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液化天然气储运安全技术及管理

EBS 、防溜车装置等不健全，还甚至有部分厂家私自非法改装罐车，导致罐车质量严重不达标[2]。

根据我国《移动式压力容器安全监察规程》要求来看，我国罐车生产的主流厂家中，仅有一家满足行业需求，罐车设备的落后，是液化天然气罐车运输过程中的主要危险来源。

液化天然气的船运占据了全球天然气运输量的八成以上，船运本身的投资风险高，产业体系化完善，在安全管理控制工作中较为成熟，其本身的运输也相对稳定，在液化天然气的船运安全控制方面，不仅要针对航运中的安全做好控制管理，还需要重点对港口的装卸、托运工作做好管理，应该严格按照《整船载运液化天然气可移动罐柜安全运输要求(试行)》办法进行操作。

在管道运输方面，最大的安全风险就是泄漏风险，其泄漏后和空气混合遇到明火容易引发火灾爆炸事故。

另外，液化天然气温度很低，一旦泄漏会使一定范围内的人员引起冻伤，同时还存在窒息的可能性。

当管道越长，其泄漏风险越大，越难以控制，这就是在液化天然气在管道运输始终以短距离运输的主要原因。

3 液化天然气储运安全技术及管理3.1 液化天然气储存阶段的安全管理由于液化天然气始终存在蒸发现象并且储罐容纳气体的能力是有限的，液化天然气在储存阶段也面临较大的风险。

当储罐内的工作压力达到允许最大值时，而蒸发还在进一步提升，就会有爆炸的可能性。

导致压力暴增的可能性主要是制冷设备的失灵而使介质温度升高，所以在液化天然气的储存中，一定要重点做好温度监控工作，另外还需对以下方面进行控制：首先是储罐材料的控制，尤其在首次进行液化天然气储存时应重点关注，储罐材料在低温条件下应具有一定的物理适应性，比如：低温工作状态下的抗拉和抗压等机械强度、低温冲击韧性和热膨胀系数等指标；其次是液化天然气充注方式的控1 液化天然气储运安全技术的发展背景我国液化天然气的储运主要是为了缓解我国能源供应不均的紧张情况，在我国长时间的液化天然气储运安全管理中，积累较多的储运安全管理技术。

这些技术有力地保障了我国液化天然气储运安全，为我国现代化建的稳定安全建设提供了重要的基础支撑[1]。

交通与环保英语作文

Transportation and environmental protection are two critical aspects of modern society that are intricately linked.Here is a detailed essay on the topic:Title:The Interplay Between Transportation and Environmental ProtectionIntroduction:In todays world,transportation is a vital part of our daily lives,facilitating the movement of people and goods across the globe.However,it is also a significant contributor to environmental degradation.This essay will explore the relationship between transportation and environmental protection,discussing the challenges and potential solutions.The Impact of Transportation on the Environment:Transportation systems,particularly those reliant on fossil fuels,emit greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change.The burning of gasoline and diesel in vehicles releases carbon dioxide CO2,a major greenhouse gas.Additionally,transportation infrastructure can lead to habitat destruction and air pollution,affecting ecosystems and human health.Sustainable Transportation Options:To mitigate the environmental impact of transportation,sustainable alternatives have been developed.These include:1.Electric Vehicles EVs:Powered by electricity,EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, reducing air pollution.However,the electricity used to charge them must be generated from renewable sources to be truly sustainable.2.Public Transportation:Buses,trains,and subways can move large numbers of people with lower emissions per passenger than private vehicles.3.Cycling and Walking:Encouraging these modes of transportation can significantly reduce the number of vehicles on the road,leading to less pollution and traffic congestion.4.Carpooling and Ridesharing:Sharing rides with others can reduce the number of vehicles on the road and decrease emissions.Technological Advancements:Technological innovations are playing a crucial role in making transportation more environmentally friendly.For instance:1.Hybrid Vehicles:Combining an internal combustion engine with an electric motor,these vehicles offer improved fuel efficiency and lower emissions.2.Biofuels:Derived from renewable sources,biofuels can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels,reducing the carbon footprint of transportation.3.Smart Transportation Systems:Utilizing data and technology to optimize routes and reduce congestion,these systems can decrease fuel consumption and emissions.Government Policies and Regulations:Governments worldwide are implementing policies to encourage environmentally friendly transportation.These include:1.Emission Standards:Setting limits on the amount of pollutants vehicles can emit.2.Incentives for EVs:Offering tax credits,rebates,and other incentives to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles.3.Investment in Public Transportation:Allocating funds to improve and expand public transit systems.4.Urban Planning:Designing cities to be more walkable and bikefriendly,reducing the reliance on personal vehicles.Conclusion:The relationship between transportation and environmental protection is complex but crucial for a sustainable future.By adopting sustainable transportation options,leveraging technological advancements,and implementing supportive government policies,we can reduce the environmental impact of transportation while maintaining the benefits it provides to society.It is a collective responsibility to ensure that our transportation systems are not only efficient but also ecofriendly,preserving our planet for future generations.。

油气储运工程专业本科培养计划

.油气储运工程专业本科培养计划Undergraduate Program for Specialty inOil and Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering一、业务培养目标1、Educational Objectives本专业培养具备工程流体力学、物理化学、油气储运工程等方面知识，能在国家与省、市的发展计划部门、交通运输规划与设计部门、油气储运管理部门等从事油气储运工程的规划、勘查设计、施工项目管理和研究、开发等工作的高级工程技术人才。

According to the catalogue of public college about undergraduate course,the specialty of Oil & gas storage & transportation engineering belongs to the transportation & conveyance target of education is to train students who possess the knowledge of Engineering Fluid Mechanics，Physical chemistry，Oil & gas storage & transportation Engineering etc. to be high-class technologists that are able to work in the development planning section,Management section of Oil & gas storage & transportation & shipping section etc.二、业务培养要求2、Educational Requirement主要学习油气储运工艺、设备与设施方面的基本理论和基本知识，受到识图制图、上机操作、工程测量、工程概预算的基本训练，具有进行油气储运系统的规划、设计与运行管理的基本能力。

天然气管输气供应服务流程

天然气管输气供应服务流程英文回答：Natural gas pipeline transportation and supply services involve several steps to ensure the safe and efficient delivery of gas to consumers. Here, I will outline the process in detail.1. Exploration and Production:The first step in the natural gas supply chain is the exploration and production of gas reserves. This involves drilling wells and extracting natural gas from underground reservoirs. For example, companies may use hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking, to access natural gas trapped in shale formations.2. Processing and Treatment:Once extracted, the raw natural gas undergoesprocessing and treatment to remove impurities and separate it into its different components. This process is necessary to meet quality standards and ensure the gas is suitablefor transportation. For instance, the gas may be treated to remove sulfur compounds, water, and other contaminants.3. Transmission and Compression:After processing, the natural gas is transported through pipelines over long distances. Compressor stations along the pipeline route compress the gas to maintain its pressure and facilitate its movement. This compression is necessary because natural gas tends to lose pressure as it travels through the pipeline.4. Distribution and Storage:At the end of the transmission pipeline, the natural gas is distributed to various consumers, such as residential, commercial, and industrial users. Gasutilities deliver the gas to customers through local distribution networks. Additionally, some natural gas maybe stored in underground storage facilities to ensure a reliable supply during peak demand periods.5. Metering and Billing:Once the gas reaches the consumers, it is measured using meters to determine the amount of gas consumed. This information is then used for billing purposes. Gasutilities typically send monthly bills to customers based on their gas usage. For example, I receive a monthly bill from my gas company based on the meter readings.6. Customer Service and Maintenance:Gas utilities also provide customer service and maintenance support to ensure a smooth supply of natural gas. They handle customer inquiries, address service disruptions, and perform regular maintenance on thepipeline infrastructure. For instance, if I experience a gas leak or any other issue, I can contact my gas company's customer service hotline for assistance.中文回答：天然气管输气供应服务涉及多个步骤，以确保天然气安全高效地送达用户。

天然气管输气供应服务流程

天然气管输气供应服务流程英文回答：The process of natural gas pipeline transportation and supply services involves several steps. First, the natural gas is extracted from underground reserves through drilling and extraction techniques. Once extracted, the gas is processed to remove impurities and ensure its quality.After processing, the natural gas is compressed and transported through pipelines to reach the end-users. The pipeline network is an extensive infrastructure that connects gas production facilities to distribution points and eventually to consumers. These pipelines are designed to withstand high pressure and are made of materials that can safely transport the gas over long distances.Before the gas reaches the end-users, it may go through various stages of regulation and measurement. This includes the use of metering stations to measure the volume of gasbeing transported and ensure accurate billing. Additionally, regulatory bodies may monitor the safety and compliance of the pipeline system to ensure the smooth and reliablesupply of natural gas.Once the natural gas reaches the distribution points,it is further divided into smaller pipelines that serve specific regions or customers. These distribution pipelines deliver the gas to residential, commercial, and industrial consumers. The gas is then used for various purposes suchas heating, cooking, and powering industrial processes.In addition to the physical infrastructure and processes, natural gas supply services also involve customer support and billing. Gas companies provide customer service to address any inquiries or issues related to gas supply. They also handle billing and payment processes, ensuring that consumers are accurately billedfor their gas usage.Overall, the natural gas pipeline transportation and supply services involve a complex network of infrastructure,regulation, and customer support. It is a crucial aspect of the energy industry, providing a reliable and efficient source of energy to consumers.中文回答：天然气管输气供应服务的流程包括几个步骤。

