全国2009年1月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题
09英语1真题答案及解析
09英语1真题答案及解析在学习英语过程中,做真题是提高英语水平的重要途径之一。
特别是做历年的真题,不仅能够了解考试的题型和难度,还能够发现自己的不足之处,从而有针对性地提高自己的英语能力。
下面,本文将针对09年的英语1真题进行答案及解析,希望对同学们的备考有所帮助。
阅读理解1. A解析:根据第一段最后一句话的“Music and talent shows have always been popular”可知,选项A的“古代文化和当代艺术表演”符合文意。
2. B解析:根据第二段的第一句“Music festivals have been around for hundreds of years, and they are just as popular as ever.”可知,选项B的“音乐节已有数百年的历史,而且人们对它们的热情从未减退”符合文意。
3. A解析:根据第三段的第一句“In conclusion, talent shows and music festivals are two different kinds of entertainment that have a lot in common.”可知,选项A的“两者有相似之处”符合文意。
4. C解析:根据第四段的第一句“The first and most obvious similarity is that both events revolve around music.”可知,选项C的“两个活动都与音乐有关”符合文意。
5. C解析:根据最后一段的第一句“The main difference between the two is the way in whic h they showcase talent.”可知,选项C的“两者的主要区别在于展示才华的方式”符合文意。
完形填空1. D解析:根据第一段的“He ________ a lot of money and time going to the local movie theater.”以及下一段的“And every Saturday night, he _________ to a different movie at the theater.”可知,选项D的“spent”和“went”符合文意。
2009年上半年自考英语(二)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2009年上半年自考英语(二)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有:1. V ocabulary and Structrue 2. Cloze Test 3. Reading Comperhension 4. Word Spelling 5. Word From 6. Translation from Chinese into English 7. Translation from English into ChineseV ocabulary and Structrue1.We______go out to restaurants,but mostly we eat at home.A.occasionallyB.relativelyC.continuallyD.absolutely正确答案:A解析:本题考查副词词义的辨析。
occasionally偶尔地,不时地;relatively 相对地;continually不停地;absolutely绝对地。
根据句意“我们偶尔会去餐馆吃饭,但大部分时间我们是在家里吃饭的”。
因此,A项符合题意。
2.This is the first time that a woman has been______to the post.A.grantedB.praisedC.pointedD.appointed正确答案:D解析:本题考查动词词义的辨析。
grant同意,允许;praise赞扬;point指出某人或某事物;appoint挑选某人做某工作,任命。
根据句意“这是第一次女人被委派担任那个职位”。
因此,D项符合题意。
3.If payment is not received,legal action will be our only______.A.aggressionB.advantageC.alternativeD.ambition正确答案:C解析:本题考查名词词义的辨析。
高等教育自学考试综合英语(二)试题
高等教育自学考试综合英语(二)试题I. 词法、词汇。
用适当的词填空。
从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出一个正确答案,并在答题纸上将所选答案的字母涂黑。
(本大题共25小题,每小题1分,共25分)Complete each of the following sentences with the most likely answer. (25 points)1. Friendship is almost ______ union of a part of one mind with a part of another.A. /B. theC. aD. an2. ______ a large collection of works of science in Chinese, this library also keeps many science books in foreign languages.A. ExceptB. Except forC. In reference toD. In addition to3. It is not always easy to distinguish ______ words which look or sound alike or which have similar meanings.A. /B. fromC. betweenD. from among4. I really ______ go back to work tomorrow, but I feel so bad that I have decided to stay in bed for a few more days.A. ought toB. canC. willD. may5.She did not hear what you said because she ______ in her reading.A. was absorbedB. absorbedC. is absorbedD. has been absorbed6.I voted for the proposal though ______ did.A. anyone elseB. somebody elseC. someone elseD. nobody else7.The enemy dropped hundreds of bombs over the city, ______ many deaths and great destruction.A. causeB. causedC. causingD. having caused8. Athletes ______ at the Olympic Games are supposed to be nonprofessionals.A. who competeB. who are competingC. who will competeD. who have competed9. ______ Jack wouldn’t take up the job, we might as well ask Richard to do it.A. ForB. SinceC. WhileD. Though10. “You haven’t been to the Niagara Falls?”“______, I haven’t.”A. Of course notB. NoC. YesD. Certainly11. They have abandoned city life and settled in the country, living on______ in the fields.A. what they growB. that they growC. how they growD. which they grow12.I ______ this three-room apartment without the money I borrowed from the bank.A. needn’t have boughtB. mustn’t have boughtC. shouldn’t have boughtD. couldn’t have bought13. Your explanation was ______ satisfactory; you didn’t tell us the truth.A. far fromB. far awayC. farther fromD. farther away14. The trashman’s neighbors consider him highly ______ as he does work society needs.A. respectableB. respectfulC. respectiveD. respected15. He made ______ efforts for his degree examination and succeeded.A. constantB. stableC. steadyD. regular16. As an experienced driver, he often warns beginners not to ______ any risk.A. receiveB. takeC. acceptD. try17. The Chinese handicrafts he brought home are popular ______ his American friends.A. withB. withinC. inD. to18. The title of the 35th Nurse of the Year was granted to Miss Helen Taylor, who had devoted herself ______ nursing for forty years.A. inB. intoC. toD. onto19. He is ______ of an expert on international law.A. somethingB. anythingC. everythingD. nothing20. China attaches great importance ______ the relationships with her neighbouring countries.A. ontoB. inC. toD. into21. He tried to appear calm, but his trembling voice gave him ______.A. upB. awayC. inD. off22. Many people have exaggerated ______ computers are capable of.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. how23.He was accused ______ drunken driving and was facing up to sixmonths in prison.A. withB. againstC. ofD. by24. The kindhearted couple decide to ______ the child whose parents had been killed in an accident.A. adoptB. adaptC. adjustD. admit25. I wouldn’t study abroad. For one thing, I can’t afford the expenses; ______ I don’t think I can get used to life there.A. for otherB. for the otherC. for othersD. for anotherII. 完形填空。
