人物就是亚历山大·蒲伯（Alexander Pope），这货受德莱顿影响很大，后面具体说。
同时，这一时期有另一种文学体裁出现了，就是随着17世纪的报刊文学（大多都是写实小说）的发展，到了18世纪，逐渐演变成了小说，可以说是原来散文的一种变体。
这个时期的小说一般是现实主义小说，这些玩意都具有启蒙性质，初期的现实注意小说流浪汉题材（Picaresque Novel）很流行90，诗歌方面就是依旧是英雄双行体（heroic couplet）这种诗歌形式，始于乔叟，中间又经马洛、斯宾塞发展，最后到蒲伯手里有个完善。
戏剧上面那，过去都是以无韵诗为体的戏剧，18世纪改用偶句诗，时间地点格式上得到了统一。
总的来说18世纪的文学可以分为三个阶段：第一阶段主要新古典主义文学+报刊文学（就是写在报纸上的那种散文性质的文章）+现实主义小说，第二阶段：现实主义小说得到巨大发展，第三阶段，由于启蒙运动搞革命没有出现启蒙思想家想象中的理想社会，整个英国陷入一种充满悲观情绪的状态，这个时候感伤主义文学（Sentimentalism）和前浪漫主义时期（Pre-Romanticism）到来。
英国文学史选读复习资料
英国文学史选读复习资料英国文学简史复习资料General introduction of English literature1. 1) Old English Literature (449-1066) 古英语时期文学——The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》2) Medieval English Literature (1066-15th century) 中世纪英语时期文学——Geoffrey Chaucer (1340_1400) 杰弗里·乔叟2. Renaissance English literature (late 15th century ~ early 17th century) 文艺复兴——Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根——William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚——Ben Jonson 本·琼生——Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗·马洛3. English Literature of the Revolution and Restoration Period (1640-1688) 资产阶级革命与王朝复辟时期的文学——John Milton约翰·弥尔顿——John Bunyan 约翰·班扬4. 18th century English literature-the age of Enlightenment 启蒙运动时期——Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福——Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特——Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁——William Blake威廉·布莱克——Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯5. Romantic English Literature (1798-1832) 浪漫主义时期——William Wordsworth, 威廉·华兹华斯——Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 塞缪·泰勒·柯勒律治——George Gordon Byron, 乔治·戈登·拜伦——Percy Bysshe Shelley 佩西·比舍·雪莱——John Keats, 约翰·济慈——Walter Scott 沃尔特·司各特——Jane Austen简·奥斯汀6. Critical Realistic Literature in the 19th Century 维多利亚时期（批判现实主义）——W.M. Thackeray, 萨克雷——C harles Dickens, 查尔斯·狄更斯——Robert Browning 罗伯特·布朗宁——Bronte sisters：Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Ann Bronte——George Eliot乔治·艾略特——Matthew Arnold 马修·阿诺德——Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代——Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡·王尔德7. 20th Century English Literature——George Bernard Shaw乔治·萧伯纳——Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫·康拉德——William Butler Yeats 威廉·巴特勒·叶芝——Virginia Woolf弗吉尼亚·沃尔夫——James Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯——D. H. Lawrence劳伦斯——T. S. Eliot 爱略特一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) ，Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻metaphor 手法3、Alliteration 头韵（写作手法）例子：of m an was the m ildest and m ost beloved,To his k in the k indest, k eenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) 盎格鲁—诺曼时期1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里·乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷的故事集》(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
资产阶级革命时期英国文学共18页文档
John Milton
+ Pamphleteer, a supporter of Oliver Cromwell.