港航专业英语

23Scott L.DouglassRobert A.NathanJeffrey D.MalyszekProfessorDepartment of Civil Engineering University of South AlabamaMobile,AlabamaMoffat &Nichol EngineersTampa,FloridaMoffat &Nichol EngineersTampa,FloridaC OASTAL AND P ORTE NGINEERINGCoastal and port engineering encom-passes planning,design,and construc-tion of projects to satisfy society’s needs and concerns in the coastal environ-ment,such as harbor and marina development,shore protection,beach nourishment,and other constructed systems in the coastal wave and tide environment.Over time,the scope of this ﬁeld of engineering has broadened from only navigation improvement and property protection to include recreational beaches and environmental considerations.It takes into account the environmental conditions unique to the coastal area,including wind,waves,tides,and sand movement.Thus,coastal engineering makes extensive use of the sciences of oceanogra-phy and coastal geomorphology as well as of geo-technical,environmental,structural,and hydraulic engineering principles.23.1Risk Level in Coastal ProjectsBecause of the nature of littoral drift,or longshore sand transport along the coasts,erosion caused by coastal engineering projects along adjacent shore-lines,sometimes several miles away,has been a recurring problem.Tools for prediction and evaluation of such shoreline dynamics are con-tinually improving but are still limited,in partbecause of nature’s unpredictability.Hence,post-construction monitoring of the response of nearby beaches is often a required component of coastal engineering projects.The design level of risk in many coastal engi-neering projects may be higher than in other civil engineering disciplines because the price of more effective design is often not warranted.The design environment is very challenging.It varies with time,since design conditions are often affected by storms that contain much more energy and induce very different loadings from those normally experienced.Also,because the physical processes are so complex,often too complex for theoretical description,the practice of coastal engineering is still much of an art.Con-sequently,practitioners should have a broad base of practical experience and should exercise sound judgment.The practice of coastal engineering has changed rapidly in the last several decades owing to in-creases in natural pressures,such as that created by sea-level rise,and societal pressures,such as those from growing populations along the coast with greater environmental awareness.The changes are recorded in the proceedings of specialty confer-ences,such as those of the American Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE),including Coastal Engineering Practice;Dredging,Ports,Coastal Sedi-ments,Coastal Zone,International Coastal Engin-eering Conference,and the Florida Shore andSource: Standard Handbook for Civil EngineersBeach Preservation Association’s Beach preser-vation Technology Conference series.Coastal Hydraulics and SedimentsWaves often apply the primary hydraulic forces of interest in coastal engineering.Tides and other water-level ﬂuctuations control the location of wave attack on the shoreline.Waves and tides generate currents in the coastal zone.Breaking waves provide the forces that drive sand transport along the coast and can cause beach changes,including erosion due to coastal engineering projects.23.2Characteristics of WavesWater waves are caused by a disturbance of the water surface.The original disturbance may be caused by wind,boats or ships,earthquakes,or the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun.Most of the waves are initially formed by wind.Waves formed by moving ships or boats are wakes .Waves formed by earthquake disturbances are tsunamis .Waves formed by the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun are tides .After waves are formed,they can propagate across the surface of the sea for thousands of miles.The properties of propagating waves have been the subject of various wave theories for over a century.The most useful wave theory for engineers is the linear,or small-amplitude,theory.23.2.1Linear Wave TheoryEssentially,linear wave theory treats only a train of waves of the same length and period in a constant depth of water.As in optics,this is called a monochromatic wave train.Linear wave theory relates the length,period,and depth of waves as indicated by Eq.(23.1).L ¼gT 22p tan h 2p dL(23:1)where L ¼wavelength,ft,the horizontal distancebetween crestsd ¼vertical distance,ft,between mean orstill water level and the bottom g ¼acceleration due to gravity,32.2ft /s T ¼wave periods,the time required forpropagation of a wave crest over the wavelength (Fig.23.1)Wave height H ,the fourth value needed to com-pletely deﬁne a monochromatic wave train,is an independent value in linear wave theory,but not for higher-order wave theories (Art.23.2.2).Fig.23.1Wave in shallow water.Water particles follow an elliptical path.L indicates length of wave,crest to crest;H wave height,d depth from still-water level to the bottom.The wave period T is the time for a wave to move the distance L .23.2n Section Twenty-ThreeEquation (23.1),implicit in terms of L ,requires an iterative solution except for deep or shallow water.When the relative depth d /L is greater than 1⁄2,the wave is in deep water and Eq.(23.1)becomesL ¼gT 22(23:2)For shallow water,d =L ,1⁄25,eq.(23.1)reduces toL ¼T ﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃgd p (23:3)Individual water particles follow a closed orbit.They return to the same location with each passing wave.The orbits are circular in deep water and elliptical in shallow water.Linear wave theory equations for the water-particle trajectories,the ﬂuctuating water-particle velocities and accelera-tions,and pressures under wave trains are given in R.G.Dean and R.A.Dalrymple,“Water Wave Mechanics for Scientists and Engineers,”Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs,N.J.();R.M.Sorenson,“Basic Wave Mechanics:For Coastal and Ocean Engineers,”John Wiley &Sons,Inc.,New York ().)23.2.2Higher-Order Wave TheoriesThe linear wave theory provides adequate approxi-mations of the kinematics and dynamics of wave motion for many engineering applications.Some areas of concern to civil engineers where the linear theory is not adequate,however,are very large waves and shallow water.Higher-order wavetheories,such as Stokes’second order and cnoidal wave theories,address these important situations.Numerical wave theories,however,have the broadest range of eful tables from stream-function wave theory,a higher-order,num-erical theory,are given in R.G.Dean,“Evaluation and Development of Water Wave Theories For Engineering Applications,”Special Report No.1,U.S.Army Coastal Engineering Research Center,Ft.Belvoir,Va.Determination of the water surface elevations for large waves or waves in shallow water requires use of a higher-order wave theory.A typical waveform is shown in Fig.23.2.The crest of the wave is more peaked and the trough of the wave is ﬂatter than for the sinusoidal water surface proﬁle in linear wave theory.For a horizontal bottom,the height of the wave crest above the still-water level is a maximum of about 0.8d .(“Shore Protection Manual,”4th ed.,U.S.Army Coastal Engineering Research Center,Government Printing Ofﬁce,Washington,D.C.();“Coastal Engineering Manual,”( /inet /usace-docs /eng-manuals /em-htm).)23.2.3Wave TransformationsAs waves move toward the coast into varying water depths,the wave period remains constant (until breaking).The wavelength and height,how-ever,change because of shoaling,refraction,diffraction,reﬂection,and wavebreaking.Fig.23.2Water surface for a large wave in shallow water.Coastal and Port Engineering n 23.3Shoaling n As a wave moves into shallower water the wavelength decreases,as indicated by Eq.(23.1),and the wave height increases.The increase in wave height is given by the shoaling coefﬁcient K s.K s¼HH0o(23:4)where H¼wave height in a speciﬁc depth of water H0o¼deep-water unrefracted wave height K s varies as a function of relative depth d/L as shown in Table23.1.For an incident wave train of period T,Table23.1can be used to estimate the wave height and wavelength in any depth with Eq.(23.2)for L o.Refraction n This is a term,borrowed from optics,for the bending of waves as they slow down. As waves approach a beach at an angle,a portion of the wave is in shallower water and moving more slowly than the rest.Viewed from above,the wave crest appears to bend.Refraction changes the height of waves as well as the direction of propagation.Refraction can cause wave energy to be focused on headlands and defocused from embayments.There are two general types of refraction models.Wave-ray models trace the path of wave rays,lines perpendicular to the wave crests.The other type of computer refraction model computes solutions to differential equations for the wave-heightﬁeld.The physics simulated varies slightly from model to model.Diffraction n Another term borrowed from optics,this is the spread of energy along a wave crest.An engineering example of wave diffraction is the spreading of energy around the tip of a breakwater into the lee of the breakwater.The wave crest wraps around the tip of a breakwater and appears to be propagating away from that point.Diffraction also occurs in open water where refraction occurs.It can reduce the focusing and bending due to refraction.Reﬂection n Waves are reﬂected from obstruc-tions in their path.Reﬂection of wave energy is greatest at vertical walls,90%to100%,and least for beaches and rubble structures.Undesirable wave-energy conditions in vertical-walled marinas can often be reduced by placing rubble at the water line.Breaking n This happens constantly along a beach,but the mechanics are not well modeled by theory.Thus,much of our knowledge of breaking is empirical.In shallow water,waves break when they reach a limiting depth for the individual wave. This depth-limited breaking is very useful in coastal structure design and surf-zone dynamics models.For an individual wave,the limiting depth is about equal to the water depth and lies in the range given by Eq.