名词解释自考《英语词汇学》
英语词汇学重点名词解释（2）
英语词汇学重点名词解释（2）英语词汇学重点名词解释Neologisms 新词语are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.denizens同化词are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. Alien非同化词 are borrowed words which have retainedtheir original pronunciation and spelling.Translation-loans. 借译词Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.Semantic-loans借义词Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed.Content word: the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary ,which accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. It is the most important part of vocabulary.Creation : the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit in a language Allomorph: any of the different forms of a morpheme Free morpheme: a linguistic form which can be used on its own as a wordBound morpheme: a form (morpheme) which can not he used alone hut must be used with another morpheme. Boundmorphemes include hound roots and affixesAffixes: forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or functionPrefixation(suffixation): is the formation of new words by adding prefixes(suffixes) to stemInflectional affixes: affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationshipsDerivational affixes: affixes added to other morphemes to create new wordsRoot: a morpheme which is the basic part of a word that can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity Stem: a form to which affixes of any kind can be added Bound root: a root that can not stand alone as a word Monomorphemic words: words that have nothing more than a free morpheme《英语词汇学重点名词解释》。
英语词汇学自考重点
各章重点内容串讲：Introduction1.Lexicology（名词解释题）（1）Definition: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words（WNWD）.本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词汇的来源以及意义（词汇学的定义）。
（2）Domain: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。
2.Methods of Study（单选题/名词解释题）（1）Two approachesThere are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic.synchronic 共时法diachronic 历时法（2）Definition: A, synchronicFrom a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time.However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning.1.word（名词解释）（1）a minimal free form of a language1）Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language（词是语言中的最小的自由形式）2）that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.（词有固定的读音，固定的意义，固定的句法功能。
英语词汇学中的名词解释
英语词汇学中的名词解释一、引言语言是人类交流的重要工具，而词汇则是构建语言的基本单位。
英语作为一种全球通用语言，其词汇系统庞大且丰富多样。
而英语词汇学则是研究英语中词汇的起源、发展和使用的学科。
本文将介绍英语词汇学中的一些重要概念和名词解释，帮助读者更好地理解英语词汇学的基本原理。
二、词汇1. 词汇词汇是指语言中的词语或词组的总和。
它是语言表达的基本单位，承载着语义和语法信息。
在英语词汇学中，词汇研究的范围包括词义、词法、词族和词汇的构成等方面。
2. 词义词义是指词语或词组所携带的意义。
在英语中，一个词可能有多个词义，这取决于其上下文的使用和语境的影响。
词义也可以通过词根、词缀和上下文等途径推断或推测。
3. 词法词法是研究词语形态和构词法的学科。
它关注词语的形态变化和构成规则，包括单数复数形式、时态变化、派生、合成等方面。
词法是理解和学习英语词汇的重要基础。
4. 词族词族是指具有共同词根的一组相关词语。
这些词语在含义上有一定的联系，但在形态和语法上可能存在差异。
研究词族可以帮助我们更好地理解和记忆词汇。
5. 词汇构成词汇构成是指由词根、词缀和其他语法成分组合而成的词语。
在英语中，许多词汇都是通过加上前缀、后缀或派生词缀来构建的。
研究词汇构成可以帮助我们学习和运用更多的词汇。
三、语义1. 语义语义是研究语言意义的学科。
它关注语言符号和所表示的意义之间的关系，包括词语、句子和篇章的意义。
在英语词汇学中，研究语义可以帮助我们理解和区分词语之间的差异。
2. 同义词同义词是指在特定语境下具有类似或相同意义的词语。
在英语中，同义词的选择可以丰富语言的表达，同时也对理解和翻译起到重要作用。
3. 反义词反义词是指在意义上相对对立或相互排斥的词语。
它们可以用来表达相反的概念或情感。
在英语中，反义词常常通过前缀、后缀或词根的变化来形成。
4. 上位词与下位词上位词是指泛指概念的词语，下位词则是指具体的概念。
例如，动物是"猫"的上位词，而"猫"是动物的下位词。
英语词汇学名词解释
英语词汇学笔记之“名词解释篇”1.W ord --- A word is a minima l free form of a langua ge that has a givensoundand meanin g and syntac tic funtio n.2. Morphe me --- A morphe me is the minima l signif icant elemen t in the compos ition of words.3. Free morphe mes or Conten t morphe mes (Free root)--- They are morphe mes that may consti tutewordsby themse lves: cat, walk.4. BoundMorphe mes or Gramma tical morphe mes--- They are morphe mes that must appear with at leastone othermorphe me, either boundor free : Catts, walk+ing.5. Boundroot --- A boundroot is that part of the word that carrie s the fundam ental meanin g just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a boundform and has to combin e with othermorphe mes to make words.Take -dict- for exampl e: it convey s the meanin g of "say or speak"as a Latinroot, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predic t meanin g "tell before hand".6. Affixe s --- Affixe s are formsthat are attach ed to wordsor word elemen ts to modify meanin g or funtio n.7. Inflec tiona l morphe mes or Inflec tiona l affixe s --- Affixe s attach es to the end of wordsto indica te gramma tical relati onshi ps are inflec tiona l ,thus knownas inflec tiona l morphe mes.Thereis the regula r plural suffix-s(-es) whichis addedto nounssuch as machin es, desks.8. Deriva tiona l morphe mes or Deriva tiona l affixe s--- Deriva tiona l affixe s are affixe s addedto othermorphe mes to create new words.9. Prefix es --- Prefix es are affixe s that come before the word, such as, pre+war.10. Suffix es --- suffix es are affixe s that come afterthe word, for instan ce, blood+y. Deriva tiona l morphe mes/ deriva tiona l affixe s --- A proces s of formin g new wordsby the additi on of a word elemen t. Such as prefix, suffix, combin g form to an alread y existi ng word.Prefix ation---- is the format ion of new wordsby adding prefix or combin g form to the base. (It modify the lexica l meanin g of the base)Suffix ation--- is the format ion of a new word by adding a suffix or combin g form to the base and usuall y changi ng the word-classof the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adject ive)11. Roo t --- A root is the basicform of a word whichcannot be furthe r analys ed withou t totalloss of identi ty.12.Opaque Words--Wordsthat are formed by one conten t morphe me only and cannot be analys ed into partsare called opaque words, such as axe, glove.13.Transp arent Words--Wordsthat consis t of more than one morphe mes and can be segmen ted into partsare called transp arent words:workab le(work+able), door-man(door+man).14. Morphs--Morphe mes are abstra ct units, whichare realiz ed in speech by discre te unitsknownas morphs. They are actual spoken, minima l carrie rs of meanin g.15. Allomo rps--Some morphe mes are realiz ed by more than one morphaccord ing to theirpositi on in a word. Such altern ative morphs are knownas allomo rphs.For instan ce, the morphe me of plural ity {-s} has a number of allomo rphsin differ ent soundcontex t, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match/iz/.16.Deriva tionor Affixa tion--Affixa tionis genera lly define d as the format ion of wordsby adding word-formin g or deriva tiona l affixe s to stems.This proces s is also knownas deriva tion.17.Prefix ation--Prefix ation is the format ion of new wordsby adding prefix es to stems.18.Suffix ation--Suffix ation is the format ion of new wordsby adding suffix es to stems.19. Compou nding（Compos iton）--Compou nding is a proces s of word-format ion by whichtwo indepe ndent wordsare put togeth er to make one word. E.g. hen-packed; short-sighte d.20. Conver sion--Conver sionis the format ion of new wordsby conver tingwordsof one classto anothe r class.This proces s of creati ng new wordswithou t adding any affixe s is also called zero-deriva tion. E.g. dry (a.)-->to dry.21. Back-format ion-- is a proces s of word-format ion by whicha word is create d by the deleti on of a suppos ed affix. E.g. editor entere d the langua ge before edit.22. Abbrev iatio n ( shorte ning)-- is a proces s of word-format ion by whichthe syllab les of wordsare abbrev iated or shorte ned.23. Abbrev iatio n includ es four types: I. Clippe d wordsII. Initia lisms III. Acrony ms IV. Blends.I. Clippe d words--are thosecreate d by clippi ng part of a word, leavin g only a pieceof the old word. E.g. teleph one-->phone, profes siona l-->pro.II. Initia lisms--are wordsformed from the initia l letter s of wordsand pronou ncedas letter s. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=Intern ation al Moneta ry Fund.III. Acrony ms--are wordsformed from the initia l letter s of word and pronou ncedas words. E.g. NATO/'neito/=NorthAtlant ic Treaty Organi zatio n.IV.Blends--are wordsthat are combin ed by partsof otherwords. E.g. smoke+fog=smog.24. Polyse my--The same word may have two or more differ ent meanin gs. This is knownas "polyse my". The word "flight", for exampl e, may mean "passin g throug h the air", "powerof flying", "air of journe y", etc.*Two approa chesto polyse my: Diachr onicand Synchr onicDiachr onica lly, we studythe growth or change in the semant ic struct ure of a word , or how the semant ic struct ure of a word has develo ped from primar y meanin g to the presen t polyse mic state.Synchr onica lly,we are intere stedin the compar ative valueof indivi dualmeanin gs and the interr elati on betwee n the centra l meanin g and the second ary meanin gs.*Two proces ses leadin g to polyse my: Radiat ion and concat enati onRadiat ion: Semant icall y, radiat ion is the proces s in whichthe primar y or centra l meanin g stands at the center whilesecond ary meanin gs radiat e from it in everydirect ion like rays.Concat enati on: is a semant ic proces s in whichthe meanin g of a word movesgradua lly away from its firstsenseby succes siveshifts, like the linksof a chain, untill thereis no connec tionbetwee n the sensethat is finall y develo ped and the primar y meanin g.25. Homony ms--are genera lly define d as wordsdiffer ent in meanin g but either identi cal both in soundand spelli ng or identi cal『a.同一的，完全相同的』 only in soundor spelli ng.26. Perfec t Homony ms--are wordsidenti cal both in soundand spelli ng,but differ ent in meanin g。
