12 essay development by__ definition

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development英文作文

development英文作文英文：Development is a broad and complex topic that encompasses a wide range of areas, including economic, social, and personal development. In my opinion, development is about making progress and improvement in various aspects of life. It can be seen in the growth of a country's economy, the advancement of technology, and the personal growth of individuals.For example, the development of a country's economy can be measured by its GDP growth, infrastructure improvement, and increase in living standards. China is a great example of a country that has experienced rapid economic development in recent decades. The construction of high-speed railways, the establishment of world-class technology companies like Huawei and Alibaba, and the rise of the middle class are all indicators of China's economic development.On a personal level, development can be seen in the growth and improvement of skills, knowledge, and mindset. For instance, when I first started learning a new language, I struggled to form simple sentences and understand basic grammar rules. However, through consistent practice and dedication, I have seen significant development in my language abilities. I can now hold conversations with native speakers and even write essays in that language.中文：发展是一个广泛而复杂的话题，涵盖了经济、社会和个人发展等多个领域。

《英语写作》思考题(The expository essay)

思考题The Expository EssayI. Development by example (P.65)River Rafting Teaches Worthwhile Lessons(P. 66)1. Answer the following questions.1) What is the thesis of the essay?2) What is the main idea of the first body paragraph? How many examples are offered? Whatare they?3) What is the main idea of the second body paragraph? How many examples are offered?What are they?2. Analyze the structure of the essay.II. Development by process analysis (P.67)How to Get a Job (P.67)After reading the essay, make a list of the steps the graduating college students need to take to find the right job.PracticeFill in the blanks in the following essay with the transitional words or phrases in the box.AYou are now in your sophomore year. Those who desire to further their studies after graduation from college should get prepared for applying to graduate institutions from now on. You need to begin the process before your senior year, that is, in the end of the third year, for it covers a few considerable steps.___(1)___, obtain a list of schools with your major. __(2)____, carefully select an academic orientation from many which suits your interest and ambition. This requires that you consult with others. Having decided on your specific field, __(3)___ is to enter your name for the examination in the local testing service. ___(4)____ you need to fill in the application form. __(5)___, you are wanted to pay fees and to offer your school report card. ___(6)___, you will wait for a permissioncard. ___(7)___ a three-month-or-more period during which you review all the courses involved in the examination in case you have got a permission.III. Development by comparison and contrastMiddle School Life and College Life (P.70)1. Answer the following questions.1) How many points are compared between middle school life and college life?2) What conclusion does the author come to by comparing the life in middle schools and thatin colleges?2. Analyze the structure of the essay.Eating and Reading(P.70)1. Answer the following questions.1) Why do we eat?2) Why do we read?3) What will result from not eating what we dislike?4) What will result from our just focusing on one subject and paying no attention to anythingelse?5) What is the thesis (argument) of the essay?2. Analyze the structure of the essay.Practice: Fill in the blanks in the following passage with the transitional words or phrases given before it.Some people like to communicate by telephone. Others like to communicate by letter.___(1)__communications by phone and by letter have their advantages. Whether I prefer to communicate by phone ___(2)__ letter just depends on what kind of messages I need to pass.It is much more convenient to communicate with others by telephone when you have something urgent. __(3)__, when you are short of money at the university and are anxious to ask your parents for help, you can get through easily and talk with them immediately if you dial the right number. ___(4)__ a letter will take several days before it reaches the destination and returns to you. For messages of urgency, telephone appears favorable. ___(5)__, you save the trouble to spend time writing. What’s more, you can hear the voice. Telephone can keep peoplein touch with each other easily. __(6)___ telephone sometimes seems less formal, and to some extent it makes people lazy. Most people would rather choose to pick up the telephone for communication.___(7)__, letters may do a better job when you have a lot to express to someone. Generally, people like to read letters from friends or relatives. ___(8)__, my parents are always looking forward to letters from me. To them, letters can express more than the message, such as emotions, respect, etc. __(9)___, letters seem formal. __(10)___, letter writing serves as an effective way to improve our writing skill though it takes time to organize one’s thoughts and express them clearly and logically. _(11)___, we can keep letters and read them again and again.__(12)__, I prefer to use telephone when I have something urgent or less formal; I choose to write letters to keep contact with my friends for messages of no urgency.IV. Development by definition （P.73）Money and Labor (P.74)1. Answer the following questions.1) What is money?2) What is labor? Offer one or two examples.3) What is not labor? Offer one or two examples.2. Analyze the structure of the essay.Practice: Evaluate and improve the following definitions.（P.76）1) Jazz is a form of strongly rhythmic music played by Negro musicians.2) House is where human beings live.3) A doctor is one who cares for the patient.4) A hypocrite is one who treats others hypocritically.5) Chamber music is when you have a small group of players for a small audience.V. Development by division and classification （P.76）What We Want from Sports (P.78)1. Answer the following questions.1) What is the principle on which the writer based his classification?2) How many groups are the students classified into? What are they called?3) What do the different groups of students want from sports?2. Analyze the structure of the essay.Practice: Point out errors in dividing/classifying in the following propositions and then write out your improved versions. (P. 79)1) Music can be divided into Chinese and Western music or into that of piano, violin, and folksongs.2) In this essay I’m going to s how how important English is to our natural sciences---mathematics, physics, and chemistry.3) In the last two years our university has admitted many foreign students: African students,British students, American students, Egyptian students, Arab students, and Japanese students.4) Rivers can be classified into wide ones, long ones, deep ones and shallow ones.VI. Development by cause and effect (P. 80)Why I Teach(P.82)1. Answer the following questions.1) What organization pattern is used to develop the essay?2) The author says, “Certainly I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me.” Why does he sayso?3) Then what are the reasons for the author choosing teaching as a career? What is the mostimportant reason?2. Analyze the structure of the essay.Effects of Selfishness (P.83)1. Answer the following questions.1) What organization pattern is used to develop the essay?2) What is the cause? What are the effects?3) Why will selfishness make a person friendless?4) Why will selfishness make a person unhappy?5) Why will selfishness lead a person to destruction?6) What can you learn from this essay?2. Analyze the structure of the essay.。