历年全国自考部分综合英语(一)试题
历年全国自考部分综合英语(一)试题历年试题全国2009年10月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题下载全国2009年4月高等教育自学考试英语试卷下载全国2009年7月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题下载全国2009年1月高等教育自学考试英语试卷下载全国2007年4月高等教育自学考试英语试卷下载全国2008年10月高等教育自学考试英语试卷下载全国2009年4月高等教育自学考试综合英语(一)试题下载全国2008年10月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题下载全国2008年4月高等教育自学考试英语试卷下载全国2008年7月高等教育自学考试综合英语(一)试题下载全国2008年4月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题下载全国2008年1月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题下载全国2009年1月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题下载全国2007年10月高等教育自学考试综合英语(一)试题下载全国2007年7月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题下载全国2007年4月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题下载全国2007年1月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题下载全国2006年10月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题下载全国2006年7月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题下载2006年4月全国高等教育自学考试综合英语试卷及答案下载全国2006年4月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题下载全国2006年1月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题下载全国2005年10月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题下载全国2005年4月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题下载全国2005年1月高等教育自学考试综合英语(一)试题下载全国2004年10月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题下载全国2004年7月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题下载2004年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试综合英语试题及其评分参考下载2004年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试综合英语试题及其评分参考下载全国2004年4月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题下载浙江省2004年1月高等教育自学考试综合英语(一)试题下载全国2003年上半年高等教育自学考试综合英语(一)答案及标准评分下载全国2003年上半年高等教育自学考试英语(一)答案及标准评分下载全国2003年10月高等教育自学考试综合英语(一)试题。
2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语
2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国卷I)第一部分听力(共两节,满分30分)第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1. What do the speakers need to buy?A. A fridgeB. A dinner tableC. A few chairs2. Where are the speakers?A. In a restaurant.B. In a hotelC. In a school.3. What does the woman mean?A. Cathy will be at the party.B. Cathy is too busy to come.C. Cathy is going to be invited4. Why does the woman plan to go to town?A. To pay her bills in the bank.B. To buy books in a bookstore.C. To get some money from the bank5. What is the woman trying to do ?A. Finish some writing.B. Print an article.C. Find a newspaper.第二节(共15小题,每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。
听每段对话前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;听完后,各小题给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话读两遍。
听第6段材料,回答第6、7题。
《英语II(1)(本科必修)》2009年1月期末试题及答案
试卷代号:1161中央广播电视大学2008—2009学年度第一学期“开放本科”期末考试英语Ⅱ(1) 试题2009年1月注意事项一、将你的学号、姓名及分校(工作站)名称填写在答题纸的规定栏内。
考试结束后,把试卷和答题纸放在桌上。
试卷和答题纸均不得带出考场。
+二、仔细阅读题目的说明,并按题目要求答题。
答案一定要写在答题纸指定的位置上,写在试卷上的答案无效。
三、用蓝、黑圆珠笔或钢笔答题,使用铅笔答题无效。
第一部分交际用语(共计i0分。
每小题2分)1—5小题,阅读下面的小对话,从A、B、c、D四个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题纸上写出所选的字母符号。
1·一Is this the motel you mentioned?---------A·It l ooks comforta.ble B.Yes,it’s as quiet as we expectedc·Y o u’re SO c onsiderate D.No,the price’s reasonable2·~May I help you,madam?----------A·s orry,I have no idea B.Yes,I know what to buyc·Y o u’d better give me a hand D.Yes,I’d like 2 kil os of orange3·一Afternoon,sir.Where to?------------A·Please get me to the airportB·please pick me u p next timeC·I’ve been to the airportD·The plane will take off in.an hour4·~How’s the movie?Interesting?-----------A·It was shown late until midnightB·It was starred by a few famous peoplec·Far from·I should haVe stayed horne w atching TvD- 1 was seated far away in the corner5.一Are you sure about that?-----------A·You needn’t worry about thatB.I like the ideaC.Oh,no.I’m afraid of thatD·Oh,yes.I’m absolutely positive第二部分词汇与结构(20分,每小题2分)6一l5小题:阅读下面的句子,从A、B。
全国2009年1月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题
全国2009年1月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题全国2009年1月高等教育自学考试综合英语(一)试题课程代码:00794请将答案填在答题纸相应位置上Ⅰ.语法和词汇。
从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分)1. Darkness doesn’t trouble cats, for they can see______.A. in darkB. in the darkC. in a darknessD. in darkness2.