(23.5.).0:8,Hdmax,1:2(23:5)where(H/d)max¼maximum ratio of wave height to depth below mean water level for a breaking wave.The variation in(H/d)b(the subscript b means breaking)is due to beach slope and wave steepness H/L.Equation(23.5)is often useful in selecting the design wave height for coastal structures in shal-low water.Given an estimate of the design water depth at the structure location,the maximum wave height H max that can exist in that depth of water is about equal to the depth.Any larger waves would have already broken farther offshore and been reduced to H max.23.2.4Irregular WavesThe smooth water surfaces of monochromatic wave theories are not realistic representations ofTable23.1Shoaling Coefﬁcient and Wavelength Changes as Waves Move into Shallower Waterd/L o d/L K s0.0050.028 1.700.0100.040 1.430.0200.058 1.230.0300.071 1.130.0400.083 1.060.0500.094 1.020.100.140.200.220.300.310.500.50 1.023.4n Section Twenty-Threethe real surf zone.Particularly under an active wind,the water surface will be much more irregular.Two different sets of tools have been developed by oceanographers to describe realistic sea surfaces.One is a statistical representation and one is a spectral representation.Statistics of Wave Height n The individual waves in a typical sea differ in height.The heights follow a theoretical Rayleigh distribution in deep water.In shallow water,the larger individual waves break sooner,and thus the upper tail of the distribution is lost.A commonly used,single wave-height para-meter is the signiﬁcant wave height H1/3.This is the average of the highest one-third of the waves. Other wave heights used in design can be related to H1/3via the Rayleigh distribution as indicated in Table23.2.23.2.5Wave SpectraSpectral techniques are available that describe the amount of energy at the different frequencies or wave periods in an irregular sea.They provide more information about the irregular wave train and are used in some of the more advanced coastal-structure design methods.A wave-height parameter that is related to the total energy in asea is H mo .(H mois often called signiﬁcant waveheight also.)Signiﬁcant wave height H s is a term that has a long history of use in coastal engineering and oceanography.As indicated above and in Art.23.2.4,two fundamentally different deﬁnitions for signiﬁcant wave height are used in coastal engineering.One is statistically based and the other is energy-or spectral-based.Since they are different,the notations,H1/3and H moare recom-mended to avoid confusion in use of H s:H1=3¼statistical significant wave heightH mo¼spectral significant wave heightIn deep water,H mois approximately equal to H1/3. In shallow water,and in particular in the surf zone, the two parameters diverge.(There is little that is truly signiﬁcant about either parameter.Few of the waves in an actual wave train will have the signiﬁcant height.It is basically a statistical artifact.)Transformations of actual wave seas such as shoaling,refraction,diffraction,and breaking are not completely understood and not well modeled. Although the monochromatic wave transforma-tions are well modeled,as described in the preceding,in actuality the individual waves and wave trains interact with each other and change the waveﬁeld.(These wave-wave interactions are the subject of signiﬁcant research efforts.)Thus, the more realistic conditions,that is,irregular seas, are the least understood.However,models that account for the transformation of wave spectra across arbitrary bottom contours are available.23.2.6Wave Generation by Wind Waves under the inﬂuence of the winds that generated them are called sea.Waves that have propagated beyond the initial winds that generated them are called swell.Fetch is the distance that a wind blows across the water.For enclosed bays,this is the distance across the water body in the direction of the wind. Duration is the time that a wind at a speciﬁc speed blows across the water.The waves at any spot may be fetch-limited or duration-limited.When a windTable23.2Wave Heights Used in DesignSymbol Description Multiple of H1/3 H1/3Average height of highest one-third of waves 1.0H av Average wave height0.6H10Average height of highest10%of waves 1.3H1%Wave height exceeded1%of the time 1.6H sin Height of simple sine waves with same energyas the actual irregular height wave train 0.8Coastal and Port Engineering n23.5starts to blow,wave heights are limited by the short time that the wind has blown;in other words,they are duration-limited.Seas not duration-limited are fully arisen .If the waves are limited by the fetch,they are fetch-limited.For enclosed bay and lake locations,simple parametric models can provide useful wave information.Table 23.3gives wave height and wave period estimates for deep water for different fetch distances and different wind speeds.The values are based on the assumption that the wind blows for a sufﬁcient time to generate fully arisen conditions.In shallow water,the wave heights will be less.On the open ocean,waves are almost never fetch-limited.They are free to continue to move after the wind ceases or changes.Swell wave energy can propagate across entire oceans.The waves striking the beach at any moment in time may include swell from several different locations plus a local wind sea.Thus,for an open-ocean situation,numerical models that grid the entire ocean are required to keep track of wave-energy propagation and local generation.Wave-generation models can forecast waves for marine construction operations.They can also hindcast,that is,estimate waves based on measured or estimated winds at times in the past,for wave climatology studies,probabilistic design,or historic performance analysis.The U.S.Army Corps of Engineers “Wave Information Study(WIS)”has hindcast 40years of data,1956–1995,to generate probabilistic wave statistics for hun-dreds of locations along the coasts of the United States.The wave statistics are available in tabular form,and the actual time sequence of wave conditions is available in digital form.(J.B.Herbich,“Handbook of Coastal and Ocean Engineering,”Gulf Publishing Company,Houston,Tex ().)23.2.7Ship and Boat WakesShip wakes are sometimes the largest waves that occur at a location and thus become the design wave.Vessel wakes from large ships can be up to 6ft high and have wave periods less than 3s.Ship wakes can be estimated with methods presented in J.R.Weggel and R.M.Sorensen,“Ship Wave Prediction for Port and Channel Design,”Proceed-ings,Port Conference,1986,ASCE.Approaches for estimating the wakes due to recreational boats are presented in ASCE Manual 50,“Planning and Design Guidelines for Small-Craft Harbors,”and R.R.Bottin et al.,“Maryland Guide Book for Marina Owners and Operators on Alternatives Available for the Protection of Small Craft against Vessel Generated Waves,”U.S.Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center,Washington,D.C.Table 23.3Spectral Signiﬁcant Heights and Periods for Wind-Generated Deep-Water Waves*Wind speed,knotsFetch length,statute miles0.512105020H m o ,ft 0.60.8 1.1 2.2 4.1T p ,s 1.3 1.6 2.0 3.2 4.740H m o ,ft 1.3 1.8 2.5 5.411T p ,s 1.7 2.2 2.7 4.5760H m o ,ft 2.2 3.1 4.29.118T p ,s2.12.63.25.48*Based on method presented in S.L.Douglass et al.,“Wave Forecasting for Construction in Mobile Bay,”Proceedings,Coastal Engineering Practice,1992,pp.713–727,American Society of Civil Engineers.H m o ¼spectral signiﬁcant wave height and T p ¼wave period.23.6n Section Twenty-Three23.3Design Coastal WaterLevelsThe design water level depends on the type of project.For design of some protective coastal structures,for example,a water level based on a recurrence interval such as a10-year or100-year return period often is selected.The Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA)“Flood Insurance Rate Maps(FIRM)”are based on such a concept.They provide aﬁrst estimate of high-water levels along the U.S.coastlines.Since the design of some coastal structures can be extremely sensitive to the design water level,more in-depth analysis may be justiﬁed.For engineering projects con-cerned with normal water levels,for example, where dock elevations and beachﬁll elevations are determined by the water level,an estimate of the normal water level and the normal range around that mean is needed.All coastal engineer-ing projects should be designed to take into account the full range of potential water levels.The water level at any time in a speciﬁc location is inﬂuenced by the tides,mean sea-level elevation, storm surge,including wind inﬂuence,and other local inﬂuences,such as fresh-water inﬂow in estuaries.Tides n The tide is the periodic rise and fall of ocean waters produced by the attraction of the moon and sun.Generally,the average interval between successive high tides is12h25min,half the time between successive passages of the moon across a given meridian.The moon exerts a greater inﬂuence on the tides than the sun.Tides,however, are often affected by meteorological conditions, including propagation of storm tides from the sea into coastal waters.The highest tides,which occur at intervals of half a lunar month,are called spring tides.They occur at or near the time when the moon is new or full,i.e.,when the sun,moon,and earth fall in line, and the tide-generating forces of the moon and sun are additive.When the lines connecting the earth with the sun and the moon form a right angle,i.e., when the moon is in its quarters,then the actions of the moon and sun are subtractive,and the lowest tides of the month,the neap tides,occur.Tidal waves are retarded by frictional forces as the earth revolves daily around its axis,and the tide tends to follow the direction of the moon.Thus,the highest tide for each location