语法-非谓语动词+练习解析

语法学习网站/grammar/Index.htm 二、非谓语动词非谓语动词既有非动词特征，又有动词特征。

非动词特征：不定式—具有n. adj. adv. 的特征，在句中担任除谓语外任何成分；动名词—具有n. 特征，在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语；分词—具有adj. adv. 特征，在句中可作主语、表语、宾补、状语；动词特征：有语态和部分时态的变化；可以有自己的宾语和状语，同其宾语和状语一起构成短语；还可有逻辑主语区别：动名词—名词；习惯性动作不定式—将来；一次性动作分词：现在分词—动作正在进行；表主动过去分词—动作已经完成；表被动（一）不定式1 形式：to + v.原形否定式：not to do主动形式：一般式—to do进行式—to be doing完成式—to have done完成进行式—to have been doing被动形式：一般式—to be done完成式—to have been done1)一般式：不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或者在谓语动词表示的饿动作之后发生。

I’m glad to see you.（同时发生）They invited us to come to a party.（不定式动作后发生）2)完成式：不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前I’m glad to have seen your mother.= I’m glad t hat I have your mother.The enemy was reported to have surrendered.= It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.3)进行式：谓语动词表示的动作发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行。

They are said to be building another bridge over the river.= It is said that they are building another bridge over the river.4)完成进行式：在谓语动词表示的动作发生前，不定式表示的动作一直在进行。

They are said to have been collecting folk songs there.= It is said that they have been collecting folk songs there.⊙关于不定式的时态，考试中主要测试一般式、进行式和完成式的区别，多数试题将正确答案设置在完成式上。