自考英语词汇学名词解释(54个全)
词汇学名词解释1. Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words.3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk.4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes --- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing.5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. T ake -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand".6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion.7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes.There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks.8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war.10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y.Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word.Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base)Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective)11. Root --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.16. Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.17. Prefixation--Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.18. Suffixation--Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.19. Compounding（Compositon）--Compounding is a process of word- formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. E.g. hen-packed; short-sighted.20. Conversion--Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This process of creating new words without adding any affixes is also called zero-derivation. E.g. dry (a.)-->to dry.21. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.22. Abbreviation ( shortening )-- is a process of word-formation by which the syllables of words are abbreviated or shortened.23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms IV. Blends.I. Clipped words--are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. E.g. telephone-->phone, professional-->pro.II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.III. Acronyms--are words formed from the initial letters of word and pronounced as words. E.g. NATO/'neito/=North Atlantic Treaty Organization.IV. Blends--are words that are combined by parts of other words. E.g. smoke+fog=smog.24. Polysemy--The same word may have two or more different meanings. This is known as "polysemy". The word "flight", for example, may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.Two approaches to polysemy: Diachronic and SynchronicDiachronically, we study the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word , or how the semantic structure of a word has developed from primary meaning to the present polysemic state .Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation between the central meaning and the secondary meanings.Two processes leading to polysemy: Radiation and concatenationRadiation : Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. Concatenation : is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, untill there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.25. Homonyms--are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical『a.同一的，完全相同的』only in sound or spelling.26. Perfect Homonyms--are words identical both in sound and spelling,but different in meaning。
英语词汇学名词解释
英语词汇学名词解释英语词汇学在英语学习和教学中，词汇是非常重要的一部分。
英语词汇学研究的是英语词汇的形成、分类、演变和使用等方面的知识。
下面是一些与英语词汇学相关的名词及其解释：1. 词汇（Vocabulary）•词汇是指某一语言系统中的全部词语的总称。
•例子：英语中的词汇包括单词（words），短语（phrases），习语（idioms）等。
2. 词义（Semantics）•词义是指词语所表示的意义或概念。
•例子：单词”apple”表示一种水果。
3. 词根（Root）•词根是构成单词的核心部分，具有词义的基本含义。
•例子：词根“tele-”表示“远程”，如单词”television”表示“远距离看”。
4. 词形（Morphology）•词形是指词语形态上的变化，包括词根的变化、词缀的添加和词语形式的变化等。
•例子：单词”run”经过词形变化可以有”running”（进行时态）和”ran”（过去时态）等形式。
5. 词汇量（Vocabulary Size）•词汇量是指一个人掌握或理解的词汇数量。
•例子：一般来说，英语水平高的人词汇量会相对较大。
6. 同义词（Synonym）•同义词是指语义相近的两个或多个词语。
•例子：“happy”和”glad”都是表示“高兴”的同义词。
7. 反义词（Antonym）•反义词是指意义相对立的两个词语。
•例子：“big”和”small”是表示“大”和“小”的反义词。
8. 多词性（Polysemy）•多词性是指一个词语具有多个不同但相关的词义。
•例子：单词”bank”可以表示“银行”或“河岸”。
9. 词汇补偿（Vocabulary Compensation）•词汇补偿是指在理解语言时，通过上下文和其他线索来推测未知词汇的意义。
•例子：如果不认识单词”obscure”，可以通过上下文来猜测它的意义是“不清楚的”。
这些名词和概念在英语词汇学中起着重要的作用，了解它们可以帮助我们更好地学习和使用英语词汇。
英语词汇学重点名词解释
英语词汇学重点名词解释Word a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a giving sound and meaning and syntactic function.Native w ords are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes. They are neutral in style and frequent in use.Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into English language. In other words they have come to comfort to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.Semantic-loans refers to words whose meanings are borrowed and whose forms are not borrowed. Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing material, namely roots, affixes and other elements.Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meetthe new need.Mopheme the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.Free mophemes are independent of other mophemes and have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammarical units in sentences. They are identical with root words.Bound mophemes A mopheme that occurs with at least one other mopheme.Stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.Inflectional affix is an affix that indicates grammatical relationships.Derivational affix is an affix that forms new words with a stem or a root.Affixation It is also called derivation, is the formation of new words by adding affix to stems.Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.Conversion the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.Blending the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Clipping to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Initialisms are words pronunced letter by letter.Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the lieral sense and figurative sense of the word..Morphological motivation accounts for the connection between the meaning of the word and the me aning of each morpheme in the word.Onomatopoeic motivation indicates the relationship between sound and meaning of a word . I ts sound suggests its meaning.Grammarical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammarical concept or relationships.Conceptual meaning the meaning giveb in the dictionary forms the core of word meaning.Connotation (Connotative meaning ) refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.Collocative meaning the word meaning which is suggested by t he words before or after the word in discussion.Reference is the relationship between language and the world.Concept Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Radiation a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre secondary meaning proceed out of it in every direction like rays.Concatenation a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains.Polysemy words that have two or more than two sense.Homonymy words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or meaning.Perfect homonyms are words identical both in sound and in spelling, but different in meaning.Synonym one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.Primary meaning is the only first meaning that a word had when it was created.Extension (Generalization) A process by which a word which originally had a specialized me aning has now become generalized.Narrowing (Specialication) It is also called specialication. It is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.Degradation is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense..Amelioration ( Elevation ) is also called elevation, a term referring to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance..Transfer words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.Linguistic context refers to the words, clauses, sentenses in which a word appears.Extra-linguistic context is also called non-linguistic context, which includes people, time, place, even the whole cultural background..Lexical context refers to the word occur together with the word in question.Grammatical context In some cases, the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.Metonymy the name of one thing is used for that of another associated with it.Synecdoche is that of substituting part for the whole and vice versa.Idioms strictly speaking, idioms are expr essions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements.Idioms nominal in nature idioms of this class have a noun as the key word in each and function as a noun in sentences.Specialized dictionary is a dictionary concentrationg on a particular area of language or knowledge. Unabridged dictionary As the name indicates, an unabridged dictionary is an unshortened one. Theoretically, it is a complete record of all the words in use ( actually no dictionariy can contain all the words in the language ).Desk dictionaries are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000. As they are dictionaries that one finds most used on desks, th ey are called desk dictionaries.。
自考词汇学简答题名词解释个人整理
自考词汇学简答题名词解释个人整理简答题和名词解释汇总0 introductionLexicology is a branch of linguistics, which is both a theoretical and practical course.There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely ____ and _____. synchronic, diachronicC1 Basic Concepts of Word and VocabularywordA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.What is the relationship between sound and meaningThere is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional.Eg. Dog means gou in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound rait can mean right, rite, and write, though denoting different things, them have the same sound.Why do more and more differences occur between sound and form?Why is English sound an imperfect representation of the spoken form?●English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.●Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years.●Borrowing of foreign language.●Some of the differences were created by the early scribes.●Printing freezes the spelling of words while soundcontinues to change as usual.VocabularyVocabulary refers to the total number of thewords in a language, all the words used in a particular historical period, and all the words of a given dialect and so on.By __, words can be classified into ___.by use frequency, basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary;by notion, content words and functional words;by origin, native words and borrowed words.the basic word stockThe basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language.What is the character of basic word stock?●All national character. The basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us.●Stability, they are likely to remain relatively unchanged.●Productivity, they are mostly root words, means they can form new words with other roots and affixes.●Polysemy, they often possess more than one meaning.●Collocability, many of them have many set expressions, proverbial sayings and so on. Eg, heart, a heart of gold, learn by heart.terminologyTerminology is technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in music, symphony.jargonJargon is the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves as in business, bottom line for unavoidableresult.slangSlang is the sub-standard language, which seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like jargon and argot, eg. Dough and bread means money.argotArgot is the jargon of criminals. Only thesub-cultural groups use it, and outsiders can hardly understand it, eg, Persuader means dagger.dialectal wordsDialectal words is words used only by speakers of the dialect in question, eg. Beauty in Australia means excellent.archaismsArchaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. Eg, brethren means brother.neologismsNeologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings. Eg, internet.functional wordsFunctional words, also called empty words, form words, do not have notions of their own. Their chief function is to express the relation between words or between sentences. Prepositions, conjunctions belong to it. Eg, on, to.What are the features of native words? 7 They are in basic word stock.They are neutral in style.They are frequent in use.borrowingsWe can classified the borrowed words into four classes according to ____.the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing.The four classes of borrowings are ____. denizens, aliens, translation-loans, semantic-loans.denizensDenizens is words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language. Eg. Pork.aliensAliens are borrowings which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Eg, decor.translation-loansTranslation-loans is words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language. Eg. Mothertongue from Latin.semantic-loansSemantic-loans is words not borrow with reference to the form, but borrow their meanings. Eg, the modern meaning of dream borrowed from Norse.C2 The Development of the English VocabularyThree main period in English historyOld English, Anglo-Saxon; Middle English, 1150-1500; Modern English.If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings.It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language.Three main sources of new words of present-day English vocabulary(1) the rapid development of modern science and technology；(2) social, economic and political changes；(3) the influence of other cultures and languages.modes of vocabulary development in English historycreation, semantic change, borrowing, reviving archaic.C3 Word Formation P208树状图morphemeMorpheme is the minimal meaningful unit in word formation.Structurally, a morpheme is the minimal meaningful unit of language.monomorphemic words monomorphemic words is the morphemes coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence, eg, bird, tree, green.allomorphsAllomorphs is morphemes realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word, eg, in cats /s/, in bags/z/.free morphemesfree morphemes, also called free root, is the morphemes which have complete meaning and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences, eg. cat, walk.bound morphemesBound morphemes is Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words, eg, recollection = re+collect+ion.bound rootBound root is that part of the word thatcarries the fundamental meaning like a free root, but it is bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to makewords.affixesAffixes is forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.The difference between inflection affixes and derivational affixesinflectional affixesInflectional affixes, also called inflectional morphemes, is affixes which attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectionalderivational affixesDerivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.rootA root is the basic form of a word, which can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity, eg, international, the root is nation.stemA stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added in word formation.P44 一个词，拆分分析。
自考2英语词汇学考试重点精华整理
自考2英语词汇学考试重点精华整理一、词汇学概述1、语言与词汇的关系：语言是词汇和语法规则的总和，而词汇则是语言中最基本的元素。
2、词汇学的定义：词汇学是研究语言的词汇以及词汇的起源、演变、语义和语用等方面的学科。
3、词汇学的研究对象：主要包括词汇的起源、演变过程、语义变化、文化背景等。
二、英语词汇的历史演变1、英语的起源：英语起源于古代日耳曼语，经过长时间的演变和发展，形成了今天的英语。
2、英语词汇的演变：英语词汇经历了许多变化，包括词义的变化、词形的变化、外来词的引入等。
3、英语词汇的分类：英语词汇可以根据其来源、语义、语法等方面进行分类。
三、英语词汇的语义关系1、同义词与反义词：同义词是指具有相同或相似意义的词汇，而反义词则是指具有相反意义的词汇。
2、上下义词与下义词：上下义词是指在一个词汇的语义场中，一个词可以表示另一个词的上层概念或下层概念。
3、词汇的文化意义：词汇的文化意义是指词汇在特定文化背景中所具有的意义。
四、英语词汇的记忆与运用1、记忆策略：记忆策略是指通过一定的方法来提高记忆效率，包括联想记忆、语境记忆等。
2、运用技巧：运用技巧是指在使用词汇时需要注意的事项，包括语用、语法等方面。
3、常见错误分析：常见错误分析是指对学生在使用词汇时容易犯的错误进行分析和纠正。
五、英语词汇的学习方法与技巧1、学习策略：学习策略是指通过一定的方法来提高学习效率，包括制定学习计划、使用学习工具等。
