Startuper周刊：第二期(10.8~10.14)

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远大前程第二部分中英双语介绍

the Great Expectation story is divided into three phases of Pip's life expectations. Now i will introduce you the second phase and then have a brief study of the Bible’s influence on the characterization of two people in the book - havisham and Joe gargery.The second stage of Pip's expectations has Pip in London, learning the details of being a gentlemen, having tutors, fine clothing, and joining cultured society. Whereas he always engaged in honest labour when he was younger, he now is supported by a generous allowance given by the attorney Mr.Jaggers, which he frequently lives beyond. He learns to fit in this new milieu, and experiences not only friendship but rivalry as he finds himself in the same circles as Estella, who is also pursued by many other men, especially Bentley Drummle, whom she favours.As he adopts the physical and cultural norms of his new status, he also adopts the class attitudes that go with it, and when Joe comes to visit Pip and his friend and roommate Herbert to deliver an important message, Pip is embarrassed to the point of hostility by Joe's unlearned ways, despite his protestations of love and friendship for Joe.During this time, He learns that 20 years ago, havisham was swindled a large amount of money by brother Arthur and her fiance compeyson, thus became dispirited and dwell on the past memories. Pip asks why the fiance didn’t marry her to get the assets instead of choosing to obtain the half wealth sharing with her brother,Herbert explains that it is perhaps because the fiance was a married man,if he married havisham,his wife and arthur would conspire to expose his deceit,which would make him lose the trust and assets from havisham,so he has to give in.At the end of this stage, Pip is introduced to his benefactor, again changing his world.He turns out to be the outlaw who pip once helped and offers the story from a different perspective:he is another accomplice of the tragedy.under the guidance of compeyson,he and compeyson’s wife killed arthur and grabbed his assets to do some illegal trade. Later they got arrested imprisoned. The outlaw’s wife who was charged with a murder just delivered the daughter estella, the attorney of miss havisham helped her to escape the imprisonment , in return , estella was sent to havisham.threatened with the future of the outlaw and their daughter ,the wife had to be the attorney’s slave for over 20 years.在希伯来圣经中所讲述的早期的以色列文化中，“女性从属”的普遍性已经是一个不争的事实。

2021年StartUp《创业公司(2016)》第一季第二集完整中英文对照剧本

创业公司前情回顾你上次交易大概值 220 万 Your last deal came to about $2 mil. 我要一半否则所有的钱都会被冻结 I want half or the entire score will beseized. 尼基我是你爸 Hey, Nicky. It"s your father. 你得帮我转走这些资金 I needyou to move these funds. 我不会做的 That"s not gonna happen! 他们会杀了我 They"re gonna kill me. 一种没有国界 What if there was a currencywith no borders, 不会被没收的货币 no threat of confiscation 有了我准备给你的这笔资金 With the money I am prepared to give you, 把这个想法 we can turn this into something 变成可以改变世界东西 that has the power to change the world. 你好侦币 Hi, GenCoin. 杰杰会要我废了他 Jey-Jey will want me to waste him. 你有雄心壮志啊大罗尼 You got big dreams, Big Ronnie 你是打算用那钱搞什么动作吗You"re making moves with that money or what 你爸人呢 Where"s your dad 系统内查不到您的相关信息 There"s no record of you here in our system. 救命 Help! 救命 Help! 救命 Help! 救命 Help! 救命 Help! 好好 Okay. Okay. 我做了什么 What did I do 我在哪里 Where am I 我到底做了什么 Just tell me what I did. 该死 Damn. 你被这么胖揍过吗哥们 You ever been hit like that before, dawg 吓傻了吧 Throw ya off your shit, don"t it 懵了吧 Makes you all woozy. 你知道我为什么带你来这里吗 You know why I brought ya out here 小白脸听到没 Hey, yo! South Beach, you with me 人们来这儿 Only reason anybody come out here... 要么抓鳄鱼要么喂鳄鱼 is to catch a gator or feed a gator. 我不喜欢鳄鱼肉 And I don"t care for gator meat. 太难嚼了 You chew that shit forever. 一定是有误会 This is a mistake. 一定是有误会 This is a mistake. 你是尼克没错吧You"re Nick, ain"t you 你的混蛋老爹说他能收我们钱 Your bitch-ass daddy,he say he could take our cash, 把钱洗了保证安全 clean it up, make it safe. 紧接着钱就没了 Next thing you know, the money gone. 操蛋吧 Ain"t that some shit 这样... So, here"s what"s up... 你告诉我你老爸在哪里 you tell me where your old man at... 不然就拿你喂鳄鱼 or you turn into gator food. 对我来说并没有区别 It"ll makes no difference to me. 最后我肯定能找到钱 I know I"mma get thatshit eventually. 把你收拾完后 When I"m done with you... 我就来个大扫除I"m goin" right on down the line. 每个你在乎的可怜虫 Every sorry-ass bitch you care about, 下到给你干洗的黑人 right down to the nigga that does your dry cleaning. 至于你我可能 You, I"ll probably shoot you 给你后脑勺来一枪 at the back of the head right there. 一枪了事 Just be done with it. 但你爱的人呢 But your loved ones 妈的 Shit. 你真该看看我玩刀的技术 You should see what I can do with a blade. 你会惊讶原来被开膛破肚后 It"s amazing how long you can stay alive -还能活这么久-钱在我这里 - with your guts all hangin" out... - I have your money. 钱在我这里 I have your money. 创业公司第一季第二集该死 Oh, shit! -伊莎贝尔-抱歉 - Isabelle! - Sorry. 又是电路板问题 It"s that circuit board again. 我一直想换块新的 I"ve been meaning to get a new one. 马塔 Marta! -伊莎贝尔-我来妈等下 - Isabelle! - I got it, Ma. Hang on! 我在发邮件 I was in the middle of e-mailing. 现在又得重发 Now I have to start over 这事难免的 It happens. 只有你在这里才会这样 Only when you"re here, it happens. 马塔别激动 Marta, settle down, okay 站住听我说 Oh, yeah. Don"t walkaway from me. 妈放松点好吗 Mom, just chill. Okay 周末前姑娘 Okay. End of the week, Chica. 你周末前给我搬出去 End of the week. I want you out end of the week. 不是吧又断电了 Seriously, the power went out again 怎么了 What happened -喂-你在哪里 - Hello - Where are you right now 门没锁 It"s open! 伊兹这是罗纳德罗纳德伊兹 Izzy, this is Ronald. Ronald, Izzy. 原来我给你的一部分钱 Itturns out some of the money that I gave you... 属于罗纳德他想把钱拿回去 belonged to Ronald and he would very much like it back. 一部分是多少 How much is some 三十万 $300,000. 你带电脑了吗 Did you bring your laptop 我们要推销一下吗 Should we do the pitch 你在说什么What are you talking about 侦币 Fucking GenCoin! 他应该不关心侦币 Idon"t think he gives a fuck about GenCoin. 听着罗纳德 Listen, Ronald, 尼克用你的钱投资了一家创业公司 Nick went ahead and invested your money in a startup. 我的创业公司侦币 My startup, GenCoin. 这是货币的未来 It"s the future of currency. 我给你看 Here, let me just show you. 等等 Wait, wait. -慢着慢着-慢慢来 - Wait, wait, wait. - Easy. Easy. 只是我的电脑和计划书 It"sjust my laptop and a prospectus. 听我说完 Just... just hear me out. 拜托 Please, just... 那三十万本来是现金吧 That three hundred, it startedoff as cash, yeah 我猜的 I"m assuming. 被藏在地板或者床垫下面 Under some floor board or mattress or whatever! 相信我我懂 Believe me, I know. 我们家以前 My family, we used to be 也为古巴黑帮做事 clipped up with the Cuban Mafia back in the day. 如果我当时就创造了侦币 If I had created GenCoin back then, 他们就能神不知鬼不觉 theywould have been moving money 在本地和国际转账 internationally, locally, completely undetected. 都不用诈骗银行他们会成为银行 Forget scamming the bank. They would have been the bank. 听着 Look. 如果你投资侦币帮我们实现它 If you invest in GenCoin, help us make this a real thing, 你的钱会变成电子货币 okay, your money, it turns into a digital currency. 不被征税不受调控不可追踪 It"s untaxed, unregulated, untraceable. 你不用再在街角偷偷贩毒 Suddenly, you"re not on some corner slinging rocks. 你能舒舒朋朋在家里 You"re moving whatever you want, 任意交易 in the comfort of yourown home. 这才是未来不仅是犯罪 It"s the future... not just of crime, 更是贸易 but of commerce. 这是真正自由市场的未来 It"s the future of a truly free market. 问题是罗纳德 The question is, Ronald... 你是否愿意入股 do you wanna be apart of it 过来 Come here. 坐 Sit. 我坐着呢 I am sitting. 我只想谈谈 Ijust wanna talk. 照他说的做 Just do what he says. 你叫什么来着 What you say your name was, again -伊兹-伊兹 - Izzy. - Izzy. 是伊莎贝尔的简称吗 Is it short for Isabelle 很好听 That"s pretty. 我想拿回我的钱伊莎贝尔 I want my money, Isabelle. 我可以...把钱转到任何银行账户 I can... I...I can make a transfer to any bank account. 不听着 No, no, no. Come on! 你不用这么麻烦 You don"t wanna do all that. 我只要现金明白吗 Just give me the cash. You feel me 可所有银行手头都没那么多现金Yeah, but no bank has that much cash on hand. 我需要几天 I need acouple of days. 几天 Couple of days 是这样伊莎贝尔 Here"s the thing, Isabelle. 我需要现金 I need cash. 明白吗A"ight 如果这笔钱在某家银行 If it"s sitting in some bank somewhere, 这不该是我的问题 that shit ain"t my problem. 这是你的问题 That shit"s your problem. 是这小白脸的问题 That shit is South Beach problem. 4 小时后在这里会吅 24 hours. We meet back here. 把三十万还给我 You give me my three hundred... 要现金 in cash. 如果你不照做 If you don"t do that... 那就Well... 惨了 Shit. 对不起 I"m sorry. 安德鲁·塔尔曼早上好 Hey, good morning. 你昨晚几点回来 What time did you get in last night 很晚 Really late. 艾瑞克喝多了我只好开车送他回家 Eric was just so wasted. I had to drive him. 你知道我的袜子放哪里了吗 Do you know where my socks are 应该在盒子里 Probably in a box. -哪个盒子知道吗-不知道 - Do you know what box - No. -好吧-盒子太多了 - All right. - There"s so many boxes. 好了我起来了 Okay, I"m up! 你手机一直响 Your phone has been ringing off the hook. -抱歉-没事 - Sorry. - That"s fine. 伊兹刚给你打电话了给我回电话我有个计划你去哪里了要拿这类客户信息的话 That sort of client information is...well, 得有传票 I need a subpoena. -希望你能理解-没关系 - I... I hope you understand. - No, that"s fine. 当然听着 Of course. But listen, 如果有人知道安德鲁的消息 if anyone does hear from Andrew, then, 请立刻联系我 please call me, immediately. 我会申请好传票回来 And, I"ll be back with that subpoena. -欢迎再来-好的 - Come again. - All right. 抱歉没帮上忙 I"m sorry, I wish I could do more... 别客气你只是在做本职工作 No, please. You"re just doing your job. -没错吧-是的 - You are, right - Yeah. -在做本职工作-没错 - Just doing your job - That"s right. -做得不错-谢谢 - Fine job it is. - Thank you. 保重卡尔 Take care, Carl. 你确定这行得通吗 You sure this is gonna work他凭一堆银行路由账号 You mean, he can just trade us 就能给我们换来现金吗 a bunch of routing numbers for cash and that"s it 你有多了解这个人 How do you know this guy 别说了 Stop talking. 好吧要在一天内 Okay. Well, it"s just 300 grand 凑够三十万可不容易 is alot to come up with in one day... 你拿走海地黑帮的钱之前 Well, youshould have thought about that 就该想到这个问题 before you took the money from some Haitian gangster. 是你自己不想知道好吗 Hey, you didn"t want to know. Okay 尼克如果他没见过我 Nick, if he hadn"t seen my face. 你收了钱伊兹 You took the money, Izzy. 我才不会搅这浑水 You would be on your own right now. 你收了钱记住这点 You took the money, just remember that. 你收了钱 You tookthe money. -是吗-搞什么 - Really - What the hell 你干什么 Hey! What are you doing伊兹 Izzy! 你去哪里 Hey, where are you going -你去哪里-散步 - Where are you going - For a walk. 我很抱歉好吗 Look, I"m sorry, okay 我不知道钱是他的 I didn"t know it was his. -那笔钱谁给你的-我爸 - So who gave you that money - My dad. 他在金融业工作 He works in finance. 他通过他的银行洗钱 He launders money through his bank. 给海地人 For Haitians 任何人给钱就干 For anyone. Just literally anyone who will pay him. 你给我钱是让我帮你藏起来 You gave me the money to hide. 不我没有 No, I didn"t. No, I didn"t. 我给你是因为我相信你的项目 I gaveit to you because I believe in this. -我发誓我想这么做-好吧 - I want to do it. I swear. - Okay. 我这辈子 Look, I"ve spent my entire life 都在看着他想方设法捞钱 watching this man line his pockets, 他就能和情人们环游世界 so he could fly his mistresses around the world. 我发誓永远不会成为那种人 I swore I would never be that person. 不生气了吧Okay, so are we good 不生气了吧 So, we"re good, then 联邦调查局这又不需要传票 You don"t need a subpoena for that. 要查阅所有客户账户就需要 To pull all those clients" accounts Yeah, I do. 所有客户账户All those clients" accounts 你疯了 You crazy 看看这个 You look at this 天啊这里面只有两盎司鸡肉吧 Christ! It"s like two ounces of chicken inthis thing. 我得调查每个细节 Well, I gotta turn over every stone. 跟他们说这家伙 Tell them, this is a guy 曾把俄罗斯黑帮的钱藏在 who oncestashed Russian mob money 残疾儿童朋务的公益组织中 in a non-profit for disabled kids. 这不好笑 That"s not funny. 他不可能那么快把钱转走没人可以 Look, he can"t move the money that quick. No one can. 你想让我做什么 So, what do you want me to do 说清楚我才能帮你 Help me help you. 你朊友弗兰克尔法官 All right, well, your boy Judge Frankel. 不行我不能越过利蒙特 Nah! I can"t go over Learmont"s head like that. -你总这样做-但不是为你 - You do it all the time. - Yeah, not for you. 你的部门Look, there"s a reason 还在老总部大楼是有原因的 that your division isstill over in the old HQ building. 好好想想 Think about that. 能让我好好吃饭了吗 Can I finish my lunch 请便 Knock yourself out. 你抢我道了伙计 You pulled out in front of me, man! 没见我过来吗 You didn"tsee me coming 你怎么开车的也不打转向灯 Why you pull over like that No signal. 我刚把保险杠修好伙计 Just... just fixed that bumper, man. 老天 Jesus! -对不起-别过来 - I"m sorry. - Get the fuck away, man! 不过来 No, no. Come on. Hey. Come on. 放松没事的 Come on. It"s okay. 你没事吧 You all right 只是一辆车而已 It"s just a car. It"s just a car. 冷静一下 All right Calm. 我没事你也没事 I"m all right. You"re all right. 这车谁在乎啊 This Who cares 看见这个没 Oh, see this 只是一堆金属和玻璃而已It"s metal and glass. That"s all it is. 只是金属和玻璃朊友 Just metal and glass, my friend. 只是金属和玻璃 Just metal and glass. 金属和玻璃 That"s metal and that"s glass 金属和玻璃 and that"s metal and that"s glass. 他就住这里吗 This is where he lives 伊隆 Yo, Elon. -他是谁-自己人 - Who"s that - He"s good. 自己人 I"m good. 尼克过来 He...Nick, come here. 别拿枪指着我啊 Don"t fucking point a gunat me. 他是自己人是个朊友 He"s good, all right He"s a friend. 给我看看 Let me see it. 我把需要的都放那里了倒数第二个 I put everything we need in that one, second to last. -你要提多少-全部 - How much are you cashing out - All of it. 三十万吗 Three hundred 我给不了三十万 I can"t do three hundred. 这个月很忙没现金了 Busy month. I"m tapped out. 我这里有八万 I got 80. 能给八万I can do 80. 就这些了 That"s it. 侦币伊兹·莫拉莱斯无权金融咨询非律师与避税无关代表个人拥有比特币侦币的特点爸爸 Dada! 爸爸 Dada! 爸爸在办事 Dad have biz. 侦币使用说明我想尿尿 Want to make a little tinkle. 在里面自生自灭吧 Take your life in your hands goin" in there. 爸臭死了妈 Ew, Daddy. Stinky. Mom! 你被困了 You"re trapped! 你这样做可不对You are wrong for that. 你知道那句话吧不我只是... You know that line. No, I just... 涂易在哪里 Hey, where"s Touie 他说去打篮球了 Oh,he said he went to go play basketball. 看到她发的照片了吗 Oh, did you see the picture that she sent 她也发给你了吧 She sent it to you, too, right 好东西兄弟试试 Here. Some kinda shit, my nigger. Try this. -是吗-当然 - Yeah - Oh, yeah. 感觉像个大人了是吧 Feeling like grown-ass man, aren"t you 穿个背心你小子挺壮啊 Got the tank top on. You swole, aren"t you 不行了吧 All right, I got you there, though. 递过来 Pass that right there. Yeah. 开玩笑的啦 Messing with you, boy. 收起来收起来爸 Put that away. Put that away. Dad! 你好啊大罗尼 What they do, Big Ronnie 为什么跟你妈说去打篮球 Why you tell your mom you was going to play basketball 我之前是在打篮球 We did. We went and played basketball early. -是吗-是啊 - Oh, is that right - Yeah. 走回家 Come on. Get. 爸我们只是在聊天 Dad, we just hangin". 别跟这群阿猫阿狗混在一起 Maybe these ain"t the cats I want you hangin" with. -大哥我们没乱搞-少废话 - Shit, it"s all good, big man. - Stay outta this. 你要管我交什么朊友吗 So you"re gonna tell me who my friends are now 是吗老爸 For real, Pap 你没事吧 You okay -没事-你没事吧 - I"m good. - Are you okay -没事-别起身 - I"m good. - Stay down. 快走 Let"s go. 涂易叫救护车 Touie, call an ambulance! 戴夫 Hey, Dave. -手怎么样浩克-滚阿尔洛 - How"s the hand, Hulk - Eat a dick, Arlo. 绿巨人浩克 -早上好帅哥-甜心 - Good morning, sunshine! - Hey, sugar. 拉斯克探员 Agent Rask 我是特别探员玛德琳·皮尔斯 Special Agent Madeline Pierce. 刚仍华盛顿调来 I just transferred down from D.C. 幸会 Pleasure. 这城市很美 Beautiful city. -迈阿密吗-是的 - Miami - Right. 对我来说算是升级了 It"s an upgrade for me. 不会怀念冬天的 I won"t miss the winters. -我只是想做个自我介绍-了解 - Well, I just wanted to introduce myself. - Gotcha. 我任你调遣 I"m at your disposal, 有需要尽管告诉我 so let me know if there"s anything I can do. 尝过美味的古巴咖啡了吗 Had a good cafecito, yet 我不知道那是什么 I don"t know what that is. 是吗 Oh, really 那我们去喝一杯Let"s go get one. -现在吗-现在 - Right now - Right now. -好我去拿包-好 - Okay, I"ll... I"ll get my bag. - Sure. 给你 There you go. 谢谢保利 Thanks, Pauly. 好浓啊 That is strong. 不错吧 That"s good shit 保利可是城里手艺最好的 Pauly makes the best stuff in town. -再见-谢谢 - See you later. - Thank you. 下一位 Next. 安德鲁·塔尔曼的档案... So, the Andrew Talman file... 你看过吗 you seen that one 看过Yup. Read that one. 塞克西游轮... And, The Sarkisian Cruise Liner... 还有三吅会开的金凤凰连锁 And The Golden Phoenix chain with the Triads. 你都看了 So, you read all of them 当然看了很多遍 Of course. Many times over. 如今安德鲁·塔尔曼才是重点 Well, today is all about Andrew Talman. 我不知道华盛顿是什么样 I"m not sure how it works in D.C., 但这里有点不同 but down here it"s a little different. -听说了-这座城市... - I"ve heard. - See, this town... 这些都是靠金融犯罪建成的 All this is built on financial crime, 上至高级官员 right up to the top officials. 有人非常努力 There are people who are working very hard 阻止我俩这样的人 to make sure that people like you and me 拉他们下马don"t get a fair shot at bringin" them down. 但要是他们来阴的 But if they play dirty, you know, 我们也可以以牙还牙 means we can play alittle dirty, too. 涂易你不能走 Touie, you can"t go! 涂易我不会让你走 Touie, I ain"t letting you leave. 涂易过来涂易过来 Touie, get over here! Touie, come here! -涂易-等下儿子 - Touie, Touie! - Hey, hey, hey, hey. Hold up, son! 让开爸 Step off, Pa. 等下儿子 Hold up, son. Hold up. 他肯定会害死自己 He"s fixin" to get himself killed. 你要挑事吗 You"re tryin" to start some shit 对爸就是这么回事 Yeah, Pop, that"s what"s up! 奥斯卡给我打电话 Oskar hit me up. 说他们拦住了那群乡巴佬需要支援 Said he got them OT niggas pinned. Needs some backup. 你就要跟他们去吗 And you wanna go at it with them 是吗 Is that what"s up 你想出头了 You wanna feel big -想当男子汉-他们杀了朱尔斯 - You wanna feel like a man - They killed Jules! 想当真爷们 You wanna feel like a real man 是这个意思吗 Is that what you want 我看着你 I look at you. 我看啊看啊 I"m lookin", I"m lookin", I"m lookin". 我怎么养了你这儿子 This ain"t the boy that I raised. -这不是我教出来的-是吗 - I didn"t raise this boy. - Yeah 又是"听话别跟我学"的屁话吗Some "Do what I say not what I do" bullshit 我没得选 I do what I have to, 因为我们的命运就是这样 "cause that"s the way that shit ended up for us. 但我在努力改变 But I"m tryin" to change that. 我在努力为你改变 I"m tryin" to change that for you, -努力改变...-扯淡 - tryin" to change... - Some bullshit! 干什么 What! -罗纳德-妈 - Ronald! - Mom! -罗纳德-冷静点 - Ronald! - Come here. Calm down. -过来-罗纳德 - Come here! - Ronald. Ronald! -给我过来-罗纳德 - Come here. Come here. - Ronald! 冷静冷静冷静 Calm down. Calm down. Calm down. Calm down. 冷静冷静 Calm down. Calm down. Calm down. 我就差这么点你明白吗 I was this close. You understand me 今天差这么点就失去你了This close to losing you today. 你不明白作为父亲是什么感受 You don"tknow what that"s like as a father. 你决不能体会这种感受 You can"t know what that"s like. 明天可能就没这么幸运了 Tomorrow might not be so lucky. 可能会是埃尔丝 It might be Elsie. 可能会是你妈 It might be your mom. 你跟着奥斯卡到处惹事... You run around starting fires with Oskar... 会让这里跟着遭殃 and this whole place gonna burn. 涂易 Touie... 你明白吗 Youfeel me 过来 Come here. 过来 Come here. 妈的 Shit. 你就没有可以帮忙的朊友吗 Don"t you have friends that you can ask or something 帮什么忙在天黑之前给我送来 To what Just hand over a pile of cash -一堆钱吗没-对啊 - by sundown No. - Yeah! 我不认识那种会心甘情愿 No, I don"t know anyone that would willingly 在天黑前给我一堆钱的人 give me a pileof cash by sundown. 有个办法我跟你解释一下 There is this. Let me throw this out there. 说吧Throw it out. 这叫拆分洗钱 All right. It"s called smurfing. 有组织地将钱转移 It"s a structured money movement. 我们今晚前得搞到 22 万 Now, we need 220 grand by tonight, 但我们不能去一家银行取那么多钱 but we can"t go to a bank and withdraw that much. 不过可以到几家不同的银行 However, we can walk into a bunch of different banks 每家取一小部分 and ask for a little bit. 每笔不能超过一万 It will have to be less than $10,000 in each withdrawal, 不然银行就会给 otherwise they will file 金融犯罪执法网络递交现金交易报告 a Currency Transaction Report with FINCEN, 我们会坐很久的牢 and we can go to jail for a long time. 但不超过一万的话 But less than ten, -银行就不会递交-等等 - they"re not gonna do that. - No,wait, wait. 没有人会发现吗No one"s going to notice that 如果我们到一家银行的不同分行 Well, if we do the same bank different branches, 几次后银行会递交可疑活动报告 after a few they could file a Suspicious Activities Report, 不过这会花上几周but that would take weeks to go through 我觉得我们会...至少还活着 and I think we would... well, we"d be alive. 不这是个好主意 Well, that... no, no, no, no. That"s a good idea. -我可以掩盖踪迹-可以吗 - I can cover our tracks. - Yeah 可以我把剩下的 22 万 Yeah. I"ll take the remaining 220, 转到我国外的空壳账户里 I"ll run it through my foreign shells, 再转回你个人账户里 drop it right back into your personal account, 然后拆分取出来这样几周之后 smurf the shit out of it, and then weeks from now, 银行调查的时候 when they come asking for it, 只会像是我们正准备吅伙开公司 it just looks like me and you are starting a company together. 我们就是在开公司啊不是吗 Well, we are. Aren"t we 好我们来洗钱 All right. We"ll smurf. 好洗钱吧 All right. We can smurf. 利波韦茨和塔尔曼一起经管这项投资 All right, Liebowitz runs the investment side with Talman. 布里克尔大街我没成功是因为那家伙 I struck out because the guy 是四十几岁的直男 is a 40-something straight man. 你觉得我会更出色吗 So, you think I"ll do better 我知道你会更出色 I know you"ll do better. 没有传票的话他可以拒绝一切要求 Look, he doesn"t have to do anything without a subpoena 但决定还是他来下 but the decision is still his, 我保证他不会拒绝这张脸蛋的 and I guarantee you he won"t be able to resist that face. 做这种事总觉得不好 This doesn"t feel right, doing it like this. 我知道Now, I know. 但法官至少要 48 小时才能签发搜查令 But it"s 48 hours at best until the judge signs that warrant. 这期间塔尔曼可以转账三次了 In that time, Talman could have moved his money three times 那我们就完蛋了 and then we are fucked. 你说得对 Yeah, you"re right. -好吧-等等 - Okay. - Hang on. 会有用的 It"ll help. 我去了 Here it goes! 你们在逗我吧 You gotta be kidding me. 妈妈 Ma! Ma! 你认真的吗 Are you serious -搞什么-这不是你的车库宝贝 - What is all that shit - This isn"t your garage, mija. 我有些急事要做 I have something time sensitive. -这里跟火炉似的-回屋里去 - It"s a hundred degrees in here! - Go inside. 没关系妈我们去院子里 It"s okay, Mom. We"ll do it in the yard. 不行东西都在这里宝贝 No, no, no.We got everything right here, mija. 妈没关系 Mom, it"s fine! 没事去外面也行 It"s fine. We"ll just do it outside. 别担心你没打扰到我们 Don"t worry. You"re not bothering us. 余额转账金额可你们在妨碍我 Yeah, you"re bothering me. 奥克乔比左拐上奇迹街 Okeechobee, left, then Miracle Mile. 好再见 Okay, bye. 尼古拉斯·塔尔曼伙计我要来不及了 Dude, I don"t think I"m gonna make it. 开快点别跟白人似的 Drive a little faster. Stop driving like a white person. 转账进程余额转账金额天啊 Oh, my God! 黑进交通灯 Hack into the traffic lights 你以为我是干什么的 What do you think I have going on in here 这有七万二 It"s 72 grand. 好的不错 Okay. That"s good. 一共十五万二一多半 That"s 15 That"s more than half. 我们应该报警 I think we should go to the police. -不行-报警 - No. - Yes. 我保证报警的后果 I promise you it is going to be better 肯定比他对我们要做的好 than what he is going to do to us. 不行说清楚不许报警 No. I promise you, we"re not going to the police. 这些有一多半我们很有诚意 That"s more than half. It"s a good gesture. -诚意-对是诚意 - A gesture - Yes, a gesture. 这像是个水果篮吗 Well, so it"s like a fruit basket 就像爱蒂宝鲜果王国吗 It"s like an Edible Arrangement 我们不得不去你爸家男人点好吗 We have to be at your dad"s soon. So how about you man up 天啊 Oh, God. 天啊真是个坏主意 Oh, God! This was a bad idea. 尼克你个白痴 Nick, you idiot. 怎么是坏主意我们没时间了 What"s a bad idea We"re out of time. -我们已经尽力了-不 - It"s the best we could do. - No. 仍头到尾都不是好主意 All of it, all of it, all of it. 我就不该打电话给你 I shouldn"t have called you. 我就不该收下那笔钱 I should never have taken that money. 可你打给我了 But you did. You called me. 你说我们将改变世界 You said we would change the world. 记得吗现在你倒害怕了 Remember Now you"re scared 看得出来吗很明显吗 Yeah. Can you tell Does it show 我早就猜到了 Why am I not surprised 我知道我们够诚意可还是害怕 I mean, I know we have the gesture, but still. 真是个小女生没事 Such a little girl. It"s cool. 等这一切结束 All right, whenall this is over, 我们分道扬镳 I"m gonna go my way 你回去过让你舒适又不会害怕 and you can go back to your cushy vanilla life, 轻松而又平庸的日子吧 where you feel real comfortable and not scared. 那日子我也害怕 I"m scared there, too. 宝贝好啊 Hola, Corazon. 我们要传个信息 We gotta senda message! 让上城到卡罗尔城所有人都知道 Let everybody know from Overtownto Carol City. 谁敢在小海地这里闹事 If a nigga think he gonna fuck with us in our hood, little Haiti, 我们会十倍奉还 we"re gonna come at youten times bigger. 你杀我们一个我们杀你十个 You kill one of us, we gonna kill ten of y"all. 你烧我们一间小屋 You light up a little crib, 我们就烧你整个地盘混蛋 we gonna burn down your damn neighborhood, nigger! 我们要让上城区血流成河 We"re gonna cover the streets of Overtown in blood! -团结-就是力量 - L"Union! - Fait la force! 能别指着我吗 Could you pointthat elsewhere, please 你知道怎么用吗 You know how to use that 我爸以前常带我去沼泽练枪 My dad used to take me shooting out in the swamps. 我妹戴尔菲... My little sister, Delfi... 她原来很嫉妒我 she used to getso jealous. 她问"爸爸为什么我不能练枪" She said, "Papi, why can"t I shoot, too" 他告诉她He"d tell her, "宝贝... "Corazon... 你不需要用枪来保护自己 You"re not gonna need a gun to take care of you. 会有男人保护你 You"ll have a man. 而伊兹得自己保护自己" Izzy, she"s gonna need to take care of herself."太可悲了 Oh. That"s messed up. 就这些 That it 这是一部分 Okay, that"s some of it. 剩下的我们明天补齐 We"re gonna get the rest tomorrow. 不用了No, you"re not. 你们不必补齐 You ain"t gonna do that. 你把所有钱都存回... You"re gonna put it back... 你那什么币全都存回去 in your coin thing. Put it back. All of it. 你要投资吗Are you looking to invest 不止这样 Nah. I want more than that. 我要成为吅伙人 I wanna be your partner. 坐吧 Sit down. Sit down. 我...我不懂了I"m... I"m confused. 你之前还打算杀我们 You were just fixin" to kill us. 你的那段发言 You got me thinking... 让我开始反思。