第二版新世纪大学英语综合教程3课后习题答案

Unit OnePeople Around UsEnhance Your Language AwarenessWords in Action▆ Working with Words and ExpressionsIn the box below are some of the words you have learned in this unit. Complete the following sentences with them. Change the form where necessary.▆ Answers:1) crease2) hint3) assured4) awaiting5) hovering6) scrawled7) glistening8) frail9) sole10) visible11) engaged12) biased13) dreading14) grinningIn the boxes below are some of the expressions you have learned in this unit. Do you know how to use them in the proper context? Now check for yourself by doing the blank-filling exercise. Change the form where necessary.▆ Answers:1) for fear of2) pulled up3) except for4) get by5) make a living6) every so often7) in the background8) Shut off9) each and every10) as it is11) wraps … around her little finger12) caught us …unawares▆ Increasing Your Word PowerChoose the definition from Column B that best matches each phrasal verb in Column A, paying attention to the V+ Prep./Ad. collocation.▆ Answers:1) f2) c3) d4) e5) b6) g7) h8) aFill in each blank in the following sentences with a proper phrasal verb. Change the verb form where necessary.▆ Answers:1) let out2) clean … up4) waiting on5) picked up6) ended up7) headed for8) ran through▆Answers:1) foretell2) preview3)4) postscript5) postgraduate6) precondition7) ex-husbandGrammar in ContextTask 1: Combine the given sentences into one by using attributive clauses.▇ Answers for reference:I encountered many people whose lives amazed me. (See Para. 3, Text B)We drove in silence to the address (that/which) she had given me. (See Para. 21, Text B)He pushed through the doors and headed for the back room where his apron and busing cart were waiting. (See Para. 16, Text A)I had seen too many people trapped in a life of poverty who depended on the cab as their only means of transportation. (See Para. 6, Text B)Their social worker, who stopped to check on Stevie every so often, admitted Stevie and his mother had fallen between the cracks. (See Para. 6, Text A)Task 2: Complete the following sentences by translating the Chinese in the brackets into English. Be sure to use present particles or past particles to modify nouns.▇ Answers for reference:well-considered decision, folded paper, written notice, laptop storing my annual report, a postman delivering express mailCloze▆ Complete the following passage with words chosen from Text A. The initial letter of each is given.▆ Answers:reliablesyndromeadoptedgot done withgloomyor somethingchancebarelyin good shapeboothmessscrawledpeekinginTranslation1. Translate the following sentences into English, using the words and expressions given in brackets.▆ Answers for reference:What I didn’t count on was that over time I would sincerely take pride in being a social worker.Shooting a quick look at the clock on the wall, Grandma let out a cry, “Oh, My dear /My goodness/My gracious, we’re going to miss the train!”At the kindergarten entrance, I always see some kids/children holding firmly on to their parents. Should young parents be sterner towards their kids/children and leave immediately under these circumstances?In the dim street light stood a weeping little girl/ a girl weeping.When making donations, rich people should be as considerate as possible in order not to put the recipient in an embarrassing situation.2. Translate the following paragraph into English using the words and expressions in the box below.▆ Answer for reference:Theme-Related Writing▆ Do one of the following writing tasks after class.Suppose you were Frannie, the head waitress, in Text A. Write a short story about Stevie from your perspective.Read the following newspaper clipping and write a short essay on the question:Should We Offer Seats to Elderly People on the Bus during Rush Hours?▆Sample Essay for Task 1:We all knew Stevie was mentally handicapped, so everyone, especially our boss himself, doubted whether he would be a capable busboy in the truck-stop restaurant where I worked as the head waitress. However, our worries were gradually removed one week later. Smiling and hard-working, Stevie won over all our trucker regulars as well as us employees.Later we learnt that Stevie badly needed the job because the money he earned made it possible for his mother and him to live together; otherwise he would be sent to a group home. So you can imagine how worried Stevie was when he had to take sick leave for heart surgery. He was afraid that he would lose his job. After the operation, in the week before he returned, he called 10 times to make sure that hecould still have the job back. At that time, what concerned me most was how Stevie could handle the huge medical bills.Now, Stevie is still working here. Our boss thinks that Stevie is the best worker he has ever hired. (240 words)▆Sample Essay for Task 2:Should We Offer Seats to Elderly People on the Bus During Rush Hours?I am amazed to read what a blogger says about offering bus seats to the elderly. He claims that “it’s the young who need it more” because they go to work early in the morning and feel exhausted after a day’s work. The blogger also argues that it is unfair to offer seats to the elderly since they already enjoy free rides, and further suggests that during rush hours senior citizens be denied such treatment.Respecting the elderly is also our social convention. It is precisely out of our love and respect for the elderly that such special benefits as free rides are offered to them. No one can deprive senior citizens of their right to go out by bus at any time they like, and what’s more, we should make sure that they get special care when the bus is fully packed with passengers.Caring for the elderly and being taken care of can be a mutually satisfying experience for everyone involved. It is through performing such small acts as offering seats to the needy that we learn to contribute to the building of a harmonious society.(268 words)Unit TwoLoveEnhance Your Language AwarenessWords in Action▆ Working with Words and ExpressionsIn the box below are some of the words you have learned in this unit. Complete the following sentences with them. Change the form where necessary.▆ Answers:curledminimumclipyieldedGivenpreservefascinatedaffectioninteracthastegriefdefiespresenceacquiremanipulaterestraintsIn the box below are some of the expressions you have learned in this unit. Do you understand their meanings? Do you know how to use them in the proper context? Now check for yourself by doing the blank-filling exercise. Change the form where necessary.▆ Answers:let, loose onfit intohold onstate of affairsin the course ofin vainbuild, onIn shortreached forgive and take▆ Increasing Your Word PowerThe prefix over- can be added to nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, meaning “above”, “outside”, “across”, or “too much”. Study the words given in the box and choose the proper word to fill in each of the blanks in the following sentences. Change the form where necessary.▆ Answers:overcoatoverheadoverjoyedoversleptoverweightoverdueovertimeoverworking▆ Answers:crushattributesfancybubbledgraspdrizzlinglabelingyieldListed in the box below are some idiomatic expressions formed with the word “hand”. Study them carefully and try to make out their meanings. You may consult a dictionary if necessary. Then translate the given sentences into English, using one of them.▆ Answers:We are short of hands.I still have some money in hand.Give me a hand with this box, please.I often keep a dictionary at hand.The football fans were out of hand.Hand out the pencils to everyone in the class.This ring was handed down to me by my grandmother.Time’s up. Please hand in your test papers.Please hand on the magazine to your roommates.I’m afraid I can’t help you. I’m a green hand.Grammar in Context▆ Answers for reference:Sitting on the stairs was / On the stairs was sittingOver the wall came / flewRound the corner wasThen finally cameUnder the table was lyingAt / On the top of (On top of) the hill stoodNow correct the mistakes in the following sentences, if any. Write NONE under the correct sentence(s).▆ Answers for reference:The beaver chews down trees to get food and material to build its home with.Do your parents think Tom is a nice boy to go out with? (Cross out him)The goals for which he has fought all his life seem unimportant to him now.NONE.The essay starts by asking a question, to which the author then gives a positive answer.ClozeComplete the following passage with words chosen from this unit. The initial letter of each is given.▆ Answers:hastestate of affairsdistinguishedmeeting of mindsblossominner charmintimacyemotionacquiringidealsadmirationlastingaffectionforgehonoroverwhelmingTranslationTranslate the following sentences into English, using the words and expressions given in brackets.▆ Answers for reference:In either friendship or love / In both friendship and love, you should never expect to take / receive the maximum while you give the minimum.I built all my hopes on his promise(s), only to find that he was not a man of sincerity at all.We took Mother to all the best hospitals we could find, but all our efforts were in vain; she failed to survive the disease.Valentine’s Day is an annual holiday celebrated on February 14, a perfect day to express love to the object of your / one’s affection.Love needs to be nurtured, and the “eternal / everlasting love” that we all dream to have is not forged until we learn to appreciate and tolerate the other.Translate the following paragraph into English, using the words and expressions in the box below.▆ Answers for reference:Theme-Related WritingDo either one of the following two tasks after class.1. Based on Text A, write a passage about the different ways different generations handle male-female relationships. The following hints may be of some help.1) “our” parents’ generation (details mainl y found in Para. 8);2) “my” generation (details mainly found in Paras. 3–7);3) the younger generation (details mainly found in Paras. 9–11).2. Study the following data on love and marriage based on a survey with girl students. Write a passage on the to pic “What do girl students look for in love and life?”▆ Sample Essay One:Male-female relations are indispensable to adults all through their lives. But different generations handle them differently. Our parents’ generation lived in an era of constraints, restraints, respect, admiration, and plenty of romance. They kept a distance from people of the opposite gender in order to preserve the holiness of love and relationships.My generation, on the other hand, began with countless crushes for the opposite sex just because of their superficial charm. Harmless as they were, the love was as brief as soap bubbles. As we grew up, we came to the stage of developing real relationships, believing that love demanded a lot of give and not so much of take.In short, the younger generation focuses more on physical beauty, closeness and passion, and they tend to seek what they want from the relationships. The other two generations give priority to inner charm, intimacy, emotion and sharing in dealing with relationships. (196 words)▆ Sample Essay Two:What Do Girl Students Look for in Love and Life?In order to know about girl students’ opinion about love and life, a survey with girl students was conducted in 2005 in two universities — Chongqing University of Technology and Business and East China Normal University. The survey sought answers to two questions: What do you look for first in a boyfriend? What’s the most important thing for a happy life?As to their views about a happy life, nearly seventy percent of the girls attached the greatest importance to marriage and family. “Career” was given top priority by just under 20 percent, while even fewer, around 9 percent, believed that money was the key to a happy life.Based on the survey, we may conclude that nowadays, girl students generally hold a rational attitude towards love and life. Admittedly, the improved material conditions of life explain why girls take economic status and money rather lightly. But contrary to the popular view that girls are more concerned about self-development in the workplace and social status, they still regard marriage and family life as central to a happy life. (235 words)Unit ThreeFriendshipEnhance Your Language AwarenessWords in ActionWorking with Words and ExpressionsIn the box below are some of the words you have learned in this unit. Complete the following sentences with them. Change the form where necessary.