2、学习技巧：学习技巧是指在学习过程中需要注意的事项，包括如何集中注意力、如何提高学习效率等。
3、学习资源：学习资源是指在学习过程中可以使用的各种资源，包括书籍、网站、课程等。
词汇学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究词汇的起源、发展、变化和用法。
它涉及对单词的音、形、义、语法特征和语用意义等方面的研究。
词汇学有一些基本概念，包括词、词汇、词素、词义、语境等。
词是语言中最小的、可以独立使用的意义单位，词汇是语言中所有词的总和，词素是构成词的要素，词义是词的含义，语境是指词所处的语言环境。
英语词汇学自考重点
各章重点内容串讲：Introduction1.Lexicology（名词解释题）（1）Definition: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words（WNWD）.本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词汇的来源以及意义（词汇学的定义）。
（2）Domain: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。
2.Methods of Study（单选题/名词解释题）（1）Two approachesThere are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic.synchronic 共时法diachronic 历时法（2）Definition: A, synchronicFrom a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time.However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning.1.word（名词解释）（1）a minimal free form of a language1）Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language（词是语言中的最小的自由形式）2）that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.（词有固定的读音，固定的意义，固定的句法功能。
自考英语词汇学名词解释
词汇学名词解释1. Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words.3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk.4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes --- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing.5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand".6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion.7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes.There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks.8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war.10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y.Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word.Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base)Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective)11. Root --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove. 13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.16. Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.17. Prefixation--Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.18. Suffixation--Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.19. Compounding（Compositon）--Compounding is a process of word-formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. E.g. hen-packed; short-sighted.20. Conversion--Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This process of creating new words without adding any affixes is also called zero-derivation. E.g. dry (a.)-->to dry.21. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.22. Abbreviation ( shortening )-- is a process of word-formation by which the syllables of words are abbreviated or shortened.23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms IV. Blends.I. Clipped words--are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. E.g. telephone-->phone, professional-->pro.II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.III. Acronyms--are words formed from the initial letters of word and pronounced as words. E.g. NATO/'neito/=North Atlantic Treaty Organization.IV. Blends--are words that are combined by parts of other words. E.g. smoke+fog=smog.24. Polysemy--The same word may have two or more different meanings. This is known as "polysemy". The word "flight", for example, may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.Two approaches to polysemy: Diachronic and SynchronicDiachronically, we study the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word , or how the semantic structure of a word has developed from primary meaning to the present polysemic state .Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation between the central meaning and the secondary meanings.Two processes leading to polysemy: Radiation and concatenationRadiation : Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.Concatenation : is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, untill there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.25. Homonyms--are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical『a.同一的，完全相同的』only in sound or spelling.26. Perfect Homonyms--are words identical both in sound and spelling,but different in meaning。
自考英语词汇学 部分章节 重点归纳English Lexicology
《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷结构Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义)Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world.Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n. 认识；知识；认识能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference)Motivation(词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning.Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises.Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.很多合成词和派生词都是这类，Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.(由字面义派生出来的引申义)Etymological motivation(词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word.Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships.Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning(外延意义), is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally know as connotations.Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.(appreciative or pejorative).Collocative meaning is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.Stylistic meaning and affective meaning are revealed by means of collocations.Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field(语义关系和语义场)6.1 Polysemy（多义关系）1．多义关系的形成：Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all nature language that a word has more than one sense.An overwhelming majority of words are polysemous. When a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. But in the course of development, the same symbol must be used to express more meanings. The result is polysemy.2.Two approaches to polysemy(多义关系的两种研究方法):diachronic approach(历时角度)and synchronic approach(共时角度).3.Two process of development(词义发展的两种模式)1）Radiation (辐射型) is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays. The meanings are independent of one another. But can all be traced back to the centre meaning .2)Concatenation(连锁型), meaning ‘linking together’, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive adj. 连续的；继承的；依次的；接替的shi fts.6.2 Homonymy（同形spelling同音sound异义meaning关系）6.2.1Types of homonyms1.Perfect homonyms(完全同形同音异义词)are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.2.Homographs(同形词) are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning .3.Homophones(同音词)are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. Homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.6.2.2 Origins of Homonyms1. Change in sound and spelling.2. Borrowing.3. Shortening.6.2.3 Differentiation of homonyms and polysemants(同形同异义词与多义词的区别)6.2.4 Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)6.3 Synonymy(同义关系)—2类型+4来源+3区分1.Definition of synonyms(同义词的定义):words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.2.同义词的2个分类1)absolute synonyms(完全同义词) also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects.2)relative synonyms（相对同义词）also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, embrace different shades of meanings or different degree of a given quality.3.同义词的4个来源1) Borrowing. (外来词)2) Dialects and regional English.（方言和区域性的英语）3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words. (词的引申义和委婉语用法)4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions. (与习惯表达巧合一致)4.同义词的辨析（3个区分）1)difference in denotation.(外延意义)2)difference in connotation.(the stylistic and emotive colouring of words)(内涵意义)3)difference in application.应用上（difference in usage. different collocations）6.4 Antonymy反义关系—semantic opposition（语义相反关系）1.反义词的分类：矛盾反义词、对立反义词和关系反义词1) Contradictory terms (exclusive and non-gradable)--oppositeness2) Contrary terms. (a scale between two poles or extremes, gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.)—semantic relativity3) Relative terms.(interdependent相互依存)—relational opposites2.三类反义词的特点和区别Some of the characteristics of antonyms1)Antonyms are classified on the basic of semantic opposition.(adj. v. n.)there are more synonyms thanantonyms.2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.3)Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked termsrespectively.4)Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own correspondingopposite. Some words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being the negative and the other opposite.3.使用：解释词义。