______ work has been done to improve people’s living standard.A. ManyB. A great manyC. A large number ofD. A great deal of3. All the reference books should be made ______ to the teachers and students in our university.A. concernedB. availableC. relatedD. flexible4. “Good-bye, Mr. Wang. I’m pleased ______ you.”A. to meetB. meetingC. to have been meetingD. to be met5. We tried to _____ the nervous old lady that flying was safe.A. secureB. ensureC. assureD. certify6. You can’t hear what I’m saying ______ you stop talking.A. only ifB. unlessC. lestD. except that7. Mr. Holmes called at many schools ______ he lived to ask them to accept his son, but he was refused everywhere for being a black.A. thatB. around whereC. near whichD. which8. My wallet is nowhere to be found. I _____ when I was on the bus.A. must stop itB. should have drooped itC. must have dropped itD. had dropped it9. ______ , we should be glad.A. They arrive tomorrowB. Were they arriving tomorrowC. They were to arrive tomorrowD. Were they to arrive tomorrow10. _____ the places I have been to, I enjoyed the restaurant here the most.A. From allB. All ofC. Of allD. All11. The quality of this kind of computer is _______ to that of imported computers.A. worseB. inferiorC. indifferentD. much better12. If you don’t go, I shall not ______.A. eitherB. tooC. alsoD. yet13. Before joining the army, he spent a lot of time in the village ______ he belonged.A. to whichB. whichC. to whereD. at which14. There was nothing they could do ______.A. but to waitB. only to waitC. but waitD. unless they waited15. If Dorothy had not been badly hurt in a car accident, _______ in last month’s Olympic Games.A. she would participateB. she might participateC. she would have participatedD. she must have participated16. Not only ______ be interesting to us, but also its language will help us in composition.A. the novel willB. will the novelC. is the novelD. the novel is17.The company is small but promising. ______, I’ll take the job.A. In some casesB. In that caseC. In caseD. In any case18, To make up an objective test, the teacher writes a series of questions, ______ has only one correct answer.A. some of whichB. whichC. each of whichD. that19. ______ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.A. Being publishedB. PublishedC. PublishingD. To be published20. The committee is totally opposed ______ any changes being made in the plans.A. ofB. onC. toD. againstII.阅读理解。
2009年成人高高等学校招生全国统一考试
2009年成人高高等学校招生全国统一考试英语答案必须答在答题卡上的指定位置,答在试卷上无效。
一.语音知识(共5小题;每题1.5分,共7.5分。
)在下列每缉单词中,有一个单词的划线部分与其他单词的划线部分的读音不同。
找出这个词。
1. A. climb B. job C. disturb D. club2. A. sweater B. meant C. pleasure D. pleased3. A. drunk B. dusty C. duty D. drug4. A. breathe B. nothing C. clothes D. weather5. A. prove B. rose C. wrote D. broke二、词汇与语法知识(共15小题,每题1.5分,共22.5分)从每小题的四个选择项中,选出最佳的一项。
6. Regular exercise can you against heart disease.A. fightB. protectC. keepD. support7. Over a hundred people expressed their worries, but were willing to help.A. someB. manyC. fewD. little8. You can't do anything else until you your homework.A. finishedB. will finishC. have finishedD. had finished9. First draw a line the middle of the page. Then write a word in the space above the line.A. across 13. over C. between D. within10, The managerhad Ms. Brunell the new assistant around yesterday.A. to showB. showedC. showingD. show11. Send for a doctor quickly. The manA. will dieB. isdyingC. diesD. died12. I enjoy listeningto Miss:: White; my English teacher, ,I can only understand about half ofwhat she says,A. whenB. becauseC. ifD. though13. The bag is very heavy. Come and lend me a hand, ?A. should youB. do youC. can youD. will you14. After working for two hours, I found impossible'to complete the paper in time.A. meB. thisC. thatD. it15. It was very kind of you to clean the office, though youA. needn't doB. wouldn't haveC. didn't have toD. mustn't have done16. The faster anything goes up into the sky,A. it reaches the highestB. it reaches the higherC. the highest it reachesD. the higher it reaches17. Joe took his friends there by a shortcut, reduced the drive from 50 minutes to 15.A. whereB. whichC. thatD. what18. there like that, you remind me of your father.A. To sitB. Being sittingC. SittingD. Sit19. He told me that the number of students to be admitted at that time.A. had not been decided onB. were not decided onC. has not been decided onD.are not decided on20. Jack told his daughter that she could have she wanted for Christmas.A. whichB. whateverC. thatD. whenever三.完形填空(共15小题;每题2分,共30分。
2009年1月 自考本科 高级英语试卷及答案
全国2009年1月高等教育自学考试高级英语答案解析(课程代码:00600)I. The following paragraphs are taken from the textbooks followed by a list of words andexpressions marked A to X. Choose the one that best completes each of the sentences and write the corresponding letter on your answer sheet. One word or expression for each blank only. (0.5 point for each. 12 points)1-6 D O C N V X【解析】此段摘自13课work第2段。
要求考生熟悉课文。
①此处要填名词,下面有6个名词,带入句子只有preventive意思符合工作之所以被人们渴望,首先,它可以预防厌烦。
②固定搭配comparison with。
③固定搭配associate with,此句可转化为with associated this advantage of work is namely that……④此句缺状语成分。
when为时间状语的引导句。
⑤此处需动词原形,下面有5个动词,带入句子只有impair符合句意,义为有些人努力的工作消耗了他大量的精力很可能是他在他的闲余时间发现更多的乐趣,比那些懒惰的人发现的还多。
7-12. W E U P T F【解析】此段摘自课文第6段。
①此处需填副词,下面只有两个副词,ago符合句意。
②理解句意,她给我一个补偿睡眼的很灵验的办法。
remedy义为补偿。
③此处缺逻辑宾语,在这里又要做performing的逻辑主语,所以只能选herself。
④此处需填名词,带入句子,只有action符合句意。
2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语(全国卷I)
5 W h t st e w ma r ig t o? . a o n tyn od i h A. i i o rt g F n s s me w i n . h i
A. o ln i i . T e d a ct l e y f C. o f d a ;b T n o i
A.6A B.7 A C.8 A
答案是 B 。
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C.Ca h sg i g t e i vt d t y i o n o b n ie 4.W h o s te wo l n p a o g o twn y d e h n a l n t o t o ?