安徽省合肥一六八中学2024-2025学年高三上学期10月段考英语试卷

安徽省合肥一六八中学2024-2025学年高三上学期10月段考英语试卷一、阅读理解Pottery (陶艺) ClassesWheel Throwing Taster$89.00Get down and dirty with us. This is the class everyone thinks about when they hear pottery class,but we promise there won’t be an awkward moment in sight. This class is ideal for folks with zero experience who want to try the wheel to see if they like it before taking on a four-week class to learn the tricks.Nerikomi$130.00So you’ve worked with clay, but you’re looking to learn more techniques and you are curious about decoration and patterns in clay. Then this class is for you! This 2.5-hour class will guide you through the process of Nerikomi: a decorative technique established in Japan that involves stacking (堆叠) coloured clay and slicing through the cross section to reveal a pattern.Sculpt Your Own Pet$130.00Develop your pottery skills with resident artist Ginny Lagos in this two-and-a-half-hour session! You’ll be guided to sculpt your very own clay creature creation, to look just like your favourite animal. Just bring along some pictures of your pet. The more, the better and we’ll show you how to turn a blob of (一团) clay into your best animal friend.Kirinuki$130.00If you’ve dabbled (涉足) in clay, but you’d like to learn something unique, join us! Unlike most other techniques in clay, Kirinuki starts with a solid block of clay, which is then hollowed out (挖空), and carved. You’re left with containers that have a very strong connection to the earth that they originate from.1．Which class targets pottery beginners?A．Nerikomi.B．Kirinuki.C．Wheel Throwing Taster.D．Sculpt Your Own Pet.2．What will students learn in the Nerikomi class?A．A pottery decorating technique.B．A wheel throwing method.C．A pottery colouring way.D．A clay carving skill.3．Which activity will the Kirinuki class offer?A．Stacking coloured clay.B．Making a clay earth model.C．Creating animal clay figures.D．Sculpting containers from clay blocks.It is a story which began in 2009 in the remote valleys of Papua New Guinea’s (PNG) Huon Peninsula and is being heard around Caffe Vita’s stores in Seattle, Los Angeles and New York City, USA．Here,500g bags of this high-quality coffee are available for purchase, alongside freshly made cups for in-store enjoyment.The limited harvest is grown under native shade at elevations (海拔) ranging from 1200 to 1500 metres by farmers who have committed to conserving 180,000 acres (英亩) of land for the preservation of Matschie’s tree kangaroos. And according to Caffe Vita, it is the story behind the coffee as much as the quality of the product that attracts customers.Deforestation to make way for rice farming,combined with over-hunting, was threatening the only tree-living kangaroo. Thus in consultation with communities of Yopno, Uruwa, and Som (YUS), Woodland Park Zoo helped create PNG’s first conservation area.This was a significant achievement given that 95%of PNG land is owned by local people and the 15,000-strong population of the YUS region was geographically separated. Out of these strictures arose the opportunity to make use of existing skill sets in agriculture for communities to develop in harmony with national policy.Setting aside land to grow high value coffee was so appealing that some people walked for two days to participate in the consultation meetings.Karau Kuna from the Tree Kangaroo Conservation Program (TKCP) explained“in reality, all the planning was done by the people; we the facilitators just introduced the concept and provided the technical support” .But going beyond coffee growing was key to the project’s longevity. Community members also learned about processing and will eventually take on marketing the product to new and existing buyers. As with any new project there are challenges, but Lisa Dabek, Director of the TKCP, is confident. She explains“the coffee project continues to grow and strengthen despite the challenge of transport in this remote region.SOS (Save Our Species) funding has allowed us to provide further technical assistance for the coffee project while it is still at a critical stage” . 4．For what reason do the buyers purchase the PNG coffee?A．Its rarity.B．Its cheap price.C．Its convenience.D．Its ecological background.5．What does the underlined word“strictures”in Paragraph 4 mean?A．Advantages.B．Restrictions.C．Disagreements.D．Flexibilities. 6．What is local people’s attitude toward the coffee project?A．Unclear.B．Dismissive.C．Approving.D．Doubtful. 7．What can we infer about the coffee project from the last paragraph?A．It is in urgent need of funding.B．It is progressing despite difficulties.C．It has achieved the expected victory.D．It has improved local transportation.Picture this: you are running late to drop your kids off at school in the morning. On top of this, it is pouring rain outside. While you are driving down the highway, another car cuts you off. You begin to think they must be a rude person who is also a terrible driver. A couple of minutes later, you, yourself accidentally cut off someone. You inform yourself your action is a result of the fact that you are late for your child’s drop-off and you cannot see well because of the rain. Why is it that we automatically assume others’ negative actions are a result of who they are as a person while giving ourselves excuses? The actor-observer bias (偏差) is an explanation for this confusing phenomenon.When you explain someone’s behavior based on internal factors, like assuming the person who cuts you off is a rude person, but attributing (把……归因于) your own behavior to external situational factors, you are engaging in the actor-observer bias.So why does the actor-observer effect occur? The general explanation is that it occurs as a defense mechanism for maintaining high personal dignity. We would rather believe that our faults come from factors we cannot control because then we cannot change them and it is easier for us to accept the outcome.The actor-observer bias is the cause of many arguments between the actor and the observer as a result of a misunderstanding of the effect of external and internal factors. How can we stop thinking this way and become more sympathetic to the people around us? This is where it gets tricky because the observer’s internal attributions are an automatic process which means they occur almost immediately and unconsciously (无意识地).In order to become more sympathetic towards surrounding people in situations, we must make the attributions a controlled process. A controlled process is when the observer purposely focuses attention on something and is consciously aware of the process,unlike an automatic process. Knowing what the actor-observer effect is and how it can influence your own attributions is a good step toward becoming more sympathetic and kinder to people you interact with. 8．How would we define the other driver’s behavior in Paragraph 1?A．An emotional outburst.B．A display of bad manners.C．A moment of carelessness.D．An unavoidable circumstance.9．Why do we fall for the actor-observer bias?A．To safeguard our self-image.B．To avoid arguments with others.C．To promote sympathy towards others.D．To ensure fairness in interpersonal interactions.10．How might an observer be more considerate to an actor’s actions?A．By focusing on the situational factors.B．By making the attribution process automatic.C．By attributing these actions to internal factors.D．By imagining themselves in the same situations.11．What is the best title for the text?A．Why we repeat our mistakesB．How we can stop blaming othersC．What is the science of social justiceD．Why we always ignore our own faultsSolar power is helping bring about a future of cleaner energy, but there are limits to where rigid solar panels (刚性太阳能电池板)can go. A new kind of solar cell made with a mineral called perovskite (钙钛矿)can go almost anywhere, says physicist Olga Malinkiewicz. We can use perovskite cells on the surfaces of the building, on the roofs of the buildings, on the roofs of the cars and on the electronic devices. We can use it on the sails. We can use it in the balls, tents and unlimited applications. Malinkiewicz says perovskite has become a favorite among solar panel researchers. Because it can be printed, everyone can use it on every surface.Malinkiewicz developed a way to print perovskite panels like an inkjet printer. She co-founded a company to produce them, called Soleil Technologies, after the Baltic sun goddess. Construction company Skanska is testing the panels at their Warsaw headquarters. Adam Targowski is sustainable (可持续的)development manager for Skanska. They work perfectly, even when they are not well exposed to sunlight. So we can use them in all surfaces of the building. Soleil calculates that about one square meter of panel can supply a day’s worth of power for one worker’s computer and lights. And they keep getting better as research continues, says the company’s scientific director Konrad Wojciechowski.For other technologies, it took decades to really enter markets. Perovskite has been around only for few years in scientific research, so there is still a lot to be done, but potential is basically pretty much unlimited, I think. There are still durability and other problems to work out, but several companies expect to have perovskite panels on the market this year.12．What do we know about perovskite solar cell from the first paragraph?A．It’s delicate.B．It’s complex.C．It’s flexible.D．It’s expensive. 13．What does the underlined word “they” in the second paragraph refer to?A．Skanska and Adam Targowski.B．Malinkiewicz and Skanska.C．Soleil Technologies.D．Perovskite panels.14．What can we infer from the last paragraph?A．It needs years to put perovskite panels into markets.B．Scientists think perovskite panels are ready for markets.C．Perovskite has been studied for decades.D．Perovskite panels will soon be seen in the market.15．What is the main purpose of the passage?A．To explain how to use perovskite panels.B．To introduce perovskite panels.C．To advertise a new solar power cell.D．To propose scientists to further study perovskiet cells.Attitudes toward small talk can vary, but there are a few reasons why some people may dislike small talk.16 People who value deep connections may find small talk insufficient for building meaningful relationships. But it needn’t be. If the goal is to use small talk to deepen connections with others, consider the kind of information you are sharing. Communication research differentiates three levels of conversation: factual, personal, and relational.At the most superficial level of conversation, we share facts. We talk about things and their place in time and space, exchange news and facts, and report on our experiences factually and objectively (e.g., “It was warm outside today.” “I work as a computer analyst.”). Almost all these are factual information. 17The next is the personal level, where we talk about how we feel about the content at the informational level. (e.g., “I loved the warm weather today.” “ 18 ”). The personal level is defined by sharing emotions about something or someone beyond the current time and space. Sharing from the personal level invites the other person to connect with you at this deeper level.19 Think: What’s happening now? How am I feeling at this moment? How do you feel being here with me? When we bring our attention to the present moment, we often experience greater engagement and connection with others. 20 This brings our attention to the many aspects of our present-moment experience and lets another person into our inner world.You can get a sense of how the experience of intimate (亲密的) connection with another deepens as we move through the levels.A．I just came from London.B．I find my work rewarding.C．It has nothing to do with oversharing.D．It can be quite useful, but it lacks emotional content.E．Small talk is often seen as shallow and lacking depth.F．One way we can do this is to start sentences with “I notice...”.G．The relational level involves sharing in the present moment and space.二、完形填空When I was young, my family had one of the first telephones in our neighborhood. I used to listen with 21 when my mother talked to the old case 22 to the wall.Then I discovered that inside the wonderful 23 lived an amazing person — Information Please, who could 24 anybody’s number.My first personal 25 with this genie (精灵) -in-the-bottle came one day. Amusing myself at the tool bench, I hit my finger with a hammer. The pain was terrible, but there was no one home to give 26 . Suddenly I spotted the telephone. Quickly I ran for it and 27 the receiver. “Information Please!” I 28 . A voice spoke into my ear. “Information.” “I hurt my finger...” The tears came readily enough now that I had a(n) 29 .“Isn’t your mother home?” came the question. “Nobody’s home but me.”“Are you bleeding?” “No.” I replied.“Can you open your icebox?” she asked. I said I could. “Then 30 a little piece of ice and hold it to your finger.”After that I called her for everything. I asked her for help with my geography and math. She even 31 me that my pet chipmunk I had caught in the park liked eating fruits and nuts.As I grew into my teens, the memories of those childhood 32 never really left me; often in moments of 33 I would recall the sense of security I had then. I 34 how patient and 35 a stranger was to have spent her time on a little boy.21．A．respect B．sincerity C．fascination D．caution 22．A．driven B．pushed C．opened D．fixed 23．A．hole B．device C．home D．community 24．A．provide B．change C．delete D．guess 25．A．meeting B．experience C．interview D．cooperation 26．A．approval B．confidence C．comfort D．comment 27．A．pressed B．dialled C．replaced D．lifted 28．A．ordered B．cheered C．yelled D．declared 29．A．teacher B．audience C．partner D．assistant 30．A．heat up B．slip on C．put away D．chip off 31．A．informed B．showed C．warned D．inspired 32．A．conversations B．injuries C．pains D．dreams 33．A．glory B．kindness C．confusion D．anger 34．A．admitted B．appreciated C．wondered D．estimated 35．A．optimistic B．ambitious C．disciplined D．understanding三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012