自考英语词汇学
自考英语词汇学一、基本概念。
1. Word（单词）- 发音：[wɜːd]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：A word is a single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing, used with others (or sometimes alone) to form a sentence and typically shown with a space on either side when written or printed.例如：“book”“run”“happy”都是单词。
2. Lexicon（词汇）- 发音：[ˈleksɪkən]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge. 一个人、一种语言或者一个知识领域的词汇总和。
例如：The lexicon of medical terms is very large.（医学术语的词汇量非常大。
）3. Morpheme（语素）- 发音：[ˈmɔːfiːm]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The smallest meaningful unit in a language. 语言中最小的有意义的单位。
例如，“un - happy”中，“un -”（否定前缀，表“不”）和“happy”都是语素。
二、构词法（Word - formation）1. Prefixation（前缀法）- 发音：[priːfɪkˈseɪʃn]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases or stems. 通过给词根或词干添加前缀来构成新词。
- 例子：- “un -”（不） + “kind”（善良的） = “unkind”（不善良的），“un -”的发音：[ʌn]。
英语词汇学名词解释
英语词汇学名词解释英语词汇学（Lexicology）是研究词汇的科学学科。
它涵盖了词汇的各个方面，包括词汇的产生、发展和变化等。
首先，词汇学研究词汇的产生。
词汇是人类语言的基本单位，是人类表达思想和交流信息的重要工具。
词汇的产生与人类的生活和社会环境密切相关。
在人类社会发展的过程中，随着新事物的出现和新概念的产生，新词汇也会随之产生。
例如，随着科技的进步，电脑、互联网、手机等新技术词汇相继产生。
其次，词汇学研究词汇的发展。
词汇的发展主要包括词汇的演变和词义的扩展。
词汇的演变是指词汇在使用过程中发生的变化。
例如，英语中的单词“nice”原本的意思是“愚蠢的”，但随着时间的推移，其词义逐渐扩展为“友好的”、“美好的”等。
词义的扩展是指词汇在使用过程中逐渐获得更广泛的意义。
例如，英语中的单词“mouse”原本指小老鼠，但在计算机领域中，它也指计算机的鼠标。
此外，词汇学还研究词汇的变化。
词汇的变化包括发音、拼写和形态等方面的变化。
发音的变化指的是词汇在不同时期和地区的发音差异。
例如，英语中的单词“knight”在古英语时期的发音是/knixt/，但在现代英语中，它的发音变为/naɪt/。
拼写的变化是指词汇在不同时期和地区的拼写方式的差异。
例如，英语中的单词“colour”在美国被拼写为“color”。
形态的变化是指词汇在不同时期和语言环境中的词形变化。
例如，英语中的单词“goose”的复数形式在古英语中为“gǣs”，而在现代英语中为“geese”。
总之，英语词汇学研究词汇的产生、发展和变化，揭示了词汇在语言中的重要地位和作用。
通过深入研究词汇，我们可以更好地理解和运用英语，提高我们的语言能力。
2020年10月自考00832英语词汇学部分真题答案
2020年10月自考00832英语词汇学部分真题答案三、名词解释1. terminology【答案】Terminology consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.【解析】术语指特定学科和学术领域所使用的专有名词。
2. compounds【答案】Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds.【解析】复合法指由两个或更多的词干相结合而构成新词。
以此种方式形成的词被称为复合词。
3. homonyms【答案】Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.【解析】同形同音异义词指在读音和拼写上或者只是在读音或拼写上相同而词义不同的词。
4. phrasal verbs【答案】Phrasal verbs are idioms which are composed of a verb plus a prep and/or a particle.【解析】短语动词是由一个动词外加一个介词和/或小品词构成的习语。
5. context (in narrow sense)【答案】In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context, which may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.【解析】狭义上讲，语境是指一个词所在的词群、从句和句群环境，这称为语言环境，可以包括一个段落，一个章节，甚至整个一本书。
词汇学名词解释
词汇学名词解释词汇学是语言学的分支领域之一，研究词汇的性质、结构、意义和使用规律。
以下是对词汇学中几个关键概念的解释：1. 词汇（Lexicon）：词汇是一个语言中的全部词条，包括单词、短语和常用搭配等。
词汇是一种基本的语言单位，是语言交流和理解的基础。
2. 词性（Part of Speech）：词性指词汇中有关词的分类。
根据词的语法和语义特征，可以将词汇分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、代词、连词和感叹词等不同的词性。
3. 词义（Word Meaning）：词义是一个词汇所表达的概念、事物或动作的意义。
词义可以通过定义、同义词、反义词以及词汇搭配等方式进行解释和理解。
4. 词根（Root）：词根是一个词汇的基本核心部分，通常带有主要的语义意义。
通过加前缀、后缀和派生等方式，可以将词根组合成更复杂的词汇形式。
5. 同义词（Synonym）：同义词是具有相同或相似词义的词汇。
同义词可以提供多种不同的方式来表达同一概念，丰富了语言的表达能力。
6. 反义词（Antonym）：反义词是在词义上相互对立或相互排斥的词汇。
通过使用反义词可以传达相反的意义和观点。
7. 语义范畴（Semantic Field）：语义范畴是一组具有相似语义关联的词汇。
这些词汇之间存在概念上的联系，并且可以通过它们之间的关系进行划分和归类。
8. 词汇搭配（Collocation）：词汇搭配指的是在不同上下文中常常一起出现的词组合。
词汇搭配可以是习语、固定搭配或者常用的短语，对于正确地理解和使用词汇是非常重要的。
9. 词法关系（Lexical Relation）：词法关系是不同词汇之间的关系，包括上下义关系、同源关系、形态关系、语法关系等。
这些关系有助于理解词汇之间的联系和共同特征。
10. 词源学（Etymology）：词源学研究词汇的起源和历史发展。
通过对词汇的来源和历史变化的研究，可以了解词汇之间的发展和演变过程。
总之，词汇学的研究有助于我们更好地理解和使用词汇，掌握词汇的形式、意义和用法，从而提高语言的表达能力和沟通效果。
词汇学名词解释 2
1、英语词汇概述：（8%）（1）英语词汇的谱系关系及其历史发展：英语的谱系关系；英语的三个发展阶段。
（2）英语词汇的构成：基本词汇与专用词汇；英语词汇中的本族词与外来词。
（3）英语词汇的三大特点：数量大、来源广、变化多。
‘Indo-European’印欧语系With Vikings’ invasion, many Scandinavian words at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.1. Word词--- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2．Vocabulary词汇—— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.3. basic word stock 基本词汇is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary, yet it is the most important partof it. These words have obvious characteristics.（1）All national character全民性. Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language。
词汇学名词解释
1.Free morphemes:自由语素a morphemes that can stand alone.或者a linguistic form that can occur as an independent word.2.Boud morphemes:黏着语素 a morphemes that must occur with atlease one other morpheme.3.Back-formation: 逆生法。
is the method of creating words byremoving the supposed suffixes.4.Allomorph：语素变体the phonetic variant of a morpheme ina particular language.或者one of the variants of the samemorpheme5.conversion:转换法is the formation of new words byconverting words from one word-class to another word-class.或者Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word ofa certain word-class is shifted into a word of anotherword-class without the addition of an affix.6.blending 拼缀法 is the formation of new words by combiningpasts of two words or word plus a part of anther word .如;smog---smoke +fog.7.Semantic field:语义场Semantic field theory is concernedwith the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to havea number of collocations in common.8.semantic motivation :语义理据Semantic motivation refersto motivation based on semantic factors and it is usually provided by the figurative usage of words.9.conceptual meaning：概念意义。
自考英语词汇学总结重要词条解释（必备）
⾃考英语词汇学总结重要词条解释（必备）红⾊蓝⾊-第⼀次复习紫⾊加粗⼆号-第⼆次复习A Detailed Note for Modern LinguisticsChapter 1: Introduction1. Define the following terms:1).Linguistics: It is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2).General linguistics: The study of language as a whole is called general linguistics.3).Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching andlearning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.4).Synchronic study: The study of a language at some point in time. e.g. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is asynchronic study.5).Diachronic study: The study of a language as it changes through time. A diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies thehistorical development of language over a period of time. e.g. a study of the chang es English has undergone since Shakespeare’s time is a diachronic study.6).Language competence: The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. A transformational-generative grammar（转化⽣成语法）is amodel of language competence.7).Language performance: performance is the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules in li nguistic communication.8).Langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions andrules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently.9).Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parolevaries from person to person, and from situation to situation.10).Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.11).Arbitrariness: （任意性）It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Agood example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.12).Productivity: (多产性)Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.13).Duality: Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds at the lower or basic level, and the other ofmeanings at the higher level.14).Displacement: language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or infar-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.15).Cultural transmission: While we are born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language are not genetically transmitted, butinstead have to be taught and learned.16).Design features: It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication Chapter 2: Phonology⾳系学1. Define the terms:1).phonetics: 语⾳学Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the wor ld’ slanguages2).auditory phonetics: 听觉语⾳学It studies the speech sounds from the hearer’s point of view. It studies how t he sounds are perceived by the hearer.3).acoustic phonetics: 声学语⾳学It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.4).international phonetic alphabet [IPA]: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.5).？