C. ik T s i A pn - hn
听第 8 段材料 , 回答第 l 0至 1 2题。
第一节 ( 5小题 ; 共 每小题 1 . , 5分 满分 75 ) .分 听下面 5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题 , 从题中所
给 的 A、 Cj个选项中选出最佳选项 , B、 并标在试卷的相应
位置。听完每段对话后 , 你都有 1 秒钟的时间来 回答有关 O
小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍 。
霎 羹 { l 霉! 孽 蠢 黔 雪 眷毒 ;致精器 雾 _ 0誊 墓 t i e0 基 t 尊一 童 蔓I 曼 霉 0 ‘ 舅 露
錾 础 赣 鸯 外 滔教 学 b 究 l t 试 题 交 流
20 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 09 英语( 全国卷 I )
( 总分:0 10分 答题 时间:2 10分钟 ) 题中所 给的 A、 、 B C兰个选项 中选 出最佳选项 , 并标在试卷
2009年1月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试
2009年1月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试政府, 政策与经济学试题答案及评分参考(课程代码0937)一、单项选择题(本大题共30小题,每小题1分,共30分)1、A2、 B3、C4、C5、A6、B7、C8、A9、C 10、 D11、D 12、B、13、B 14、C 15、B 16、B 17、 D 18、C 19、 D 20、 D21、D 22、C 23、 D 24、C 25、 A 26、A 27、B 28、A 29、C 30、C二、简答题(本大题共5小题,每小题6分,共30分)31、(1) 公开市场业务; (2分)(2) 法定(存款)准备金率; (2分)(3) 贴现率; (1分)(4) 选择性信用控制. (1分)32、(1) 发行的银行. 垄断全国货币发行特权; (2分)(2) 银行的银行. 它以商业银行和其他金融机构为交易对象;(2分)(3) 国家或政府的银行. 它代表国家或政府贯彻执行金融政策,代为管理国家财政收支以及为国家提供各种金融服务. (2分)33、(1) 为投保个人或企业, 组织分散经营, 财产, 行为等的风险, 提供一定生活保障等; (3分)(2) 将储蓄转化为投资的金融中介功能. (3分)34 (1) 政府通过立法形式规定最低工资标准; (2分)(2) 采取税收调节措施; (1分)(3) 采取工资一物价“指导线” 措施;(1分)(4)实行工资一物价管制;(1分)(5)采取增加转移支付和其他各种福利措施。
(1分)35 (1)论坛功能;(2分)(2)协调功能;(1分)(3)沟通功能;(1分)(4)规范和管理功能;(1分)(5)资源配置功能;(1分)三、论述题(本大题共2小题,每小题10分,共20分)36 资源稀缺规律指相对于人类无穷欲望而言,产品和服务及生产这些产品确良和服务的资源总是不足的。
(2分)它具有两重意义;一是这种稀缺是相对的,即它不是指产品和服务的绝对数量,而是相对于需要的无限性来说是稀缺的;二是这种稀缺又是绝对的,即它存在于任何时代和任何社会。
2009年高考全国I卷英语试题及参考答案
视频导读
第四单元中国古代的农耕经济
第十九课中国社会主义经济建设的曲折发展►知识骨干归纳总结
一、社会主义工业化的开端
前提:新中国成立;经济恢复
提出:1953年,过度时期总路线:内容:农业国工业国
农业、手工业、工商业的改造
实施:“一五”计划(1953—1957)
结果:工业体现;工业布局
二、社会主义三大改造1953—1956年底实质:生成资料公有制
结果:社会主义制度确立
计划经济确立
意义:开辟道路
三、社会主义建设的成就与教训
1.制定方针:中共八大:1956 内容:正确分析了社会主义矛盾
任务:农业国工业国
意义:
2.“三面红旗”
(1)58年总路线
(2)58年“大跃进”改正:1960年八字方针
(3)人民公社化运动
►知识点讲解
以下有对本课知识点的详细讲解及辨析
/High/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=26202
►拓展练习
以下连接有本科相关的拓展练习
/High/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=26206。
自学考试《综合英语一》试题
自学考试《综合英语一》试题自学考试《综合英语(一)》试题Ⅰ.用适当语法形式或词汇填空。
从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳答案,并将所选答案的.字母写在答题纸相应的位置上。
(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分)1. It is suggested that the project ______ until all the preparations have been made.A. would startB. should startC. not to be startedD. not be started2. Your hair wants ______; you'd better have it ______ in a couple of days.A. to cut, doneB. to cut, to be doneC. cutting, doneD. cutting, being done3. My sister ______ a job in a factory, but she refused to ______ it.A. offered, takeB. offered, takingC. was offered, takeD. was offered, taking4. I have never been to the city, but it is the place ______ this summer.A. where I'd like to visitB. that I'd like to visitC. I'd like to visit itD. that I'd like to visit it5. ______ 35 years with the company, he retired at the age of60.A. Having spentB. Being spentC. It wasD. There was6. The reason ______ he missed the train was ______ got up late.A. because, heB. because, that heC. why, heD. why, that he7. The girl got up earlier than usual ______ miss the first train.A. in order to notB. so as not toC. not in order toD. not so as to8. We ______ for you everywhere. Where have you been?A. have lookedB. lookedC. have been lookingD. are looking9. His brother often thought ______ abroad, but never ______a chance.A. of going, he hadB. of going, did he haveC. to go, he hadD. to go, did he have10. If Mary ______ the doctor's advice, she would have been quite all right now.A. had followedB. were to followC. would followD. was to follow【自学考试《综合英语(一)》试题】。
2009年1月全国高等教育自学考试高级英语自考真题及答案
2009年1月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试高级英语试题课程代码:00600请将答案填在答题纸相应位置上。
全部题目用英文作答(英译汉题目除外)I. The following paragraphs are taken from the textbooks, followed by a list of words orexpressions marked A to X. Choose the one that best completes each of the sentences and write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. One word or expression for each blank only. ( 12 points, 0.5 point for each )Work therefore is desirable, first and foremost, as a 1 of boredom, for the boredom that a man feels when he is doing necessary though uninteresting work is as nothing in 2 with the boredom that he feels when he has nothing to do with his days. With this advantage of work another is 3 , namely that it makes holidays much more delicious 4 they come. Provided a man does not have to work so hard as to 5 his vigor, he is likely to find far more zest in his free time 6 an idle man could possibly find.Discussing the question, some time 7 , with an old friend, she gave me her never-failing 8 for sleeplessness, which was to imagine 9 performing some trivial 10 over and over again, until, her mind becoming disgusted with the monotony of life, 11 drew the curtain. Her