H.R.3606One Hundred Twelfth Congressof theUnited States of AmericaAT T HE SECOND SESSIONBegun and held at the City of Washington on Tuesday,the third day of January, two thousand and twelveAn ActTo increase American job creation and economic growth by improving access tothe public capital markets for emerging growth companies.Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representativ es of the United States of America in Congress assembled,SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act’’.SEC. 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS.The table of contents of this Act is as follows:Sec. 1.Short title.Sec. 2.Table of contents.TITLE I—REOPENING AMERICAN CAPITAL MARKETS TO EMERGINGGROWTH COMPANIESSec.101.Definitions.Sec.102.Disclosure obligations.Sec.103.Internal controls audit.Sec.104.Auditing standards.Sec.105.Availability of information about emerging growth companies.Sec.106.Other matters.Sec.107.Opt-in right for emerging growth companies.Sec.108.Review of Regulation S-K.TITLE II—ACCESS TO CAPITAL FOR JOB CREATORSSec.201.Modification of exemption.TITLE III—CROWDFUNDINGSec.301.Short title.Sec.302.Crowdfunding exemption.Sec.303.Exclusion of crowdfunding investors from shareholder cap.Sec.304.Funding portal regulation.Sec.305.Relationship with State law.TITLE IV—SMALL COMPANY CAPITAL FORMATIONSec.401.Authority to exempt certain securities.Sec.402.Study on the impact of State Blue Sky laws on Regulation A offerings.TITLE V—PRIVATE COMPANY FLEXIBILITY AND GROWTHSec.501.Threshold for registration.Sec.502.Employees.mission rulemaking.mission study of enforcement authority under Rule 12g5–1.TITLE VI—CAPITAL EXPANSIONSec.601.Shareholder threshold for registration.Sec.602.Rulemaking.TITLE VII—OUTREACH ON CHANGES TO THE LAWSec.701.Outreach by the Commission.H.R.3606—2T IT LE I—REOPENING AMERICAN CAP-I T AL MARKE T S T O EMERGING GROWTH COMPANIESSEC. 101. DEFINITIONS.(a) S ECURITIES A CT OF1933.—Section 2(a) of the SecuritiesAct of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77b(a)) is amended by adding at the endthe following:‘‘(19) The term ‘emerging growth company’ means an issuer that had total annual gross revenues of less than$1,000,000,000 (as such amount is indexed for inflation every5 years by the Commission to reflect the change in the Con-sumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers published by theBureau of Labor Statistics, setting the threshold to the nearest1,000,000) during its most recently completed fiscal year. Anissuer that is an emerging growth company as of the firstday of that fiscal year shall continue to be deemed an emerginggrowth company until the earliest of—‘‘(A) the last day of the fiscal year of the issuer during which it had total annual gross revenues of $1,000,000,000(as such amount is indexed for inflation every 5 yearsby the Commission to reflect the change in the ConsumerPrice Index for All Urban Consumers published by theBureau of L abor Statistics, setting the threshold to thenearest 1,000,000) or more;‘‘(B) the last day of the fiscal year of the issuer fol-lowing the fifth anniversary of the date of the first saleof common equity securities of the issuer pursuant to aneffective registration statement under this title;‘‘(C) the date on which such issuer has, during the previous 3-year period, issued more than $1,000,000,000in non-convertible debt; or‘‘(D) the date on which such issuer is deemed to bea ‘large accelerated filer’, as defined in section 240.12b–2 of title 17, Code of Federal Regulations, or any successorthereto.’’.(b) S ECURITIES E XCHANGE A CT OF1934.—Section 3(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)) is amended—(1) by redesignating paragraph (77), as added by section941(a) of the Investor Protection and Securities Reform Actof 2010 (Public L aw 111–203, 124 Stat. 1890), as paragraph(79); and(2) by adding at the end the following:‘‘(80) E MERGING GROWTH COMPANY.—The term ‘emerging growth company’ means an issuer that had total annual grossrevenues of less than $1,000,000,000 (as such amount is indexedfor inflation every 5 years by the Commission to reflect thechange in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumerspublished by the Bureau of L abor Statistics, setting thethreshold to the nearest 1,000,000) during its most recentlycompleted fiscal year. An issuer that is an emerging growthcompany as of the first day of that fiscal year shall continueto be deemed an emerging growth company until the earliestof—H.R.3606—3‘‘(A) the last day of the fiscal year of the issuer during which it had total annual gross revenues of $1,000,000,000(as such amount is indexed for inflation every 5 yearsby the Commission to reflect the change in the ConsumerPrice Index for All Urban Consumers published by theBureau of L abor Statistics, setting the threshold to thenearest 1,000,000) or more;‘‘(B) the last day of the fiscal year of the issuer fol-lowing the fifth anniversary of the date of the first saleof common equity securities of the issuer pursuant to aneffective registration statement under the Securities Actof 1933;‘‘(C) the date on which such issuer has, during the previous 3-year period, issued more than $1,000,000,000in non-convertible debt; or‘‘(D) the date on which such issuer is deemed to bea ‘large accelerated filer’, as defined in section 240.12b–2 of title 17, Code of Federal Regulations, or any successorthereto.’’.(c) O THER D EFINITIONS.—As used in this title, the following definitions shall apply:(1) C OMMISSION.—The term ‘‘Commission’’ means the Secu-rities and Exchange Commission.(2) I NITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING DATE.—The term ‘‘initial publicoffering date’’ means the date of the first sale of common equity securities of an issuer pursuant to an effective registra-tion statement under the Securities Act of 1933.(d) E FFECTIVE D ATE.—Notwithstanding section 2(a)(19) of the Securities Act of 1933 and section 3(a)(80) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, an issuer shall not be an emerging growth company for purposes of such Acts if the first sale of common equity securities of such issuer pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933 occurred on or before December 8, 2011.SEC. 102. DISCLOSURE OBLIGATIONS.(a) E XECUTIVE C OMPENSATION.—(1) E XEMPTION.—Section 14A(e) of the Securities ExchangeAct of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78n–1(e)) is amended—(A) by striking ‘‘The Commission may’’ and insertingthe following:‘‘(1) I N GENERAL.—The Commission may’’;(B) by striking ‘‘an issuer’’ and inserting ‘‘any otherissuer’’; and(C) by adding at the end the following:‘‘(2) T REATMENT OF EMERGING GROWTH COMPANIES.—‘‘(A) I N GENERAL.—An emerging growth company shall be exempt from the requirements of subsections (a) and(b).‘‘(B) C OMPLIANCE AFTER TERMINATION OF EMERGING GROWTH COMPANY TREATMENT.—An issuer that was anemerging growth company but is no longer an emerginggrowth company shall include the first separate resolutiondescribed under subsection (a)(1) not later than the endof—‘‘(i) in the case of an issuer that was an emerging growth company for less than 2 years after the dateH.R.3606—4of first sale of common equity securities of the issuerpursuant to an effective registration statement underthe Securities Act of 1933, the 3-year period beginningon such date; and‘‘(ii) in the case of any other issuer, the 1-year period beginning on the date the issuer is no longeran emerging growth company.’’.(2) P ROXIES.—Section 14(i) of the Securities Exchange Actof 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78n(i)) is amended by inserting ‘‘, for any issuer other than an emerging growth company,’’ after ‘‘including’’.(3) C OMPENSATION DISCLOSURES.—Section 953(b)(1) of theInvestor Protection and Securities Reform Act of 2010 (Public Law 111–203; 124 Stat. 1904) is amended by inserting ‘‘, other than an emerging growth company, as that term is defined in section 3(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,’’ after ‘‘require each issuer’’.(b) F INANCIAL D ISCLOSURES AND A CCOUNTING P RONOUNCE-MENTS.—(1) S ECURITIES ACT OF1933.—Section 7(a) of the SecuritiesAct of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77g(a)) is amended—(A) by striking ‘‘(a) The registration’’ and insertingthe following:‘‘(a) I NFORMATION R EQUIRED IN R EGISTRATION S TATEMENT.— ‘‘(1) I N GENERAL.—The registration’’; and(B) by adding at the end the following:‘‘(2) T REATMENT OF EMERGING GROWTH COMPANIES.—An emerging growth company—‘‘(A) need not present more than 2 years of audited financial statements in order for the registration statementof such emerging growth company with respect to an initialpublic offering of its common equity securities to be effec-tive, and in any other registration statement to be filedwith the Commission, an emerging growth company neednot present selected financial data in accordance with sec-tion 229.301 of title 17, Code of Federal Regulations, forany period prior to the earliest audited period presentedin connection with its initial public offering; and‘‘(B) may not be required to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standard until such datethat a company that is not an issuer (as defined undersection 2(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (15 U.S.C.7201(a))) is required to comply with such new or revisedaccounting standard, if such standard applies to companiesthat are not issuers.’’.(2) S ECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF1934.—Section 13(a) ofthe Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m(a)) is amended by adding at the end the following: ‘‘In any registra-tion statement, periodic report, or other reports to be filed with the Commission, an emerging growth company need not present selected financial data in accordance with section 229.301 of title 17, Code of Federal Regulations, for any period prior to the earliest audited period presented in connection with its first registration statement that became effective under this Act or the Securities Act of 1933 and, with respect to any such statement or reports, an emerging growth company may not be required to comply with any new or revised financialH.R.3606—5accounting standard until such date that a company that is not an issuer (as defined under section 2(a) of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002 (15 U.S.C. 7201(a))) is required to comply with such new or revised accounting standard, if such standard applies to companies that are not issuers.’’.(c) O THER D ISCLOSURES.—An emerging growth company may comply with section 229.303(a) of title 17, Code of Federal Regula-tions, or any successor thereto, by providing information required by such section with respect to the financial statements of the emerging growth company for each period presented pursuant to section 7(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77g(a)). An emerging growth company may comply with section 229.402 of title 17, Code of Federal Regulations, or any successor thereto, by disclosing the same information as any issuer with a market value of outstanding voting and nonvoting common equity held by non-affiliates of less than $75,000,000.SEC. 103. INTERNAL CONTROLS AUDIT.Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) is amended by inserting ‘‘, other than an issuer that is an emerging growth company (as defined in section 3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934),’’ before ‘‘shall attest to’’.SEC. 104. AUDITING STANDARDS.Section 103(a)(3) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (15 U.S.C. 7213(a)(3)) is amended by adding at the end the following:‘‘(C) T RANSITION PERIOD FOR EMERGING GROWTH COMPA-NIES.—Any rules of the Board requiring mandatory auditfirm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report inwhich the auditor would be required to provide additionalinformation about the audit and the financial statementsof the issuer (auditor discussion and analysis) shall notapply to an audit of an emerging growth company, asdefined in section 3 of the Securities Exchange Act of1934. Any additional rules adopted by the Board afterthe date of enactment of this subparagraph shall not applyto an audit of any emerging growth company, unless theCommission determines that the application of such addi-tional requirements is necessary or appropriate in thepublic interest, after considering the protection of investorsand whether the action will promote efficiency, competition,and capital formation.’’.SEC. 105. AVAILABILITY OF INFORMATION ABOUT EMERGING GROWTH COMPANIES.(a) P ROVISION OF R ESEARCH.—Section 2(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77b(a)(3)) is amended by adding at the end the following: ‘‘The publication or distribution by a broker or dealer of a research report about an emerging growth company that is the subject of a proposed public offering of the common equity securities of such emerging growth company pursuant to a registration statement that the issuer proposes to file, or has filed, or that is effective shall be deemed for purposes of paragraph (10) of this subsection and section 5(c) not to constitute an offer for sale or offer to sell a security, even if the broker or dealer is participating or will participate in the registered offering of the securities of the issuer. As used in this paragraph, the term ‘research report’ means a written, electronic, or oral communicationH.R.3606—6that includes information, opinions, or recommendations with respect to securities of an issuer or an analysis of a security or an issuer, whether or not it provides information reasonably suffi-cient upon which to base an investment decision.’’.(b) S ECURITIES A NALYST C OMMUNICATIONS.—Section 15D of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78o–6) is amended—(1) by redesignating subsection (c) as subsection (d); and(2) by inserting after subsection (b) the following:‘‘(c) L IMITATION.—Notwithstanding subsection (a) or any other provision of law, neither the Commission nor any national securities association registered under section 15A may adopt or maintain any rule or regulation in connection with an initial public offering of the common equity of an emerging growth company—‘‘(1) restricting, based on functional role, which associated persons of a broker, dealer, or member of a national securities association, may arrange for communications between a securi-ties analyst and a potential investor; or‘‘(2) restricting a securities analyst from participating in any communications with the management of an emerging growth company that is also attended by any other associated person of a broker, dealer, or member of a national securities association whose functional role is other than as a securities analyst.’’.(c) E XPANDING P ERMISSIBLE C OMMUNICATIONS.—Section 5 of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77e) is amended—(1) by redesignating subsection (d) as subsection (e); and(2) by inserting after subsection (c) the following:‘‘(d) L IMITATION.—Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, an emerging growth company or any person authorized to act on behalf of an emerging growth company may engage in oral or written communications with potential investors that are qualified institutional buyers or institutions that are accredited investors, as such terms are respectively defined in section 230.144A and section 230.501(a) of title 17, Code of Federal Regulations, or any successor thereto, to determine whether such investors might have an interest in a contemplated securities offering, either prior to or following the date of filing of a registration statement with respect to such securities with the Commission, subject to the requirement of subsection (b)(2).’’.(d) P OST O FFERING C OMMUNICATIONS.—Neither the Commis-sion nor any national securities association registered under section 15A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 may adopt or maintain any rule or regulation prohibiting any broker, dealer, or member of a national securities association from publishing or distributing any research report or making a public appearance, with respect to the securities of an emerging growth company, either—(1) within any prescribed period of time following the initialpublic offering date of the emerging growth company; or(2) within any prescribed period of time prior to the expira-tion date of any agreement between the broker, dealer, or member of a national securities association and the emerging growth company or its shareholders that restricts or prohibits the sale of securities held by the emerging growth company or its shareholders after the initial public offering date.H.R.3606—7SEC. 106. OTHER MATTERS.(a) D RAFT R EGISTRATION S TATEMENTS.—Section 6 of the Securi-ties Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77f) is amended by adding at the end the following:‘‘(e) E MERGING G ROWTH C OMPANIES.—‘‘(1) I N GENERAL.—Any emerging growth company, prior to its initial public offering date, may confidentially submit to the Commission a draft registration statement, for confiden-tial nonpublic review by the staff of the Commission prior to public filing, provided that the initial confidential submission and all amendments thereto shall be publicly filed with the Commission not later than 21 days before the date on which the issuer conducts a road show, as such term is defined in section 230.433(h)(4) of title 17, Code of Federal Regulations, or any successor thereto.‘‘(2) C ONFIDENTIALITY.—Notwithstanding any other provi-sion of this title, the Commission shall not be compelled to disclose any information provided to or obtained by the Commis-sion pursuant to this subsection. For purposes of section 552 of title 5, United States Code, this subsection shall be consid-ered a statute described in subsection (b)(3)(B) of such section 552. Information described in or obtained pursuant to this subsection shall be deemed to constitute confidential informa-tion for purposes of section 24(b)(2) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.’’.(b) T ICK S IZE.—Section 11A(c) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78k–1(c)) is amended by adding at the end the following new paragraph:‘‘(6) T ICK SIZE.—‘‘(A) S TUDY AND REPORT.—The Commission shall con-duct a study examining the transition to trading andquoting securities in one penny increments, also knownas decimalization. The study shall examine the impactthat decimalization has had on the number of initial publicofferings since its implementation relative to the periodbefore its implementation. The study shall also examinethe impact that this change has had on liquidity for smalland middle capitalization company securities and whetherthere is sufficient economic incentive to support tradingoperations in these securities in penny increments. Notlater than 90 days after the date of enactment of thisparagraph, the Commission shall submit to Congress areport on the findings of the study.‘‘(B) D ESIGNATION.—If the Commission determines that the securities of emerging growth companies should bequoted and traded using a minimum increment of greaterthan $0.01, the Commission may, by rule not later than180 days after the date of enactment of this paragraph,designate a minimum increment for the securities ofemerging growth companies that is greater than $0.01but less than $0.10 for use in all quoting and tradingof securities in any exchange or other execution venue.’’. SEC. 107. OPT-IN RIGHT FOR EMERGING GROWTH COMPANIES.(a) I N G ENERAL.—With respect to an exemption provided to emerging growth companies under this title, or an amendment made by this title, an emerging growth company may choose toH.R.3606—8forgo such exemption and instead comply with the requirements that apply to an issuer that is not an emerging growth company.(b) S PECIAL R ULE.—Notwithstanding subsection (a), with respect to the extension of time to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards provided under section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933 and section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as added by section 102(b), if an emerging growth company chooses to comply with such standards to the same extent that a non-emerging growth company is required to comply with such standards, the emerging growth company—(1) must make such choice at the time the company isfirst required to file a registration statement, periodic report, or other report with the Commission under section 13 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and notify the Securities and Exchange Commission of such choice;(2) may not select some standards to comply with in suchmanner and not others, but must comply with all such stand-ards to the same extent that a non-emerging growth company is required to comply with such standards; and(3) must continue to comply with such standards to thesame extent that a non-emerging growth company is required to comply with such standards for as long as the company remains an emerging growth company.SEC. 108. REVIEW OF REGULATION S-K.(a) R EVIEW.—The Securities and Exchange Commission shall conduct a review of its Regulation S-K (17 CFR 229.10 et seq.) to—(1) comprehensively analyze the current registrationrequirements of such regulation; and(2) determine how such requirements can be updated tomodernize and simplify the registration process and reduce the costs and other burdens associated with these requirements for issuers who are emerging growth companies.(b) R EPORT.—Not later than 180 days after the date of enact-ment of this title, the Commission shall transmit to Congress a report of the review conducted under subsection (a). The report shall include the specific recommendations of the Commission on how to streamline the registration process in order to make it more efficient and less burdensome for the Commission and for prospective issuers who are emerging growth companies.TITLE II—ACCESS TO CAPITAL FOR JOBCREATORSSEC. 201. MODIFICATION OF EXEMPTION.(a) M ODIFICATION OF R ULES.—(1) Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactmentof this Act, the Securities and Exchange Commission shall revise its rules issued in section 230.506 of title 17, Code of Federal Regulations, to provide that the prohibition against general solicitation or general advertising contained in section 230.502(c) of such title shall not apply to offers and sales of securities made pursuant to section 230.506, provided that all purchasers of the securities are accredited investors. Such rules shall require the issuer to take reasonable steps to verifyH.R.3606—9that purchasers of the securities are accredited investors, using such methods as determined by the Commission. Section 230.506 of title 17, Code of Federal Regulations, as revised pursuant to this section, shall continue to be treated as a regulation issued under section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77d(2)).(2) Not later than 90 days after the date of enactmentof this Act, the Securities and Exchange Commission shall revise subsection (d)(1) of section 230.144A of title 17, Code of Federal Regulations, to provide that securities sold under such revised exemption may be offered to persons other than qualified institutional buyers, including by means of general solicitation or general advertising, provided that securities are sold only to persons that the seller and any person acting on behalf of the seller reasonably believe is a qualified institu-tional buyer.(b) C ONSISTENCY IN I NTERPRETATION.—Section 4 of the Securi-ties Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77d) is amended—(1) by striking ‘‘The provisions of section 5’’ and inserting‘‘(a) The provisions of section 5’’; and(2) by adding at the end the following:‘‘(b) Offers and sales exempt under section 230.506 of title 17, Code of Federal Regulations (as revised pursuant to section 201 of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act) shall not be deemed public offerings under the Federal securities laws as a result of general advertising or general solicitation.’’.(c) E XPLANATION OF E XEMPTION.—Section 4 of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77d) is amended—(1) by striking ‘‘The provisions of section 5’’ and inserting‘‘(a) The provisions of section 5’’; and(2) by adding at the end the following:‘‘(b)(1) With respect to securities offered and sold in compliance with Rule 506 of Regulation D under this Act, no person who meets the conditions set forth in paragraph (2) shall be subject to registration as a broker or dealer pursuant to section 15(a)(1) of this title, solely because—‘‘(A) that person maintains a platform or mechanism that permits the offer, sale, purchase, or negotiation ofor with respect to securities, or permits general solicita-tions, general advertisements, or similar or related activi-ties by issuers of such securities, whether online, in person,or through any other means;‘‘(B) that person or any person associated with that person co-invests in such securities; or‘‘(C) that person or any person associated with that person provides ancillary services with respect to such secu-rities.‘‘(2) The exemption provided in paragraph (1) shall apply to any person described in such paragraph if—‘‘(A) such person and each person associated with that person receives no compensation in connection with the pur-chase or sale of such security;‘‘(B) such person and each person associated with that person does not have possession of customer funds or securities in connection with the purchase or sale of such security; and ‘‘(C) such person is not subject to a statutory disqualifica-tion as defined in section 3(a)(39) of this title and does notH.R.3606—10have any person associated with that person subject to sucha statutory disqualification.‘‘(3) For the purposes of this subsection, the term ‘ancillary services’ means—‘‘(A) the provision of due diligence services, in connection with the offer, sale, purchase, or negotiation of such security, so long as such services do not include, for separate compensa-tion, investment advice or recommendations to issuers or inves-tors; and‘‘(B) the provision of standardized documents to the issuers and investors, so long as such person or entity does not nego-tiate the terms of the issuance for and on behalf of third parties and issuers are not required to use the standardized documents as a condition of using the service.’’.TITLE III—CROWDFUNDINGSEC. 301. SHORT TITLE.This title may be cited as the ‘‘Capital Raising Online While Deterring Fraud and Unethical Non-Disclosure Act of 2012’’ or the ‘‘CROWDFUND Act’’.SEC. 302. CROWDFUNDING EXEMPTION.(a) S ECURITIES A CT OF1933.—Section 4 of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77d) is amended by adding at the end the following:‘‘(6) transactions involving the offer or sale of securities by an issuer (including all entities controlled by or under common control with the issuer), provided that—‘‘(A) the aggregate amount sold to all investors by the issuer, including any amount sold in reliance on theexemption provided under this paragraph during the 12-month period preceding the date of such transaction, isnot more than $1,000,000;‘‘(B) the aggregate amount sold to any investor by an issuer, including any amount sold in reliance on theexemption provided under this paragraph during the 12-month period preceding the date of such transaction, doesnot exceed—‘‘(i) the greater of $2,000 or 5 percent of the annual income or net worth of such investor, as applicable,if either the annual income or the net worth of theinvestor is less than $100,000; and‘‘(ii) 10 percent of the annual income or net worth of such investor, as applicable, not to exceed a max-imum aggregate amount sold of $100,000, if eitherthe annual income or net worth of the investor isequal to or more than $100,000;‘‘(C) the transaction is conducted through a broker or funding portal that complies with the requirements ofsection 4A(a); and‘‘(D) the issuer complies with the requirements of sec-tion 4A(b).’’.(b) R EQUIREMENTS T O Q UALIFY FOR C ROWDFUNDING E XEMP-TION.—The Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.) is amended by inserting after section 4 the following:。