Broad transcription:宽式标⾳the transcription with letter-symbols only, i.e. one letter-symbol for one sound. This is the transcription normallyused in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.6).Narrow transcription: is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. This is the transcription used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.7).diacritics: is a set of symbols which can be added to the letter-symbols to make finer distinctions than the letters alone make possible.8).Voiceless（清⾳）: when the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such acondition are called voiceless sounds.9).Voicing （浊⾳）: Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds.10).Vowel:元⾳the sounds in production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract withoutobstruction are called vowels.11).Consonants: 辅⾳the sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants.12).phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.13).phone: Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does notnecessarily distinguish meaning.14).phoneme: ⾳位a collection of abstract phonetic features, it is a basic unit in phonology. It is represented or realized as a certain phone bya certainphonetic context.15).allophone:⾳位变体The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of thatphoneme. For example [l] and [l]16).phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment anddistinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.17).Complementary distribution: refers to the relation between two similar phones which are allophones of the same phoneme, and they occur in differentenvironments.18).minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the twowords are said to form a minimal pair. For example: bin and pin.19).suprasegmental features:t he phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. The mainsuprasegmental features include stress, tone and intonation.20).tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variation can distinguish meaning justlike phonemes. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in tone languages, for example, in Chinese.21).intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Forexample, English has four basic types of intonation: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone and the rise-fall tone.Chapter 3: Morphology形态学1. Define the following terms:1).Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. It is dividedinto two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology.派⽣形态学2).Inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections3).Derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.4).Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language. For example: the word “boyish” consists of two morphemes: “boy” and “ish”.5).Free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or incombination with other morphemes. For example: “help”, “table”, “room” a re all free morphemes.6).Bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes,either free or bound, to form a word. For example: “-er”, “dis-“, “-less” are all bound morphemes.7).Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with anotherroot or an affix to form a word. For example: the root “geo-“combines with another root “-ology”, we get the word “geology”.8).Affix: morphemes manifesting various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case. Affixes are of twotypes: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relatio ns or grammatical categories, such as “-ing”, “-est”, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word, such as “-ly”, “dis-“, “un-“.9).Inflection（屈折）: the manifestation of various grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, tense, degreeand case.10).Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word. Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of theoriginal word.11).Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.12).Stem: A stem is the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. A stem can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form himself.13).Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words. Chapter 4: Syntax1. Define the following terms:1).syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics which studies the sentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to becombined with other words to form grammatical sentences.2).linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguisticknowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.3).sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.4).finite clause（定式⼦句）: a clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone. (A simple sentence satisfies thestructural requirements of a finite clause.)5).simple sentence: a simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.6).coordinate sentence（并列句）: A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as “and”,“but”, “or”.7).complex sentence（复合句）: a complex sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated （合成⼀体的）into the other. That is,the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other. The incorporated, or subordinate, clause is normally called an embedded clause, and the clause into which it is embedded is called a matrix clause.8).hierarchical structure（层次结构）: the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of eachstructural constituent, such as NP and VP.9).syntactic category: Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word (called a lexical category) or a phrase (called aphrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or object in a sentence. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic catego ry.10).grammatical relations: The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of asentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom.11).phrase structure rules: a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences.12).X-bar theory is a general and highly abstract schema that collapses all phrasal structure rules into a single format: X″→ (Spec) X (Compl). (In thisformat, Spec stands for specifier while Compl stands for complement. This theory is capable of reducing the redundancies of individual phrasal structure rules and may well capture certain basic properties shared by all phrasal categories, i.e. NP, VP, AP, PP, across the languages of the world. )13).transformational rules: 转换规则Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.14).D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion ofthe lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.(Phrase structure rules + the lexicon→D-structure → Movement rules → S-structure)15).S-structure: a level of syntactic representation after the operation of necessary syntactic movement16).Move a: a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement.Universal Grammar: a system of linguistic knowledge which consists of some general principles and parameters about natural languages.Chapter 5: Semantics语义学1. Define the following terms:1).Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2).Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract andde-contextualized.3).Reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element andthe non-linguistic world of experience.4).Synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.Eg.Fall-autumn5).Polysemy: Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.table6).Homonymy（同⾳异义，同形异义）: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. , differentwords are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.7).Homophones（同⾳异义）: When two words are identical in sound, they are called homophones. e.g. rain/reign.8).Homographs同形异义: When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. e.g. tear v. / tear n.9).Complete homonyms: When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are called complete homonyms. e.g. fast v. / fast adj.; scale v./scale. n.10).Hyponymy（下义关系）: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The wordwhich is more general is called a superordinate（上坐标词）, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. (Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other.) e.g. superordinate: animal, hyponyms: dog, cat, lion, tiger.11).Antonymy: Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning (on different dimensions).12).Componential analysis（成分分析法）: Componential analysis is a way proposed by structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. This approach isbased on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features. For example: the word “man” is analyzed as comprising the features of +HUMAN, +ADULT, +ANIMATE, +MALE.13).Predication analysis（述谓结构分析）: It is an approach proposed by British linguist G. Leech for