专八 TEM8 英国文学知识
英国文学知识一．古英语时期（Old English Literature 公元499—1066年）英国文学开山之作：头韵体诗歌（alliteration）《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）开德蒙（Caedmon）：《赞美诗》（Anthem）琴涅武甫（Cynewulf）：《十字架之梦》（Dream of the Rood）比德（Bede）：《英吉利人教会史》（Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum）阿尔弗雷德大帝（King Alfred）：《盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史》（Anglo-Saxon Chronicle），被誉为“英国散文之父”（Father of English Prose）二．中古英语时期（Medieval English Literature 公元1066年—15世纪）头韵体诗歌：《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight）英国名谣：《罗宾汉名谣集》（The Robin Hood Ballads）威廉·兰格伦（William Langland）：《农夫皮尔斯的幻想》（The V ision Concerning piers the Plowman）杰弗里·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）：英国中世纪最伟大的诗人，享有“英国诗歌之父”的美誉（Father of English Poetry）。
代表作：八音节（octosyllabic）英雄双韵体（heroic couplet）诗歌《坎特布雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）。
托马斯·马洛礼（Sir Thomas Malory）：英国15世纪优秀的散文家，代表作为《亚瑟王之死》（Le Morte d’Arthur）三．文艺复兴时期（Renaissance 15世纪末—17世纪）托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More）：伟大的人文主义者，代表作：《乌托邦》（Utopia），《国王爱德华五世悲戚的一生》（The painful Life of Edwar d Ⅴ）.托马斯·魏厄特（Thomas Wyatt）和亨利·霍华德（Henry Howard）的十四行诗（Sonnet）。
17世纪资产阶级革命和王超复辟时期英美文学
17世纪资产阶级革命和王超复辟时期英美文学资产阶级革命英国资产阶级革命是从1640年查理一世召开新议会的事件开始到1688年议会反对派发动宫廷政变（又称光荣革命）结束，以新贵族阶级为代表推翻封建专制统治建立起英国资本主义制度的社会革命。
推翻了封建统治，并在1689年颁布文献《权利法案》以法律形式对王权进行明确制约，确立了议会君主立宪制。
15世纪末到17世纪初，随着英国海外贸易的发展和原始的资本积累，英国的资本主义迅速发展起来。
资本主义的发展促使资产阶级新贵族形成，他们同资产阶级有着共同的利益，但17世纪时，斯图亚特王朝理厉行专制统治，经常触犯资产阶级的利益，宗教专职政策也进一步激化了阶级矛盾，最终导致了1640年英国资产阶级革命的爆发。
原因1．英国经济的发展，富裕阶层、新贵族的成长，使他们要求政治上当权，经济上发展市场经济。
2．斯图亚特王朝詹姆士一世、查理一世的专制统治严重阻碍了发展，激化了一些新生的社会矛盾。
3．英国民族国家发展期间出现的国教与新教之间、君主专制与议会传统之间的矛盾没有得到解决并且日益尖锐。
客观原因1.专制统治阻碍发展。
2.新贵族和富裕阶层势力的壮大。
特点1 宗教旗帜鲜明。
值得注意的是，在第一次内战期间王党与议会阵营之间最大的差别并不在于双方的阶级构成，而在于双方的宗教信仰。
总的来说，信仰清教者支持议会，信仰国教者则支持国王。
2 传统观点认为，在第一次内战期间，英国资产者与新贵族结成联盟共同反对英国君主专制。
不过，在内战过程中，无论是王党还是议会，双方的支持者中均有资产者、商人、工匠和农民等，支持谁取决于英国地方乡绅的态度，而阶级分化相比宗教分野并不显著，因此对于革命的阶级性这一观点仍有待商榷。
3 革命曲折反复，具有长期性、复杂性、反复性和艰巨性。
4 开辟了革命的新时代。
结果1688年“光荣革命”标志着英国革命的结束。
1689年的《权利法案》使英国确立了君主立宪制。
意义影响英国革命确立了“议会制君主立宪制（议会君主制）”、“内阁制”，颁布《权利法案》。
刘炳善《英国文学简史》(第3版)笔记和考研真题详解-第3章 英国资产阶级革命时期【圣才出品】
第3章英国资产阶级革命时期3.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Background Knowledge（背景知识）The harmonious collaboration between Queen Elizabeth and the Parliament which represented the interest of the bourgeoisie was intensified at the end of Elizabeth’s reign. As JamesⅠ and Charles Ⅰ came to throne, the conflict between the monarch and the Parliament became more and more severe. In 1642, the English Bourgeois Revolution broke out. King Charles Ⅰ was beheaded in 1649, and the war ended. Monarchy was abolished. England was declared a commonwealth, i.e., a republic.After the death of Cromwell, the Parliament recalled Charles Ⅱ to England in 1660. Then followed the Restoration period. When James Ⅱ threatened to restore the old absolute monarchy, the bourgeoisie expelled him and invited William, Prince of Orange, from Holland, to be King of England in 1688. This was called “Glorious Revolution”, after this revolution, the state structure of England was settled, within which capitalism could develop freely.伊丽莎白女王和代表资产阶级利益的议会之间良好的合作在她统治的最后几年变得紧张起来。
英国资产阶级革命时期文学
英国资产阶级革命时期文学English Literature in the period of the English Bourgeois Revolution（英国资产阶级革命时期文学）时代背景：1642年英国资产阶级革命爆发，1649年查理一世被砍头。
内战结束，英国建立起共和政体。
英国资产阶级革命时期文学特点及作品：资产阶级革命时期，文艺复兴的狂热耗尽，但文学作品产量没有减少，大体上扩展到更广更深奥晦涩的学问领域，而不是创作领域。
这一时期诗歌占主导地位，著名的诗人有约翰·弥尔顿，他创作史诗《失乐园》《复乐园》和诗歌戏剧《力士参孙》。
当时存在玄学派诗人（Metaphysical poet）和骑士学派诗人（Cavalier poets）。
小说体散文以班杨的《天路历程》为代表。
约翰·德莱顿是当时最重要的诗人和批评家，著有剧本《一切为了爱》和散文《论戏剧诗》作家及其作品：John Milton（约翰·弥尔顿）：十七世纪中期英国最伟大的诗人和小册子作者。
出生于伦敦一个富有家庭，在剑桥大学取得学士和硕士学位。
后隐居在父亲的乡间别墅里，钻研各种作品。
他的文学成就可以分为早期的文学诗作，中期的散文性小册子，后期的伟大诗篇。
Paradise Lost《失乐园》（1667）：一篇十二卷的长篇史诗，故事的原型是《圣经》里的《创世纪3：1-24》。
主题是“人类的堕落”，也即人类的违抗和乐园的丧失，其根本原因是撒旦。
在天堂，撒旦领导了一场反抗上帝的叛乱，失败后，和造反天使一起被扔进地狱。
这首诗继续讲述撒旦如何通过引诱亚当和夏娃来复仇，后来亚当和夏娃因偷吃智慧树上的果实被赶出乐园。
Paradise regained《复乐园》：继续深入研究诱惑和堕落这个主题：通过撒旦对耶稣基督的诱惑来证明他的神性。
耶稣在四十天的荒野生活中抵制了一个又一个诱惑，而诱惑者撒旦最后遭到了失败。
Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》：一部用无韵诗写的悲剧，主人公参孙遭到妻子的背叛后被菲利士人俘虏，他能从上帝获得力量的头发也被剪断，眼睛被弄瞎。
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+ Pamphleteer, a