▆ Answers:boundunfoldedpossessinghas surpassedappointedvirtueshad correspondedgazedkeengraspedgroundedsensibleregulatingIn the box below are some of the words you have learned in this unit. Do you know how to use them in the proper context? Now check for yourself by doing the blank-filling exercise. Change the form where necessary.▆ Answers:distinguish betweenchecked up ontorn downmake a fortuneall of a suddenlost track ofCasting an eye overbroke uptake pleasure indescribed asturned upin so far asis under arrestpass onas to▆ Increasing Your Word PowerThe preposition “as” is often used together wi th some verbs to describe the fact that sb./sth. has a particular function, role or job. Translate the following into Chinese, paying attention to the “verb… as”collocation.▆ Answers:him both as a father and as a writermyself as a swan dancing on the lakethe challenge as an opportunity to test his courageme as one of their family membersit as a jokeMark as being in his late teens, tall and friendly to everyoneas the greatest painter of his timelove as a way of life, it as a way to feelDid you no tice the suffix “-al” or “-ial” in the words “trial” and “arrival” in this unit? The suffix “–al” or “-ial” can be added to verbs to form nouns. Put down the noun forms of the following verbs in the space provided.▆ Answers:Now fill in the blanks in the following sentences by choosing the proper words with the suffix “–al” or “–ial” from the above table.refusalarrivalsremovaldismissalsurvivalproposaldisposalapprovalGrammar in ContextIn Unit 2 and Unit 3 you find the following sentences containing “no matter what”, “whenever” and “whatever.”▆ Answers for reference:whichever tent you are not using nowwhichever / whatever condition our captain thought was the bestWherever / No matter where I gowhatever wishes their child / children expresses/expressHowever disappointed / No matter how disappointed you may feel about the surroundings / environment / situationWhoever breaks itwhenever he concentrates on a problemThe structure “It is…that / who…” is used to achieve emphasis, as shown in the following sentences taken from Text A.Now correct the mistakes in the following sentences, if any. Write NONE under the correct sentence(s).▆ Answers for reference:It is not luck but hard work that led him to today’s success.Prof. Moen argues that it is energy that makes the world go round.It was not until he had proved he was honest that he won the family’s trust.It was clearly the headmaster himself who/that opened the door for me.NONEClozeComplete the following passage with words and phrases chosen from Text A. The initial letter of each target word is given.▆ Answers:classicalnotionutilitygroundoccursgoodnessas topossessesboundmirrorvirtuousmoral excellenceTranslation1. Translate the following sentences into English, using the words and expressions given in brackets.▆ Answers for reference:There spring up so many new things every day in the world that it is no longer sensible to expect a person to know / keep track of everything.Laws do not regulate such things as betrayal to friends; that is why there is what we call / is called “the court of morality”.Today’s culture is described as “fast-food culture”. Whatever they may be / are doing, people just pursue the greatest / maximum satisfaction within the shortest time.As the saying goes, there is no such thing as a free lunch. If you want something, go and earn / work for it.Translate the following paragraph into English using the words and expressions in the box below.▆ Answers for reference:Theme-Related WritingDo either of the following two tasks after class.Suppose you were Jimmy Wells in Text B. Write about your friendship with Bob from childhood to the moment when Bob was arrested. You may follow the chronological sequence of events or use flashback — a narrative technique that allows a writer to present past events during current events. Be sure to include both facts and opinions in your writing.Write about one of your close friends according to the outline given below.1) a brief introduction of the friend3) the influence of the friendship upon your life▆ Sample essay for task 1:Then came the day we were supposed to meet. I was on my beat then. Walking up to the appointed place which had been turned into a hardware store, I saw a man standing there with an unlighted cigar in his mouth. Before I could speak, he told me that he was waiting for a friend by the name of Jimmy Wells. When he struck a match to light his cigar, I saw a pale face with keen eyes and a scar. I recognized him immediately. It was Bob, and it was also the face of the man wanted by the Chicago Police. For a moment I felt like telling him to escape right away. After all, we had been friends for so many years and he had traveled all the way to see me! But then my sense of duty told me the right thing to do. I said good-bye to him and continued my patrol, his last words still ringing in my ear: “I’ll wait for half an hour. Jimmy will keep his promise if he’s alive…” I then sent for a plain clothes man and had Bob arrested.（270 words）▆ Sample essay for task 2:An Important Friend in My LifeLi Qiang, one of my classmates, is fun to be with. He is always wearing a broad smile as if life is forever “sunshine and butterflies.” One day, I revealed to him my worries and anxieties: I, an ordinary-looking girl, was 177 centimeters tall, even taller than any of the boys in my class. I thought no boy would like to date me. Besides, I was very poor at my academic courses.He suggested that I should learn to be myself and then he introduced me to a fashion show team of the university. Encouraged, I decided to change myself. After a 3-month training program on weekends, I could perform beautifully as a model, and surprisingly, I could concentrate on the required academic courses as well. The applauses I won at each fashion show and the scholarship I earned proved that being myself was terrific. Since then, my life has changed a lot. Thus, Li Qiang became an important friend of mine.Unit FourSportsEnhance Your Language AwarenessWords in Action▇ Working with Words and ExpressionsIn the boxes below are some of the words you have learned in this unit. Complete the following sentences with them. Change the form where necessary.▇ Answers:1) narrowly2) proceeded3) features4) crawl5) spun6) flashed7) qualify8) Despite9) congratulate10) consultant12) disciplined13) confessed14) tripped2. In the boxes below are some of the expressions you have learned in this unit. Do you know how to use them in the proper context? Now check for yourself by doing the blank-filling exercise. Change the form where necessary.▇ Answers:1) kind of2) are in for3) came in4) rose to their feet5) brought up6) made … a fool of herself7)8) get hot under the collar9) looked the part10) in an emergency11) has had her eye on12) is … taking shape13) bring out14) put in/ squeeze in15) win … hands down▇ Increasing Your Word PowerChoose two verbs from Column B for each noun in Column A, paying attention to the v.+ n. collocation. Write down the verbs in the space provided before the corresponding noun. The first item has been done for you.▆ Answers:Now fill in each blank in the following sentences with a verb in Column B. Change the verb form where necessary.▆ Answers:applaudembodies/representsforged/formedcongratulatedbrokenawardedcrossed/reachedhost2. The suffix “–cy” can be added to some adjectives, nouns or verbs to form nouns, meaning “the state or quality of…”, or “the status or position of…”. Now form new words after the example and give their meanings in Chinese. Consult a dictionary if necessary.▇ Answers:Now fill in the blanks in the following sentences by choosing the proper words you have just formed.▇Answers:1) secrecy2) presidency3) consistency4) efficiency5) privacy6) intimacy7) accuracy8) self-sufficiency9) adequacy10) delicacyGrammar in ContextStudy the following sentences, each of which contains either an “appositive phrase” or an “appositive clause”, and then do the following task.Now translate the following sentences in to English, using either an “appositive phrase” or an “appositive clause” .▇ Answers for reference:1) Football, his only hobby in life, has brought him many friends.3) The question whether to confess or not has been troubling little Tom.4) You should not have any doubt about the fact that the criminal has been arrested.5) The news was immediately spread far and wide that Beijing had won the bid for the 2008 Olympic Games.2. Study the following sentences from this unit, paying special attention to the constructions “not… but…” and “not only/simply…but (also)…”, and then do the following task.Now answer the questions with the help of the hints given in brackets, using the constructions “not… but…” and “not only/simply…but (also)…”.▇ Answers for reference:2) It is not the players, but the supporters that are responsible for football hooliganism.3) No, their intent is not to catch all speeders but to catch enough to give them a warning.4) I’m not only willing, but (also) eager to join the volunt eer team for the World Cup.5) No. He translates into English not only from French, but (also) from Polish.6) Because its appeal lies not only in its story but also in the ethical issues it raises.Cloze▆ Complete the following passage with words chosen from Text A. The initial letter of each is given.▇ Answers:(1) disciplined(2) having … eye … on(3) hands down(4) in for(5) hitting(6) under wraps(7) add…support to(8) hot under the collar(9) fouling(10) tremendously(11) reassured(12) qualify(13) formed/forged(14) breakingTranslationTranslate the following sentences into English, using the words and expressions given in brackets.▇ Answers for reference:The gasoline price is now at an all-time high, which has brought about wide public concern.He found that fish and rice feature the Japanese diet, and he then proceeded to write a report on Japanese cooking culture.He was a beggar but he didn’t look the part at all, because he was clean-shaven, wearing glasses and a brand-new suit.Having tripped over another athlete’s foot, he fell down on the track, but soon rose to his feet and limped to the finish line.2. Translate the following paragraph into English, using the words and expressions in the box below.▇ Answers for reference:Theme-Related Writing1. Write an essay about your favorite sports team. The following hints may be of some help.1) What is your favorite sports team?2) Why do you like it so much?3) Do you always support the team?▇ Sample essay 1:My favorite Sport Team: the C hinese Women’s Volleyball TeamIn quite a few sports, Chinese women athletes outshine men athletes. As a girl, I always feel proud of our women table tennis players, badminton players, women divers and gymnasts. But my greatest enthusiasm always goes to the Chinese Women’s Volleyball Team, who, though it has undergone some ups and downs, always presents a positive, inspiring image to the public.I’ve never missed any major TV coverage of the Chinese women’s team. I can’t help getting excited watching the girls shine in court, with their amazing spikes and blocks, and their never-ceasing courage and faith in winning the match. There are times when they lose the game, sometimes with embarrassing result like 0:3; there are years when they suffer a lot of injuries and new players do not match up to the veterans, yet, one must admit that the Chinese girls have been practising very hard all the way.(196 words)2. Write an essay entitled “The Meaning of Winning a Prize”. You may base your writing on what you have learnt from the two texts. The following hints may be of some help.1) What is a prize?2) What does a prize bring about?3) What is the fundamental meaning of wining prizes?▇ Sample essay 2:(249 words)。