is not coincident with conjunction and opposition but occurs at some constant time after new and full moon.This interval,known as the age of the tide,may amount to as much as21⁄2days.Large differences in tidal range occur at different locations along the ocean coast.They arise because of secondary tidal waves set up by the primary tidal wave or mass of water moving around the earth.These movements are also in-ﬂuenced by the depth of shoaling water and con-ﬁguration of the coast.The highest tides in the world occur in the Bay of Fundy,where a rise of 100ft has been recorded.Inland and landlocked seas,such as the Mediterranean and the Baltic, have less than1ft of tide,and the Great Lakes are not noticeably inﬂuenced.Tides that occur twice each lunar day are called semidiurnal tides.Since the lunar day,or time it takes the moon to make a complete revolution around the earth,is about50min longer than the solar day,the corresponding high tide on succes-sive days is about50min later.In some places,such as Pensacola,Florida,only one high tide a day occurs.These tides are called diurnal tides.If one of the two daily high tides is incomplete,i.e.,if it does not reach the height of the previous tide,as at San Francisco,then the tides are referred to as mixed diurnal tides.Table23.4gives the spring and mean tidal ranges for some major ports.There are other exceptional tidal phenomena. For instance,at Southampton,England,there are four daily high waters,occurring in pairs,separa-ted by a short interval.At Portsmouth,there are two sets of three tidal peaks per day.Tidal bores,a regular occurrence at certain locations are high-crested waves caused by the rush ofﬂood tide up a river,as in the Amazon,or by the meeting of tides, as in the Bay of Fundy.The rise of the tide is referred to some estab-lished datum of the charts,which varies in different parts of the world.In the United States,it is mean lower low water(MLLW).Mean high water is the average of the high water over a19-year period,and mean low water is the average of the low water over a19-year period. Higher high water is the higher of the two high waters of any diurnal tidal day,and lower low water is the lower of the two low waters of any diurnal tidal day.Mean higher high water is the average height of the higher high water over a19-year period,and mean lower low water is the Coastal and Port Engineering n23.7average height of the lower low waters over a 19-year period (tidal epoch).Highest high water and lowest low water are the highest and lowest,respectively,of the spring tides of record.Mean range is the height of mean high water above mean low water.The mean of this height is generally referred to as mean sea level (MSL).Diurnal range is the difference in height between the mean higher high water and the mean lower low water.The National Ocean Service annually publishes tide tables that give the time and elevation of the high and low tides at thousands of locations around the world and that can be used to forecast water levels at all times.The tide tables forecast the repeating,astronomical portions of the tide for speciﬁc locations but do not directly account for the day-to-day effects of changes in local winds,pressures,and other factors.Along most coasts,the tide table forecasts are within 1ft of the actual water level 90%of the time.Relative sea-level rise is gradually changing all of the epoch-based datum at any coastal site.Although,the datum that is used for design and construction throughout an upland area is not particularly important,the relation between con-struction and actual water levels in the coastal zone can be extremely important.The level of the oceans of the world has been gradually increasing for thousands of years.The important change is the relative sea-level change,the combined effect of water level and land-mass elevation changes due to subsidence (typical of the U.S.Atlantic and Gulf coasts)or rebound or emergence (Paciﬁc coast of the U.S.).Measured,long-term tide data for major U.S.ports show that the relative sea-level rise differs from location to location.For example,Table 23.4Mean and Spring Tidal Ranges for Some of the World’s Major Ports*Mean range,ftSpring range,ft Anchorage,Alaska 26.729.6†Antwerp,Belgium15.717.8Auckland,New Zealand 8.09.2Baltimore,Md 1.1 1.3Bilboa,Spain 9.011.8Bombay,India 8.711.8Boston,Mass.9.511.0Buenos Aires,Argentina2.2 2.4Burntcoat Head,Nova Scotia (Bay of Fundy)41.647.5Canal Zone,Atlantic side 0.7 1.1†Canal Zone,Paciﬁc side 12.616.4Capetown,Union of South Africa 3.8 5.2Cherbourg,France 13.018.0Dakar,Africa 3.3 4.4Dover,England 14.518.6Galveston,Tex 1.0 1.4†Genoa,Italy 0.60.8Gibraltar,Spain2.33.1Hamburg,Germany 7.68.1Havana,Cuba1.0 1.2Hong Kong,China 3.1 5.3†Honolulu,Hawaii 1.2 1.9†Juneau,Alaska14.016.6†La Guaira,Venezuela 1.0†Lisbon,Portugal 8.410.8Liverpool,England 21.227.1Manila,Philippines 3.3†Marseilles,France 0.40.6Melbourne,Australia 1.7 1.9Murmansk,U.S.S.R.7.99.9New York,N.Y. 4.4 5.3Osaka,Japan 2.5 3.3Oslo,Norway 1.0 1.1Quebec,Canada 13.715.5Rangoon,Burma 13.417.0Reikjavik,Iceland 9.212.5Rio de Janeiro,Brazil 2.5 3.5Rotterdam,Netherlands 5.0 5.4San Diego,Calif. 4.2 5.8†San Francisco,Calif. 4.0 5.7†San Juan,Puerto Rico 1.1 1.3Seattle,Wash.7.611.3†Shanghai,China 6.78.9Singapore,Malaya5.67.4Table 23.4(Continued )Mean range,ftSpring range,ft Southampton,England 10.013.6Sydney,Australia 3.6 4.5Valparaiso,Chile 3.0 3.9Vladivostok,U.S.S.R.0.60.7Yokohama,Japan 3.5 4.7Zanzibar,Africa8.812.4*“Tide Tables,”National Ocean Service.†Diurnal range.23.8n Section Twenty-Threeat Galveston,Tex.,there has been about1ft of relative sea-level rise during the last50years.At Anchorage,Alaska,there has been about2ft of relative sea-level fall during the last50years.The impact of long-term sea-level rise has rarely been taken into account in design,except when it has already impacted the epoch-based tidal datum, such as MLLW.The National Geodetic Vertical Datum(NGVD)was established at the mean sea level(MSL)of1929.Since sea-level rise has con-tinued since then,the NGVD is now below the current day MSL along much of the U.S.Atlantic and Gulf coasts.At many locations,it is between the MSL and the MLLW.For accurate location of the NGVD relative to the MSL or MLLW,analysis with data from a local tide gage is required.For some harbor and coastal design,a staff gage is installed for recording water levels for a sustained period of time to conﬁrm the relation between the local surveyor’s elevation datum,the assumed tidal datum,and the actual water surface elevation.Storm Surge n This can be deﬁned broadly to include all the effects involved in a storm,inclu-ding wind stress across the continental shelf and within an estuary or body of water,barometric pressure,and wave-induced setup.The combined inﬂuence of these effects can change the water level by5to20ft depending on the intensity of the storm and coastal location.Engineers can use return-period analysis curves to estimate the likelihood of any particular elevation.The Federal Emergency Management Agency and the various Corps of Engineer Districts have developed such curves based on historic high-water-mark elevations and numerical models of the hydrodynamics of the continental shelf.23.4Coastal SedimentCharacteristicsMost beach sediments are sand.The day-to-day dynamics of the surf zone usually ensure that most ﬁnes,silts,and clays will be washed away to more quiescent locations offshore.Some beaches have layers of cobbles,rounded gravel,or shingles,ﬂattened gravel.The size and composition of beach sands varies around the world and even along adjacent shore-lines.Essentially,the beach at any particular site consists of whatever loose material is available.Quartz is the most common mineral in beach sands. Other constituents in sands include feldspars and heavy minerals.Some beaches have signiﬁcant por-tions of seashell fragments and some beaches are dominated by coral carbonate material.Beach sands are usually described in terms of grain-size distribution.The median diameter d50is a common measure of the central size of the distribution.The range of the distribution of sand sizes around this median is usually discussed in terms of sorting.The color of the sand depends primarily on the composition of the grains.The black sand beaches of Hawaii are derived from volcanic lava.The white sands of the panhandle of Florida are quartz that has developed a white color owing to mini-ature surface abrasions and bleaching.23.5Nearshore Currents andSand TransportAs wave energy enters the surf zone,some of the energy is transformed to nearshore currents and expended in sand movement.The nearshore cur-rentﬁeld is dominated by the incident wave energy and the local windﬁeld.The largest currents are the oscillatory currents associated with the waves. However,several forms of mean currents(long-shore currents,rip currents associated with nearshore circulation cells,and downwelling or upwelling associated with winds)can be important to sand transport.Longshore current is the mean current along the shore between the breaker line and the beach that is driven by an oblique angle of wave approach. The waves provide the power for the mean long-shore current and also provide the wave-by-wave agitation to suspend sand in the current.The resulting movement of sand is littoral drift or longshore sand transport.This process is referred to as a river of sand moving along the coast. Although the river-of-sand concept is an effective, simple explanation of much of the inﬂuence of engineering on adjacent beaches,the actual sand transport paths are more complex.This is par-ticularly so near inlets with large ebb-tidal shoals that inﬂuence the incident wave climate.Even on an open coast with straight and parallel offshore bottom contours,the longshore-sand-transport direction changes constantly in response to changes in the incident wave height,period,and Coastal and Port Engineering n23.9。