失败新1

単語

中継
現場から中間で受け繼いて放送する
职业棒球放送
例：プーロ野球の中継

めがける
目をつけてねらう、目印にする瞄准目标射击
例：犬は泥棒めがけて飛びついた
狗向小偷扑过去。

響く
音や声が広がり伝わる
名震天下铭刻在心
例：名が響く
胸に響く
文型

何とも＋否定形
现在很难说。
怎么也（不）
例：今のところ何とも言えない
失敗
——星新一
讲解人：孙娟、李琰、，董丹，营思婷，史华鹏，许书铭
作者の紹介

星新一（1926年9月6日－1997年 12月30日）。日本のSF小説家。本来の名前は星亲一。東京本郷区に生まれる。超小型の小說に長じる。一生共に1000以上の超小型の小説を創作する，多くの発想は珍しくて、プロット変化に富んて、筋の曲折、文学の価値と哲理の意味は全て備わる。それは本人も“超小型の小說の神” と称える。代表作《ボッコちゃん》、《悪魔のいる天国》などが含まれている。それに、写実の作品もある。日本には、小松左京と筒井康隆「御三家」と呼ばれる。

~とでも言ったらいい….だろうか
可以说
例：学問の楽しみは、未知の世界を発見する喜びとでも言ったらいいだろうか。
作学问的乐趣，可以说是发现未知世界的喜悦吧。

少しも….ない
存款一点也不见增长。
一点也（不），用于加强否定语气
例：貯金が少しも増えない。
到处都是。例：ごみが散らかる到处都是垃圾。

相変わらず（副）以前と同じように。照旧，依旧
例：相変わらず元気でやってます。依旧很健康

HPE InfoSight 快速入门指导说明书

Published May,2022Version2Part No.Documentation Feedback:******************************** Legal NoticesCopyright©2022by Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LPNoticesThe information contained herein is subject to change without notice.The only warranties for Hewlett Packard Enterprise products and services are set forth in the express warranty statements accompanying such products and services.Nothing herein should be construed as constituting an additional warranty.Hewlett Packard Enterprise shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein.Confidential computer software.Valid license from Hewlett Packard Enterprise required for possession,use,or copying.Consistent with FAR12.211and12.212,Commercial Computer Software,Computer Software Documentation,and Technical Data for Com-mercial Items are licensed to the ernment under vendor's standard commercial license.Links to third-party websites take you outside the Hewlett Packard Enterprise website.Hewlett Packard Enterprise has no control over and is not responsible for information outside the Hewlett Packard Enterprise website.Hewlett Packard Enterprise believes in being unconditionally inclusive.If terms in this document are recognized as offensive or noninclusive,they are used only for consistency within the product.When the product is updated to remove the terms,this document will be updated.AcknowledgmentsIntel®,Itanium®,Pentium®,Intel Inside®,and the Intel Inside logo are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the United States and other countries.Microsoft®and Windows®are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.Adobe®and Acrobat®are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated.Java®and Oracle®are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates.UNIX®is a registered trademark of The Open Group.All third-party marks are property of their respective owners.Publication DateThursday May19,202209:45:43Document IDnch1585666750986SupportAll documentation and knowledge base articles are available on HPE InfoSight at https://.To register forHPE InfoSight,click the Create Account link on the main page.Email:*************************For all other general support contact information,go to https:///us/en/services/nimble-storage.html.ContentsThe HPE InfoSight Portal (4)HPE InfoSight Roles (5)Getting Started Tasks (6)Log in to InfoSight (6)Access InfoSight Documentation (6)(Optional)Explore the New Navigation (6)Select an Organization (7)Create an Organization (7)Rename an Organization (7)Delete an Organization (8)Merge an Organization (8)Configure Your Home Page (8)Links Section (8)Landing Page Section (9)Bulletins Section (9)Register Your Account and Assets (9)Associate New Users with an HPE InfoSight Account (9)Add and Delete Users and Modify User Roles (10)InfoSight Support (11)The HPE InfoSight PortalHPE InfoSight is a portal that enables you to manage,monitor,and troubleshoot your HPE assets.Some of the benefits of using HPE InfoSight include the ability to monitor the performance of your assets,understand your future needs,troubleshoot issues,request support,and access documentation,KB articles,and release notes.For information about specific products that are currently supported in HPE InfoSight,click the Main Menu(),and thenclick Resources in the HPE InfoSight UI to display the following products:•HPE Alletra 6000,HPE Nimble Storage •HPE Alletra 9000,HPE Primera,3PAR StoreServ &StoreOnce •Servers •HPE SimpliVity Then under the product name,click the Documentation link to search for a specific document.For information about HPE InfoSight that goes beyond what is covered in this Getting Started guide,refer to the HPE InfoSight User Guide.Tip:For an updated high-level introduction and review of HPE InfoSight,watch the InfoSight Demo onYouTube.Documentation Feedback:********************************HPE InfoSight RolesThere are three roles that provide access to arrays on HPE InfoSight:AdminUsers who have been assigned the Admin role can:•Manage users•Register systems•Access all information within HPE InfoSight.UserUsers who have been assigned the User role can only view information in HPE InfoSight,with the exception of the Support page.Third PartyThis role has the same privileges as the User role,but is used for external company users,such as partners.To see all the users in your organization and their assigned roles,go to the settings menu(the gear icon)and select Users.Getting Started TasksYou should perform the following tasks to get started using InfoSight with your arrays.1Log in to InfoSight2Access InfoSight Documentation3(Optional)Preview the New Navigation4Select an Organization5Configure your Home Page6Register Your Account and Assets7Validate Contact and Install Location Information8Associate New Users with an HPE InfoSight Account9Add and Delete Users and Modify RolesLog in to InfoSightNew users need to register for an HPE account before they can log in to HPE InfoSight.A user can be registered with only one account.If you attempt to register with an account,and you are already registeredwith a different account,you will get an error.By default,the first enrolled user of an account is given the admin role.Subsequent enrolled users are given the user role.For information on changing a user's role,see Change User Roles for an HPE InfoSight AccountOnly an admin can associate a new email address with an account in HPE InfoSight.New users must create an HPE account (if they do not already have one)to access the account on InfoSight.Procedure1.Go to HPE InfoSight at https://.2.Click Create Account to register for an HPE account,which will allow you to log in to InfoSight.plete the fields on the Create a new account page and click Create account.What to do nextYou will receive an email with steps for you to verify the new HPE account.Access InfoSight DocumentationThe HPE InfoSight portal supports multiple product organizations.To access the documentation for a specific product,clickthe Main Menu(),click Resources,and then under the product name click the Documentation link for the product. (Optional)Explore the New NavigationHPE has redesigned the navigation GUI for HPE InfoSight.To explore the new navigation,click the Main Menu(),and then select and explore the menu items in this new navigation system.Select an OrganizationThe HPE InfoSight portal supports multiple organizations.An organization is a collection of users and systems that are grouped together in InfoSight.When you navigate within InfoSight,you must select the group of assets and the applications that you have been given access to by selecting an organization from the Organization selector.The following are organizational models that are currently supported by HPE InfoSight.Each model is dedicated to managinga product domain:•HPE Alletra6000,HPE Nimble Storage•HPE Alletra9000,HPE3PAR StoreServ,StoreOnce,Primera,and Recovery Manager Central•HPE Compute/Servers•HPE SimpliVityWhile all HPE InfoSight users complete the same initial steps to create and verify their accounts,the procedures for registering devices,managing users,and navigating the user interface differ based on the product domain type.Create an OrganizationIf you want to register or organize assets with InfoSight,you should use the current organization or create a new one.Before creating an organization,keep the following points in mind:•Organizations consists of an independent collection of users,systems,and claim tags.•By default,the first enrolled user of an organization is created as an administrator.•Administrators and users can create new organizations,though it is recommended that you limit the number of organizations that you create.•Once a new organization is created,only Admins can edit it,delete it,or merge it into another organization.Tip:To keep the organization of your assets from becoming too complex,it is recommended that you only createone organization.To create an organization,complete the following steps:1From the Settings menu(the gear icon),select My Organization.2Click Create Organization.3Enter an organization name and a description,and then click Create Organization and Enroll DevicesNote:The text that you provide in the Description field will also appear with the Organization name when it isnext displayed in the Organization selector.Rename an OrganizationTo rename an organization,complete the following steps:1Select the organization you want to rename from the Organization selector.2Click the Settings menu(the gear icon)and then click My Organization.3Click Edit(the pencil icon)and rename the organization.4Click Save.5Notify all users in the organization of the new organization name.Before you beginYou can rename any organization that you are an administrator of.Renaming an organization will not affect the registered assets or existing users.Delete an OrganizationYou must be an Admin to delete an organization.To delete an organization,complete the following steps:1Select the organization you want to delete from the Organization selector.2Click the Settings menu(the gear icon)and then click My Organization.3Click Permanently Delete this Organization.A message appears asking you to confirm that you want to take this action.4In the Confirm Organization Delete message,type the word DELETE in uppercase and then click Yes,Permanently Delete this Organization.Merge an OrganizationYou can merge the users,systems,and claim tags that comprise an organization from one organization into another.Before merging organizations,keep the following points in mind:•You must be an admin in both organizations before you can merge the organizations.•After you complete the merge,the source organization is permanently removed.•If there are conflicts that occur during the merge,the items in the target organization are retained.To merge two organizations,complete the following steps:1From the Settings menu(the gear icon),select My Organization.2Click Merge Organization.The Merge Organizations window appears.3Select an organization from the Source drop-down menu.4Click the Merge button and follow the wizard prompts.Configure Your Home PageWhen you log into the HPE InfoSight portal,the HPE InfoSight Home page appears.The Home Page is designed to help you navigate the GUI and access key features and pages.You can display the Home Page from any other page in the GUI by clicking the HPE InfoSight logo at the top-left corner of every page.Note:The Home Page appears only after you have registered with an organization or after you switch to a differentorganization.The Home Page is composed of three sections:•The Links section at the top left hand side•The Landing Page section at the top right hand side•The Bulletins section as the bottom of the screen.Links SectionThe links section of the Home Page is composed of two different type of hyperlinks:•Recent Pages•Product PagesThe Recent Pages section shows recent pages you have visited in InfoSight.The list is updated each time you visit a new page.The list maintains a maximum of10pages,which will always be the last10pages you’ve visited.As you visit more pages,the older pages are pushed down and eventually disappear as new pages are displayed.The Product Pages section enables you to access specific InfoSight areas dedicated to a platform that has been configured for InfoSight.Note:Product pages are filtered on a per user and per organization selection basis.Consequently,switching to adifferent organization while logged into the same user account could show different product pages as differentproducts can be included in different organizations.Landing Page SectionThe Landing Page section is used to set your preferred landing page.Before you select a landing page,make sure you have first selected an organization.Once you select an organization,the newly selected organization appears in the Landing Page Organization field.In the Landing Page drop-down list,the default page options are:•The Home Page•The products that are listed in the Product Pages section.Note:The products in the drop-down list are not all the products that exist,but rather the pages for the type ofproduct that you have configured to be managed by InfoSight.To select a landing page,click on the page in the drop down list,and then click Set as Default.The page that you selected is displayed immediately,and the page becomes the default page that appears when you next log into InfoSight. Bulletins SectionBy default,the Bulletins section shows all the InfoSight bulletins that have been released.Bulletins consist of notices,alerts, release notes,user tips and FAQs.You can dismiss a bulletin by clicking the Dismiss button that appears next to the bulletin or you can remove all bulletins by clicking Dismiss all.Note:Once bulletins are dismissed,they can no longer be displayed in the Bulletins section of the Home Page.However,you can still view dismissed bullets at any time by clicking My Account> Past Bulletins. Register Your Account and AssetsProcedure1.If you have not already done so,create an HPE account.2.Log in to the InfoSight portal at https:// using your HPE account credentials.a)The first time you log in,an email is sent to the email address associated with your HPE account.b)Access and open the HPE InfoSight email,and click the verification link in the email.The HPE InfoSight Terms of Usescreen appears.c)Read the Terms of Use information,and then click Submit.The Welcome to InfoSight screen appears.3.Select an option to register your users and assets,and then follow the online prompts.You can currently select the followingoptions:•HPE Primera Registration•HPE Alletra9000,HPE3PAR StoreServ Registration•HPE StoreOnce Registration•HPE Alletra6000,HPE Nimble Storage Registration•HPE Server Registration•HPE SimpliVity Registration•HPE Recovery Manager Central RegistrationNote:If you are an existing InfoSight user,click Settings> Device Enrollment to register your users and assets.Associate New Users with an HPE InfoSight AccountWhen you associate an email address with an HPE InfoSight account,you are granting the email account holder access to view the InfoSight account.If the user does not already have an HPE account,the user will need to create one.Note:For information on how resellers and managed partners can access a user's account on InfoSight,see the HPEInfoSight Reseller Guide.Before you beginYou must be an admin to associate a new user's email address with an HPE InfoSight account.Procedure1.Go to the Settings menu(the gear icon)and select Users.2.On the Users page,click Invite User.plete the fields in the Invite User form and click Send Invite.The new user appears in the Users list.Add and Delete Users and Modify User RolesProcedure1.Display the Users page to determine if there are user accounts for other individuals in your organization.If you are anadministrator,you can also add new users,delete users,and modify user roles.a)Click the Settings menu(the gear icon)in the upper-right hand corner.b)Select Users.The Users page appears.2.To add a new user,click Invite User.a)Enter the user's email addressb)Select User,Admin,or Third Party.c)Click Send Invite3.To modify a user's role:a)Select a user.b)Click the Role drop down menu.c)Select User,Admin,or Third Party.A banner message appears confirming that the role was successfully updated.4.To delete a user,select the user,and then click the delete user icon.InfoSight SupportAll documentation and knowledge base articles are available on the HPE InfoSight Portal.To access HPE InfoSight product documents,click the Main Menu(),click Resources,click a supported product,and then click Support.For all other general support contact information,from the Main Menu click Resources> Support.InfoSight Support11。

元桥一之 2009 IT イノベーションと経済成长：マクロレベル生产性におけるムーアの法则の重要性

RIETI Discussion Paper 09-J-016ITイノベーションと経済成長：マクロレベル生産性におけるムーアの法則の重要性1∗元橋一之東京大学工学系研究科＆経済産業研究所2009年5月要旨本稿においては日本の経済成長におけるITイノベーションや生産性の位置づけについてマクロレベルの成長要因分析（1975年～2007年）を行った。

また、ITの技術革新の源泉であるムーアの法則に象徴される半導体技術革新に影響度についても計測を行った。

主な結果としては、以下のとおりである。

x経済成長率は1990年代に大きく落ち込み全要素生産性の伸び率が鈍化した。

2000年に入って経済成長率に持ち直しが見られるが、TFPの成長率は改善のテンポが遅い。

x90年代と2000年代は生産要素投入の状況が大きく異なる。

90年代は非IT資本の寄与度が大きい反面、労働投入はマイナスの寄与となった。

2000年代は非IT資本の寄与度が小さくなり、労働投入の寄与が大きくなっている。

x IT資本の経済成長に対する寄与度は1975年以降、期間を通じて大きくなっている。

2000年代は経済成長の約１／３がIT資本の投入によって説明できる。

x全要素生産性に対するITセクターの影響度も高まっている。

2000年代のTFP成長率0.57％のうち、0.25％はITセクター（特にコンピュータと通信機械）によって説明できる。

マクロ経済における名目シェアは小さいが、ITイノベーションのマクロレベル生産性に与える影響は無視できない。

xこれらのITセクターの生産性の源泉として、ムーアの法則に代表される半導体技術革新の影響が大きいことが分かった。

2000年代においては、ITセクターの0.25％のうち0.04％ポイント、また自動車などの非ITセクターにおける生産性上昇分のうち0.09％ポイント、合計0.13％が半導体技術革新によるものである。

キーワード：経済成長、情報通信技術、ムーアの法則、全要素生産性JEL Classification: O30、O47、O531本研究は経済産業研究所の研究プロジェクト「ITと生産性に関する実証分析」の一環として行われたものである。