为了更好地理解和掌握这一语法测试点，研读和比较下列句子。

They expected their son to do well in the examination.They expected their son to be doing well during the examination. They expected their son to have done well in the examination.2 不定式作用①作主语Eg. To master a foreign language is not easy.→It’s not easy to master a foreign language.It’s the greatest happiness of life to love and to be loved.注：不定式（短语）作主语通常转化成It + is/was + adj./n. + 不定式（短语）其中it 是形式主语(form subject)，真正的主语是后面的不定式（短语）②作表语Eg. Her wish is to be a teacher.She seems to be happy.③作宾语Eg. He loved to listen to music.I find it difficult to speak English fluently.下列及物动词要求不定式作宾语：afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, care, choose, decide, desire, demand, determine, help, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, strive, tend, wish, …④作定语Eg. He is the best man to consult with.There is a lot of work to do.注：不定式通常作后置定语，而且vi.后要加介词⑤作状语a目的状语Eg. I started early so as to /in order to get there before dark.so as to 和in order to 是不定式的强调形式so as to用在句中in order to 用在句中或句首否定形式：not to doso as not to doin order not to dob原因状语Eg. We are proud to be members of this team.We jumped with joy to hear of the good news.c结果状语Eg. He is too young to go to school.He is old enough to go to school.I hurried to the railway station only to find that the train had left. He behaved so foolishly as to make me think that he is out of his senses.His story is so sad as to arouse our sympathy.so as to / such as toso …as to/such …as toso/such 区别：so + adj.such + n.so/such排序：so + adj. + a/an + n.such + a/an + adj. + n.Eg. Hers is such a sad story as to arouse our sympathy.Hers is so sad a story as to arouse our sympathy.Her story is such as to arouse our sympathy.⑥作补语a宾补Eg. China expects everyone to do his duty.I could make them understand me.补：要求不定式作宾补的动词：ask, tell, want, expect, invite, allow,forbid, force, oblige, urge, advise,persuade…sb. to do sth.要求省to不定式作宾补的动词：make/have/let sb. do sth.help sb. to do sth. 主语不直接参与动作help sb. do sth. 主语直接参与动作Eg. This kind of soap will help us to wash the clothes more easily.They always help me do my homework.b主补Eg. We were made to pay the money.A man was seen to enter the house.注：主被动语态转换S. make sb. do sth.→sb. be made to do sth.S. saw a man enter the house.→A man was seen to enter the house. S. saw a man entering the house.→A man was seen entering the house.3 结构与考点①否定式You must promise never to do that again.②疑问词+不定式（作主语、宾语、宾补、表语）介词+疑问词+不定式（作状语）Eg. Where to stay has not been decided yet.（主语）She doesn’t know what to do.（动词宾语）He had no idea of how to do.（介词宾语）I ask him where to get this book.（宾语补足语）The question is which to choose.（表语）I want a room with big windows, through which to see the sea.（状语）③复合结构：for sb. to do sth.It is + adj./n. + for/of sb. to do sth.（当形容词为表示“性格特征或行为表现”的形容词时，介词用of，如kind, wrong, polite, wise…）Eg. The book is too difficult for the students to read.There is no need for her to come.It’s difficult for us to learn English well.It’s kind of you to help me with my English.④独立结构：作插入语，表示说话人的看法or态度Eg. To be frank (with you), I don’t care much for your project.They are, so to speak, grown up boys.（可以这么说）He is not a bad man, to be sure.（固然）to be honest with you;to tell you the truth;⑤分离不定式：在to与v.原形之间插入adv.Eg. She prepared to silently accompany him.4 省略不定式符号to的情况（省to不定式即动词原形）①had better/had best (not) dowould rather/would sooner do sth. than do sth.would just as soon do sth. as do…（宁愿…也不愿…）may /might (just) as well do…（还是…好；还不如…;不妨…）can not but do…(不能不；不得不）Eg. I would just as soon stay as go with him.We may as well begin at once.You may as well tell the truth.We might just as well stay at home.I can not but admire his courage.②感官动词或使役动词+宾语+动词原形宾补make /have /let + sb./sth. + do常见感官动词：see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at, feel etc.[注：make/have + sb./sth. + done]③若连词(than, as)或介词(except, but)前有do的某种形式，省to;反之则不省Eg. He did not so much as say he was sorry.I did no more than make a beginning.I have no choice but to accept the fact.I did nothing but/except repair the farmtools.My dog does everything except speak.④作表语的不定式，若主语中有do的某种形式，可省to也可不省. Eg. All I did was (to) hit him on the head.The only thing we can do is (to) encourage him to try again.The only thing to do is (to) encourage him to try again.What I’ll do is (to) tell her the truth.（二）动名词1 形式：v-ing否定形式：not v-ing主动形式：一般式v-ing完成式having done被动形式：一般式being done完成式having been done复合结构：one’s doing2 作用①作主语Eg. Seeing is believing.There is no denying this.It’s no use/good/useless crying over the spilt milk.②作表语Eg. His hobby is collecting stamps.③作宾语动词宾语I have finished reading the book.介词宾语She is very fond of dancing.④宾补He called this robbing Peter to pay Paul.Do you find staying here interesting?→Do you find it interesting staying here?动名词作宾补经常转换成：vt.（谓语）+ it（形式宾语）+ v-ing（动名词短语为真正的宾语）⑤定语动名词作定语，说明人或物的性能or用途现在分词作定语，表明动作进行，是主谓关系Eg. sleeping pillsa sleeping child3 结构及考点：否定式和复合结构①否定式not v-ing②复合结构: 名词所有格或物主代词+动名词（作主语或宾语）名词通格或代词宾格+动名词（非正式文体或语中）Eg. It’s no use buying books but not reading them.His/Him going there won’t help much.John’s/John coming here will get us out of trouble.I don’t remember his/him giving me back that dictionary.I don’t remember my wife’s/wife complaining about prices.I heard of Miss Mary’s/Mary coming back.附录：1有些动词后需接动名词作宾语：anticipate, appreciate, involve, remember, forget, forgive, forbid, imagine, keep, mind, regret, avoid, consider, discuss, encourage, finish, like, love, resist, delay, admit，risk, resume, suggest, advise, allow, permit, deny, dislike, favor, fancy, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, leave off, overlook, miss, pardon, postpone, practice, put off, prevent, prohibit, quit, recommend, require, resent, recall, tolerate, understand, stop, …approach to doing, be busy doing, object to doing, feel like doing, can’t help doing, prefer doing A to doing B,…2有些介词和形容词后需接动名词作宾语：approach to doing, on the point of doing, busy doing, object to doing, feel like doing, there is (no) point in doing…3 有些句式要求动名词作宾语It’s no use/good doing…It’s useless doing…⊙there to be和there being作介词宾语时的区别there to be和there being都是there be的非谓语形式，并且都可以作介词宾语，二者在作介词宾语时的唯一区别在于：如果介词是for，则后面接there to be；如果是其它介词，则后面接there being。