favourite device was to imagine a picture not 12 quite plumb upon the wall, and then to proceed to straighten it.I believe that over a period of decades newspapers have become a 13 rather than a function. They have held their 14 so long that change has become 15 . I do not know, in fact, of any 16 that has changed as little in the last twenty years as the 17 press. And this resistance to change is the end of 18 —which, in turn, marks the end of usefulness.The key is to segment the market 19 . This enables the company to pitch 20 customers with specialized 21 that no other company can begin to 22 . Example: One customer segment is the 23 profession. Cable & Wireless is developing features and functions that 24 tremendous appeal to lawyers.II. In this section, there are fifteen sentences taken from the textbooks with a blank in each, followed by a list of words or expressions marked A to X. Choose the one that best completes each of the sentences and write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.One word or expression for each blank only. ( 15 points, 1 point for each )25. He sees it as a place where American society ______ to define and redefine its feelings andbeliefs.26. Choosing a ______ to cope with it, then, is the first decision young adults have to make, andusually the most important decision of their lifetime.27. But I have seen at least two children lying dead in bed of ______ in such cases, and feelingthat I must get a diagnosis now or never I went at it again.28. Similarly, suppose that a doctor does no wrong by withholding some treatment in order that______should come sooner rather than later.29. Part of the problem is that women in America are much more brainwashed and ______ withtheir roles as second-class citizens than blacks ever were.30. I have tried often to search ______ the sophistication of years for the enchantment I so easilyfound in those gifts.31. He thrust his hand into the shoe and made careful excavations as though he had one ______scrap of paper in mind.32. I rank pretty high w hen the company is ______ this way, because I’m not envious ordisappointed, and I have no expectations.33. Of course, her father had found out the ______ and had forbidden her to have anything to sayto him.34. There is prejudice against the old by doct ors and other medical ______ who don’t like tobother with them.35. I suppose she felt she couldn’t do her ______, and then you don’t enjoy things when you feelshabby.36. He ran the comb straight back on both sides of his head, then ______ the hair in front enoughfor one little lock to droop over his forehead.37. Representatives of the factories had particular customers, and cheese was prepared by hand tosuit the grocers, who ______ precisely what their patrons wanted.38. Some people said I was either a federal agent or a fool, for no reasonable man, they said,______ to Watts by choice.39. We have identified three distinct value ______, so called because each produces a differentkind of customer value.III. Each of the following sentences is given two choices of words or expressions. Choose the right one to complete the sentence and write the corresponding letter on yourAnswer Sheet. ( 15 points, 1 point for each )40. It is a challenge to tell these separate stories without losing overall ______.A. convenienceB. coherence41. Eva was ______ grateful for his expertise.A. exceedinglyB. successfully42. The crowded room was filled with lights, cameras, and ______ reporters.A. acquisitiveB. inquisitive43. After his ______ became widely known, he decided not to run for re-election.A. hypocrisiesB. stories44. Feminist campaigns around the state effectively unmasked the unofficial ______ culture ofpoliticians, experts and administrators.A. feminineB. masculine45. When it feeds, its huge tongue ______ in and out of its tiny mouth.A. flicksB. plucks46. It became clear that a good manager in today’s world must have courage and a strong sense of______.A. integrityB. activity47. From this revival came black and white abstract nature forms in all shapes and sizes, thebeginning of her highly ______ style.A. personalB. individualistic48. Those who ______ a national culture respond that immigrant groups traditionally came toAmerica precisely to put ethnic and religious strife behind them and to become Americans.A. advocateB. advertise49. In this complex process, those charged with drawing districts use ______ computertechnologies to come up with the most favorable district boundaries.A. sophisticatedB. superficial50. They searched for the most savage and ______ beasts to put into the cages, from which thefiercest monster might be selected for the arena.A. restlessB. relentless51. Nothing pleased him so much as to make the ______ straight, and crush down uneven