《英语写作》课程教学大纲

《英语写作3/4》课程教学大纲一、教师或教学团队信息二、课程基本信息课程名称（中文）：《英语写作3》，《英语写作4》课程名称（英文）：English Writing 3；English Writing 4课程类别：□通识必修课□通识选修课☑专业必修课□专业方向课□专业拓展课□实践性环节课程性质*：□学术知识性☑方法技能性□研究探索性□实践体验性课程代码：周学时：2 总学时：32 学分: 2先修课程：《英语写作1》，《英语写作2》授课对象：英语专业二年级三、课程简介《英语写作》课是英语专业本科阶段的一门重要的技能实践课，是英语专业本科学生必修的专业主干课程，是英语语言文学专业本科教学中一门重要的技能课程，旨在培养学生形成初步的英语写作能力, 提高学生通过书面形式进行跨文化交际的能力。

四、课程目标总的来说，英语写作课着眼于通过讲授写作的基本概念和基本表现手段以及严格的写作训练，培养和提高学生的英语书面表达能力。

具体而言，是通过对本课程的学习，训练学生掌握词、句、段、篇等写作基本要素，培养他们对不同语类、不同文体特征的把握。

更具体一些，是使学生从学习构词成句、联句成段、联段成章的方法入手，逐渐掌握叙述文、描述文、说明文、议论文的写作技巧和写作方法等，并在全过程中穿插对审题、构思、提纲、修辞、表达、写作策略、思维能力以及跨文化交际能力的培养。

使学生能理解英语写作的基本规律及英语成文的规律，进一步强化并使学生能熟练运用英语结构写作的单项技能训练；使学生能够熟练掌握各种文体的写作技巧，并能运用所学的语言知识，根据不同的写作要求，完成不同文体作文的写作任务：达到在30分钟内完成200词左右的说明文和议论文的写作且内容充实，具有一定的深度和广度。

五、教学内容与进度安排*第1学期：段落写作回顾和短文写作；第2学期：短文写作和便条信件写作。

本课程的时间分配如下：每周90分钟，持续18周，其中16周为面授课以及课堂讨论和练习时段，1周为总复习，1周为考试。

Illustration

Exercises
Choose one of the following topics and write an essay developed by examples.
1. One important event can change the course of a life 2. First impressions are often the best/worst means of judging people 3. Failure is a better teacher than success 4. Many required courses are /are not relevant to a student’s education 5. Travel can be the best medicine 6. Consumers are often at the mercy of crooked companies 7. Job hunting today is a difficult process 8. Modern technology can produce more inconvenience than convenience
Purposes
show readers what you mean. support the main idea of the essay. explain /clarify something complex or unfamiliar. define a complex or abstract term/ idea/ concept.
Introduction
Illustration is the use of example to make ideas more concrete and to make generalizations more specific and detailed. Well-chosen examples and illustrations are an essay’s building blocks. They are drawn from our experience, our observations, and our reading. They help us show rather than tell what we mean, usually by supplying concrete details to support abstract ideas, by providing specifics to explain generalizations, by giving definite references to clarify vague statements.