supporter of Oliver Cromwell. + Milton argued for religious freedom and stood against the authority of the bishops. + Poet: 24 sonnets + Works include: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes.
+ Puritan writer who
participated in the struggle against the corrupt, dissolute feudal-aristocratic regimes of Charles II and James II.
+ The work has often been read and appreciated as a
+ It presents the
author's political views in allegorical religious form. It is built on the stories and myths in the Bible through which western people have sought to understand the meaning of their experience of life. + The work contains Milton's ambition, his love of freedom and his deep-seated Puritanism.
+ Cavalier poets: a group of English gentlemen
so called because of their loyalty to Charles I during the English Civil Wars, as opposed to Roundheads(圆颅党), who supported Parliament. They were also cavaliers in their style of life and counted the writing of polished and elegant lyrics as only one of their many accomplishments as soldiers, courtiers, gallants, and wits. + Metaphysical poets
fetched and strikes you at first as being inappropriate, it is called a conceit. Though it is unexpected, the comparison is intriguingly right. The metaphor is so contrived and intellectually convoluted that the very unlikeness between two things remains paramount. By turning upon a surprising and ingenious analogy between apparently unrelated areas of experience, the metaphysical poet is able to display their wit. The best metaphysical conceits are telling, effective and original.
mildly away,
+ Dull sublunary lovers' love
—Whose soul is sense—cannot admit Absence, because it doth remove Those things which elemented it. + But we by a love so much refined, That ourselves know not what it is, Inter-assurèd of the mind, Care less, eyes, lips and hands to miss.
religious allegory, though many critics have noted the many realistic pictures of the personified figures and allegorical places in the book, pointing out that the people Christian meets on the way are such as might be seen in Bunyan's day in Restoration England. The satires focus upon the ruling class. For example, At Vanity Fair Bunyan gives us a symbolic picture not only of London at the time of the Restoration but the of the English society in general where all things were brought and sold and where cheating and roguery, murders and adulteries were normal. No wonder that the great critical realist of the 19th century Thackery employed Vanity Fair as the title for his important novel.
And whisper to their souls to go, Whilst some of their sad friends do say, "Now his breath goes," and some say, "No." + So let us melt, and make no noise, No tear-floods, nor sigh-tempests move ; 'Twere profanation of our joys To tell the laity our love. + Moving of the earth brings harms and fears ; Men reckon what it did, and meant ; But trepidation of the spheres, Though greater far, is innocent.
+ The story is about Satan's revolt against God and man's
loss of paradise. The poem begins with a detailed description of Satan and his followers re-assembling in hell and scheming for revenge against God. Though the purpose of the poem is to justify the ways of God to men, as Satan tries to justify himself by posing as a rebel against tyranny, Milton apparently unconsciously makes the devil serve as his mouthpiece. Throughout the epic Milton shows a Puritan's revolt against the established doctrines of the Catholics and the Anglican Church by interpreting the story in the Bible freely for himself.
+ Notable features of metaphysical poetry
include ingenious use of conceits, a dramatic sense of situation, a plain rather than ornate diction, an elliptical and condensed syntax and a capacity for abrupt shifts of tone.
+ In literature, Milton occupied a transitional
position. He came immediately after the Elizabethan period and absorbed the humanist culture; at the same time, he was a faithful puritan in his belief. In his poetry, he blends the tradition of the Renaissance with the spirit of revolutionary struggle and the ideas of puritanism.