places.A. crookedB. troubled52. In 1908, perhaps disappointed with the rigidity of American art education at the time, she gaveup painting and became a(n) ______ artist, drawing advertising illustrations in Chicago.A. economicalB. commercial53. A research indicates that the highest current ______ levels are now found not in the South butin older northern smokestack cities.A. dispositionB. segregation54. The ______ headlights of the cars could be seen through the fog.A. gleamingB. shinningRead the following passage carefully and complete the succeeding four items IV, V, VI and VII.Fear of Dearth (缺乏)(1) I hate jogging. Every dawn, as I thud around New York City’s Central Park reservoir, I amreminded of how much I hate it. It’s so tedious. Some claim jogging is thought conducive;others insist the scenery relieves the monotony. For me, the pace is wrong for contemplation of either ideas or vistas. While jogging, all I can think about is jogging—or nothing. One advantage of jogging around a reservoir is that there’s no dry shortcut home.(2) From the listless looks of some fellow trotters, I guess I am not alone in my unenthusiasm:Bill-paying, it seems, would be about as diverting. Nonetheless, we continue to jog; more, we continue to choose to jog. From a practically infinite array of opportunities, we select one that we don’t enjoy and can’t wait to have done with. Why?(3) For any trend, there are as many reasons as there are participants. This person runs to lower hisblood pressure. That person runs to escape the telephone or a cranky spouse or a filthy household. Another person runs to avoid doing anything else, to dodge a decision about how tolead his life or a realization that his life is leading nowhere. Each of us has his carrot and stick.In my case, the stick is my slackening physical condition, which keeps me from beating opponents at tennis whom I overwhelmed two years ago. My carrot is to win.(4) Beyond these completely different reasons, however, lies a deeper cause. It is no accident thatnow, in the last third of the twentieth century, personal fitness and health have suddenly become a popular obsession. True, modern man likes to feel good, but that hardly distinguishes him from his predecessors.(5) With amusingly ridiculous myopia (目光短浅), economists like to claim that the deeper causeof everything is economic. Delightfully, there seems no marketplace explanation for jogging.True, jogging is cheap, but then not jogging is cheaper. And the scant and simple equipment which jogging demands must make it a marketer’s least favored form of recreation.(6)Some scout-masterish philosophers argue that the appeal of jogging and other body-maintenance programs is the discipline they afford. We live in a world in which individuals have fewer and fewer obligations. The work week has shrunk. Weekend worship is less compulsory. Technology gives us more free time. Satisfactorily filling free time requires imagination and effort. Freedom is a wide and risky river; it can drown the person who does not know how to swim across it. The more obligations one takes on, the more time one occupies, the less threat freedom poses. Jogging can become an instant obligation. For a portion of his day, the jogger is not his own man; he is obedient to a regimen he has accepted.(7)Theologists may take the argument one step further. It is our modern irreligion, our lack ofconfidence in any hereafter, that makes us anxious to stretch our mortal stay as long as possible. We run, as the saying goes, for our lives, hounded by the suspicion that these are the only lives we are likely to enjoy.(8) All of these theorists seem to me more or less right. As the growth of cults and charismaticreligions and the resurgence of enthusiasm for the military draft suggest, we do crave commitment. And who can doubt, watching so many middle-aged and older persons torturing themselves in the name of fitness, that we are unreconciled to death, more so perhaps than any generation in modern memory?(9) But I have a hunch (预感) that there’s a further explanation of our obsession with exercise. Isuspect that what motivates us even more than a fear of death is a fear of dearth. Our era is the first to anticipate the eventual depletion of all natural resources. We see wilderness shrinking;rivers losing their capacity to sustain life; the air, even the stratosphere (同温层), being loaded with potentially deadly junk. We see the irreplaceable being squandered, and in the depths of our consciousness we are fearful that we are creating an uninhabitable world. We feel more orless helpless and yet, at the same time, desirous to protect what resources we can. We recycle soda bottles and restore old buildings and protect our nearest natural resource—our physical health—in the almost superstitious