Essay development by space

Essay development by cause and effect
there are basically two ways to organize a causecause-effect essay block organization and chain organization in block organization, you discuss all of the causes as one block and all of the effects as the other block. two directions are possible: from cause to effect or from effect to cause.
adjacent, parallel, rectangle, corresponding to, midpoint, slope, interior, opposite to, surface, overlapping, vertical, horizontal exterior, edge, intersection.
follow a certain direction when moving through space so that all the details are arranged in a logical way use spatial transitions to indicate changes in direction. (goes down from the hill and
state the main impression or dominant impression you want to convey( what makes it my

英语专业写作基础教程1-6单元笔记

The place of titlesThe title or the topic of the essay should be placed in the middle of the first line.（标题书写中应该注意的地方1.Every word of the title should be capitalized except articles,preositions,coordinating,conjunctions and to in infinitives.2.But if one of these words is the first or last word of the title, it should be capitalized.3.The title of a book within the topic should be underlined,and the title of an article should be put between quotation marks引号.）Word division即单词划分(当一行写到末尾时候，可能出现一个单词写不完的情况，这是需要用到单词划分。

)1．重读闭音节通常在辅音字母后面断开。

如，fin ish2．以辅音字母加le结尾的通常在辅音字母前断开。

如，peo ple 3．一个字母不能单独放在行中或行末。

4．以两个字母的后缀结尾的，不能在后缀处划分。

如，hand ed，hard en5．一页的最后一个单词不能被划开，且需写到下一页。

6．合成词应在练此符号出断开。

如，broad minded7．有两个连续相同辅音字母的双音节词，在相同的两个辅音字母中间断开。

如，lat ter8．人名应避免被拆开。

如，Dickens9．容易引起误解的应避免。

如，re ally，lay man10．连续几行的行尾单词划分需要避免。

CapitalizationCapitalized words are used mainly in three places: proper names, key words in titles, and the first words of sentences.Punctuation(标点符号)及其用途(一)The Comma （，）逗号1.A comma is used to join coordinate clauses, it is put before theconjunction.2.A comma is used after an adverbial clause or phrase, including aprepositional and a participial phrase before the subject, or inserted in the middle of the sentence.mas are used to separate a series of words or phrases with thesame function in the sentence:4.Nonrestrictive clauses and phrases are set off by commasmas set off parenthetical elements6.In dates, a comma is used to separate the day and the year if the orderis month—day—year; no comma need be used if the order is day—month—year.7.With numbers of 1 000 or over, commas or little blank spaces may beused to separate digits by thousands. Form right to left, a commas is placed after every three numerals.(二)The Period （. ）句号1.The period is used at the end of a declarative sentence, a mildlyimperative sentence, and an indirect question.2.The period is used with most abbreviations.3.Three spaced period make the ellipsis mark, which indicates theomission of one or more words within a quoted passage.(三)The Semicolon （;）分号1.The semicolon is used between two coordinate clauses which are notlinked by a conjunction.2.Conjunctive adverbs like therefore, however, nonetheless, hence,otherwise, besides, moreover, etc., should not be used as conjunctions to link two coordinate clauses, before them there should be a semicolon, not a comma.3.The semicolon is used with conjunctions when the clauses containinternal punctuation.4.The semicolon is used to separate a series of items with internalcommas.5.A semicolon may be used to join clauses with words omitted, and theomission is sometimes indicated by a comma.(四)The Colon （：）冒号1.The colon is used to introduce a quotation or a statement.2.The colon is used to introduce an examination, a summary, or anappositive.3.The colon is used between the hour and the minute to show the time,to record the scores of games, to end the salutation of a business letter and the introductory remark of a spealer to the chairman and audience.(五)The Question Mark （？）问号1.The question mark is used after a direct question.2.The question mark is used after a statement turned into a question.3.A question mark put between parentheses indicates the writer’suncertainty about the correctness of the preceding word, figure or date.(六)The Exclamation Mark （！）叹号1.The exclamation mark is used after an exclamatory sentence, or anemphatic interjection, or a phrase expressing strong emotion..2.Sometimes the exclamation mark is used after a slogan.(七)Quotation Marks（…）引号1.Double quotation marks are used to enclose direct quotations indialogue or from books or articles.2.Single quotation marks are used to enclose a quotation within aquotation.3.Indirect quotations are not enclosed by quotation marks.4.Quotation marks are used for titles of articles, essays, short stories,short poems, songs, etc., and for headings of chapters or subdivisions of books. Titles of books, newspapers and magazines are generally underlined or italicized.5.Words with special meaning are sometimes put between quotationmarks,(八)Parentheses/Brackets （（））圆括号1.Parentheses are used to set off parenthetical, supplementary, orillustrative words.2.Parentheses enclose figures or letters used for enumeration.(九)Square Brackets（【】）方括号1. Square Bracketsare used to indicate corrections or explanations in quoted matter made by the writer who is quoting .2. Square Brackets are used instead of parentheses within parentheses.(十)The Dash （—）破折号1.The dash indicates a break in thought or a change in tone, or aspeaker’s confusion or he sitation.2.The dash indicates an unfinished or interrupted statement.3.A pair of dashes set off a parenthetical element.4.The dash is sometimes used to introduce a summarizing clause after aseries of nouns.5.The dash is sometimes used just like quotation marks in a dialogue.6.The dash may be used to introduce subheadings and authors afterquotations.(十一)The Slash （/ ）间隔号1.The slash indicates alternatives, representing the word or or and\or2.The slash is used to separate lines in short quotations of poetry beingquoted in running text.3.When fractions are written in a sentence, a slash is used to separate thenumerator from the denominator.4.Sometimes the slash means “per.”四种句型及其用途Comma逗号——declarative sentence（陈述句）:makes an assignment or statementQuestion mark问号——direction question sentence（疑问句）:ask a questionExclamation mark叹号——Imperation sentence（祈使句）:express a command or a request Exclamatory sentence（感叹句）:express a strong feeling or emotionUnderlining and italics1.Titles of books, periodicals, newspaper, plays, movies, operas, andlong poems are underlined or italicized.2.Foreign words are often underlined or italicized.3.Words and letters referred to as such are underlined or italicized.s of ships, aircraft and tragic sinking of the titanic.5.Sometimes underlining or italicizing indicates emphasis.【Words】一、Type of wordsCommon wordsFormal and technical words：（political,legal,scientific,technical,bussiness,literary）Nonstandard words：（slang,jargon,dialectal and obsolete）二、Choice of wordse common or informal words for general purposes; use formal ornonstandard when only on special occasions or for special purposes. e specific and concrete words when giving details; use general orabstract words when making summaries.e idiomatic expressions and words in acceptable collocations; avoidcombinations and that are unidiomatic.4.When there are synonyms, choose the word that expresses themeaning most exactly and that suits the content and style.三、SynonymsThe english language is very rich in synonyms. This is partly due to the fact that english has over the centuries borrowed or absorbed tens of thousands of words from other languages, mainly Greek, Latin and French. Word of anglo-saxon origin are generally colloquial or informal, and they form a great part of the vocabulary that people use daily. Many of the words of greek, latin, and french origin are formal, learned or “big”; and are mainly used in formal writing or speech.四、Some good dictionaries1.Longman dictionary of contemporary english2.Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary of current english.3.Webster’s new word dictionary.4.Collins cobuild english language dictionary.【Sentences】一、Composed sentences 构建句子:①complete structure②begin with a capital letter③full stop, or a question mark, or an exclamation mark④a single complete idea二、Requirement of correct sentences及其对应错误pleteness in structure—fragment in structure2.the right subject—the wrong subject3.agreement between the subject and the predicate verb—disagreement between the subject and the predicate verb 4.agreement between pronoun and antecedent—disagreement between pronoun and antecedent5.clear pronoun reference—unclear pronoun reference6.ending sentences with full stops—ending sentences with no full stops7.joining clauses with conjuctions—joining clauses with no or wrong conjuctions8.a main claus in a complex sentence—no main claus in a complex sentence9.proper use of comparisons—improper use of comparisons10. correct use of the tenses—incorrect use of the tenses四、Quality of effective sentencesEffective sentences have the following quality:Unity（完整性）Coherence（连贯性）Conciseness（简明扼要性）Emphasis（强调）( ways of emphasis:placing, climactic sequence, subordination,the use of verbs in the active voice,balanced sentences平行结构,periodic sentences圆周句,negative/positive sentences,rhetorical question,loose sentences松散句)Variety（表达多样性）五、The difference between subordination and coordinationCoordination is tipically realized by coordinators which join units at the same level while subodination is realized by subordinators which distinguish the superodinate claus and the inferior clause.【Paragraph】一、Ways of developing a paragraphThere are many possible ways to develop a paragraph.（1）development by time（2）development by process（3）development by space（4）development by examples or generalization（5）development by comparison and contrast:(the difference between comparison and contrast :When we compare one thing with another, we show the similarities;when we contrast one thing with another, we show dissimilarities.) （6）development by cause and effect（7）development by classification（8）development by definition（9）development by combination of methods二、The steps of developing a paragraphFirst, think of the topic or theme or main idea,And express it in a complete sentence（topic sentence）.Then think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea.Work out the outline and arrange them in logical order.三、Features of a paragraphA effective paragraph must have a control idea, and this central idea may be expressed either explicitly in a topic sentence.【Summray】一、Definition (定义)A sumary is the gist or main theme of a piece of a piece of writing expressed in as few words as possible .it should be clear ,brief,and complete,with all the essential points included.二、Uses（用途）①summary writing enables people to get more out of their reading.②summary writing is also a very good exercise to teach us to express thoughts clearly,concisely and effectively.③summary writing has great practical value on grasping quikly and accurately what is read or heard.三、Procedure（步骤）⑴ reading⑵ writing⑶ revision四、Requirements(要求)A.we should be sure of the word limit required .B.we should use our own words to write a summary.C.we should convey the message fully and clearly.D. We should write in the logical order of the original passage.E. Compression (压缩)五、Ways（方法）A. Ommit the details 删除细节B. Reduce the examples 削减例子C. Refuse repeatness 避免重复D. Simplify the decription 简化描述E. Comprise wordy 全面用词F. Generable words 多用泛词e the shortest transitions 最简洁的过渡词H.inderect speech 间接引语【Composition 】一、Steps in writing a composition1.planning a composition( ① putting down all the relevant facts② thinking of a proper theme and deciding on our purpose③ re-examing our list of details and outlining )2.writing the fist draft3.revising the first draft4.making the final copy二、Parts in composition1. the beginning ——introduction(Ways of start a composition :start with …① relevant background material② the time and place of the event to be described③ a quotation④ a question⑤ a statement⑥ a figures or statistics⑦ a definition )2. the middle ——body3.the end ——conclusion三、Types of writing1.narration 记叙体2.exposition 说明文四、Criteria of a good composition (一篇好文章的标准)A good composition have something interesting and/or important,and if possible, something new , to say and that this “something”is expressed clearly, accurately, and appropriately. And we must decide on the purpose and audience of our writing and try to adapt the style and language to suit our purpose and audience.【Outline】一、Types of outline1. sentence outline: made up of sentences2.topic outline：consists of nouns and their modifiers, or their equivalents( =gerund phrases or infinitive phrases )二、Rules for writing outlinesIf we examine closely the two outline above, we may see that they follow these rules:（1）if there is a major point marked “Ⅰ”, there must be at least another marked “Ⅱ”;if there is an “a”, there must be a “b”, and so on.（2）a topic outline is written in noun phrase, and a sentence outline, in sentences. Sentences and phrase are not used together in the same outline. （3）parallel structure are used for the headings of the same rank. Subheads of like rank are of equal importance and are related to the heading and arranged in logical order.（4）the thesis is a complete declarative sentence, usually in the affirmative. It is not a question, a phrase, or a dependent clause, but one sentence which expresses our controlling idea.。