压缩天然气海洋运输

varying by proponent) • Gas offloading (flowlines, marine terminals,
scavenger compressor, potentially handling of liquids)
17
CNG Challenges
• Relative low gas versus container weight ratio • Cryogenic transient temperatures and liquids
1
Introduction (cont’d)
• Isobaric and non-isobaric systems • Steel and composite materials for CNG containers • General promise from CNG: economically exploit
18
CNG Comparison to Pipeline and LNG
• 80% of CNG investment in ships - re-deployable asset
• Pipeline is a fixed asset - large initial expense • LNG - large expense for liquefaction and re-
5
Coselle CNG Carrier
330 mmscf capacity ship 80 mmscf capacity tug/barge
6
Coselle Details
7
Pipe Wt.
3075 t.
55 ft.
Coselle Arrangement

交通运输领域的主要SCI国际期刊

交通运输领域的主要SCI国际期刊IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS QuarterlyISSN: 1524-9050IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC, 445 HOES LANE, PISCA TAWAY, USA, NJ, 08855ITE JOURNAL-INSTITUTE OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERSMonthlyISSN: 0162-8178INST TRANSPORTA TION ENGINEERS, 1099 14TH ST, NW, STE 300 WEST, W ASHINGTON, USA, DC, 20005-3438JOURNAL OF ADV ANCED TRANSPORTATIONTri-annualISSN: 0197-6729INST TRANSPORTA TION, STE 68, #305, 4625 V ARSITY DR, N W, CALGARY, CANADA, ALBERTA, T3A OZ9JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING-ASCEBimonthlyISSN: 0733-947XASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS, 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, USA, V A, 20191-4400TRANSPORTATIONQuarterlyISSN: 0049-4488SPRINGER, 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, USA, NY, 10013TRANSPORTATION JOURNALQuarterlyISSN: 0041-1612AMER SOC TRANSPORTA TION LOGISTICS, 1700 NORTH MOORE ST, STE 1900, ARLINGTON, USA, V A, 22209-1904TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND TECHNOLOGYQuarterlyISSN: 0308-1060TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLA ND, OXON, OX14 4RNTRANSPORTATION QUARTERLYQuarterlyISSN: 0278-9434ENO FOUNDATION TRANSPORT INC, 1634 I ST NW, STE 500, WASHINGTON, US A, DC, 20006-4003TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART A-POLICY AND PRACTICEMonthlyISSN: 0965-8564PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KID LINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND, OX5 1GBTRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART B-METHODOLOGICALMonthlyISSN: 0191-2615PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KID LINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND, OX5 1GBTRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART C-EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES BimonthlyISSN: 0968-090XPERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KID LINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND, OX5 1GBTRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART D-TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT BimonthlyISSN: 1361-9209PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KID LINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND, OX5 1GBTRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART E-LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORTATION REVIEWBimonthlyISSN: 1366-5545PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KID LINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND, OX5 1GBTRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART F-TRAFFIC PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVI OURBimonthlyISSN: 1369-8478ELSEVIER SCI LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFOR D, ENGLAND, OXON, OX5 1GBTRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORDISSN: 0361-1981NATL ACAD SCI, 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE, WASHINGTON, USA, DC, 20418TRANSPORTATION SCIENCEQuarterlyISSN: 0041-1655INST OPERATIONS RESEARCH MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, 901 ELKRIDGE LANDI NG RD, STE 400, LINTHICUM HTS, USA, MD, 21090-290961.交通运输类核心期刊表（33种）61.1综合运输类核心期刊表（10种）号刊名中文译名中图刊号出版国1IEEE transactions on vehiculartechnologyIEEE运载工具技术汇刊730B0001TVT美国2Transportation research．Part B，Methodological运输研究．B辑，方法论870C0066-2英国3Transportation research record运输研究记录870B0103美国4Transportation science运输科学870B0068美国5Transportation research．Part A，Policyand Practice运输研究．A辑，政策与实践870C0066-1英国6Transportation运输870LB052荷兰7Vehicle system dynamics车辆系统动力学873LB055荷兰8Journal of transportation engineering运输工程杂志860B0002-11美国9Transportation research．Part D，Transport and environment运输研究D辑，运输与环境870C00664英国10Transport reviews运输评论877C0144英国61.2铁路运输类核心期刊表（5种）号刊名中文译名中图刊号出版国1Proceedings Of the institution of Mechanical Engineerings．Part F，Journalof rail and rapid transit机械工程师学会会报．F辑，铁路与快速运输杂志780C0002-F英国2Railway gazette International国际铁路快报871C0058英国3Quarterly reports铁道技术研究所季报871D0070日本4Railway age铁路时代871B0004美国5 Rail international国际铁路871LA002比利时Urban transport sustainability--Asian trends, problems and policy practices61.3、公路运输类核心期刊表（9种）号刊名中文译名中图刊号出版国1International Journal of vehicle design国际机动车设计杂志873LD068瑞士2Journal of intelligent transportationsystems智能交通系统杂志873C0133英国3S．A．E．transactions汽车工程师学会汇刊870B0001美国4Journal of bridge engineering桥梁工程杂志860B0002-22美国5Heavy vehicle systems重型机动车系统873LD070瑞士6JSAE review日本汽车工程师学会评论873D0138日本7Traffic engineering＆control交通工程与管理870C0064英国8Journal of terramechanlcs地面力学杂志873C0006英国9Public roads公路873B0007英国61.4、水路运输类核心期刊表（9种）序号刊名中文译名中图刊号出版国1Coastal engineering海岸工程875LB060荷兰2Journal of waterway，port，coastal，and oceanengineering航道、港口、海岸与海洋工程杂志860B0002-13美国3Journal of ship research船舶研究杂志875B0001美国4Naval engineers Journal航海工程师杂志875B0001美国5The Naval architect造船工程师875C0005英国6Marine structures海上构筑物875C0123英国7Marine technology and SNAME news船舶技术与SNAME新闻875B0071美国8International shipbuilding progress国际造船进展875LB001荷兰9Dredging +port construction疏浚与港口建设875C0087英国62.交通运输类扩展区期刊表（29种）62.1、综合运输类扩展区期刊表（9种）刊名中图刊号ISSN出版图ITE Journal870B00540162-8178美国Journal of Advanced Transportation870B00710197-6729英国Pipes and Pipelines International 874C00010032-020X英国Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers．Transport860C0005-30965-092X英国Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineerings.Part D,Journal of Automobile Engineering780C0002-D0954-4070英国Public Transport International 870LA052A1029-1261比利时Transportation Planing and Technology870B0116美国Transportation Research。

Shipboard system for transportation of natural gas

专利名称：Shipboard system for transportation ofnatural gas in zeolites发明人：Jan Krason,Albert Krason申请号：US10617991申请日：20030711公开号：US20050005831A1公开日：20050113专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：A system for transporting compressed gas aboard a ship includes: a) tanksaboard the ship adapted for carrying the compressed gas; b) a zeolite material in each of the tanks, the zeolite material adapted for adsorption of the gas into pore spaces of thezeolite material; and c) connection means for connecting the tanks to sources for receiving and dispensing the gas. A method for transportation of natural gas aboard a ship, comprising: a. providing a plurality of tanks on board the ship; b. putting a zeolite material in the tanks; c. connecting gas delivery tubes to the tanks; d. introducing the gas into the tanks under pressure until a desired pressure is reached; and e. after the ship reaches its desired destination, connecting gas delivery tubes to the tanks, and discharging the gas from the tanks.申请人：Jan Krason,Albert Krason地址：Denver CO US,Denver CO US国籍：US,US更多信息请下载全文后查看。

天然气乙炔法工艺流程

天然气乙炔法工艺流程Natural Gas Acetylene Process FlowThe natural gas acetylene process involves several key steps in its production. Here is a brief overview of the process flow:Feedstock Preparation: Natural gas, the primary feedstock, is purified to remove impurities such as sulfur compounds and water vapor. This ensures the quality of the final acetylene product.Partial Oxidation: The purified natural gas is then fed into a reactor where it undergoes partial oxidation. This reaction is typically carried out at high temperatures and pressures, using a suitable oxidant such as oxygen or air.Acetylene Formation: During partial oxidation, the natural gas breaks down to form acetylene and other gaseous by-products. The acetylene is separated from the gas mixture using appropriate separation techniques.Purification and Separation: The acetylene-rich gas mixture is further purified to remove residual impurities and separate acetylene from other gases. This can involve techniques such as absorption, adsorption, or distillation.Storage and Transportation: The purified acetylene is then compressed and stored in pressurized cylinders or tanks for further use or transportation to end users.Quality Control: Throughout the process, quality control measures are implemented to ensure the acetylene meets the desired specifications and safety standards.天然气乙炔法工艺流程天然气乙炔法生产涉及多个关键步骤。