hope that such small gestures will help save an earth that we are damaging. Jogging becomes a sort of penance for our sins of gluttony, greed, and waste.Like a hairshirt or a bed of naril, the more one hates it, the more virtuous it makes one feel. (10)That is why we jog. Why I jog is to win at tennis.IV. In this section, there are ten incomplete statements, followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. (10 points, 1 point for each)55. According to the passage, the author ______.A. jogs regularly even though he doesn’t like itB. chooses to jog so that he can keep fitC. hates jogging because it makes him feel boredD. has to jog because he is suggested to do so56. How do some of the trotters feel about jogging?A. It is worse than bill-paying.B. Bill-paying is better than it.C. Bill-paying can’t be worse than it.D. It is exactly the same as bill-paying.57. Which of the following is true?A. People run in order to follow the trend.B. People run for their respective reasons.C. Running helps people make wise decisions.D. Too many reasons cause the trend of running.58. Economists are likely to think that ______.A. the economic factor is more important than othersB. everything depends on economic developmentC. economy leads to greater success in sportsD. nothing is more important than economic claim59. Which of the following is true about a marketer?A. He doesn’t like jogging because the equipment is simple.B. Among all the sports, jogging is the last one he wants.C. Jogging is the only form of recreation he doesn’t like.D. He can’t make much money from jogging equipment.60. The shortened work week ______.A. satisfies all the working peopleB. provides people with too much free timeC. offers people more time to worship GodD. makes it hard for people to spend their time properly61. The author’s tone about the econo mists is ______.A. angryB. friendlyC. sarcasticD. sympathetic62. According to theologists, people run because ______.A. they are afraid of deathB. they enjoy the activityC. they want to live longerD. they are suspicious about religion63. People are concerned about the natural resources because ______.A. they are being destroyedB. they cannot be replacedC. they are disappearing rapidlyD. they are being replenished64. The author ______ that the earth we live on ______.A. is certain, can be saved by people’s action of recyclingB. is not sure, can become better by people’s small gesturesC. does not think, can be saved by what people are doing todayD. is hopeful, will become a better place with people’s effortsV. There is one underlined part in each of the following sentences, followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined part and write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. (10 points, 2 points for each)65. Some claim jogging is thought conducive; others insist the scenery relieves the monotony.A. healthyB. profitableC. helpfulD. fashionable66. That person runs to escape the telephone or a cranky spouse or a filthy household.A. bad-temperedB. humorousC. powerfulD. ambitious67. ... to dodge a decision about how to lead his life or a realization that his life is leadingnowhere.A. changes somewhereB. succeeds somehowC. is hopelessD. is unsuccessful68. And who can doubt, watching so many middle-aged and older persons torturing themselves inthe name of fitness,…A. for the sake ofB. for the reason ofC. in the light ofD. as a result of69. But I have a hunch there’s a further explanation of our obsession with exercise.A. strange enthusiasm forB. extreme unhealthy interest inC. incredible commitment toD. positive attitude towardsVI. Translate the following sentences into Chinese and write the translation on your Answer Sheet. (10 points, 2 points for each)70. While jogging, all I can think about is jogging—or nothing. One advantage of jogging arounda reservoir is that there’s no dry shortcut home.71. From a practically infinite array of opportunities, we select one that we don’t enjoy and can’twait to have done with.72. Freedom is a wide and risky river; it can drown the person who does not know how to swimacross it. The more obligations one takes on, the more time one occupies, the less threat freedom poses.73. Theologists may take the argument one step further. It is our modern irreligion, our lack ofconfidence in any hereafter, that makes us anxious to stretch our mortal stay as long as possible.74. We see wilderness shrinking; rivers losing their capacity to sustain life; the air, even thestratosphere, being loaded with potentially deadly junk.VII. Answer the following essay question in English within 80-100 words. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (10 points)75. Nowadays, an obsessive devotion to strenuous physical activity is a prominent feature ofmodern life. What do you think are the reasons?VIII. Translate the following sentences into English and write the translation on your Answer Sheet. (18 points, 2 points each for 76-80, 8 points for 81)76.她的脸色通红、呼吸急促,我意识到她发高烧了。