常考的英语作文类型

常考的英语作文类型1. 议论文 (Argumentative Essay)- 议论文通常要求学生就某一话题表达自己的观点，并提供支持性的理由和例证。

例如，讨论社交媒体对青少年的正面和负面影响。

2. 叙事文 (Narrative Essay)- 叙事文要求学生讲述一个故事或经历，通常包含时间、地点、人物、事件和结果等元素。

例如，叙述一次难忘的旅行经历。

3. 说明文 (Expository Essay)- 说明文的目的是解释或阐述一个概念、过程或事物。

例如，解释全球变暖的原因和影响。

4. 描述文 (Descriptive Essay)- 描述文侧重于通过生动的语言和细节来描绘一个场景、人物或物体。

例如，描述一个美丽的海滩。

5. 比较与对比文 (Comparative and Contrastive Essay)- 这类作文要求学生比较和对比两个或更多的对象、概念或观点。

例如，比较和对比城市生活与乡村生活。

6. 定义文 (Definition Essay)- 定义文要求学生定义一个术语或概念，并解释其重要性或意义。

例如，定义什么是幸福。

7. 反思文 (Reflective Essay)- 反思文要求学生思考并写下个人的经历、感受和学习。

例如，反思大学生活带来的变化。

8. 分析文 (Analytical Essay)- 分析文要求学生深入分析一个文本、事件或现象，并提出自己的见解。

例如，分析一部文学作品的主题和象征。

9. 应用文 (Applied Essay)- 应用文通常要求学生将理论知识应用到实际情境中。

例如，提出解决某一社会问题的方案。

10. 评价文 (Evaluation Essay)- 评价文要求学生对某个对象、事件或政策进行评价，并提供评价的标准和理由。

例如，评价一个教育政策的效果。

11. 问题解决文 (Problem-Solution Essay)- 问题解决文要求学生识别一个问题，并提出解决方案。

历史的发展英语作文

The development of history is a complex and multifaceted subject that encompasses a wide range of events,periods,and cultural shifts.When writing an essay on this topic,it is crucial to approach it with a clear focus and a wellstructured argument.Here are some key points to consider when crafting your essay:1.Introduction to Historical Development:Begin your essay by defining what you mean by historical development.This could be the evolution of societies,the progression of political systems,the development of technology,or the changes in cultural practices.2.The Role of Key Events:Discuss how pivotal events have shaped the course of history. For example,the Industrial Revolution,the World Wars,or the fall of the Berlin Wall have all had profound impacts on the world.3.Cultural and Technological Advancements:Explore the ways in which cultural shifts and technological innovations have contributed to historical development.Consider how the invention of the printing press,the internet,or advancements in medicine have transformed societies.4.The Influence of Individuals:Analyze the impact that individuals have had on history. This could include leaders like Alexander the Great,scientists like Isaac Newton,or social reformers like Martin Luther King Jr.5.Economic Factors:Discuss the role of economic factors in historical development. Consider how trade,capitalism,and economic systems have influenced the growth and decline of civilizations.6.Social and Political Changes:Examine the evolution of social structures and political systems.Discuss how democracy,communism,and other forms of governance have developed and influenced societies.7.Environmental and Geographical Influences:Consider how the environment and geography have shaped historical development.For instance,the location of resources, the impact of climate,and the role of geography in facilitating or hindering trade and communication.8.Cycles and Patterns:Reflect on whether there are recurring patterns or cycles in history, such as the rise and fall of empires,the spread and contraction of cultures,or the progression of scientific thought.9.Contemporary Issues and Historical Context:Link historical developments to currentissues.Discuss how understanding history can provide insight into modernday challenges and inform future decisions.10.Conclusion:Summarize your main points and reiterate the significance of historical development.Reflect on the importance of studying history to understand the present and shape the future.Remember to support your arguments with evidence from reliable sources,and to organize your essay in a logical flow that guides the reader through your e a variety of examples to illustrate your points and engage the readers interest in the subject matter.。

essay development by classification

Show that the groups/categories/classes are distinct from one another. Explain enough characteristics of each group to allow the readers to understand the differences. Make an explanation simategies for Using Classification
♦Choose a significant and proper principle of classification. ♦Apply the principle consistently and thoroughly, and avoid overlapping. ♦Be complete. When you classify many items into different groups, you must ensure that no important parts or groups are left out of the classification.
----As a form of essay organization, classification is used to group related items-things or people-according to some qualities they have in common.
With classification, you can
The Basic Structure of a Classification Essay
♦The opening paragraph. ----naming the subject you are classifying. ----stating the purpose of your classification. ----deciding the principle/standard for the classification. ----listing the parts or groups to be classified into.