[15]Engagement_Telepresence_and_Interactivity

Final version15May2009Published in Journal of Business Research,Special Issue on Internet Customer Behavior, 2010,Volume63,Number9-10,Pages919-925.Engagement,Telepresence and Interactivity in Online ConsumerExperience:Reconciling Scholastic and ManagerialPerspectivesAnne Mollen and Hugh WilsonCranfield School of Management,UKAuthor for correspondence:Hugh Wilson MA(Oxon)DipCompSci(Cantab)PhD(Cranfield)Professor of Strategic MarketingCranfield School of ManagementCranfield,Bedford MK430AL,UK+44(0)1234751122hugh.wilson@/somENGAGEMENT,TELEPRESENCE AND INTERACTIVITY IN ONLINE CONSUMER EXPERIENCE:RECONCILING SCHOLASTIC AND MANAGERIAL PERSPECTIVESABSTRACTWe propose a conceptual framework that reconciles the practitioners’view of engagement as central to online best practice and the scholarly view that tends to use other constructs to assess consumer experience.Building on research in e-learning as well as online marketing,we characterize the consumer experiential response to website and environmental stimuli as a dynamic,tiered perceptual spectrum which includes interactivity,telepresence and engagement.We construe engagement as a cognitive and affective commitment to an active relationship with the brand as personified by the website,and we propose dimensions of this construct.We discuss how the constructs of flow and involvement are related to but distinct from the constructs within our conceptual framework.We offer suggestions for future empirical research into developing a scale for engagement and assessing its importance and utility.K EYWORDSEngagement;telepresence;flow;interactivity;Internet;involvement1INTRODUCTIONMarketers consider engagement to be the definitive umbrella term for online mechanisms that deliver competitive advantage to those employing them and contribute to the creation of“loyalty beyond reason”(Roberts,2005).Practitioner definitions buttress this concept.The Advertising Research Foundation(Meskauskas,2006)found that“Engagement is turning on a prospect to a brand idea enhanced by the surrounding context”and,more specifically,“engagement is a prospect’s interaction with a marketing communication in a way that can be proven to be predictive of sales effects.”The influential EConsultancy(2008)UK consumer engagement survey regards engagement to be the outcome of“repeated interactions that strengthen the emotional,psychological,or physical investment a customer has in a brand”.The academic world is less sanguine about the presumption that there is a causal relationship between engagement and sales.While numerous practitioner conferences on the subject attest to its centrality to online marketers’notion of best practice,the scholarly literature,until very recently, preferred to concentrate on the constructs of flow and interactivity,regarded as responsible“for greater favorability towards the product and the website”(Sicilia et al.,2005,p.31).Recent literature (Heath,2007;Marci,2006;Wang,2006)acknowledges the ARF definition but largely uses that definition as a starting point,and neglects the relationship of engagement to other historic constructs dealing with consumers’online experience.The semantic dissonance between the marketing and academic worlds is not mere pedantry. The online experience,where competitors are a mouse-click away and peer-to-peer communication subjects brands to forensic scrutiny,has to be skilful enough to sway an empowered,informed,and increasingly skeptical consumer(Urban,2005).One of the primary mechanisms for constraining the deleterious effect of cost transparency online(Sinha,2000)is the brand website,or company sponsored website.These websites are designed to“generate and reinforce positive brand and product messages,and have become a primary source of information for consumers whether they purchase on-or offline”(Karson and Fisher,2005,p.3).Yet,there is a common view that such brand sites,for the most part deprived of the‘cognitive lock-in’(Murray and Haubl,2002)that can arise fromtransactional and service delivery,have little other than engagement in their armory.Accordingly, there is widespread practitioner acceptance that engagement is the critical online process by which brand equity is increased(Passikoff et al.,2007).Ninety percent of companies in the EConsultancy (2008)consumer engagement survey said that online customer engagement is either‘essential’or ‘important’to their organisations.However,despite apparent corporate consensus,there has been little progress in the adoption of engagement as the most salient online metric.Many practitioners consider the ARF definition to be inoperable(Meskauskas,2006).From a scholarly perspective,the construct’s lack of linkage to flow,telepresence,and interactivity-constructs associated empirically with favorable attitudes to the brand and the website and with intention to purchase–impairs its claim of importance.There is,then,a fault line between those practitioners who hold,a priori,that engagement is the ‘holy grail’of online marketing,and scholars whose empirical work has tended to be focused elsewhere.The purpose of this article is to reconcile these perspectives.We establish a working definition of engagement as a discrete experiential property,independent of interactivity,flow,and telepresence.We present a conceptual framework that positions engagement along an experiential continuum,clarifying its relationship to interactivity,flow,and telepresence and to consumers’attitudinal and behavioral responses.Furthermore,by conceptualizing its dimensions,we seek to take the first steps towards the establishment of measures for the construct.First,we outline our conceptual framework.Next,we discuss each stage of the consumer’s experiential transition,deriving propositions on the key relationships between constructs.Finally,we discuss implications for theory and practice.2OVERVIEW OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKThe Stimulus-Organism-Response(S-O-R)model from environmental psychology,advocated by Eroglu et al.(2003)and refined by Sautter et al.(2004),provides an integrative framework for synthesizing existing research on website experience.The S-O-R model views consumer experience online as consisting of three components.The first is the website-its infrastructure and embeddedmechanical stimuli–and its‘in situ’environment.The second is the consumer’s internal state–her/his experiential response to stimuli.This‘experience’may be more than an interaction with the mechanical features of the website and the properties of the environment:it can be a“holistic”response(Petre et al.,2006),a“website brand experience”(Ha and Perks,2005),or an appreciation of the“brand as personified by the website”(Chang et al.,2003).The consumer’s extant psychographic state may also temper this experiential response(Bart et al.,2005).Finally,this ‘experiential brew’generates‘approach and avoidance’brand attitudes and behaviors(Eroglu et al., 2003;Sautter et al.,2004).We will use this theoretical framework(Figure1)to frame our examination of the nature and role of consumer engagement.[Insert Figure1about here]We suggest that the consumer’s experiential response can be characterized as a dynamic,tiered perceptual spectrum,ranging from perceived interactivity to telepresence(cognitive immersion in and perceived mastery of the heuristics of the medium and website)and finally,to engagement,a cognitive and affective commitment to the brand as personified by the website or other computer-mediated entities,which we suggest is an antecedent of attitudes and behaviors conducive to purchase or future purchase.We will now review the literature pertinent to each model stage and derive associated propositions.A working definition of engagement emerges from the analysis.3STIMULUS TAXONOMYEroglu et al.’s(2003)study,using the S-O-R model,empirically validated that online atmospherics,defined as high(e.g.merchandise descriptions,price,terms of sale-critical to utilitarian objectives)and low(e.g.typestyles,animation,sounds-supporting hedonic goals)task relevant cues,affected consumers’internal states,and,consequently,shopping approach/avoidance behaviors.Sautter et al.(2004)added the“operator environment”and the specific properties of the online medium to the‘Stimulus’component of the S-O-R model:these properties were defined as vividness,interactivity,symbolism,and social elements.The experiential response to the operatorenvironment of telepresence was incorporated into the‘internal states’component of the model (Sautter et al.,2004);we will return to the telepresence construct later.Sautter et al.’s(2004) refinement,by incorporating the interplay between the drivers embedded in the website and the properties of the operating environment,allows the introduction of the concept of tiered consumer response.4PERCEIVED INTERACTIVITYThere is no agreed definition of interactivity(Wu,2006),though most definitions assert the primacy of communication,regarding the process as two-way and characterized by the participant’s sense of control.Most sources cite Steuer’s(1992)definition as a starting point:“the extent to which users can participate in modifying the form and content of the mediated environment in real time”. The studies differ in the perspectives through which interactivity is viewed.The structuralist or mechanistic approach views interactivity as the response to the structural properties of the online medium or website,“the hardwired opportunity of interactivity provided during an interaction”(Liu and Shrum,2002,p.55).Recent studies adopt a more explicitly experiential approach,arguing in favor of perceived interactivity(McMillan and Hwang,2002), defined as“a psychological state experienced by a site user during his or her interaction with the website”(Wu,2006,p.91),since it implicitly takes account of the cognitive processing and involvement in the activity.This conjecture better explains the empirical findings,noted by McMillan and Hwang(2002)and Song and Zinkhan(2008),that there is no relationship between the provision of interactive features embedded in a website and consumers’appreciation of interactivity and therefore,why,in certain cases,interactivity has a detrimental effect on consumer attitudes to websites,since it supports the notion that some consumers are resistant to levels of interactivity that make excessively onerous demands on cognitive processing(Liu and Shrum,2005).A number of studies(McMillan and Hwang,2002;Song and Zinkhan,2008;Wu,2006;Yadav and Varadajan, 2005)reach a degree of consensus on the core dimensions of perceived interactivity:perceived user control;two-way communication;and perceived responsiveness.Other empirical studies support interactivity’s placement in the conceptual framework(Coyle and Thorson,2001;Fiore et al.,2005;Hopkins et al.,2004;Klein,2003)by positioning it as an antecedent of another experiential construct,telepresence,itself defined by Steuer(1992)as“the experience of presence in an environment by means of communication medium”.We will re-examine this definition later.These studies do not all explicitly draw the distinction between structural interactivity and perceived interactivity.However,the operationalization of the interactivity construct in these studies,which unites the ability to manipulate the environment(Steuer,1992)with representational richness(Hopkins et al.,2004)and personalization through virtual model technology (Fiore et al.,2005),indicates that they are implicitly measuring experiential response and the concomitant cognitive processing.We hence adopt the following definition and offer our first propositions:Perceived interactivity is an experiential phenomenon that occurs when a user interacts with a website or other computer-mediated communication entities.Perceived interactivity is the degree to which the user perceives that the interaction or communication is two-way,controllable,and responsive to their actions.Proposition1:Perceived interactivity is the product of an exposure to a dual environment, that of the online medium in which the website is located and its specific properties,and the mechanics and heuristics of the website itself.Proposition2:Perceived interactivity is an antecedent of telepresence.We will next consider telepresence in more detail,beginning with its relationship with the notion of flow.5TELEPRESENCEEarly work on online experience tended to focus on flow.Hoffman and Novak(1996)adapted Csikszentmihalyi’s theory of flow,“the state in which people are so involved in an activity that nothing seems to matter”(Csikszentmihalyi,1975,p.4,cited by Siekpe,2005,p.3),to the computer mediated environment.They conceptualized flow as a“cognitive state experienced during navigationthat is determined by(1)high levels of skill and control,(2)high levels of challenge,(3)focused attention and(4)is enhanced by interactivity and telepresence”(Novak et al.,2000,p.22).However,while there is a body of empirical work emphasizing the centrality of flow to the online experience(Novak et al.,2000;Rettie,2001)and advocating a causal relationship between flow and consumer attitudes to the website and the brand and purchase intention(Huang,2006; Mathwick and Rigdon,2004;Richard and Chandra,2005),others suggest that the relationship of flow to anything commercially consequential remains to be established(Finneran and Zhang2005; Zeithaml et al.,2002).Both Koufaris(2002)and Siekpe(2005)qualify the case for the inclusion of flow in the model by noting the absence of conceptual standardization and the lack of consensus as to how flow is operationalized.While there is some phenomenological consensus as to what flow is“experientially”from a consumer’s perspective(Pace,2004;Rettie,2001;Zwick and Dohlakia,2006/7),an empiricist reservation remains that the concept of flow is a tribute to scholastic artifice:a construct that can only be tested and evaluated in terms of other assumed contributory latent constructs.Attempts to solve this methodological conundrum have met with mixed results.Koufaris’s study(2002),despite its advocacy of parsimony in the use of components of the construct as a solution,is only partially successful in demonstrating a significant relationship between flow variables and unplanned purchases and intention to return to the site,and concludes by advising caution in the use of flow. Hausman and Siekpe(2009),using equal rigor in the selection of flow components,are able to uphold more forcefully the relationship between components of flow and commercially significant intentions.Telepresence,which Steuer(1992)defines as“the experience of presence in an environment by means of communication medium”,appears to be less contentious.Hoffman and Novak(1996) illustrated empirically a relationship between telepresence and exploratory behavior.Li et al.(2002), Fiore et al.(2005)and Suh and Chang(2006)demonstrated that telepresence serves as an intermediate variable between such website properties as virtual reality,image interactivity technology and3D product advertising on the one hand,and consumer attitudes and behaviors on theother.Telepresence,thus,leads to consumers perceiving that they are more informed about a product, and therefore feel more positively about it(Suh and Chang,2006).It also has a positive impact on the strength of beliefs and the intensity of attitudes towards a product(Klein,2003).Fiore et al.(2005) viewed telepresence as an immersive response whereby consumers perceive the artificial environment to provide the necessary cognitive and sensory input equivalent to that of the more concrete real environment:this process positively affects instrumental and experiential value which,in turn, influences attitude to product,purchase intent and site patronage.The operationalization of telepresence is less cohesive than the collective findings.While all start with Steuer’s(1992)definition,the above empirical studies tend to adulterate the construct of telepresence with components associated with flow.Fiore et al.(2005)add the component of control, while Suh and Chang(2006)incorporate the dimensions of spatial presence(“being there”),“involvement and interest in the content of the displayed environment”,and verisimilitude (naturalness;belief in the environment).We note that by aligning“involvement”with“interest in the content of the displayed environment”,Suh and Chang(2006)are not employing“involvement”in the orthodox manner by implying interest in the brand and product category,but rather illustrating that the consumer displays focused attention or engrossment.While there is justifiable concern that the relationship between flow and telepresence requires further investigation(Pace,2003)given the somewhat free interpretation of telepresence in the above studies,there is sufficient evidence to suggest that telepresence amplified by some components of flow(broadly speaking,this equates to the construct of psychological immersion plus the constructs of control,skill and focused attention)does act as intermediate variable between website properties and consumer attitudes and behaviors.We synthesize these studies and incorporate evidence from computer studies literature(Slater,1999;Witmer and Singer,1998),which appears to take for granted the hybridization of certain flow and telepresence attributes,to formulate a definition of telepresence as follows:Telepresence is defined as the psychological state of‘being there’in a computer-mediated environment,augmented by focused attention.It is characterized by cognitive and sensory arousal,control,and immersion(defined as perceiving oneself to be steeped in and interacting with an environment that sustains a continuous stream of stimuli and experiences).A compelling,immersive experience associated with telepresence appears helpful for establishing a positive attitude to a product or vendor.However,the evidence also shows that the experience of telepresence is not of itself enough to generate a relationship with a brand sufficient to induce purchase intention.In the studies considered here,only Fiore et al.(2005)has established a direct relationship between telepresence and attitude towards an online retailer,willingness to purchase and willingness to patronize.In contrast,Suh and Chang(2006)find no direct association between telepresence and purchase intention.It is therefore reasonable to conjecture that telepresence might contribute to another experiential construct and that this construct,in turn,might directly influence optimal consumer attitudes and behaviors.Is there support for the notion that this construct is engagement?6ENGAGEMENT6.1Telepresence as an antecedent of engagementSome literature,already discussed,supports the view that there is,in addition to perceived interactivity and telepresence,a third experiential state.Shih(1998),Mathwick and Rigdon(2004) and Fiore et al.(2005)interpose an intermediate variable between visitor immersion in the heuristics of the website,whether that psychological state is construed as flow or telepresence,and consumer attitudes and behavior.Shih(1998,p.660)defines that variable as bricolage,“the tinkering and manipulation of objects around one’s immediate environment to develop and assimilate ideas”,the mechanism by which consumers manage the vast array of information online and optimize the search and retrieval process.For Mathwick and Rigdon(2004),the bridge between flow and consumer attitudes and behavior is“perceived play”,which has the two components enjoyment and escapism. Escapism is a state of psychological immersion,distinct from telepresence in that it represents“absorption in the online information search experience rather than in the perceived reality of virtual environments”.Escapism is therefore an active state of cognitive processing rather than just a sense of‘being there’.Fiore et al.(2005)interpose instrumental and experiential value between telepresence and consumer attitudes.They define instrumental value as that which by the delivery of information assists goal-directed behavior,such as purchase decisions,and is acknowledged as such by the consumer,and experiential value as that which,during the consumption experience,offers “intrinsically satisfying pleasure to the senses,emotional satisfaction,mental play or amusement and fantasies”(Fiore et al.,2005,p.42).These‘intermediate’constructs exhibit the dominant characteristics of“engagement”that are found in e-learning academic literature,marketing practitioner studies,and four papers(Heath,2007; Marci,2006;Rappaport,2007;Wang,2006)that appear to represent the first foray by marketing scholars into the engagement debate.These characteristics are active,sustained,cognitive processing, the attainment of relevance and utility,and emotional bonding,derived from pleasure and satisfaction. Table1expands on this research on engagement and closely related constructs to date.[Insert Table1about here]Given this congruence of characteristics,it seems plausible that engagement can stand as an intermediate variable between telepresence and consumer attitudes and behavior.The e-learning literature,in which engagement is better established,supports this causal chain.These studies,while paying little attention to the niceties of distinction between flow and telepresence,are adamant that engagement is a separate,experiential state.They distinguish this state by identifying defining characteristics that are consonant with those sustaining bricolage(Shih,1998),perceived play (Mathwick et al.,2005)and instrumental and experiential value(Fiore et al.,2005).So,Jones(1998, p.211)asserts,“When an individual is in flow,they lose themselves.When an individual is engaged in a CBLE(Computer based learning environment)they are engaged in the process of learning”.The former state is passive,the latter state active and motivated,representing the employment of cognitive strategies to expedite comprehension.Guthrie et al.(2004)stress that engagement represents apsychological state that goes beyond mere task fulfillment,and is characterized by involvement,being energized,being active,expending effort,and the full use of cognitive capability.Kearsley and Schneiderman(1998)concur:engagement is an activity that involves“active cognitive processes... problem-solving,reasoning,decision-making and evaluation”.They assert that engagement differs from simple interactivity because it must include creative,purposeful activity.Herrington et al. (2003)view online e-learning experience as a two-stage process in which the suspension of disbelief (flow/immersion)is a necessary precursor of engagement.They use the analogy of the cinema:“once the viewer has accepted the fundamental basis for the simulated world in which he or she is immersed,engagement with the story or the message of the film is entirely feasible”.For film,read brand.There is,then,at least a prima facie case that:Proposition3:Telepresence is an antecedent of engagement.For this proposition to be meaningful,we need a definition of engagement,to which we will now turn.6.2Defining engagementFrom a practitioner perspective,although there is an acknowledgement of the potency of engagement(“engagement trumps awareness”,Rappaport,2007)and of its experiential status (“engagement happens inside the consumer not the medium”,Elliott,2006),there is a clearer idea about what it does than what it is.The tension between a construct that is experientially defined but, to date,is only measured by practitioners via behavioral footprints that are assumed to be related,has not been resolved.Although engagement remains an emergent rather than mature theme in academic literature,a number of extant definitions of the construct exist(see Table1).For Rappaport(2007,p.138), engagement centers on“two key ideas:high relevance of brands to consumers and the development of an emotional connection between consumers and brands”.For Douglas and Hargadon(2000), engagement is a“patina of cognitive activity”delivering an“extra-textual perspective”.Heath(2007),in the advertising context,argues on the contrary for the primacy of emotion,viewing engagement as a“subconscious emotional construct”expressed as“the amount of‘feeling’going on when an advertisement is processed”.He suggests that therefore the relationship between attention (defined as conscious thinking)and engagement is asymmetric and,in some instances,non-existent. Marci(2006,p.383)defines engagement in neuro-physiological terms as“the combination of audience synchrony(attention)plus intensity(emotional impact)”,where synchrony is defined as“the degree to which an audience’s physiological state uniformly changes when exposed to a media stimulus”and intensity is defined as“the cumulative strength of physiological response to a media stimulus”.While no definition has become the benchmark,there are three insistent themes.First, engagement is a mental state that is accompanied by active and sustained,even complex,cognitive processing(Douglas and Hargadon,2000,2001;Guthrie et al,2004;Herrington et al.,2003;Jones, 1998;Kearsley and Schneidermann,1999;Marci,2006;Mathwick and Rigdon,2004;Shih,1998). Second,engagement is associated with the satisficing of utility and relevance(Fiore et al.,2005; Rappaport,2007;Wang,2006).Third,engagement involves emotional bonding or impact(Heath, 2007;Marci,2006;Rappaport,2007;Wang,2006),emotional congruence(Douglas and Hargadon, 2000,2001)and pleasure and satisfaction(Fiore et al.,2005;Mathwick and Rigdon,2004).If we can begin to ascertain what engagement is,then we must also elucidate what engagement is not.Specifically,we should clarify the relationship of engagement to the construct of involvement. As our earlier discussion points out,‘involvement’as a component of telepresence is merely a synonym for focused attention or‘engrossment’in the website.However,as Table1indicates,‘involvement’,in the more academically orthodox sense,is an important dimension of engagement. Indeed,the semantic blurring between involvement,as it is conventionally operationalized in the sense of“importance and relevance to me”(Bienstock and Stafford,2006),and instrumental value (utility and relevance),which is directly associated with engagement(Rappaport,2007;Wang,2006), is the marker for the conceptual convergence between the e-learning and marketing fields dealing with engagement.Nevertheless,there are three distinctions between engagement and involvement,which Thomson et al.(2005)define as“a state of mental readiness that typically influences the allocation of cognitive resources to a consumption object,decision,or action”.The first is that consumer involvement hence requires a consumption object which is usually defined as a product category (Goldsmith and Emmert,1991)whereas,in our paper,the consumption object is the‘brand personified by the website’.Second,engagement goes beyond involvement in encompassing an active relationship with the brand as personified by the website:the intention to act trumps the involvement construct’s more passive allocation of mental resource.Third,engagement requires more than the exercise of cognition:it requires the satisficing of experiential value as well as that of instrumental value-the latter is more commonly associated with involvement.A caveat is that some measures of involvement,despite Thomson et al.’s(2005)emphasis on the cognitive aspect,contain affective components(Zaichkowsky,1985).Yet there remains a substantive difference of degree: those measures remain more indicative of the‘pleasurably diverting’rather than expressions of a commitment to pursue an active relationship with a brand.Accordingly,we define online engagement as follows.Online engagement is a cognitive and affective commitment to an active relationship with the brand as personified by the website or other computer-mediated entities designed to communicate brand value.It is characterized by the dimensions of dynamic and sustained cognitive processing and the satisficing of instrumental value(utility and relevance)and experiential value(emotional congruence with the narrative schema encountered in computer-mediated entities).We will explain our use of the term‘congruence’.Much of the e-learning work on immersion and engagement uses the lens of schema theory.Douglas and Hargadon(2001,p.154)define schemas as“the building blocks of information processing,a cognitive framework that determines what we know about the world,the objects it contains,the tasks we perform within it,even what we see”. Scripts are a sub-set of schemas:a scene within a schema,calling up a series of tasks and actions appropriate to the context.In the context of a brand narrative,we view the online environment as a。

HRChampion_021702-转发

4
共享服務
服務中心 • 政策與行政管理專家專長中心 • 技術專家
3
流程管道
多元管道
2
顧客介面
策略夥伴
1
顧客要求
部門經理人
• HR專業人員 • 部門經理人 • 資訊科技 • 外包服務
職責經理 (Account Mgr)
人力資源的成果與保證 •執行策略 •行政效率 •員工貢獻 •轉型/革新
人力資源部門如何建立共享服務以創造槓桿效益?
, Spring 2002
Human Resource Champions人力資源最佳實務
3
人力資源多元化角色模型
(未來/策略性)焦點
SP CA AE EC
角色的矛盾？
角色：策略性人力資源管理成果：執行企業策略比喻：策略夥伴Strategic Partner
p.117
服務中心
(Service Center)
低
專長中心
(Center of Expertise)
整合解答
(Integrated Solutions)
, Spring 2002
Human Resource Champions人力資源最佳實務
位需要的專門幕僚服務服務經紀商：契約價格為前
整合程度
創造價值
提、達到產業平均標準的服
專長中心 Center of Expertise
務供應服務中心：標準化作業完成效率與服務的技術應用專家專長中心：卓越技術引進與
服務經紀商低 Broker of Service 低
事業單位策士 Biz Unit Staff 高
14
員工憂鬱來源與解決之道