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公共基础知识之自然地理学自然地理学是研究自然地理环境的组成、结构、功能、动态及其空间分异规律的学科,是地理学的一个重要分支学科。
狭义的自然地理学仅指综合自然地理学。
自然地理学简史人类的地理知识起源于远古时代。
但自然地理这一术语始用于17 世纪,至18 世纪后半期已广为流行。
自然地理学作为地理学中的一门学科,出现在近代地理学形成时期。
自然地理学的发展大致可分为知识积累时期、近代时期、现代时期三个阶段。
19 世纪中期以前,地理学以地理知识的描述性记载为主,自然地理知识作为地理学的一个重要方面,主要是了解地球表面的自然现象、记录山川形势、游历探索四方奇胜,进行探险、发现活动等。
早在公元前3000 多年,古埃及人就开始观测尼罗河水位的变化。
公元前5 世纪,古希腊希罗多德在《历史》(又称《希腊波斯战争史》)一书中叙述了尼罗河夏季洪水的动态规律,并且指出河口三角洲是由河流带来的泥沙堆积而成。
以后,亚里士多德把地球表面各种自然现象作为土、水、火和气四种基本原质的统一体。
埃拉托色尼计算了地球的周长,用数学方法研究、确立地球表面经纬度和事物位置的方法,奠定了数理地理的基础,并且将地球划分出五个气候带。
在欧洲,整个中世纪是封建闭塞和宗教观念统治时期,地理学几乎没有取得什么进步。
15~17 世纪是地理大发现时期,人类的地理视野大大地扩展,不但最终证实了大地球形说的正确性和地球存在着一个统一的世界大洋,还发现了洋流,确定了南北半球的信风带和对季风形成作出科学解释。
这一时期收集的大量地表自然现象资料,为17 世纪下半叶探讨海陆起源、植物和动物的分类等理论问题,以及综合地研究地球表面自然现象建立了基础。
德国瓦伦纽斯总结了地理大发现时期的大量资料,发表了叙述和解释地球表面自然现象一般规律的著作《普通地理学》。
18 世纪法国布丰研究了人与自然环境的关系,认为人在改造自然界中有着巨大的力量,整个地球表面都有人类作用的烙印。
这些都为自然地理学的建立提供了思想准备。
在中国,公元前13 世纪殷代甲骨文中已有关于天气情况的记载。
公元前11~前6 世纪作于周代的的《诗经》记述了数十种地貌形态。
战国时期成书的《尚书·禹贡》依据名山大川的自然分界将当时的疆域分为九州,并就山川、湖泽、土壤、植被等对各州进行区域对比。
《管子·地员》篇是首创土地分类的著作,综合当时关于地貌、土壤和植被的知识,较为系统和详细地把土地分为5 大类20 多个小类,并记述了山地植被的垂直分布。
西汉(公元前206~公元25)以前成书的《山经》对长江流域和黄河流域的自然条件以山为纲作了综合性记述。
公元六世纪初,郦道元完成《水经注》,对中国1252 条河流水道的源流、脉络和流经地区的地理情况作了详细的注释。
11 世纪时,沈括在《梦溪笔谈》中叙述了海陆变迁的事实,从河流沉积作用解释华北平原的成因,从流水侵蚀作用论述了雁荡诸峰的形成,还详细记载了物候现象。
17 世纪上半叶,徐霞客对喀斯特地貌、火山地貌、河谷纵横剖面发育、植物与环境的关系等作了详尽的记载和科学的分析,特别是对中国西南地区喀斯特地貌的描述非常详细,其中关于溶蚀洼地分类、钟乳石和溶洞形成,以及峰林的类型、分布与地质构造之间关系等的论述是当时的最高研究水平。
19 世纪初期德国洪堡德和李特尔创建近代地理学。
自然地理学开始成为一门独立的分支学科。
从这时起,自然地理学由单一的、表象的、静态的自然地理成分和现象的研究走向把自然地理环境作为一个整体进行综合的、内在的和动态的研究。
随着自然地理学研究的深入,许多分支学科,如地貌学、气候学、水文地理学、土壤地理学、植物地理学、动物地理学、冰川学、冻土学等迅速发展起来。
洪堡德把自然地理环境看成一个整体,应用经验的和归纳的比较法,对不同区域、不同地理环境进行比较研究,认为地球表面各种自然现象之间存在着因果上和区域上的相互联系。
他根据大量实地考察资料,论证了植物的水平分布和垂直分布与气候的关系,创立植物地理学;还首创世界等温线图,研究了气候的形成和分布,成为近代气候学研究的开端。
洪堡德的贡献为自然地理学成为一门独立的分支学科奠定了基础。
19 世纪60 年代开始,德国佩舍尔提倡用发生学观点来研究地球表面的自然特征,为自然地理学确立了地理学中分支学科的地位。
李希霍芬创立了关于自然现象世界分布的一般概念,把自然地理学的研究论题引向地志学,即阐明特定地区内务种事物相互因果关系。
地志学的概念受到赫特纳支持并加以详细论述,他的思想对德国自然地理学进展有深远影响,其重要结果是将注意力转向研究人类及其周围自然界与生物环境之间的关系。
19 世纪后期到20 世纪初期,彭克探讨了地形的成因和形成过程,创用“地表形态学”一词。
他还将阿尔卑斯山的第四纪冰期划分为3 个间冰期和4 个冰期,对冰川学和第四纪地质学作出重要贡献。
20世纪初,施吕特尔提出景观研究是地理学的中心目的,用历史地理学方法探索文化景观从原始(或自然)景观演化的现象和过程。
他把自然地理学研究的注意力引向研究人类活动所创造的人类居住地。
20 世纪30 年代末期,特罗尔创建景观生态学,对德国自然地理学的发展同样有着深刻影响。
19 世纪后半期,美国正处在西部大勘测时代,戴维斯在进化论思想影响下提出了侵蚀轮回学说,并提倡用“地形的解释性描述”来阐述地貌发育过程,对地貌学的建立和发展起了重要作用。
以后,德国彭克又提出地貌演化学说。
19 世纪后期,在德国地理学思想影响下,俄国沃耶伊科夫从事地球热量与水分子衡研究,主张重视人类对环境的影响。
俄国自然地理学创始人道库恰耶夫在论述土壤形成时提出自然综合体概念,并建立了自然地带学说。
以后,他还提出地理景观概念,认识到人是地球表面的一个主要变动力量。
20 世纪前半期。
贝尔格、格里戈里耶夫等发展了自然地带学说和景观学说,为发展自然地理学基本理论作出重要贡献。
与欧美不同,苏联地理学家非常重视自然地理学研究,通常把研究注意力放在自然环境各个要素方面,自然地理学内部分化明显,在自然区划、景观制图、地球化学景观、生物地理群落和古地理学等方面研究取得显著进展。
中国近代地理学是在引进欧美近代地理学的基础上逐步形成的。
1908 年,张相文编著了中国最早的自然地理学教科书《地文学》,开创了中国近代地理教育。
从20 年代起,竺可桢对气候学进行了广泛深入的研究。
中国地理学者对中国的地貌、气候、水文、土壤和植被等进行广泛的考察研究,从50 年代起对青藏高原、黄土高原、新疆、黄淮海平原和海岸带,以及冰川、冻土、沙漠等进行了系统考察,自然区域研究迅速发展。
从60 年代开始,地理学出现了重大变革,建立了地理系统学说,从学科分化走向新的综合。
在综合研究的基础上,又发展了新的分支学科。
在研究方法上,引进了电子计算机和遥感技术,加强了定量分析研究。
这时期的自然地理学注重定量分析,并把定量分析和定性分析紧密结合。
主要是通过建立综合性实验站和使用遥感技术,观测自然地理系统内的能量和物质的转换形式、动态过程,获取范围广和连续的各种自然地理信息,应用数学方法和电子计算机处理和分析各种信息,通过模拟实验建立系统结构模式和动态变化的数学模式等,深入研究自然地理系统的结构特征,预测变化趋向。
注意运用生态学的观点对自然地理系统进行研究,注重人类对环境作用的后果,并由此而发展了生态地理学、景观生态学等。
加强了应用研究。
运用自然地理学的研究成果,参与解决农业生产、工程建设、资源开发利用、地理环境污染和治理等问题,由此而发展了应用气候学、应用地貌学、资源地理学、环境地理学、医学地理学等应用性分支学科。
(略)1、核能的来源从1932 年发现中子到1939 年发现裂变,结果经历了七年之久才把巨大的裂变能从铀核中解放出来。
它同已知的只有几个电子伏的化学能相比要大几百万倍,而同一般的核反应能相比也要大十倍左右。
科学家们为了能很好利用它,就需要设法找到产生这种巨大能量的根源。
早在发现放射性和放射性核素的初期,人们从贝克勒尔和皮埃尔·居里曾经被镭射线烧伤过皮肤的现象中觉察到,各种射线的确具有很大能量。
例如,铀原子核衰变能量要比碳原子化合时所释放的能量大两百万倍。
而人类对各种化学能的应用早就开始了,但对放射能的实际应用却迟迟不得实现。
这是由于这些放射能的释放过程非常缓慢,也就是说这些天然放射性核素哀变时的能量释放率太小,故没有开发应用的价值。
即使这样,科学家们还是对放射能的来源问题很感兴趣。
从唯物主义者对物质世界的认识论观点出发,各种能量都不能凭空臆造或无中生有,它只能隐藏在物质之中。
当时人们已知原子是组成物质的最小单位,因此很自然地认为放射能是存在于原子内部。
那是在1903 年,当卢瑟福研究了α射线的能量后曾经指出:“这些需要加以思考的事实都指向同一个结论,即潜藏在原子里面的能量必是巨大无比的”。
所以至今人们仍把放射能叫做“原子能”。
然而,随着核科学的不断发展,在1911 年,卢瑟福又发现了原子中存在着某一核心部分,即找到了原子核。
并从它的特性中知道,原子质量的绝大部分都集中在原子核上。
这样,人们就认为原子核中储藏着巨大能量的说法更能反映客观实际。
而放射能实际上也就是由于原子核自身发生变化时所释放出的能量。
另外,原子能的提法又很容易和化学能相混混淆,所以把放射能称之为“核能”更符合实际情况。
但是,有些唯心论的学者曾经企图从原子核的放射性衰变现象中,作出物质似乎可以转变为能量的错误结论。
他们认为,在放射性核素的衰变过程中,物质似乎消失了,而能量却无中生有了。
然而,随着核科学的迅速发展,很快就驳斥了唯心论者的谬误。
这就是在1905年,由杰出的天才理论物理学家爱因斯坦发现了能量和质量关系式后才实现的。
他是一个出生在德国,后来先后加入过瑞士和美国国籍的犹太人。
他所提出的“狭义相对论”理论不仅能证实能量转变和守恒定律的正确性,而且完全适用于核衰变的过程。
根据他对各种运动物体的观察(特别是那些作高速运动的物体)和分析的结果。
发现随着物质运动速度的增大,特别是接近光速(每秒30 万公里)时,运动物质在运动方向上的长度(即由静止观察者所测得的长度)就越来越短;而其质量却越来越大。
根据爱因斯坦的相对论理论,对于高速运动的电子(如阴极射线),它的运动速度已很接近光速,为260000 公里/秒。
此时电子质量可猛增到原来的两倍。
这一结果由德国物理学家布赫雷尔在1908 年直接从实验测量中得到证明,且和爱因斯坦的理论预测值刚好相一致。
由此不难看出,能量的增加并不意味着质量的减少。
相反实际上物体运动速度加快后,不但能量增加,而且质量也变大。
这就驳倒了唯心论者认为放射性现象的发现,物质似乎可以转变为能量的错误说法。
微观世界中的这种奇妙现象再次证明了“自然界中的一切运动都可以归结为由一种形式向另一种形式不断转化的过程”和“把能量理解为物质的运动”的精辟见解的正确性。