sentential meaning analysis. In semantic analysis of asentence, predication is the basic unit which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. This applies to all forms of sentence, including statements, imperative and interrogative forms. A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate. An argument is a logical participant in a prediction, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence. A predicate is something said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.14).The grammatical meaning: The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e., its grammatical well-formedness. Thegrammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.15).Two-place predication: A two-place predication is one which contains two arguments.Chapter 6: Pragmatics 语⽤学1. Define the following terms:1).Pragmatics: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2).Context: The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It consists of (It is generally considered as constituted by) the knowledgethat is shared by the speaker and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in whichlinguistic communication is taking place.3).Utterance meaning: 话语意义the meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it isrealization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.4).Sentence meaning: The meaning of a sentence is often considered as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication.5).Constative: Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were verifiable;6).Performative: performatives, on the other hand, were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. Their function is toperform a particular speech act.7).Locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexiconand phonology.8).Illocutionary act: 语内表现⾏为An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.9).Perlocutionary act: A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change broughtabout by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.10).Cooperative Principle: It is a principle advanced by Paul Grice. His idea is that in making conversations, the participants must first of all be willing tocooperate, otherwise it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. The content is: Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.11).Conversational implicature: ⾔外之意Most of the violations of the cooperative principles give rise to what Paul Grice calls “conversational implicatures.” When we violate any of these ma xims, our language becomes indirect and implies an extra meaning.Chapter 7：Historical Linguistics历史语⾔学1. Define or explain the following terms:1)historical linguistics: a subfield of linguistics that studies language change (or historical development of language).2)diachronic linguistics:历史语⾔学a term used instead of historical linguistics to refer to the study of language change at various points in time and atvarious historical stages.3)Old English: a major period in the history of English development that began in 449 and ended in 1100.4)Middle English: a major period in the history of English development that began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England in 1100 andended in 1500.5)Modern English: a period in the history of English development that began roughly from 1500 to the present.6)t he Great Vowel Shift: a series of systematic sound change in the history of English that involved seven long vowels and consequently led to one of themajor discrepancies（差异）between English pronunciation and its spelling system.7)apocope:字尾⾳消失the deletion of a word-final vowel segment.8)epenthesis: the insertion of the consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word.9)Metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as metathesis. It involves a reversal in position of two neighbouring sound segments.10)Compounding: It is a process of combining two or more than two words into one lexical unit. For example: sailboat, big-mouth, three-year-old.11)Derivation: It is a process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems or words. For example: uglification（丑化），finalize.12)Acronym: An acronym is a word created by combining the initials of a number of words. For example: UNESCO(United Nations Educational,16)Back-formation: It is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the supposed suffix of an existing word. For example: typewrite(typewriter), edit (editor)17)semantic broadening: the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning.18)Semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earliermeaning.19)Semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related,meaning.20)protolanguage: the original (or ancestral) form of a language family which has ceased to exist.21)language family: a group of historically (or genetically) related languages that have developed from a common ancestral language.22)Great Vowel Shift: It is a series of systematic sound change at the end of the Middle English period approximately between 1400 and 1600 in thehistory of English that involved seven long vowels and consequently led to one of the major discrepancies between English pronunciation and its spelling system.23)Sound assimilation: Sound assimilation refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another. In an assimilative process, successive sounds aremade identical, or more similar, to one another in terms of place or manner of articulation, or of haplology.24)Haplology: It refers to the phenomenon of the loss of one of two phonetically similar syllables in sequence.25)cognate: a word in one language which is similar in form and meaning to a word in another language because both languages have descended from acommon source.26)internal borrowing: the application of a rule from one part of the grammar to another part of the grammar by analogy（类推，类似）to its earlieroperation.27)Grimm’s Law：(07年1⽉考题，请参考书总结)Chapter 8：Socio- linguistics1. Define or explain the following terms:1)sociolinguistics: the subdiscipline of linguistics that studies language variation and language use in social context.2)speech community: a group of people who form a community and share at least one speech variety as well as similar linguistic norms.3)speech variety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.The distinctive characteristics of a speech variety may be lexical, phonological, morphological, syntactic, or a combination of linguistic features.4)language planning: language standardization is known as language planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government orgovernment agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across regional boundaries.5)sociolect: a variety of language used by people belonging to a particular social class.6)idiolect: An idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social, and stylisticvariation, in one form or another（以这样或那样的⽅式综合了有关地域、社会和⽂体变异的所有成份）. In a narrower sense, what makes up one’s idiolect includes also such factors as voice quality⾳质, pitch⾳⾼and speech rhythm⾔语节奏, which all contribute to the identifying features in an individual’ s speech.7)register: a functional speech or language variety that involves degrees of formality depending on the speech situation concerned.8)standard language: a superposed（迭⽣的，重合的）prestigious variety of language of a community or nation, usually based on the speech and writingof educated native speakers of the language. (P170)9)nonstandard language: Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard languages10)lingua franca: a variety of language that serves as a common speech for social contact among groups of people who speak different native languagesor dialects.11)pidgin: a marginal contact language with a limited vocabulary and reduced grammatical structures, used by native speakers of other languages as ameans of business communication.12)creole: A creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community. When a pidgin comes tobe adopted by a population as its primary language, and children learn it as their first language, then the pidgin language is called a creole.13)diglossia: a sociolinguistic situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each serving a particular socialfunction and used for a particular situation14)bilingualism: ilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers,such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.15)ethnic dialect: Within a society, speech variation may come about because of d ifferent ethnic backgrounds. An ethnic language variety isa socialdialect of a language, often cutting across regional differences. An ethnic dialect is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation.16)slang: Slang is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but non-standard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy浮华的and oftenephemeral短暂的coinages创新词and figures of speech characterized by spontaneity⾃发性and sometimes by raciness活泼，充满活⼒. 