破产姐妹第一季第二集英语观后感

破产姐妹第一季第二集英语观后感全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Episode Review: "2 Broke Girls" Season 1, Episode 2 - "And Strokes of Goodwill"As a college student who loves comedy shows, I absolutely devoured the second episode of the hit sitcom "2 Broke Girls" when it first aired back in 2011. This show had me hooked from the very first episode with its quirky characters, clever writing, and hilarious situations. Episode 2, titled "And Strokes of Goodwill", only reinforced my adoration for this series about two broke best friends trying to make it in New York City.The episode kicks off with the delightfully mismatched duo of Max Black (the savvy, sarcastic former rich girl played by Kat Dennings) and Caroline Channing (the formerly wealthy and naive blonde portrayed by Beth Behrs) working another shift at the comically gross diner where they're employed as waitresses. Their banter and comical exchanges are absolutely priceless from the get-go, subtly reminding viewers of their polar opposite backgrounds and personalities.We soon learn that Caroline's been hiding her posh past from the coarse but caring Max, fearing she'll be judged for her formerly privileged upbringing. This leads to some wonderfully awkward situations as Max catches Caroline trying to secretly sell off her remaining luxury possessions from her rich girl days. The physical comedy and mistaken identities that ensue had me rolling with laughter.Perhaps the highlight of the episode is when Caroline finally comes clean to Max about her background as an insanely wealthy Brooklyn socialite whose father went to prison for shady business dealings. I loved how Max's initial feelings of deception quickly turned into empathy and protectiveness toward her best friend. Their friendship is so genuine and well-developed that you can't help but root for them.The side characters also shine brightly, from the outrageous diner staff to Caroline's outlandishly rude buyer of luxury items, Lenny. But the character who truly steals the show is Max's mischievous bathroom attendant friend Nadia, played by the incomparable Precious K. Noel. Her crass one-liners and inappropriate remarks had me cracking up every time she was on screen. I became an instant fan of Nadia after this episode.What I admire most about "2 Broke Girls" is how it balances raunchy, irreverent humor with a lot of heart. Yes, there are plenty of dirty jokes and edgy punchlines. But at its core, the show celebrates the bond between Max and Caroline, who come from vastly different worlds yet find common ground in their dreams and struggles. Their friendship is the heart of the series.The episode's B-plot revolves around the girls' quest to earn extra cash by working at a local Goodwill store, leading to expectedly comedic mishaps and hijinks. While a bit convoluted at times, this storyline allowed for some outrageous visual gags and amusing fish-out-of-water antics with Caroline's attempts to fit in with the less fortunate working class clientele. Her embarrassing confrontation in the dressing room had me howling.By the end, Max and Caroline's friendship is solidified as Caroline is welcomed into Max's humble circle of close companions. The tender final scene where Caroline expresses her gratitude for Max's friendship actually brought a little tear to my eye beneath all the laughs. It's moments like these that give "2 Broke Girls" some surprising depths amidst all the silliness.Overall, "And Strokes of Goodwill" is a stellar example of why I love this sitcom so much. The cast has superb comedic chopsand satirical timing. The writing is edgy yet grounded by likable leads you can't help but adore. Most impressively, the show manages to find humor in the daily struggles of lower income city living without ever punching down or demeaning its core characters.At its best, "2 Broke Girls" makes you laugh out loud at the outrageous antics and shocking punchlines. But it also leaves you with a warm, fuzzy feeling about the power of friendship and following your dreams no matter your circumstances. I'm so glad I stumbled upon this gem of a show, as it quickly became one of my favorites during those broke college years when I surely could have used a couple good friends like Max and Caroline by my side. I eagerly await rewatching the rest of this phenomenal first season.篇2"And the Rich People Problems" - A Broke Girl's ReviewAs a broke college student barely scraping by, I can totally relate to the struggles of Max and Caroline on "2 Broke Girls". In the second episode of the first season, the rich girl/poor girl odd couple really has to confront the harsh realities of being, well, broke girls in Brooklyn.The episode kicks off with Max and Caroline trying to make rent by selling really expensive cream puffs topped with gold leaf and caviar to the snobby Williamsburg crowd. Of course, hijinks ensue as the over-the-top pretentious dessert draws the attention of a celebrity blogger who gives them a ton of free publicity. Suddenly their apartment is swarmed with people willing to pay 12 a pop for the cream puffs.This plot line really resonated with me as a penniless student always looking for get-rich-quick schemes to pay the bills. Who hasn't dreamed of stumbling upon some genius idea that will make you an overnight millionaire? Max and Caroline hustling to keep up with cream puff demand reminded me of all the times I tried things like re-selling trendy clothes or flipping furniture to make extra cash. It never quite works out as planned, but you gotta respect the hustle.While the cream puff frenzy is raging, we also get some great insight into the very different worlds Max and Caroline came from through a series of flashbacks. We learn that Caroline was basically a real-life Disney princess living in a Hamptons mansion complete with multiple homes, a horse ranch, and an unspeakable number of bathrooms. Contrast that with thehardscrabble life of Max in the same cute Williamsburg neighborhood, but without two pennies to rub together.I loved seeing this juxtaposition because it really highlights the central conflict and chemistry between the two leads. On the surface, they're two girls who couldn't be more different - and that's what makes their friendship so compelling. It makes total sense why they initially clashed, but you can also see how their polar opposite backgrounds complement each other in an odd couple kind of way.The other major plot thread involves Caroline's obliviously arrogant billionaire buddy Barri showing up to commission the cream puffs for an over-the-top party. The reveal that Barri is just as obnoxiously wealthy as Caroline used to be is both hilarious and cringeworthy. Her comments about "the help" and not knowing what store-bought cupcakes are show just howout-of-touch and sheltered she is from normal people struggles.As someone who has definitely been "the help" with lousy minimum wage jobs, I found Barri to be an ammusingly satirical take on the ultra-rich mindset. She's so comfortable in her lavish lifestyle that normal working class realities don't even register. It's funny but also reveals some uncomfortable truths about economic inequality that the show doesn't shy away from.By the end of the episode, of course the cream puff scheme falls apart in hilarious fashion, leaving Max and Caroline back at square one and broke as usual. But you can't help rooting for these two scrappy underdogs to finally catch a break and reach their dream of opening a cupcake business someday. The final scene of them bonding at the diner over their mutual disdain for the "richy-rich" people was a great heartwarming cap to another solid episode.Overall, "And the Rich People Problems" was a winning blend of raunchy humor and suprisingly poignant social commentary that continues to make this show so bingeable for me. As someone barely managing to pay rent and eat while chasing my own dreams, I appreciate that "2 Broke Girls" never shies away from the harsh economic anxieties of being young and strapped for cash. But it balances that out with endearing characters, dirty punchlines, and just enough warmth and hope to keep you watching episode after episode.I'm already invested in seeing where this unlikely friendship between the former super-rich Caroline and sarcastictough-as-nails Max goes from here. If nothing else, no matter how crazy their get-rich schemes get, it can't possibly be asinsane as trying to sell 12 caviar-topped cream puffs to a bunch of hipsters. Now that's just unrealistic!篇3"And the Rich People Problems" - A Hilarious Glimpse into the Broke LifeAs a broke college student myself, I can totally relate to the struggles of Max and Caroline in the latest episode of 2 Broke Girls. This show just keeps getting better and better at capturing the reality of living on a tight budget in New York City.The episode kicks off with Max and Caroline hitting up a fancy hotel lobby to snag some free breakfast from the buffet. As someone who has definitely done similar things to score free food, I was cracking up at their antics. The way Max coaches Caroline on the art of looking like you belong is just priceless. And Caroline's attempt at putting out a faux-fancy vibe had me in stitches - the "Oh, this old thing?" line about her dress was comedy gold.But the real comedic highlight for me was Caroline's mom showing up unexpectedly. Seeing the interactions between Martha and her formerly rich daughter was equal parts cringeworthy and hysterical. The snooty attitude, the constantreminders about Caroline's privileged upbringing, the blunt insults about their dire financial situation - it was all so awfully on-point for how oblivious rich people can be sometimes. I loved the scene where Caroline has to admit she's a waitress and you can just see her mom's world crumbling.What I respect most, though, is that the show doesn't gloss over the harsh realities of poverty. When Martha demands they return to their fancy townhouse, only to find it's beenre-occupied, you really feel Caroline's pain and humiliation. And her tearful confession to Max about feeling ashamed for the first time in her life - that struck a real emotional chord. As someone who has experienced that same sense of failure and embarrassment from my own family's financial troubles, it was a powerful moment of relatability.At the same time, the show keeps things from getting too heavy with brilliantly timed punchlines and the lovable,ride-or-die dynamic between the two lead characters. The montage of them frantically trying to get cash together by cleaning out the apartment was pure slapstick genius. And of course, their cupcake business dream continues to be a heartwarming through-line of hope and perseverance.Speaking of the cupcakes, I may or may not have gotten suddenly ravenous when Caroline whipped out her grandmother's secret recipe and started baking up those delectable treats. The camera work made those cupcakes look like absolute works of art - which I'm sure was totally intentional on the part of the showrunners. Nothing builds anticipation for their business quite like some tantalizing food porn!All in all, this was another knockout episode that perfectly balanced laugh-out-loud comedy with a humble, grounded perspective on getting by without money. Max's unwavering loyalty to Caroline despite her snooty rich roots. Caroline's desperation to finally prove her worth through hard work. The unshakable optimism of their entrepreneurial dream. It's a formula that continues to charm whileached delivering valuable messages about class divides, friendship, and staying resilient through tough times.As a perpetually broke young adult, I'll definitely keep tuning in to see what other shenanigans and life lessons Max and Caroline have in store. Bonus points if they share moremouth-watering cupcake recipe secrets along the way! This is a show that reminds us that being broke doesn't mean you can't keep chasing your passion with humor, grit and a little bit ofillegal buffet-crashing when necessary. I'd highly recommend it to anyone who needs an entertaining, uplifting reminder to pursue their dreams despite the odds.。

DieHarder随机数生成器测试套件 R 接口说明书

RDieHarder:An R interface to the Die Harder suite of RandomNumber Generator TestsDirk EddelbuettelDebian**************Robert G.Brown Physics,Duke University ************.eduInitial Version as of May2007Rebuilt on January12,2023using RDieHarder0.2.51IntroductionRandom number generators are critically important for computational statistics.Simulation methods are becoming ever more common for estimation;Monte Carlo Markov Chain is but one approach.Also,simu-lation methods such as the Bootstrap have long been used in inference and are becoming a standard part of a rigorous analysis.As random number generators are at the heart of the simulation-based methods used throughout statistical computing,`good'random numbers are therefore a crucial aspect of a statistical,or quantitative,computing environment.However,there are very few tools that allow us to separate`good' from`bad'random number generators.Based on work that started with the random package(Eddelbuettel,2007)(which provides functions that access a non-deterministic random number generator(NDRNG)based on a physical source of randomness), we wanted to compare the particular NDRNG to the RNGs implemented in GNU R(R Development Core Team,2007)itself,as well as to several RNGs from the GNU GSL(Galassi et al.,2007),a general-purpose scienti c computing library.Such a comparison is possible with the Die Harder test suite by Brown(2007) which extends the DieHard test suite by Marsaglia.From this work,we became interested in making Die Harder directly accessible from GNU R.The RDieHarder package presented here allows such access.This paper is organized as follows.Section2describes the history and design of the Die Harder suite. Section3describes the RDieHarder package facilities,and section4shows some examples.Section5discusses current limitations and possible extensions before section6concludes.2Die HarderDie Harder is described at length in Brown(2006).Due to space limitations,this section cannot provide as much detail and will cover only a few key aspects of the DieHarder suite.2.1DieHardDie Harder reimplements and extends George Marsaglia's Diehard Battery of Tests of Randomness(Marsaglia, 1996).Due to both its robust performance over a wide variety of RNGs,as well as an ability to discern numerous RNGs as weak,DieHard has become something close to a`gold standard'for assessing RNGs.However,there are a number of drawbacks with the existing DieHard test battery code and implementa-tion.First,Marsaglia undertook a large amount of the original work a number of years ago when computing resources were,compared to today's standards,moderately limited.Second,neither the Fortran nor the (translated)C sources are particularly well documented,or commented.Third,the library design is not1modular in a way that encourages good software engineering.Fourth,and last but not least,no licensing statement is provided with the sources or on the support website.This led one of the authors of this paper (rgb)to a multi-year e ort of rewriting the existing tests from DieHard in a)standard C in a modular and extensible format,along with extensive comments,and to b)relicense it under the common and understood GNU GPL license (that is also used for GSL,R,the Linux kernel,and numerous other projects)allowing for wider use.Moreover,new tests from NIST were added (see next subsection)and some genuinely new tests were developed (see below).2.2STSThe National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)has developed its own test suite,the 'Statistical Test Suite'(STS).These tests are focussed on bit-level tests of randomness and bit sequences.Currently,three tests based on the STS suite are provided by Die Harder :STS Monobit ,STS Runs and STS Block .2.3RGB extensionsThree new tests have been developed by rgb.A fourth 'test'is a timing function:for many contexts,not only do the mathematical properties of a generator matter,but so does computational cost measured in computing time that is required for a number of draws.2.4Basic methodologyLet us suppose a random number generator can provides a sequence of N uniform draws from the range [0,1).As the number of draws increases,the mean of the sum of all these values should,under the null hypothesis of a proper generator,converge closer and closer to µ=N/2.Each of these N draws forms one experiment.If N is su ciently large,then the means of all experiments should be normally distributed with a standard deviation of σ= N/12.1Given this asymptotic result,we can,for any given experiment i ∈1,...,M transform the given sum x i of N draws into a probability value p i using the inverse normal distribution.2The key insight is that,under the null hypothesis of a perfect generator,these p i values should be uni-formly ing our set of M probability values,we can compute one 'meta-test'of whether we can reject the null of a perfect generator by rejecting that our M probability values are not uniformly distributed.One suitable test is for example the non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS)3statistic.Die Harder uses the Kuiper 4variant of the KS test which uses the combination D ++D −of the maximum and minimum distance to the alternative distribution,instead of using just one of these as in the case of the KS test.This renders the test more sensitive across the entire test region.2.5GSL frameworkDie Harder is primarily focussed on tests for RNGs.Re-implementing RNGs in order to supply input to the tests is therefore not an objective of the library.The GNU Scienti c Library (GSL),on the other hand,provides over 1000mathematical functions,including a large number of random number ing the GSL 1.9.0release,the following generators are de ned 5:1Thisis known as the Irwin-Hall distribution,see /wiki/Irwin-Hall_distribution .2Running print(quantile(pnorm(replicate(M,(sum(runif(N))-N/2)/sqrt(N/12))),seq(0,1,by=0.1))*100,digits=2)performs a Monte Carlo simulation of M experiments using N uniform deviates to illustrate this.Suitable values are e.g.N <-1000;M <-500.3C.f.the Wikipedia entry /wiki/Kolmogorov-Smirnov_test .4C.f.the Wikipedia entry /wiki/Kuiper%27s_test .5This is based on the trailing term in each identi er de ned in /usr/include/gsl/gsl_rng.h .2borosh13coveyou cmrg fishman18fishman20fishman2x gfsr4knuthran knuthran2knuthran2002lecuyer21minstd mrg mt19937mt19937_1999mt19937_1998r250ran0ran1ran2ran3rand rand48random128_bsd random128_glibc2random128_libc5random256_bsd random256_glibc2random256_libc5random32_bsd random32_glibc2random32_libc5random64_bsd random64_glibc2random64_libc5random8_bsd random8_glibc2random8_libc5random_bsd random_glibc2random_libc5randu ranf ranlux ranlux389 ranlxd1ranlxd2ranlxs0ranlxs1ranlxs2ranmar slatec taus taus2taus113transputer tt800uni uni32vax waterman14zufThe GNU GSL,a well-known and readily available library of high quality,therefore provides a natural tfor Die Harder.All of these generators are available in Die Harder via a standardized interface in which a generator is selected,parameterized as needed and the called via the external GSL library against which Die Harder is linked.Beyond these GSL generators,Die Harder also provides two generators based on the`devices'/dev/random and/dev/urandom that are commonly available on Unix.They provide non-deterministic random-numbers based on entropy generated by the operating system.Die Harder also o ers a text and a raw le input stly,a new algorithmic generator named'ca'that is based on cellular automata has recently been added as well.2.6R random number generatorsTo assess the quality of the non-deterministic RNG provided in the GNU R add-on package random,bench-mark comparisons with the generators provided by the R language and environment have been a natural choice.To this end,one of the authors(edd)ported the R generator code(taken from R2.4.0)to the GNU GSL random number generator framework used by Die Harder.This allows a direct comparison of the random generator with those it complements in R.It then follows somewhat naturally that the other generators available in Die Harder,as well as the Die Harder tests,should also be available in R.This provided the motivation for the R package presented here.2.7Source code and building Die HarderRecent versions of Die Harder use the GNU autotools.On Unix system,the steps required to build and install Die Harder should only be the familiar steps configure;make;sudo make install.For Debian,initial packages have been provided and are currently available at http://dirk.eddelbuettel. com/code/tmp.Within due course,these packages should be uploaded to Debian,and thus become part ofthe next Debian(and Ubuntu)releases.Die Harder is also expected to be part of future Fedora Core(and other RPM-based distribution)releases.On Windows computers and other systems,manual builds should also be possible given that the source code is written in standard C.3RDieHarderThe RDieHarder package provides one key function:dieharder.It can be called with several arguments. The rst one is the name of the random number generator,and the second one is the name of the test to be applied.For both options,the textual arguments are matched against internal vectors to obtain a numeric argument index;alternatively the index could be supplied directly.The remaining arguments(currently) permit to set the number of samples(i.e.the number of experiments run,and thus the sample size for thenal Kolmogorov-Smirnov test),the random number generator seed and whether or not verbose operationis desired.The returned object is of class dieharder,inheriting from the standard class htest common for all hypothesis tests.The standard print method for htest is used;however not all possible slots are being lled (as there is for example no choice of alternative hypothesis).3A custom summary method is provided that also computes the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Wilcoxon tests in R and displays a simple stem-and-leaf stly,a custom plot method shows both a histogram and kernel density estimate,as well as the empirical cumulative distribution function.4ExamplesThe possibly simplest usage of RDieHarder is provided in the examples section of the help page.The code dh <-dieharder;summary(dh);plot(dh)simply calls the dieharder function using the default arguments,invokes a summary and then calls plot on the object.6A more interesting example follows below.We select the 2dsphere test for the generators ran0and mt19937with a given seed.The results based on both the Kuiper KS test and the KS test suggest that we would reject ran0but not mt19937,which is in accordance with common knowledge about the latter (the Mersenne Twister)being a decent RNG.It is worth nothing that the Wilcoxon test centered on µ=0.5would not reject the null at conventional levels for ran0.Histogram and Density estimated e n s i t y0.00.20.40.60.81.00.01.02.0.00.20.40.60.8 1.00.00.40.8ECDFDiehard Minimum Distance (2d Circle) TestCreated by RNG ‘ran0' with seed=2, sample of size 100T est p−values: 0.0099 (Kuiper−K−S), 0.0056 (K−S), 0.3506 (Wilcoxon)Histogram and Density estimated e n s i t y0.00.20.40.60.81.00.00.51.01.50.00.20.40.60.8 1.00.00.40.8ECDFDiehard Minimum Distance (2d Circle) TestCreated by RNG ‘mt19937' with seed=2, sample of size 100T est p−values: 0.2449 (Kuiper−K−S), 0.199 (K−S), 0.1696 (Wilcoxon)Figure 1:Comparison of ran0and mt19937under test 2dsphereA programmatic example follows.We de ne a short character vector containing the names of the six R RNGs,apply the Die Harder function to each of these,and then visualize the resulting p -values in simple qqplot.All six generators provide p -value plots that are close to the ideal theoretical outcome (shown in gray).Unsurprisingly,p -values for the Kuiper KS test also show no support for rejecting these generators.5Current Limitations and Future ResearchThe implementation of RDieHarder presented here leaves a number of avenues for future improvement and research.Some of these pertain to Die Harder itself adding new,more sophisticated,more systematic tests including those from the STS suite and tests that probe bitlevel randomness in unique new ways.Others pertain more to the integration of Die Harder with R,which is the topic of this work.6Weomit the output here due to space constraints.4>rngs <-c("R_wichmann_hill","R_marsaglia_multic",+"R_super_duper","R_mersenne_twister",+"R_knuth_taocp","R_knuth_taocp2")>if (!exists("rl"))rl <-lapply(rngs,function(rng)dieharder(rng,"diehard_runs",seed=12345))>oldpar <-par(mfrow=c(2,3),mar=c(2,3,3,1))>invisible(lapply(rl,function(res){+qqplot(res$data,seq(0,1,length.out=length(res$data)),+main=paste(res$generator,":",round(res$p.value,digits=3)),+ylab="",type="S")+abline(0,1,col='gray ')+}))>par(oldpar)#reset graph defaults>0.00.20.40.60.8 1.00.00.20.40.60.81.0R_wichmann_hill : 0.1420.00.20.40.60.81.00.00.20.40.60.81.0R_marsaglia_multic. : 0.8460.00.20.40.60.8 1.00.00.20.40.60.81.0R_super_duper : 0.8680.00.20.40.60.8 1.00.00.20.40.60.81.0R_mersenne_twister : 0.8690.00.20.40.60.81.00.00.20.40.60.81.0R_knuth_taocp : 0.7150.00.20.40.60.8 1.00.00.20.40.60.81.0R_knuth_taocp2 : 0.715Figure 2:Comparing six GNU R generators under the runs test5Not all of Die Harder's features are yet supported in this initial port.In the near future we expect to add code to deal with tests that support extra parameters,or that return more than one p-value per instance of a test.Ultimately,RDieHarder should support the full set of options of the the command-line version of Die Harder.There is no direct interface from the R generators to the RDieHarder module for evaluation;rather, the'ported'R generators are called from the libdieharder library.This could introduce coding/porting errors,and also prevents the direct use of user-added generators that R supports.It would be worthwhile to overcome this by directly letting RDieHarder call back into R to generate draws.On the other hand,the current setup corresponds more closely to the command-line version of Die Harder.Next,the R generators in Die Harder may need to be updated to the2.5.0code.The GSL RNGs provided by libdieharder may as well be exported to R via RDieHarder given that the GSL library is already linked in.Indeed,it would be worthwhile to integrate the two projects and both avoid needless code duplication and ensure even more eyes checking both the quality and accuracy of the code in both.It could be useful to also build RDieHarder with an`embedded'libdieharder rather than relying on an externally installed libdieharder.This may make it easier to build RDieHarder for systems without libdieharder(and on Windows).Likewise,it is possible to reorganize the Die Harder front-end code into a common library to avoid duplication of code with RDieHarder.Lastly,on the statistical side,an empirical analysis of size/power between KS,Wilcoxon and other alternatives for generating a nal p-value from the vector of p-values returned from Die Harder tests suggests itself.Similarly,empirical comparisons between the resolving power of the various tests(some of which may not actually be terribly useful in the sense that they yield new information about the failure modes of any given RNG)could be stly,there is always room for new generators,new tests,and new visualizations.One thing that one should remember while experimenting with Die Harder is that there really is no such thing as a random number generator.It is therefore likely that all RNGs will fail any given(valid)test if one cranks up the resolution up high enough by accumulating enough samples per p-value,enough p-values per run.It is also true that a number of Marsaglia's tests have target distributions that were computed empirically by simulation(with the best RNGs and computers available at the time).Here one has to similarly remember that one can do in a few hours of work what it would have taken him months if not years of simulation to equal back when the target statistics were evaluated.It is by no means unlikely that a problem that Die Harder eventually resolves is not not the quality of the RNG but rather the accuracy of the target statistics.These are some of the things that are a matter for future research to decide.A major motivation for writing Die Harder and making it open source,and integrating it with R,is to facilitate precisely this sort of research in an easy to use,consistent testing framework.We welcome the critical eyes and constructive suggestions of the statstical community and invite their participation in examining the code and algorithms used in Die Harder.6ConclusionThe RDieHarder package presented here introduces several new features.First,it makes the Die Harder suite (Brown,2007)available for interactive use from the GNU R environment.Second,it also exports Die Harder results directly to R for further analysis and visualization.Third,it adds adds additional RNGs from GNU R to those from GNU GSL that were already testable in Die Harder.Fourth,it provides a re-distribution of the Die Harder`test engine'via GNU R.ReferencesRobert G.Brown.Die Harder:A Gnu public licensed random number tester.Draft paper included as le manual/dieharder.tex in the dieharder st version dated20Feb2006.,2006.6Robert G.Brown.dieharder:A Random Number Test Suite,2007.URL / ~rgb/General/dieharder.php.C program archive dieharder,version2.24.3.Dirk Eddelbuettel.random:True random numbers using ,2007.URL http://cran.r-project. org/src/contrib/Descriptions/random.html.R package random,current version0.1.2.Mark Galassi,Brian Gough,Gerald Jungman,James Theiler,Jim Davies,Michael Booth,and Fabrice Rossi. The GNU Scienti c Library Reference Manual,2007.URL /software/gsl.ISBN 0954161734;C program archive gsl,current version1.9.0.George Marsaglia.The Marsaglia random number CDROM including the diehard battery of tests of ran-domness.Also at /pub/diehard.,1996.R Development Core Team.R:A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.R Foundation for Statistical Computing,Vienna,Austria,2007.URL .ISBN3-900051-07-0.7。