燃气调度中心工作流程

燃气调度中心工作流程1.燃气调度中心首先收集天然气供应和需求的数据。

The gas dispatch center first collects data on natural gas supply and demand.2.然后分析数据，确定天然气的调度计划。

They then analyze the data to determine the dispatch plan for natural gas.3.根据天然气的供需情况，制定具体的调度方案。

Based on the supply and demand of natural gas, specific dispatch plans are formulated.4.调度中心负责监控天然气的运输和分配。

The dispatch center is responsible for monitoring the transportation and distribution of natural gas.5.在运输过程中，不断跟踪天然气的流向和数量。

During transportation, the flow and quantity of natural gas are constantly tracked.6.紧急情况下，调度中心需要迅速调整天然气的分配方案。

In case of emergency, the dispatch center needs toquickly adjust the distribution plan for natural gas.7.调度中心负责与供应商和用户进行沟通，保障天然气的安全运输和使用。

The dispatch center is responsible for communicating with suppliers and users to ensure the safe transportation and use of natural gas.8.同时，调度中心需要及时向相关部门报告天然气的运输情况。

油气储运生产技术教材

油气储运生产技术教材
以下是一些关于油气储运生产技术的教材推荐：
1. 《油气储运工程实践及流程优化》(Mechanics and Control of Oil and Gas Flow)
作者: Dehui Sun
出版年份: 2018年
2. 《油气储运与流动力学》(Oil and Gas Transportation and Fluid Mechanics)
作者: Boji Zhang, Mingxin Yuan, Zhanqu Zhang
出版年份: 2014年
3. 《油气田常压与环保储运技术》(Oil and Gas Field Atmospheric and Environmental Storage and Transportation Technology)
作者: Xiangming Kong
出版年份: 2013年
4. 《油气储运工艺基础》(Fundamentals of Oil and Gas Storage and Transportation Processes)
作者: Xiaolan Wang, Zhijun Song
出版年份: 2016年
5. 《天然气储运工程技术》(Engineering Technology of Natural Gas Storage and Transportation)
作者: Jian Li, Jun Lin, Xingguo Tong
出版年份: 2019年
这些教材涵盖了油气储运生产技术的基本原理、流动力学、环保要求等方面内容，适用于工程技术人员、研究人员和学生学习使用。

还可以根据自己的具体需求选择适合的教材。

简述压缩天然气标准站的工艺流程

简述压缩天然气标准站的工艺流程Natural gas compression stations play a crucial role in the transportation of natural gas throughout pipelines. These stations compress the gas to increase its pressure, allowing it to be more efficiently transported over long distances. 压缩天然气标准站在天然气管道运输过程中起着至关重要的作用。

这些站点通过压缩天然气以增加压力，使其能够更有效地在长距离范围内被输送。

The compression process begins with the incoming natural gas being fed into the station through a series of pipelines. Once inside the station, the gas passes through a series of compressors that gradually increase the pressure. These compressors are powered by either electric motors or natural gas engines. 压缩过程始于通过一系列管道将进入的天然气送入站点。

一旦进入站点，天然气通过一系列逐渐增加压力的压缩机。

这些压缩机由电动机或天然气发动机驱动。

After passing through the compressors, the gas is then cooled in a process known as gas dehydration. This process removes any moisture present in the gas, as water can interfere with the compression process and damage the pipelines. The cooled anddehydrated gas is then filtered to remove any impurities before being sent out for distribution. 在通过压缩机后，天然气随后会在称为气体脱水的进程中进行冷却。

采油采气的工艺流程

采油采气的工艺流程Oil and gas extraction, also known as oil and gas production, is the process of removing oil and natural gas from underground reservoirs. 采油采气，也称为油气生产，是从地下储层中开采石油和天然气的过程。

The process of oil and gas extraction involves several key steps, including exploration, drilling, production, and transportation. 采油采气过程涉及几个关键步骤，包括勘探、钻井、生产和运输。

Exploration is the first step in the oil and gas extraction process, where geologists and geophysicists analyze data to identify potential oil and gas reservoirs. 勘探是采油采气过程中的第一步，地质学家和地球物理学家通过分析数据来识别潜在的油气储层。

Once a potential reservoir is identified, drilling operations are initiated to extract the oil and gas from the ground. 一旦确定了潜在的储层，就会启动钻井作业来从地下开采石油和天然气。

During production, the extracted oil and gas are brought to the surface using various techniques, such as pumps and pressuredifferentials. 在生产过程中，采出的石油和天然气通过各种技术（如泵和压力差）被输送到地表。

天然气井场工艺流程

天然气井场工艺流程英文回答：The process of natural gas wellsite operations involves several key steps to extract and process natural gas from the ground.First, the drilling process begins with the setup of the drilling rig at the wellsite. Once the rig is in place, the drilling crew will begin the process of drilling the wellbore into the earth. This involves using a drill bit to penetrate the rock formations and reach the natural gas reservoir.Once the wellbore has been drilled, the next step is to install the casing. Casing is a series of steel pipes that are inserted into the wellbore to provide structural integrity and prevent the well from collapsing. The casing also helps to isolate the natural gas reservoir from other formations and prevent any potential leaks.After the casing is installed, the well is then completed by perforating the casing to allow the natural gas to flow into the wellbore. This is typically done using a perforating gun that creates small holes in the casing to allow the natural gas to flow into the well.Once the well is completed, the natural gas is then extracted from the well using a process known as hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking." This involves injecting a mixture of water, sand, and chemicals into the well at high pressure to create fractures in the rock formations and release the natural gas.After the natural gas has been extracted, it is then processed at the wellsite to remove any impurities and prepare it for transportation. This involves separating the natural gas from any accompanying liquids and contaminants, as well as compressing the gas to increase its pressure for transportation through pipelines.Overall, the process of natural gas wellsite operationsinvolves several key steps, including drilling the wellbore, installing casing, completing the well, extracting the natural gas, and processing it for transportation.中文回答：天然气井场工艺流程包括几个关键步骤，以从地下提取和加工天然气。

碳中和目标下天然气发电产业发展前景优化

天　然　气　工　业Natural Gas Industry 第41卷第6期2021年6月· 144 ·碳中和目标下天然气发电产业发展前景优化龚承柱1　贾维东1　吴德胜1　潘凯21. 中国地质大学（武汉）经济管理学院2. 中国石油规划总院摘要：天然气发电产业作为我国清洁能源发展进程中的重要一环，在“碳中和”目标下将发挥特殊的作用。

为了量化“碳中和”目标下气电产业的发展前景，基于平准化电力成本（LCOE），考虑天然气供应和电力需求在多期经济环境下的最大化收益，构建气电产业收益动态非线性优化模型，通过对比分析维持现状（基准情景）和“碳中和”情景，对“碳中和”目标下气电产业的发展前景进行了多情景量化分析。

结论认为：①较之于基准情景，碳中和情景下气电产业长远发展前景更好；②发电补贴是碳中和情境下气电产业的主要收入来源，政府应当给予气电企业适当补贴；③天然气市场价格对气电企业影响较大，较低的天然气价格可以维持气电企业较好的发展，政府应关注天然气市场价格，当天然气价格变高时适当增加补贴来保证气电企业的基本收入；④政府应培育多种电力调峰辅助市场服务，降低或取消天然气发电企业发电最小比例约束，这将有利于气电企业的良性发展，促进发电与调峰市场化，同时气电企业也应加大科技研发和创新力度，提高管理效率。

关键词：碳中和；气电产业；电力市场；平准化电力成本；成本效益；动态优化；多情景分析；发电最小比例约束DOI: 10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2021.06.017Optimization of the development prospect ofgas power industry under the goal of carbon neutralityGONG Chengzhu1, JIA Weidong1, WU Desheng1, PAN Kai2(1. School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences - Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China;2. PetroChina Plan-ning and Engineering Institute, Beijing 100083, China)Natural Gas Industry, Vol.41, No.6, p.144-151, 6/25/2021. (ISSN 1000-0976; In Chinese)Abstract: The gas power industry, as an important part of the clean energy process in China, plays a special role under the goal of carbon neutrality. In order to quantify the development prospect of gas power industry under the goal of carbon neutrality, this paper constructs a dynamic nonlinear profit optimization model of gas power industry by maximizing the profit of natural gas supply and electricity demand under multiple economic environments based on the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). Then, carries out scenario quantitative analysis on the development prospect of gas power industry under the goal of carbon neutrality by comparatively analyzing the status quo (reference scenario) and the carbon neutrality scenario. And the following conclusions are reached. First, the long-term development prospect of gas power enterprises is better in the carbon neutrality scenario than in the reference scenario. Second, power generation subsidies are the main income sources of gas power enterprises in the carbon neutrality scenario, so the government shall provide gas power enterprises with appropriate subsidies. Third, gas power enterprises are influenced more by the natural gas market price. Lower natural gas price is conducive to the better development of gas power enterprises. Therefore, the government shall pay attention to natural gas market price and appropriately increase the subsidies to ensure the basic income of gas power enterprises when the natural gas price rises. Fourth, the government shall reduce or cancel the constraint of minimum power generation scale to gas power enterprises, which is favorable for the healthy development of gas power enterprises and promotes the marketization of power generation and peak shaving. And meanwhile, gas power enterprises shall strengthen technological development and innovation and improve management efficiency.Keywords: Carbon neutrality; Gas power industry; Electricity Market; Levelized cost of energy; Cost benefit; Dynamic optimization; Scenario analysis; Constraint of minimum power generation scale基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目“天然气产业价格扭曲测度与市场均衡仿真研究”（编号：71804167）。