事情的发展英语作文

事情的发展英语作文Title: The Development of Events。

The development of events often follows unpredictable paths, influenced by various factors such as individual choices, societal norms, and external circumstances. In this essay, we will explore the dynamics of how events unfold and the significance of understanding their progression.First and foremost, the trajectory of events is shaped by human agency. Individuals make decisions based on their goals, values, and perceptions of the world around them. These decisions, whether made by a single person or a collective group, set in motion a series of actions that ripple through time, affecting not only the immediate situation but also future outcomes. For example, apolitical leader's decision to enact a particular policy can lead to widespread social change or unrest, depending on how it is received by the population.Moreover, societal norms play a crucial role in influencing the development of events. These norms encompass shared beliefs, values, and behaviors that guide interactions within a community or society. They serve as a framework for understanding what is acceptable or unacceptable and shape the way individuals and groups navigate through various situations. For instance, cultural attitudes towards marriage and family can influence the decisions individuals make regarding their personal relationships, which in turn can impact broader societal structures and institutions.Additionally, external circumstances often exert significant influence on the course of events. These circumstances can range from natural disasters and economic conditions to geopolitical tensions and technological advancements. For example, a global pandemic can disrupt economies, alter social dynamics, and prompt governments to implement emergency measures, fundamentally changing the way people live and interact with one another.It is essential to recognize that events seldom unfold in isolation but are interconnected in complex ways. The butterfly effect, a concept from chaos theory, illustrates how small changes in one part of a system can have far-reaching consequences throughout the whole. Similarly, events are often interconnected in a web of cause and effect, with each action triggering a chain reaction of subsequent events.Furthermore, hindsight bias, the tendency to perceive events as more predictable after they have occurred, can distort our understanding of how events unfold. While it is natural to seek patterns and explanations in retrospect, it is crucial to acknowledge the inherent uncertainty and complexity of real-time decision-making. By doing so, we can cultivate a more nuanced understanding of the factors at play and better anticipate and respond to future developments.In conclusion, the development of events is a multifaceted process influenced by human agency, societal norms, and external circumstances. By examining thesedynamics, we gain insight into the underlying forces shaping our world and empower ourselves to navigate the complexities of an ever-changing landscape.。

《英语写作》思考题（Theexpositoryessay）

《英语写作》思考题（Theexpositoryessay）思考题The Expository EssayI. Development by example (P.65)River Rafting Teaches Worthwhile Lessons(P. 66)1. Answer the following questions.1) What is the thesis of the essay?2) What is the main idea of the first body paragraph? How many examples are offered? Whatare they?3) What is the main idea of the second body paragraph? How many examples are offered?What are they?2. Analyze the structure of the essay.II. Development by process analysis (P.67)How to Get a Job (P.67)After reading the essay, make a list of the steps the graduating college students need to take to find the right job.PracticeFill in the blanks in the following essay with the transitional words or phrases in the box.AYou are now in your sophomore year. Those who desire to further their studies after graduation from college should get prepared for applying to graduate institutions from now on. You need to begin the process before your senior year, that is, in the end of the third year, for it covers a few considerable steps.___(1)___, obtain a list of schools with your major. __(2)____, carefully select an academic orientation from many which suits your interest and ambition. This requires that you consult with others. Having decided on your specific field, __(3)___ is to enter your name for the examination in the local testing service. ___(4)____ you need to fill in the application form. __(5)___, you are wanted to pay fees and to offer your school report card. ___(6)___, you will wait for a permissioncard. ___(7)___ a three-month-or-more period during which you review all the courses involved in the examination in case you have got a permission.III. Development by comparison and contrastMiddle School Life and College Life (P.70)1. Answer the following questions.1) How many points are compared between middle school life and college life?2) What conclusion does the author come to by comparing the life in middle schools and thatin colleges?2. Analyze the structure of the essay.Eating and Reading(P.70)1. Answer the following questions.1) Why do we eat?2) Why do we read?3) What will result from not eating what we dislike?4) What will result from our just focusing on one subject and paying no attention to anythingelse?5) What is the thesis (argument) of the essay?2. Analyze the structure of the essay.Practice: Fill in the blanks in the following passage with the transitional words or phrases given before it.Some people like to communicate by telephone. Others like to communicate by letter.___(1)__communications by phone and by letter have their advantages. Whether I prefer to communicate by phone ___(2)__ letter just depends on what kind of messages I need to pass.It is much more convenient to communicate with others by telephone when you have something urgent. __(3)__, when you are short of money at the university and are anxious to ask your parents for help, you can get through easily and talk with them immediately if you dial the right number. ___(4)__ a letter will take several days before it reaches the destination and returns to you. For messages of urgency, telephone appears favorable. ___(5)__, you save the trouble to spend time writing. What’s more, you can hear the voice. Telephone can keep peoplein touch with each other easily. __(6)___ telephone sometimes seems less formal, and to some extent it makes people lazy. Most people would rather choose to pick up the telephone for communication.___(7)__, letters may do a better job when you have a lot to express to someone. Generally, people like to read letters from friends or relatives. ___(8)__, my parents are always looking forward to letters from me. To them, letters can express more than the message, such as emotions, respect, etc. __(9)___, letters seem formal. __(10)___, letter writing serves as an effective way to improve our writing skill though it takes time to organize one’s thoughts and express them clearly and logically. _(11)___, we can keep letters and read them again and again.__(12)__, I prefer to use telephone when I have something urgent or less formal; I choose to write letters to keep contact with my friends for messages of no urgency.IV. Development by definition （P.73）Money and Labor (P.74)1. Answer the following questions.1) What is money?2) What is labor? Offer one or two examples.3) What is not labor? Offer one or two examples.2. Analyze the structure of the essay.Practice: Evaluate and improve the following definitions.（P.76）1) Jazz is a form of strongly rhythmic music played by Negro musicians.2) House is where human beings live.3) A doctor is one who cares for the patient.4) A hypocrite is one who treats others hypocritically.5) Chamber music is when you have a small group of players for a small audience.V. Development by division and classification （P.76）What We Want from Sports (P.78)1. Answer the following questions.1) What is the principle on which the writer based his classification?2) How many groups are the students classified into? What are they called?3) What do the different groups of students want from sports?2. Analyze the structure of the essay.Practice: Point out errors in dividing/classifying in the following propositions and then write out your improved versions. (P.79)1) Music can be divided into Chinese and Western music or into that of piano, violin, and folksongs.2) In this essay I’m going to s how how important English is to our natural sciences---mathematics, physics, and chemistry.3) In the last two years our university has admitted many foreign students: African students,British students, American students, Egyptian students, Arab students, and Japanese students.4) Rivers can be classified into wide ones, long ones, deep ones and shallow ones.VI. Development by cause and effect (P. 80)Why I Teach(P.82)1. Answer the following questions.1) What organization pattern is used to develop the essay?2) The author says, “Certainly I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me.” Why does he sayso?3) Then what are the reasons for the author choosing teaching as a career? What is the mostimportant reason?2. Analyze the structure of the essay.Effects of Selfishness (P.83)1. Answer the following questions.1) What organization pattern is used to develop the essay?2) What is the cause? What are the effects?3) Why will selfishness make a person friendless?4) Why will selfishness make a person unhappy?5) Why will selfishness lead a person to destruction?6) What can you learn from this essay?2. Analyze the structure of the essay.。