STAKEHOLDER_THEORY_

STAKEHOLDER THEORY: ISSUES TO RESOLVEEmerson Wagner Mainardes (corresponding author)University of Beira Interior (UBI) – Management and Economics Department – NECE –Center for Studies in Management ScienceE-mail adress: emerson.wm@sapo.pt; emainardes@.brHelena AlvesUniversity of Beira Interior (UBI) – Management and Economics Department – NECE –Center for Studies in Management ScienceE-mail adress: halves@ubi.ptMario RaposoUniversity of Beira Interior (UBI) – Management and Economics Department – NECE –Center for Studies in Management ScienceE-mail adress: mraposo@ubi.ptAbstractPurpose: The objective of this article is to collate and debate the main issues driving the Stakeholder Theory academic debate.Design/methodology/approach: First, a discussion of the stakeholder concept is set out before moving onto the history and nature of Stakeholder Theory. The work proceeds with an attempt to systematically bring together the points of divergence among researchers interested in Stakeholder Theory and finally, there is a brief discussion of these theoretical loopholes in conjunction with a proposed research agenda for the field.Findings: Based upon the unification of the theoretically problematic issues, research agendas are put forward with the objective of clarifying doubts and resolving the controversies ongoing among academics. As regards the formulation of Stakeholders Theory, one question requiring resolution is that of the stakeholder concept itself. Additionally, further research should focus on the boundaries as to what constitutes a stakeholder group as well as defining the criteria for attributing individual membership of one or another group. In practical theoretical application, it is correspondingly necessary to target research on aspects such as conflicts of interest between stakeholders and management difficulties in coping with multiple objectives. Finally, there is a need for research that systematizes the knowledge produced with the objective of attaining the theoretical convergence necessary for the development of Stakeholder Theory.Originality/value: The main contribution of this article derives from the systematization of the various shortcomings that need overcoming within the framework of Stakeholder Theory and the identification of research agendas.Keywords: Stakeholders; Stakeholder Theory; Stakeholder Concept; Normative Stakeholder Theorizing; Analytical Stakeholder Theorizing; Criticism of Stakeholder Theory.Paper type: Literature review1. IntroductionStakeholder Theory was put forward by Freeman (1984) as a proposal for the strategic management of organizations in the late 20th century. Over time, this Theory has gained in importance with key works by Clarkson (1994, 1995), Donaldson and Preston (1995), Mitchell, Agle and Wood (1997), Rowley (1997) and Frooman (1999) enabling both greater theoretical depth and development. From an initially strategic perspective, the Theory evolved and was adopted as a means of management by many market based organizations.Stakeholder Theory, given it remains a relatively recent addition to the management field, has not been fully developed. According to Fassin (2008), the success of Stakeholder Theory, both in management literature and in business practice, is due in large part to the simplicity inherent to the model. However, over the years, some academics have criticized the vagueness and ambiguity of this Theory. The stakeholder model, backed as it is by its simplicity and clear visual presentation, has stirred debates in academic literature.Indeed, very few management themes have generated as many published works in recent decades as the underlying concept, the model and theories around stakeholders (Donaldson and Preston, 1995, Gibson, 2000, Wolfe and Putler, 2002, Friedman and Miles, 2006). One of the most salient characteristics of this Theory is the diversity in the points of view that have been expressed within its scope. Correspondingly, there is a low level of theoretical integration whether in terms of the normative, instrumental or descriptive dimensions as well as within the actual dimensions themselves (Lépineux, 2005).Hence, the objective of this article is to bring together and discuss some of the questions driving Stakeholder Theory academic debate. This research was motivated by the sheer relevance of the Theory to various different areas, especially strategic management, marketing, corporative governance, corporate social responsibility, business ethics, public management, among others.Similarly, the main contribution of this article derives primarily from the systematization of some of the shortcomings that need overcoming within the framework ofStakeholder Theory. Based upon this unification of the theoretically problematic issues, we then set out research agendas aiming to clarify the doubts and resolve the controversies that have been ongoing among academics.In order to achieve this objective, this paper is structured as follows: firstly, there is discussion of the stakeholder concept before moving onto the history and nature of Stakeholder Theory and presenting the three approaches that explain the Theory, the normative, instrumental and descriptive approaches. The next stage attempts to systematically bring together the points of divergence among researchers interested in Stakeholder Theory and finally, there is a brief discussion of these theoretical loopholes in conjunction with a suggested research agenda for the field.2. The Stakeholder ConceptThe origin of the stakeholder concept lies in the business science literature (Freeman, 1984), and may be traced back even as far as Adam Smith and his “The Theory of Moral Sentiments”. Its modern utilization in management literature was brought about by the Stanford Research Institute that introduced the term in 1963 so as to generalize and expand the notion of the shareholder as the only group that management needed to be sensitive towards (Jongbloed, Enders and Salerno, 2008). Within this perspective, Freeman (1984) argued that business organizations should be concerned about the interests of other stakeholders when taking strategic decisions.Although a relatively longstanding term, the development of Stakeholder Theory was set in motion by the work of Freeman (1984). The objective of his work was to delineate an alternative form of strategic management as a response to rising competitiveness, globalization and the growing complexity of company operations. As time went by, the stakeholder concept has taken on greater importance due to public interest, greater coverage by the media, concerns about corporative governance and its adoption as a policy within the scope of the Third Way (Hutton, 1999, Greenwood, 2008).Meanwhile, in accordance with Friedman and Miles (2006), the term stakeholder has been deployed indiscriminately in the last two decades. The term is highly popular with businesses, governments, non-governmental organizations and even with the media. Despite this widespread usage, many who adopt the term neither define the concept nor provide any particularly clear understanding of what they mean as regards what a stakeholder actually is. Even in academic circles, countless definitions of stakeholder have been put forward without any of those suggested ever gaining consensus and hence there is no single, definitive andgenerally accepted definition for stakeholder. The works of Bryson (2004), Buchholz and Rosenthal (2005), Pesqueux and Damak-Ayadi (2005), Friedman and Miles (2006) and Beach (2008) amount to a total of 66 different concepts for the term stakeholder.Although each researcher defines the concept differently, they do as a rule reflect the same principle to a greater or lesser extent: the company should take into consideration the needs, interests and influences of peoples and groups who either impact on or may be impacted by its policies and operations (Frederick, Post and St. Davis, 1992). Hence, according to Clarkson (1995), the stakeholder concept contains three fundamental factors: the organization, the other actors and the nature of the company-actor relationships.However, Mitchell, Agle and Wood (1997) propose that these concepts represent phenomena in themselves, including: the relationship between the company and the stakeholders (as in Freeman, 1994), the position of the stakeholder towards the company (for example, Starik, 1994), the company as dependent upon stakeholders (see Freeman and Reed, 1983), the stakeholder wielding power over the company (according to Brenner, 1995), the stakeholder as dependent on the company (as is the case in Langtry, 1994), the company as holding power over the stakeholder (see Carroll, 1993), the company and stakeholder as mutually dependent (for example, Wicks, Gilbert Jr. and Freeman, 1994), the company and the stakeholder as engaged in contractual relations (as in Hill and Jones, 1992), the stakeholder as holding a right on the company (see Evan and Freeman, 1988), the stakeholder as running some kind of risk (see Clarkson, 1994), the stakeholder as having a moral right over the company (according to Carroll, 1989), or the stakeholder as having an interest in the company (see Clarkson, 1995). In summary, whether broader or more restrictive, these are understandings of the stakeholder concept as connected to organizations and which, according to Mitchell, Agle and Wood (1997), may guide the actions of a specific organization.However, despite the countless definitions and differing emphasizes, which may result in distorted conceptual interpretations (Friedman and Miles, 2006), a large majority of studies adopt the definition idealized by Freeman (1984) that individuals or groups may influence or be influenced by the scope of organizational objectives. Within this concept, a person, an informal group, an organization or an institution may all be stakeholders. Mitchell, Agle and Wood (1997) state that the Freeman (1984) definition is so broad that it opens up an infinite scope for stakeholders as even climatic factors may play this role. Hence, there is a need to establish limits to the extent of stakeholders. To this end, Freeman and Evan (1990) reduce the organizational environment to a multilateral agreement between an organization and its stakeholders.3. History and Nature of Stakeholder TheoryThe origins of Stakeholder Theory draw on four key academic fields: sociology, economics, politics and ethics, and especially the literature on Corporate Planning, Systems Theory, Corporate Social Responsibility and Organizational Theory. Freeman (1984), over the course of his work entitled Strategic Management: a Stakeholder Approach, generally accepted as launching the Stakeholder Theory concepts, defines how stakeholders with similar interests or rights form a group. What Freeman (1984) was seeking to explain was the relationship between the company and its external environment and its behavior within this environment. The author set out his model as if a chart in which the company is positioned at the centre and is involved with stakeholders connected with the company.In this model, the company-stakeholder relationships are dyadic and mutually independent (Frooman, 1999). According to Fassin (2009), the model proposed by Freeman (1984) may have been inspired by a tool drawn from sociology, the sociogram, which visualizes the frequency of interactions between individuals or groups. The model design was influenced by the traditional capitalist organizational production model in which the company is related only to four groups: the suppliers, employees and shareholders supplying the basic resources that the company transforms into products or services for the fourth group, that is, the clients. Nevertheless, Freeman (1984) also added other groups influenced by company activities and saw the organization as the centre of a series of interdependent relationships (Crane and Matten, 2004).The ideas of Freeman (1984), which culminated in Stakeholder Theory, emerged out of an organizational context in which the company was perceived as not being self-sufficient and actually dependent on the external environment made up of groups external to the organization, as Pfeffer and Salancik (1978) had earlier observed. These were the external groups that Freeman (1984) termed stakeholders. This situation was later handled by Frooman (1999) as resource dependency.According to Jones and Wicks (1999) and Savage, Dunkin and Ford (2004), the basic premises of Stakeholder Theory are:•the organization enters into relationships with many groups that influence or are influenced by the company, stakeholders in accordance with Freeman’s (1984) terminology,•the Theory focuses on the nature of these relationships in terms of processes and results for the company and for stakeholders,•the interests of all legitimate stakeholder are of intrinsic value and it is assumed that there is no single prevailing set of interests as Clarkson (1995) and Donaldson and Preston (1995) pointed out,•the Theory focuses upon management decision making,•the Theory explains how stakeholders try and influence organizational decision making processes so as to be consistent with their needs and priorities,•as regards organizations, these should attempt to understand and balance the interests of the various participants.Taking these premises into consideration, and according to Clarkson (1995), Donaldson and Preston (1995), Rowley (1997), Scott and Lane (2000) and Baldwin (2002), the concept of stakeholder management was developed so that organizations could recognize, analyze and examine the characteristics of individuals or groups influencing or being influenced by organizational behavior. Thus, management is carried out over three levels: the identification of stakeholders, the development of processes identifying and interpreting their needs and interests and the construction of relationships with the entire process structured around the organization’s respective objectives. On the other hand, stakeholders define their expectations, experience the effects of the relational experience with the organization, evaluate the results obtained and act in accordance with these evaluations, strengthening or otherwise their ties with the company (Polonsky, 1996, Post, Preston and Sachs, 2002, Neville, Bell and Mengüç, 2005).While Freeman (1984) limited his own intentions to providing an approach to the subject, generalizing and testing the taking of strategic management decisions, Stakeholder Theory earned its wings, both among academics and among practitioners, as a new Theory of the Firm (Key, 1999). Within this framework, stakeholder literature breaks down into two main branches: one strategic and one moral (Goodpaster, 1991, Frooman, 1999). The strategic literature emphasizes the active management of stakeholder interests while literature in the moral field is primarily interested in a balance between stakeholder interests.Freeman and McVea (2001) clarified how Stakeholder Theory was originally developed within a framework of four distinct lines of organizational management research, as demonstrated by Freeman (1984): Strategic Organizational Planning, Systems Theory, Corporate Social Responsibility and Organizational Theory:•within the Strategic Organizational Planning line, the concept is that successful strategies correspond to the integration of all stakeholder interests (contrary to the maximization of one group’s position to the detriment of others),•both Systems Theory and Organizational Theory focus upon the idea that organizations are open systems that interact with diverse third parties and thus it is necessary to set out collective strategies that perfect the system as a whole beyond the actual recognition of all the relationships on which companies depend for their own survival,•Corporate Social Responsibility is not considered a formalized theoretical group but rathera series of business case studies and empirical analyses seeking to demonstrate theimportance of building up strong and trustworthy relationships and maintaining a good reputation with all groups external to the organization for its ongoing success.Within the broad context of this Theory, it may be stated that diverse stakeholder groups interact with a company. According to Clarkson (1995), these groups may be subdivided into two: the primary (those with formal or official contractual relationships with the company, such as clients, suppliers, employees, shareholders, among others), and the secondary (those without such contracts, such as government authorities or the local community). In this way, we may configure a company as a set of relationships, explicit or implicit, across both the internal and external environments. However, with the emergence and advance of Stakeholder Theory, attention began to be paid to the interests of these distinct groups of individuals and not only to the shareholders or owners of the company (Argandoña, 1998, Gibson, 2000).Indeed, history now states it was Freeman (1984) who was the first researcher to clearly identify the strategic importance of other groups and individuals to the company, different to the traditional groups of clients, suppliers, employees and shareholders. In fact, he saw these groups as highly disparate, such as local community, environmentalist and consumer defense organizations as well as government authorities, special interest groups and with even competitors and the media as legitimate stakeholders (Clement, 2005). Given there were so many stakeholder groups listed by Freeman (1984), over time the need to group them was encountered within the scope of efforts to reduce managerial complexity. For example, Gibson (2000) proceeded to group stakeholders into institutional (involving laws, regulations), economic (actors in the marketplace) and ethical (environment and social pressure groups) categories. Furthermore, for Lépineux (2005), these became shareholders, internal stakeholders, operational partners and community.However, in accordance with Freeman and Liedtka (1997), Stakeholder Theory was bound up with an already longstanding tradition that perceived business as an integral part of society and not as some separate and purely economic institution. Radin (1999) affirmed that Stakeholder Theory means recognizing that organizations hold responsibilities towards people and entities beyond their stockholders. Stakeholder Theory draws on analytical mechanisms from Systems Theory, for example, regarding the interdependence and integration of actors making up a system and in seeking to explain the interrelationship between them (Campbell, 1997). Hill and Jones (1992) had already utilized Agency Theory, which approaches the company as the nexus of contracts between stakeholders and managers as if some central node. This operates as the means to explain how managers bear responsibility for conciliating divergent interests, taking strategic decisions and allocating strategic resources in whatever form proves most coherent with the demands of the other stakeholders.Thus, the Theory of Freeman (1984) came against a scenario of rising awareness as to the importance of business to society and along with the beginnings of the globalization of markets and the development of information technologies and means of communication followed by the later heightening of social pressures applied by governments, trade unions, political groups and communities in general. Stakeholder Theory arrived in time to explain and predict how organizations should act by taking into consideration the influences of stakeholders hitherto left out of the range of analysis, such as the local community and the media, among others.Many have already posited that the destiny of Stakeholder Theory is to topple the dominant paradigm, the economic model of the company (Key, 1999). The aforementioned Theory seeks to set down attitudes and organizational practices for the company to survive and prosper (Brenner, 1993). Given this situation, the influence of stakeholders in organizational strategy requires responses on behalf of the company reflecting the potential power, whether to threaten or to cooperate, of each stakeholder within a context of mutually exchanging interests and benefits.Without doubt, the appearance of Stakeholder Theory proved a counterbalance to the key actor approach, based upon Agency Theory, in its presentation of a more collectivist vision of organizations as a social vehicle for human development. Within this framework, Clarkson (1995) stated that the survival and sustainable profitability of organizations depended upon their capacity to comply with the economic and social purpose defined as creating and distributing sufficient wealth or value to ensure that each group of primary stakeholders continues to be a part of the company’s system. Hence, an organization may beseen as a set of interdependent relationships between primary stakeholders, a perspective that has seen significant research in the field of organizational strategy (Evan and Freeman, 1988, Hill and Jones, 1992, Kotter and Heskett, 1992, Harrison and St. John, 1994, Donaldson and Preston, 1995, Jones, 1995, Greenley and Foxall, 1996, Hillman and Keim, 2001).After the Theory took shape and over time, stakeholders slowly moved in from the periphery of organizational activities towards a more central position. Andriof et al. (2002) explains that the stakeholder concept, its involvement and relationship with the organization is now positioned as characteristic of the most modern companies. In the last two decades, there has been a perceivable rise in the number of research publications dealing with the strategy and positioning of stakeholders in organizational decision making (Asher, Mahoney and Mahoney, 2005). Various studies point to the utilization of Stakeholder Theory for analyzing the circumstances faced by contemporary organizations (Freeman and Liedtka, 1997, Metcalfe, 1998, Clarke, 2005).This emphasis may have come about, according to Clement (2005), given the greater level of pressures on organizations currently facing demands for responses from distinct groups of stakeholders. As these stakeholders are in constant interaction with the company, they may provide them with contributions or important resources while each also represents interests needing to be satisfied. Correspondingly, analyzing who the stakeholders are, identifying their interests and how they act is fundamental to contemporary organizations and especially in terms of those stakeholders of greatest importance to organizational survival and being able to meet their respective needs (Hill and Jones, 1998).4. Normative Aspects of Stakeholder TheoryAs Donaldson and Preston (1995) affirmed, Stakeholder Theory cannot be considered a single Theory but rather a set of theories for the management of stakeholders. This theoretical set is divided into three (Friedman and Miles, 2006): the descriptive approach (which sets out how the organization operates in terms of stakeholder management), the instrumental approach (which demonstrates how to attain organizational objectives through stakeholder management), and the normative approach (which defines how businesses should operate, especially in relation to moral principles). We now take up this third theme.The normative approach is based upon moral premises about how actors and organizations should go about their activities. According to Donaldson and Preston (1995), stakeholder oriented policies are justifiable based upon the supposition that they do hold legitimate interests in the company activities that should be taken into consideration bymanagers as, from Freeman’s (1998) perspective, stakeholders should not be seen merely as the means of raising organizational performance. Research within this framework evaluates relationships in accordance with ethical and philosophic principles. Jones and Wicks (1999) propose Stakeholder Theory as a normative ethic that should approach which obligations from the stakeholder model rest upon the management and particularly the level of importance of obligations attributed to some stakeholders over other stakeholder groups.Within this perspective, Friedman and Miles (2006) draw an institutional vision of the organization defined as an arena of competing, and on occasion conflicting, multiple interests. This social space sees stakeholders acting from different positions of power depending on the organizational sustainability of negotiations and the specific cooperative solutions agreed upon.Some studies have explicitly justified this normative dimension to Stakeholder Theory (Freeman and McVea, 2001, Hansen, Bode and Moosmayer, 2004) making recourse to legal arguments, such as property rights (Donaldson and Preston, 1995, Blair, 1998). Others deploy the Rawlsian construct of a social contract (Freeman and Evan, 1990, Child and Marcoux, 1999, Phillips, 2003). There are, however, also economic arguments that incorporate relationships of trust (Goodpaster, 1991, Boatright, 1994, Marcoux, 2003) or Agency Theory (Shankman, 1999) and moral reasoning (Gibson, 2000), such as the equity principle (Phillips, 1997, Metcalfe, 1998), Kantian Theory, the right to be treated as an end (Evan and Freeman, 1988, Bowie, 1999) or through recourse to the concept of the common good (Argandoña, 1998).According to proponents of business ethics, the normative aspect of Stakeholder Theory incorporates the following trends: Evan and Freeman (1983) and Bowie (1994) identify Kantian capitalism, for Phillips (1997) justice, according to Freeman (1994) fair contracts, while Freeman and Gilbert Jr. (1988) propose personal projects and, in accordance with Wicks, Gilbert Jr. and Freeman (1994), the feminist approach.In summary, these theories guide the thinking behind Stakeholder Theory, orienting its principles towards the application of Theory as a proposed relationship between the company and its stakeholders within a fair, ethical and morally correct framework (deontological principles), where interests are not purely economic (utilitarian principles), thereby justifying both the actions of management as well as the results obtained. The theories cited, according to Friedman and Miles (2006), act as influential inputs into Stakeholder Theory normative thinking.Therefore, the normative facet to Stakeholder Theory may serve to generalize the understanding of how organizational behaviors may be shaped and fashioned. In other words, the efforts of management need to be focused on grasping why the company needs to satisfy its stakeholders and how to achieve this as well as prescribing values for the undertaking of normative research projects (Freeman, 1999, Radin, 1999).Complementarily, McVea and Freeman (2005) propose that stakeholders should be understood as real, and not abstract, individuals as only thus can managers gain awareness about the options they take and considering the moral and ethical aspects to each organizational decision. Stakeholder Theory should focus on the creation of value, decision making processes and relationships with real individuals. This represents an individualization of the company-stakeholder relationship.Many researchers involved in Stakeholder Theory agree that the normative dimension depends upon the other dimensions (descriptive and instrumental) and these should not be underestimated. When positing certain types of behavior, it is important to compare the desirable with the real. Rowley (1997) explained that any understanding of this Theory requires not only explaining the influences wielded by stakeholders but also how the company responds to these influences. In addition, Stakeholder Theory needs to describe and predict how organizations are to operate under diverse and different conditions. More recent revisions of the normative facet of Stakeholder Theory suggest three categories for stakeholder participation: moderate, that is dealing with parties with respect, intermediary, thus incorporating some stakeholder interests into organizational management and demanding, hence with the full participation of such actors in corporate decision making processes (Hendry, 2001, Flak, Nordheim and Munkuold, 2008).5. Analytic Aspects of Stakeholder TheoryThe analytical perspective to Stakeholder Theory covers two dimensions: the descriptive perspective and the instrumental perspective. Both were discussed in the study by Donaldson and Preston (1995), and later renamed by Reed (2002) as positive and strategic. Despite this proposal, the original terminology (descriptive and instrumental) has prevailed in the literature. According to Friedman and Miles (2006), these perspectives should be centered on the organization, on the organization-stakeholder relationship, or directly on the stakeholder.The instrumental perspective, proposed initially by Jones (1995) and later furthered by Donaldson and Preston (1995), explores how the stakeholder model may be used to attain the。

午夜接触——你做爱的理由是什么？

午夜接触——你做爱的理由是什么？
小楼
【期刊名称】《医药与保健》
【年(卷),期】2006(014)008
【摘要】你为什么要做爱？因为你爱某个人，或是想要他，或二者兼而有之。

也
许为了怀孕。

还有的时候只是为了平息一场争吵，或为了改善倒霉的一天。

不过你一定要知道，你做爱的理由可能完全不同于你的同伴，可是，如果你也爱他（她），一定会想和他（她）一起hight,对吗？
【总页数】1页(P14)
【作者】小楼
【作者单位】无
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】R167
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因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