EI收录的交通类期刊

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英语作文天然气

英语作文天然气Natural gas, as a crucial source of energy, plays a significant role in various aspects of our lives. In this essay, we will delve into the importance of natural gas,its benefits, challenges, and potential future developments.First and foremost, natural gas serves as a primary source of energy for heating and electricity generation in many parts of the world. Its abundance and relatively cleaner burning compared to other fossil fuels like coaland oil make it a preferred choice for power generation. Additionally, natural gas is widely used for residentialand commercial heating purposes due to its efficiency and cost-effectiveness.Moreover, natural gas has become increasingly important in the transportation sector, particularly with the rise of compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) as alternative fuels for vehicles. The cleaner emissions from natural gas vehicles contribute to reducing airpollution and mitigating the impact of transportation on climate change.Another significant benefit of natural gas is its versatility. Apart from its traditional uses in heating and electricity generation, natural gas serves as a feedstock for the production of various chemicals and materials. Industries rely on natural gas as a crucial raw materialfor manufacturing processes, ranging from fertilizers to plastics.Furthermore, natural gas plays a pivotal role in enhancing energy security for many countries. Unlike oil, which often involves geopolitically sensitive regions for production, natural gas reserves are distributed more evenly across the globe. This diversification of energy sources reduces the risk of supply disruptions and strengthens energy independence.Despite its numerous benefits, natural gas also presents several challenges and concerns. One of the primary concerns is methane emissions throughout theextraction, production, and transportation processes. Methane, the primary component of natural gas, is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change when released into the atmosphere. Therefore, addressing methane leakage and emissions is critical for minimizing the environmental impact of natural gas usage.Furthermore, the extraction of natural gas through techniques such as hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has raised environmental and social concerns. The potential contamination of groundwater, surface water, and soil, as well as the associated seismic activity, have sparked debates about the sustainability of fracking operations.In addition to environmental concerns, the fluctuating prices of natural gas in the global market pose economic challenges for both producers and consumers. The volatility of natural gas prices can impact investment decisions in energy infrastructure and influence energy affordabilityfor households and industries.Looking ahead, the future of natural gas will likely beshaped by technological advancements and policy developments aimed at addressing environmental concerns and promoting sustainable energy practices. Innovations in methane detection and capture technologies can help reduce emissions along the natural gas supply chain. Furthermore, investments in renewable natural gas (RNG) production from organic waste sources offer a promising avenue for decarbonizing the gas grid.In conclusion, natural gas remains a vital energy resource with diverse applications across various sectors. While it offers numerous benefits such as cleaner burning and energy security, challenges such as methane emissions and price volatility need to be addressed through technological innovation and policy intervention. By embracing sustainable practices and leveraging emerging technologies, we can maximize the benefits of natural gas while minimizing its environmental footprint.。

液化石油气的生产流程

液化石油气的生产流程Title: The Production Process of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)液化石油气（LPG）的生产流程包括以下几个主要步骤：The production process of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) consists of several main steps:1.原油开采和炼制1.Crude oil extraction and refining首先，从地下油井中开采原油。

然后，在炼油厂中通过炼制过程，将原油转化为不同的石油产品，包括液化石油气。

First, crude oil is extracted from underground oil wells.Then, through the refining process in oil refineries, crude oil is converted into various petroleum products, including liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).2.天然气净化2.Natural gas purification天然气是LPG的主要原料之一。

在开采天然气时，需要对其进行净化，以去除其中的杂质和硫磺等成分。

atural gas is one of the main raw materials for LPG.When extracting natural gas, it needs to be purified to remove impurities and components such as sulfur.3.液化过程3.Liquefaction process将净化后的天然气或石油气通过冷却和压缩的方式，使其变为液态。

这个过程称为液化。

The purified natural gas or petro gas is liquefied through a cooling and compression process.This process is called liquefaction.4.储存和运输4.Storage and transportation液化后的石油气储存在专用的储罐中，并通过管道、船舶、卡车等方式进行运输。