Writing Expository Essays完稿

e.g.
Self-esteem does not mean conceit but rather a healthy respect for oneself. (negation)
Development by Process Analysis
Introduction
A process is a series of actions leading to an
• Words that indicate sequence • Transitional Words: • first / firstly, second / secondly, etc; at once ; last; first of all; right after this; finally; next; then; afterward • Words that indicate time relationships • Subordinators: • when; before; the minute that; while; • after ; once; whenever; as soon as ; • as; until
Writing Expository Essays
——The Development Pattern ofຫໍສະໝຸດ EssaysC onte nt
1
Development by Definition
2
Development by Process Analysis
Development by Definition
Development by Definition Elements of a definition:
A simple definition includes three basic elements:

7 essay development by cause and__ effect

Two questions should be answered in a causal analysis: 1) What is the cause of something that has happened? --- “Why?” ----from effect backward to cause 2) What effect will follow if something has happened. --- “What if?” --- from cause forward to effect

4）Do not omit links in a chain of causes and effects. 5）Be objective and support the analysis with solid, factual evidence.

Essay development by cause and effect
April, 2010

A cause-effect essay is a piece of expository writing showing or explaining the cause and /or effect of something. When we write cause-effect paper, we are actually making a causal analysis.

Introduction,Thesis Cause 1 Cause 2 Cause 3 Conclusion

Sometimes, a paper may contain both the causes and the effects of something.

研究生英语教材Essay development by comparison and contrast

contrast. 200-300words.
Comparison and contrast
You can use this pattern to make a
point to show the similarities and differences of people or things. You can show one item is better than the other. You can explain one item by means of another.
Strategies
Only items (usually two) of the same general
class can be compared/contrasted. The comparison/contrast should be balanced; the two items are to be given equal treatment. Arrange your points of comparison and contrast in a logical order. Use enough comparison/contrast structure words to make the points of comparison and contrast very clear.
Basic structure
Opening paragraph
You can explain your purpose in making the comparison and
contrast and providing background information.

英语小白必学之英语写作Paragraph专题

Closing Sentence
The closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph.
It restates the main idea of your paragraph. Restate the main idea of the paragraph using
The Paradox of English
Let's face it-English is a crazy language. There is no egg in eggplant (茄子) nor ham in hamburger; neither apple nor pine in pineapple(菠萝). English muffins (松饼) weren't invented in England nor French fries in France. Sweetmeats are candies while sweetbreads, which aren't sweet, are meat.
Examine testimony (what other people say such as quotes and paraphrases)
Use an anecdote or story Define terms in the paragraph Compare and contrast Evaluate causes and reasons
Words Phrases Sentences Single idea Correct grammar Effective sentences Effective paragraph

英文议论文写作 Argumentative Essay

organization
• The evidence you provide should be arranged A: from the least to the most important B: from the most familiar to the least familiar C: from the easiest to accept or comprehend to the most difficult
Give a title for the following given topic as an expository essay and an argumentative essay
• On Museums • On Space Exploration • On Teamwork • Practical Courses and Theoretical Courses • On the Role Computers Play in English Teaching • On Disposal Products
transitional devices (connecting words) (2):
• There are several types of transitional devices, and each category leads your readers to make certain connections or assumptions about the areas you are connecting. Some lead your readers forward and imply the “building” of an idea or thought, while others make them compare ideas or draw conclusions from the preceding thoughts.

英语小白必学之英语写作Paragraph专题

Words Phrases Sentences Single idea Correct grammar Effective sentences Effective paragraph
？？？
Features of a Paragraph
Sample 1 The Irish countryside is very beautiful. Generous rainfall---rich green vegetation Varied landscape---dramatic mountains, rocky coastlines and rolling
Part 4 Paragraph
What is a paragraph?
A paragraph is a collection of related sentences dealing with a single topic.
Unity, Coherence, A Topic Sentence, and Adequate Development.
introductory sentence? How can I make this paragraph or essay interesting? Where can I find more facts on this topic?
…
2. Open your notebook.
Write out your answers to the above questions. You do not need to spend a lot of time doing this; just write enough to help you remember why and how you are going to write your paragraph or essay.

23年英语四级12月真题作文题目

23年英语四级12月真题作文题目Title: Analysis of the December 2023 CET-4 Writing TestIntroductionThe December 2023 CET-4 Writing Test consisted of one topic for candidates to write an essay. The prompt was thought-provoking and required test-takers to showcase their writing skills and critical thinking abilities. In this article, we will analyze the topic, provide some key points for consideration, and offer tips on how to effectively address such prompts in future exams.Analysis of the Writing PromptThe writing prompt for the December 2023 CET-4 exam asked candidates to discuss the importance of creativity in today's society. Specifically, test-takers were required to explain why creativity is essential in various aspects of life, such as education, work, and personal development. This topic was relevant and allowed candidates to express their opinions and provide examples to support their arguments.Key Points to Consider1. Define creativity: Before delving into the importance of creativity, candidates should first define what creativity means to them. Creativity can be defined as the ability to think outside the box, come up with innovative ideas, and solve problems in unique ways. By providing a clear definition of creativity, candidates can set the tone for their essay.2. Discuss the role of creativity in education: Education playsa crucial role in fostering creativity among individuals. Candidates can discuss how creative thinking skills are essential for students to excel academically and prepare for the challenges of the future. They can also explore the importance of creativity in shaping a well-rounded individual with diverse skills and talents.3. Highlight the significance of creativity in the workplace: Creativity is highly valued in the workplace as it enables employees to generate new ideas, improve processes, and drive innovation. Test-takers can discuss how creative individuals are more likely to be successful in their careers, contribute to the growth of their organizations, and adapt to changing market trends.4. Explore the impact of creativity on personal development: Creativity is not only beneficial for academic and professionalsuccess but also for personal growth. Candidates can reflect on how being creative allows individuals to express themselves, pursue their passions, and find fulfillment in their lives. They can also discuss how creativity can enhance problem-solving skills, boost self-confidence, and foster a sense of independence.Tips for Addressing the Writing Prompt1. Plan your essay: Before diving into writing, take a few minutes to brainstorm ideas, outline your essay structure, and organize your thoughts coherently. This will help you stay focused, ensure that your arguments flow logically, and provide a clear and concise response to the prompt.2. Use examples: To support your arguments, use relevant examples from your own experiences, observations, or research. Providing specific instances of how creativity has made a difference in education, work, or personal development will strengthen your essay and demonstrate your understanding of the topic.3. Be concise and coherent: Make sure your writing is clear, concise, and well-organized. Avoid tangential discussions or excessive repetition and focus on presenting your ideas in a logical and persuasive manner. Remember to use transitions toconnect your points and maintain coherence throughout your essay.ConclusionIn conclusion, the December 2023 CET-4 Writing Test prompt on the importance of creativity in today's society provided candidates with an opportunity to showcase their writing skills and critical thinking abilities. By defining creativity, discussing its role in education and the workplace, and exploring its impact on personal development, test-takers were able to present well-rounded arguments and insights. By following the key points and tips outlined in this analysis, candidates can effectively address similar prompts in future exams and enhance their overall writing proficiency.。

12 essay development by__ definition

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Writing Expository Essays完稿

7 essay development by cause and__ effect

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英语小白必学之英语写作Paragraph专题

英文议论文写作 Argumentative Essay

英语小白必学之英语写作Paragraph专题

23年英语四级12月真题作文题目

事情的发展英语作文