17)linguistic taboo: an obscene猥亵的, profane,亵渎的or swear word or expression that is prohibited from general use by the educated and “polite”society.18)euphemism: a word or expression that is thought to be mild, indirect, or less offensive and used as a polite substitute for the supposedly harsh andunpleasant word or expression.19)Domain使⽤域: Domain refers to the phenomenon that most bilingual communities have one thing in common, that is, fairly clear functionaldifferentiation of the two languages in respect of speech situations. For example: the Home Domain, Employment Domain etc.Chapter 9：Psychological Linguistics1. Define or explain the following terms:1)psycholinguistics: the study of language in relation to the mind, with focus on the processes of language production⽣成, comprehension理解andacquisition掌握.2)cerebral cortex: the outside surface of the brain, it is the decision-making organ of the body, which receives messages from all the sensory organs andwhere human cognitive abilities reside.3)brain lateralization: the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain.4)linguistic lateralization: hemispheric specialization or dominance for language.5)dichotic listening: a research technique which has been used to study how the brain controls hearing and language. The subjects wear earphones andsimultaneously receive different sounds in the right and left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.6)Broca’s area : It refers to the frontal lobe i n the left cerebral hemisphere, which is vital to language. This area is discovered by Paul Broca,a Frenchsurgeon and anatomist.7)angular gyrus: The angular gyrus lies behind Wernicke’ s area. The angular gyrus is the language center responsible for conv erting a visual stimulus intoan auditory form and vice versa. This area is crucial for the matching of a spoken form with a perceived object, for the naming of objects, and for the comprehension of written language , all of which require connections between visual and speech regions.8)cerebral plasticity: According to Lenneberg, prior to the end of the critical period, both hemispheres are involved to some extent in language and onecan take over if the other is damaged. This neurological flexibility is called cerebral plasticity .9)linguistic determinism: a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf, which states that the way people view theworld is determined by the structure of their native language.10)right ear advantage: The speech signals presented in the right ear goes directly to the left brain, while the speech signals in the left ear must first go tothe right hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain for processing. Since the speech signals in the left ear takes a non-direct route and a longer time before processing than a linguistic signal received through the right ear, linguistic stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is called the right ear advantage.11)the critical period: an early period of one’s life extending the age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most rea dy to acquire languagenaturally and effortlessly , a period that coincides with the period of brain lateralization for language functions.12)the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and his student Whorf (and also a belief held by somescholars) which states that t he way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language.13)linguistic relativism: Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, that is relative to their linguisticbackground, hence the notion of linguistic relativism .14)overt thought: A term used to refer to speech when language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we m ay regard speech as “overtthought.”15)interpersonal communication: It means language users use language to convey information, thoughts and feelings from one person to another, or tocontrol each other’ s behavior.16)intrapersonal communication: the process of using language within the individual to facilitate one’s own thought and aid the formulation andmanipulation of concepts.17)subvocal speech: a term used to refer to thought when thought and language are identical or closely parallel to each other.Chapter 10：Language Acquisition1. Define or explain the following terms:。
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word: a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
vocabulary：Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.
Alien非同化词 are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.
Translation-loans. 借译词Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.
Creation : the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.
Argot黑话 generally refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it,
Archaisms古词语 are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.
1、types of morphemes: Free morphemes; bound morphemes; inflectional morphemes.
2、types of bound morphemes：Prefix; Suffix.
3、types of idioms: Idioms Nominal in nature; Idioms Adjectival in nature; Idioms Verbal in nature; Idioms Adverbal in nature; sentence idioms.
五、41-45名词解释*2；
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.
Morphology : the study of morpheme and their different forms.
slang 俚语belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words
Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit in a language
Allomomorpheme
Free morpheme: a linguistic form which can be used on its own as a word
Semantics：the study of word meaning.
Etymology: the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning.
Stylistics : the study of the variation in language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearer
Neologisms 新词语are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.
denizens同化词are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language.
Inflectional affixes: affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships
Derivational affixes: affixes added to other morphemes to create new words
Lexicography : the compiling of dictionaries.
Synchronic study : the study of a word or words at one particular point in time.
Diachronic study: an approach to lexicology which studies how a word (or words) changes over a period of time.
Semantic-loans借义词Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed.
Content word: the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary ,which accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. It is the most important part of vocabulary.
5、idioms stylistic features: colloquialisms; slang; literary expressions.
6、idioms rhetorical features:
phonetic manipulation (alliteration\rhyme); lexical manipulation (reiteration\repetition\juxtaposition);figures of speech (simile\metaphor\metonymy\synecdovhe\euphemism\personification)
Terminology术语 consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine:
Jargon 行话refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.
4、types of word meaning: Grammatical meaning and lexical meaning; conceptual meaning and associative meaning (connotative meaning\stylistic ~\affective ~\collocative ~)
9、types of motivation: morphological motivated; semantic ~; etymological ~; onomatopoeic ~
10、语系划分的标准Estern set : Balto-Slavic(Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgarian ,Slovenian and Russian.), Indo-Iranian（Persian, Hindi）, Armenian and Albanian ；Western set : Celtic(Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton), Italic(Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Roumanian) , Hellenic(Greek), Germanic(Norwegian ,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, English, German).