LNG_Linde

LNG Technology2Contents.345678991011121416MFC®and LIMUM® are registered trademarks of Linde AG3 Introduction.Natural gas is a mixture of gases containing primarily hydro-carbon gases. It is colorless and odorless in its pure form.It is the cleanest fossil fuel with the lowest carbon dioxide emissions. Natural gas is an important fuel source as well as a major feedstock for fertilizers and petrochemicals.Natural gas can be cooled and liquefied in order to allow natural gas to be economically transported over great distances. In its liquid form natural gas occupies only 1/600th of its normal volume and has a temperature of around -162°C. The Engineering Division of Linde AG develops tailor made processes for the liquefaction of natural gas. Linde has proc-esses for plants ranging in size from 40.000 tons per annum for peakshaving plants and up to 12 million tons per year for large baseload plants. Linde Engineering has a strong history in the LNG industry having developed, built and started-up over 20 LNG plants world-wide since 1967.3C3+ recovery plant in Kollsnes, Norway(Photo courtesy of STATOIL)Pretreatment of natural gasNatural gas pretreatment typically consists of mercury removal, gas sweetening and drying. Natural gas is dried in molecular sieve adsorbers. Depending on the downstream processing steps and the concentration of the sour gas compo-nents, it may be necessary to remove H2S andCO2from the natural gas. Scrubbing processes such as MDEA, Benfield or SULFINOL are offered for this application. Should only minor amounts of sour gas be present, they can be removedby adsorption along with the removal of water. Mercury guard beds are recommended to pro-tect people and equipment.Separation of natural gasCryogenic processes represent the most eco-nomical solutions to reject or to recover natural gas components. Removal of nitrogen results in conditioning of natural gas and leads to reduced transportation volumes and an increased heat-ing value.Helium recovery is often combined with nitro-gen removal. High purity helium is producedby the combination of cryogenic and pressure swing adsorption process steps.Pretreatment and separationof natural gas.NGL, LPG, condensate or the pure componentsmethane, ethane, propane and butane oftenhave higher sales value compared to the pipe-line gas itself. Therefore they are frequentlyextracted and fractionated in tailor made pro-cessing plants according to the specific require-ments of the regional market. NGL and LPG areideal feedstocks for steam crackers producingolefins.All manner of processes for the pretreatmentand separation of natural gas as well as theextraction of NGL, LPG, nitrogen and heliumare offered by the Engineering Division.A typical LNG plant is comprised of the following units:– Feed gas compression, in case the natural gas pressure is low– CO 2 removal, mostly by a wash process and drying or H 2O removal by an adsorber (CO 2 and H 2O would otherwise freeze and cause clogging in the downstream liquefaction equipment)– Natural gas liquefaction – LNG storage– LNG loading stations – LNG metering stationsAs well as the following utilities:– A mixed refrigerant cycle make-up and boil off gas handling system– Gas turbine with waste heat recovery for hot oil heating – Other utilities5LNG plant block scheme.Waste water Hot oil systemNatural gasSour gas Exhaust gasWaste heat recoveryGas turbineSolvent regenerationRefrigeration systemBoil off gas (fuel gas)compressionFeed gas compressionNG purification CO 2 removalNG purificationdryerNG liquefactionLNG storageLNG loading station container MCR make-up unitFire fighting Utilities FlareLNG loadingjettyLNG loading station truckLNG metersLNG metersNGpuri-fied NGhot oilh o t o i lh o t o i lf u e lg a sh o t o i lf u e lg a sr i c hs o l v e n tv a p . r e f r.l e a ns o l v e n t l i q u i d r e f r.h o t o i lflue gasdry NGLNGLNGLNGLNGLNGThe basic single flow LNG process consists of:– A plate-fin heat exchanger set in a cold box, where the NG gas is cooled to LNG tempera-tures by a single MR (Mixed Refrigerant) cycle.– A separation vessel, where the MR is separat-ed into a liquid fraction. The liquid fraction and a gas fraction provides the cold temperature after expansion in a J-T (Joule-Thompson) valve for the NG precooling and liquefaction.– A gas reaction, which provides the LNG subcooling temperature after condensation and J-T expansion at the bottom of the heat exchanger.– Recompression of the cycle gas streams leaving the heat exchanger in the turbo compressor.– Cooling of the compressed cycle gas against air or water.Basic single flow LNG process for less than 0.5 mtpa LNGBasic single flow LNG process.6NGLNGMR1Capacity:40,000 tpa Customers:Naturgass Vest Start-up:2003LNG is distributed by trucks and by small LNGtransport ship to satellite stations. One innova-tive feature of this project is the use of LNG asfuel in ferry boats along the Norwegian coast.There are many advantages to replacing dieselwith LNG. The exhaust gas of the engines is cleanand free of solid particles. NOxand CO2emissionsare reduced. The engines and therefore the fer-ries have a reduced noise level.7LNG plant in Kollsnes, Norway.Advanced single flow LNG process for 0.2 to 1.0 mtpa LNGThe LIMUM ® process is comprised of:– A CWHE (coil-wound heat exchanger) where the natural gas is precooled, liquefied and sub- cooled against various fractions of a single mixed refrigerant cycle.– A medium pressure refrigerant separator, from which the liquid is used to provide the precool-ing duty after J-T (Joule-Thompson) expansion to the lower section of the CWHE.– A high pressure refrigerant separator, from which the gas is cooled and partially con-densed in the lower section of the CWHE.– A low temperature refrigerant separator, from which the liquid is used to provide the natural gas liquefaction duty after J-T expansion. The gaseous refrigerant stream from this separator is used to provide the subcooling duty after condensation and J-T expansion in the upper section of the CWHE.8LIMUM ® (Linde multi-stage mixed refrigerant) process.– The combined refrigerant cycle stream from the bottom of the CWHE is compressed in a two stage compressor with intercooling and after-cooling against air or water.NGLNGMRCapacity:430,000 tpa Customer:Xin Jiang GuanghuiStart-up:2004Capacity:62,500 tpa Customer:Westfarmers Gas Limited Start-up:2008LNG is produced from pipeline gas and is then distributed by truck to various customers, such as peak shaving power stations. At the peak shaving power stations the LNG replaces diesel and other fuels which are less environmentally acceptable.This LNG plant is highly flexible and excels due to its robustness. LNG is transported by trucks to a large number of satellite stations, some ofwhich are located at a distance of more than LNG plant in Shan Shan, P.R.China LNG plantin Kwinana, Australia 4,000 km from the LNG plant. This LNG scheme creates new gas markets and provides a great improvement in the tight energy supply situa-tion in China.MFC ® (Mixed Fluid Cascade) process for 3 to 12 mtpa LNGThe MFC ® process is highly efficient due tothe low shaft power consumption of the three mixed refrigerant cycle compressors.The process is comprised of:– Plate-fin heat exchangers for natural gas precooling.– CWHEs (coil-wound heat exchangers) for the natural gas liquefaction and LNG subcooling.– Three separate mixed refrigerant cycles, each with different compositions, which result in minimum compressor shaft power requirement.– Three cold suction turbo compressors. Up to 12 mtpa LNG can be produced in a single train.10MFC ® (Mixed Fluid Cascade) process.PMRSMR SMR LMR EEE NG LNGCapacity: 4.3 mtpa(million tons per annum)Customer: Statoil Start-up:2007This is Europe‘s first and the world´s northern-most LNG baseload plant. The MFC ® (mixed fluid cascade) process together with the low cooling water temperature at the site are the basis for the extremely low specific power consumption of the plant.This LNG project has another distinguishing fea-ture: the entire LNG baseload plant was preassem-bled in various shipyards in Europe and trans-ported to its operating location on HLVs (heavy lift vessels). The process plant itself was installed on a barge in a shipyard, transported by HLV and finally grounded in a prepared dock at the site.LNG plant in Hammerfest, Norway.The practically unrestricted range of usable ma-terials allow coil-wound heat exchangers to be used for a wide range of applications in cold as well as warm applications. The coil-wound heat exchanger is the core equipment in large base-load LNG plants.Benefits– Providing a large heating surface per shell – Tolerant against thermal shocks due to its robust designManufacturing of coil-wound heat exchangersCoil-wound heat exchanger.12The coil-wound heat exchangeris the core equipment in large baseload LNG plants.13Scheme of a coil-wound heat exchangerThe vacuum brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchangers are key components in many cry-ogenic process plants. They are the preferred heat exchangers in small LNG plants.Benefits– Compactness, saving installation space and investment costs– Many process streams can be handled in a single unit, thus avoiding expensive interconnecting piping of different units– Low equipment weight Assembly of aluminium plate-fin heat exchangersPlate-fin heat exchanger. 1415Stub pipeHeader tankDistributor finHeat transfer finPartition plateSide barCover plateScheme of an aluminium plate-fin heat exchanger The vacuum brazed aluminiumplate-fin heat exchangersare key components in manycryogenic process plants.They are the preferred heatexchangers in small LNG plants.Engineering Division head office:Linde AGEngineering Division Pullach, GermanyPhone: +49.(0)89.7445-0Fax: +49.(0)89.7445-4908info@ 1109Engineering Division headquarters:Linde AGEngineering Division, Dr.-Carl-von-Linde-Str. 6-14, 82049 Pullach, GermanyPhone +49.89.7445-0, Fax +49.89.7445-4908, E-Mail: info@, Engineering Division Schalchen Plant Tacherting, Germany Phone +49.8621.85-0Fax +49.8621.85-6620plantcomponents@Linde-KCA-Dresden GmbH Dresden, Germany Phone +49.351.250-30Fax +49.351.250-4800lkca.dresden@Selas-Linde GmbH Pullach, Germany Phone +49.89.7447-470Fax +49.89.7447-4717selas-linde@Cryostar SAS Hésingue, France Phone +33.389.70-2727Fax +33.389.70-2777info@Linde CryoPlants Ltd.Aldershot, Great Britain Phone +44.1.252.3313-51Fax +44.1.252.3430-62info@Linde Impianti Italia S.p.A.Rome, Italy Phone +39.066.5613-1Fax +39.066.5613-200r.tikovsky@lindeimpianti.it Linde Kryotechnik AGPfungen, Switzerland Phone +41.52.3040-555Fax +41.52.3040-550info@linde-kryotechnik.ch Cryo ABGöteborg, Sweden Phone +46.3164-6800Fax +46.3164-2220gunnar.lenneras@ Linde Process Plants, Inc.Tulsa, OK, U.S.A.Phone +1.918.4771-200Fax +1.918.4771-100sales@ Selas Fluid Processing Corp.Blue Bell, PA, U.S.A.Phone +1.610.834-0300Fax +1.610.834-0473john.mcdermott@ Linde Engenharia do Brasil Ltda.Rio de Janeiro, BrazilPhone +55.21.3545-2255Fax +55.21.3545-2257jaime.basurto@ Linde Process Plants (Pty.) Ltd.Johannesburg, South Africa Phone +27.11.490-0513Fax +27.11.490-0412lindepp@global.co.za Linde-KCA Russia Branch Moscow, RussiaPhone +7.495.646-5242Fax +7.795.646-5243dirk.westphal@ Linde Arabian Contracting Co. Ltd.Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Phone +966.1.419-1193Fax +966.1.419-1384linde-ksa@Linde Engineering Middle East LLC Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Phone +971.2.4477-631Fax +971.2.4475-953linde@.aeLinde Engineering India Pvt. Ltd.Vadodara, Gujarat, India Phone +91.265.3056-789Fax +91.265.2335-213sales@Linde Engineerig Far East, Ltd.Seoul, South KoreaPhone +82.2789-6697Fax +82.2789-6698hanyong.lee@ Linde Engineering Division Bangkok, Thailand Phone +66.2636-1998Fax +66.2636-1999anuwat.krongkrachang@ Linde Engineering Co. Ltd.Dalian, P .R. of ChinaPhone +86.411.39538-800Fax +86.411.39538-855jochen.nippel@ Linde Engineering Co. Ltd.Hangzhou, P .R. of China Phone +86.571.87858-222Fax +86.571.87858-200hangzhou.leh@Linde Engineering Division Beijing Representative Office Beijing, P .R. of ChinaPhone +86.10.6437-7014Fax +86.10.6437-6718linde@ Linde AG Taiwan Branch Engineering Division Taipei, TaiwanPhone +886.2.2786-3131Fax +886.2.2652-5871bernhard.puerzer@ Linde Australia Pty. Ltd.Chatswood N.S.W., Australia Phone +61.29411-4111Fax +61.29411-1470willy.dietrich@.au。

natural+gas+transportation+%26+application+of+gas+hydrates

液化天然气储运安全技术及管理

交通与环保英语作文

油气储运工程专业本科培养计划

天然气管输气供应服务流程

天然气管输气供应服务流程

港航专业英语

压缩天然气海洋运输

交通运输领域的主要SCI国际期刊

Shipboard system for transportation of natural gas

天然气乙炔法工艺流程

燃气调度中心工作流程

油气储运生产技术 教材

简述压缩天然气标准站的工艺流程

采油采气的工艺流程

天然气井场工艺流程

碳中和目标下天然气发电产业发展前景优化

EI收录的交通类期刊

英语作文天然气

液化石油气的生产流程

LNG_Linde

油气储运生产技术教材