24年6月四级试卷

24年6月四级试卷一、写作（15%）题目： The Importance of Lifelong Learning。

要求：1. 阐述终身学习的重要性。

2. 给出一些实现终身学习的途径。

3. 字数不少于120字，不多于180字。

二、听力理解（35%）Section A.Directions: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).News Report 1.1. A) A new technology for solar energy storage.B) A major breakthrough in battery research.C) The development of a new type of electric vehicle.D) The discovery of a new energy source.Question 1: What is the news mainly about?Question 2: What is the potential impact of this discovery according to the report?News Report 2.2. A) A famous artist's new exhibition.B) The restoration of an ancient painting.C) A controversy over a modern art piece.D) The discovery of a long - lost painting.Question 1: What is the news item mainly about?Question 2: What are the different opinions mentioned in the report regarding this matter?News Report 3.3. A) A new policy on environmental protection.B) The effects of climate change on wildlife.C) A project to save endangered species.D) The discovery of a new species in the rainforest.Question 1: What is the main topic of the news report?Question 2: What measures are being taken in the project mentioned?Section B.Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear aquestion, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).Conversation 1.1. A) Discussing a study plan.B) Talking about a recent trip.C) Planning a party.D) Sharing reading experiences.Question 1: What are the two speakers mainly doing?Question 2: What does the man suggest about the activity?Question 3: How does the woman respond to the man's suggestion?Question 4: What will they probably do next?Conversation 2.2. A) Looking for a new apartment.B) Complaining about the neighbors.C) Discussing apartment decoration.D) Talking about rent prices.Question 1: What is the main topic of the conversation?Question 2: What problems does the woman mention about her current apartment?Question 3: What does the man suggest the woman do?Question 4: How does the woman feel about the man's suggestion?Section C.Directions: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).Passage 1.1. A) The history of coffee.B) The benefits of drinking coffee.C) Different ways of making coffee.D) Coffee culture around the world.Question 1: What is the passage mainly about?Question 2: Which of the following is mentioned as a benefit of coffee in the passage?Question 3: How is coffee consumed in some European countries according to the passage?Passage 2.2. A) The development of modern transportation.B) The impact of transportation on the environment.C) New trends in urban transportation.D) The future of self - driving cars.Question 1: What is the general topic of the passage?Question 2: What negative effect of transportation is emphasized in the passage?Question 3: What is said about self - driving cars in the passage?Passage 3.3. A) The importance of time management.B) Tips for effective study.C) How to overcome procrastination.D) The relationship between stress and study.Question 1: What is the main idea of the passage?Question 2: Which tip for study is mentioned in the passage?Question 3: How does the passage suggest dealing with stress related to study?三、阅读理解（35%）Section A.Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the word bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2. You may not use any of the words in the word bank more than once.The Internet has become an _(1)_ part of our daily lives. It has changed the way we communicate, work, and learn. With just a few clicks, we can access a vast amount of information from all over the world. However, the Internet also brings some challenges. One of the major problems is the spread of false information. Some people may _(2)_ false news or rumors on the Internet, which can cause confusion and harm. Another issue is privacy. When we use the Internet, our personal information may be at risk. Hackers may try to steal our data, such as our passwords and credit card numbers.To address these problems, we need to be more _(3)_ when using the Internet. We should verify the sources of information before believing it. Also, we should take measures to protect our privacy, such as using strong passwords and avoiding sharing too much personal information online.Word Bank:A) essential.B) post.C) cautious.D) additional.E) limited.F) ignore.G) create.H) various.I) important.J) spread.Section B.Directions: In this section, you will read a passage followed by several questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.The concept of "smart cities" has been gaining popularity in recent years. A smart city is a city that uses technology to improve the quality of life for its residents. It involves the integration of various technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data, and artificial intelligence. In a smart city, sensors are installed throughout the city to collect data on different aspects such as traffic, air quality, and energy consumption. This data is then analyzed to make better decisions. For example, traffic lights can be adjusted based on real - time traffic flow, reducing congestion. Smart cities also aim to provide better services to their residents. For instance, citizens can use mobile apps to accesspublic services such as paying bills and reporting problems.1. What is the main idea of the passage?A) The definition and features of smart cities.B) The importance of technology in modern cities.C) The problems faced by cities in the digital age.D) The development of the Internet of Things in cities.2. According to the passage, how is data used in smart cities?A) To install more sensors.B) To develop new technologies.C) To make better decisions.D) To increase energy consumption.3. What can citizens do in a smart city according to the passage?A) They can control traffic lights.B) They can develop mobile apps.C) They can access public services via mobile apps.D) They can analyze big data.Section C.Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on your answer sheet.Passage 1.Reading books has always been a popular pastime. It not only enriches our knowledge but also broadens our horizons. There are different types of books, such as fiction, non - fiction, biographies, and self - help books. Fiction books can take us to different worlds and let us experiencedifferent emotions. Non - fiction books provide us with factual information on various topics. Biographies give us insights into the lives of great people. Self - help books offer advice on how to improve ourselves. However, in the digital age, the way we read books has changed. E - books have become increasingly popular. They are convenient as we can carry a whole library on a single device. But some people still prefer traditionalprinted books. They enjoy the feel of the paper and the smell of the ink.1. What is the passage mainly about?A) The benefits of reading different types of books.B) The popularity of e - books in the digital age.C) The comparison between e - books and printed books.D) The importance of reading in our lives.2. Which of the following is not mentioned as a type of book in the passage?A) Mystery books.B) Fiction books.C) Biographies.D) Self - help books.3. Why do some people prefer printed books according to the passage?A) Because they are cheaper.B) Because they are more convenient.C) Because they like the feel of paper and the smell of ink.D) Because they can carry more books.Passage 2.The rise of social media has had a significant impact on our communication. It has made it easier for people to connect with each other across the globe. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram allow users to share their thoughts, photos, and videos. However,social media also has its downsides. One of the problems is the spread of false information. People may share untrue stories without verifying them. Another issue is cyberbullying. Some users may use social media to harass or bully others. To address these problems, social media companies are taking measures. For example, they are using algorithms to detect and remove false information. They are also implementing policies to prevent cyberbullying.1. What is the main topic of the passage?A) The positive effects of social media.B) The negative effects of social media and solutions.C) The development of social media platforms.D) The comparison between different social media platforms.2. Which of the following is a problem associated with social media according to the passage?A) The high cost of using social media.B) The lack of user privacy.C) The spread of false information.D) The slow speed of sharing content.3. How are social media companies dealing with the problems?A) By increasing user fees.B) By using algorithms and implementing policies.C) By reducing the number of users.D) By changing the design of the platforms.四、翻译（15%）题目：中国的城市化（urbanization）将会充分释放潜在内需（domestic demand）。

Jan Bebbington-Corporate social reporting and reputation risk

Accounting, Auditing & Accountability JournalCorporate social reporting and reputation risk management Jan Bebbington Carlos Larrinaga Jose M. MonevaArticle information:To cite this document:Jan Bebbington Carlos Larrinaga Jose M. Moneva, (2008),"Corporate social reporting and reputation risk D o w n l o a d e d b y U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e A t 07:57 17 O c t o b e r 2014 (P T )*Related content and download information correct at time of download.D o w n l o a d e d b y U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e A t 07:57 17 O c t o b e r 2014 (P T )Corporate social reporting and reputation risk managementJan BebbingtonCentre for Social and Environmental Accounting Research,School of Management,University of St Andrews,Fife,UKCarlos LarrinagaUniversity of Burgos,Burgos,Spain,andJose M.MonevaUniversity of Zaragoza,Zaragoza,SpainAbstractPurpose –The purpose of this paper is to explore the proposition that corporate social responsibility reporting could be viewed as both an outcome of,and part of reputation risk management processes.Design/methodology/approach –The paper draws heavily on management research.In addition,an image restoration framework is introduced.Findings –The concept of reputation risk management could assist in the understanding of corporate social responsibility reporting practice.Originality/value –This paper explores the link between reputation risk management and existing theorising in social accounting.Keywords Corporate social responsibility,Risk management,Corporate image,Employees Paper type Research paper1.IntroductionThe last 15years have seen an increase in the production of corporate social responsibility (hereafter CSR)reports in many “developed”world economies.CSR reporting takes many forms but most commonly is either the production of information in annual report and accounts package (including both voluntary and mandatory information)or the production of stand-alone reports (that are most usually,but not always,voluntary).Both sorts of reporting have been subject to academic investigation (to varying degrees)with a number of reasons being suggested for reporting.While a common normative theme within the academic literature is that CSR reportingThe current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at /0951-3574.htmSupport from the University of Zaragoza for a visiting professor post for Jan Bebbington is gratefully acknowledged.Jose M.Moneva acknowledges ﬁnancial support of the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia (project n.BEC2002-03049).Comments from participants at the 4th Social and Environmental Accounting Congress in Grazalema,Spain,the 2004European Accounting Association Conference in Prague and the 4th Asian Paciﬁc Interdisciplinary Research in Accounting Conference in Singapore,are gratefully ments from colleagues at the Universities of Aberdeen,Dundee,Northumbria,Shefﬁeld,York and Victoria University,Wellington have assisted the development of this paper.Special thanks go to Chris Crighton,James Guthrie,Markus Milne,Lee Parker,Steve Toms,Jeffrey Unerman,three reviewers for AAAJ ,and an anonymous reviewer for the APIRA Conference,for their close reading of this paper.A travel grant from the British Academy to enable this paper to be presented at APIRA Conference is also gratefully acknowledged.Corporate socialreporting337Received 14October 2004Revised 19July 2005,26July 2006,20December 2006Accepted 22March 2007Accounting,Auditing &Accountability JournalVol.21No.3,2008pp.337-361q Emerald Group Publishing Limited0951-3574DOI 10.1108/09513570810863932D o w n l o a d e d b y U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e A t 07:57 17 O c t o b e r 2014 (P T )enhances accountability (Gray et al.,1996)there is concern that this is not the case.Indeed,many authors having proposed that legitimacy theory provides an explanatory frame for (especially positive)social and environmental disclosure (Patten,1992;Brown and Deegan,1998;Deegan et al.,2002;O’Donovan,2002;Milne and Patten,2002;and for a review of this literature Deegan,2002).Recent literature has questioned the explanatory power of legitimacy theory (O’Dwyer,2002)and has suggested that there is a need to take into account the complexity of external and internal factors that might lead organisations to report on their CSR (Adams,2002).Furthermore,there is a recent debate concerning the possibility that CSR reporting is captured and institutionalised,limiting its empowering potential (Bebbington,1997;Larrinaga and Bebbington,2001;Gray,2002;O’Dwyer,2003;Parker,2005).This literature also points towards the possibilities of more diverse and varying explanations of CSR reporting and the need to put “ﬂesh”on the “bones”of legitimacy theory explanations.One emerging explanation for CSR reporting,suggested by reporting proponents (Herbst,1998;GRI,2002;Rayner,2001;Starovic,2002;KPMG,2005),practitioners (Co-operative Financial Services,2003)and researchers (Friedman and Miles,2001;Toms,2002;Hasseldine et al.,2005)of CSR reporting,is that it could be conceived as both an outcome of and part of reputation risk management (hereafter RRM)processes.While such an explanation has intuitive appeal,the proposition has yet to have considerable impact on the social accounting literature.This paper focuses on exploring this proposition by way of a three-stage investigation.First,the RRM thesis is examined on its own terms,drawing from literature that speciﬁcally focuses on reputation.Second,an exploratory study is undertaken,using a single report,to provide a glimpse into the plausibility of the RRM thesis as it pertains to CSR reporting.Third,drawing from the previous two investigations,the paper seeks develop an understanding of the linkages between existing theoretical explanations for reporting (focusing on legitimacy and stakeholder theory)and the RRM thesis.As such the paper is exploratory in nature.Section 2of the paper outlines conceptions of reputation from both the academic and the practitioner viewpoints.In addition,notions of reputation risk and RRM are discussed in order to understand various aspects,and the dynamics of,reputation.Section 3links the notion of RRM to an image restoration typology developed by Benoit (1995).This section also brieﬂy explores the linkages between a legitimacy based and reputation based explanation for CSR reporting (in preparation for a more extended discussion latter in the paper).In addition,how a RRM framework could be interpreted through an accountability lens is discussed.This element of the paper seeks to start the process of linking existing frames of analysis to the RRM thesis.In section 4,and in order to investigate the RRM thesis directly,Shell’s (2002)CSR report is analysed using a RRM lens and,in particular,seeks to make an initial assessment as to whether or not the notion of RRM has the potential to contribute to our understanding of this report.Shell was chosen for analysis as it is an organisation,which has in the past-suffered damage to its (social and environmental)reputation and as a result,may be among the more sensitive of reporters with regard to their reputation (Zyglidopoulos,2002).Finally,some concluding comments are made.We will suggest that RRM concepts may be useful to enliven existing frames of reference for CSR reporting (paying particular attention to legitimacy theory).While the RRMAAAJ 21,3338D o w n l o a d e d b y U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e A t 07:57 17 O c t o b e r 2014 (P T )thesis does not invalidate these existing concepts,it may allow for a more ﬁne-grained analysis in empirical settings,especially if a focus on discourse is adopted (as opposed to quantitative based content analysis).2.Reputation,reputation risk and reputation risk managementConceptualisations of reputation range from an economic/strategic management informed perspective that views reputation as a resource,to a sociologically informed perspective that sees reputation as the outcome of shared socially constructed impressions of a ﬁrm (Fombrun and Van Riel,1997;see also Scott and Walsham,2005).Fombrun (1996,p.57),for example,describes reputations as strategic assets that “produce tangible beneﬁts:premium prices for products,lower costs for capital and labour,improved loyalty from employees,greater latitude in decision making,and a cushion of goodwill when crises hit”(see also Beatty and Ritter,1986;Milgrom and Roberts,1986;Fombrun and Shanley,1990;in Little and Little,2000).As such,reputation is viewed as an intangible asset with the potential for value creation (Little and Little,2000;Roberts and Dowling,2002).This literature focuses on outcomes of RRM processes rather than the process of reputation management itself.The sociologically informed literature,however,focuses on how reputation develops and how it can be deﬁned and measured with Fombrun and Van Riel (1997,p.10)asserting that “reputations constitute subjective collective assessments of the trustworthiness and reliability of ﬁrms”and,speciﬁcally,suggests that reputations are:derivative,second-order characteristics which emerge from particular “organisational ﬁelds”[1];and are external reﬂections of internal “sense making”activities conducted within ﬁrms which develop from prior activities and prior assessments of performance by diverse evaluators and as such comprise multiple images/assessments[2]of ﬁrms.Hence,reputations are viewed as having some basis in organisations’actions (providing a quality good/service,for example)as well as being constructed by others via their perceptions of those activities (Schweizer and Wijnberg,1999,p.251).Being based on a composite of perceptions of a variety of heterogeneous “collections”of people (Bromley,2002),an organisation’s reputation is essentially inter-subjective.Reputations may also be inertial (Fombrun and Van Riel,1997)which implies that maintaining a good reputation may be a sound business decision because it could help you withstand future reputation shocks.At the same time,Scott and Walsham (2005,p.312)note that reputation takes “time to create,cannot be brought and is easily damaged”.In addition,reputations are contextual:that is,different organisations will have different reputation characteristics depending on the details of their situation (Deephouse and Carter,2005).Reputation,therefore,while being an intuitively appealing concept is a complex organisational characteristic and this affects how it can be formally studied.The most “popular”way to describe corporate reputation is via reputation ranking studies and various reputation indexes form the basis of much of the academic study.How these studies conceptualise reputation,will also inﬂuence how reputations are researched.An examination of six reputation ranking studies (Fortune ,Management Today ,Financial Times ,Rayner (2001),Reputation Quotient and Reputex Social Responsibility Ratings –see the Appendix for a brief review)reveals that they focus on ﬁve elements of reputation:Corporate socialreporting339D o w n l o a d e d b y U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e A t 07:57 17 O c t o b e r 2014 (P T )(1)ﬁnancial performance;(2)quality of management;(3)social and environmental responsibility performance;(4)employee quality;and(5)the quality of the goods/services provided.It could be argued that these aspects are those used by individuals when they evaluate reputation and also those that managers perceive individuals may use when they form a view of the organisation’s reputation.While the aspects of reputation focused on in ranking studies may be relatively self-evident,it is less clear whether academic research can “identify and provide well-reasoned and defensible answers to questions about corporate reputation and reputation dynamics”(Fombrun and Van Riel,1997,p.5).In order to achieve this task,writers usually focus on how any one aspect of reputation may be lost by the organisation in question with this often being framed as reputation risk.Fombrun et al.(2000)contend that reputational “capital”is “at risk in everyday interactions between organisations and their stakeholders with risks having many sources (such as strategic,operational,compliance and ﬁnancial).Rayner (2001)also provides examples of how corporations have sought to tackle reputation risk:BAA plc.(British Airports Authority)indicate that managers in each aspect of their business score risks on the basis of how likely a risk is and the consequences of a risk crystallising.BAA’s risk categories include safety,environment,ﬁnancial and reputation/legal risks.The reputation risk consequences are described as ranging from minor consequence to catastrophic consequence (differentiated by the extent of adverse media coverage).The rationale used by BAA is similar to Fombrun et al.’s (2000)exploration of how reputation risk affects reputation capital with similar arguments also being expressed in the business ethics literature (Miles and Covin,2000)and the accounting literature (Chalmers and Godfrey,2004)[3].This literature suggests that there may be some hierarchical relationship between various elements whose perception could inﬂuence organisational reputation.Arguably,this hierarchical notion of reputation deﬁnes the “risk”element of “reputation risk”.In particular,risks arising from the perception of social/environmental performance could be second order risk in some assessments,deriving from (for example)strategic,operational or compliance issues (see Rayner,2001),which may also explain why reputation rankings appear to have a ﬁnancial “halo”effect (Fryxell and Wang,1994).The identiﬁcation of reputation risk is closely linked to attempts to manage such risks.The notion of RRM,however,causes academic controversy because of the conceptual difﬁculty in separating RRM from the management of other organisational processes (Fombrun and Van Riel,1997;Hutton et al.,2001).Nevertheless,particular organisations can be seen to attempt to control and manage their reputation risks (Rayner,2001).Evidence for the proposition that corporations seek to enhance their reputation and manage risks to reputation can also be found in CSR reports.Diageo (2005),for example,states that “[s]ince its inception Diageo has been committed to building and sustaining its reputation as a good corporate citizen”(Diageo,2005,p.29)and that they aim “to manage risk and control our activities cost-effectively and in aAAAJ 21,3340D o w n l o a d e d b y U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e A t 07:57 17 O c t o b e r 2014 (P T )way that enables us to exploit business opportunities,avoid or reduce risks that can cause loss,reputational damage or business failure”(Diageo Corporate Citizenship Report,2005,p.28).There is also evidence that organisations attempt to manage their reputation risks by means of their CSR reports.For example,on page seven of their 2003sustainability report the Co-operative Financial Services asserts that its reporting approach seeks to “build upon its reputation as being amongst the most socially responsible businesses in the world”.Later,in the same report (p.21),the UNEP (2002)Survey of Corporate Sustainability Reporting is quoted as commending the sustainability report of the company,as achieving the “alignment of brand,reputation and reporting”.The Global Reporting Initiative (hereafter GRI)guidelines (GRI,2002,p.4)also conﬁrms the perception of a link between RRM and CSR reporting when it is asserted that “the process of developing a sustainability report provides a warning of trouble spots ....in reputation and brand management”.As a ﬁnal piece of evidence,KPMG’s (2005,p.2)survey of CSR reporting also claims that one of the business drivers for CSR is “to have a good brand and reputation”.To recap,within the paper to date,we have two competing narratives.The ﬁrst is that RRM is a complex notion that may be impossible to model and study in a systematic manner.At the same time,RRM is a popular explanation for CSR reporting.Hutton et al.(2001,p.259)note that a similar tension exists in the public relations ﬁeld between “a number of prominent scholars and practitioners in the ﬁeld [who suggest]that reputation is not something than can be managed directly,and therefore is not the most appropriate objective of public relations”and surveys of practice which identify that the most common role for public relations in big corporations was “reputation management”.While it is conceptually debatable that reputation risks could be managed directly,if corporate managers believe they are doing so and if CSR reporting is seen as part of that process then further investigation is warranted.3.CSR reporting and RRMLiterature systematically drawing linkages between reputation and CSR reporting is scarce (indeed,Scott and Walsham,2005,p.309,note that,in general,the “[a]cademic literature on reputation is rather thin”).Whilst it was not the main purpose of their research,Friedman and Miles (2001,p.528)suggest that RRM is one of the main drivers of CSR reporting,speciﬁcally that a company’s reputation lens “would make companies more aware of the need to manage a wide range of environmental,social and ethical risks and to show externally that they are doing so.This would increase the quantity and quality of [CSR reporting]”(emphasis in the original).The existence of these connections is an empirical question and one that has been partially investigated.Toms (2002,p,273)using a resource based view of the ﬁrm supplemented by quality signalling theory (thus focusing on an economic based view of reputation),found that “[q]uality of disclosure,[4]institutional shareholder power and low risk are consistently associated with high [corporate environmental reputation]”,the latter element being determined using the corporate reputation rankings for the community and environmental responsibility aspect of Management Today’s survey of Britain’s most admired companies in 1996and 1997.These results led Toms (2002,p.276)to conclude that there is “strong support for the relationship between disclosure strategy and environmental reputation”(see also Hasseldine et al.,2005).On different groundsCorporate socialreporting341D o w n l o a d e d b y U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e A t 07:57 17 O c t o b e r 2014 (P T )but using similar methods,Chalmers and Godfrey (2004)also found a signiﬁcant association between voluntary derivative ﬁnancial instrument reporting and some variables that proxy for reputation costs.While this literature suggests a connection exists between RRM and reporting (including CSR reporting),it does not,and indeed cannot,provide clues as to speciﬁc reporting strategies adopted by organisations as they attempt to manage their reputations.Such a connection,however,has been developed outside the accounting literature.Benoit (1995)summarises the image restoration literature and provides a conceptual link between RRM activities undertaken by organisations and discourses that one may observe as a result of the need for image restoration strategies.The image restoration literature studies individuals’accounts,excuses and apologies as well as corporate responses to criticism.Benoit’s work,for example,includes explanations of the accounts given by Exxon,Union Carbide and Tylenol in response to the crises (reputation damaging events)they faced (respectively an oil spill;a chemical discharge from a plant that killed and maimed a large number of people;and poisoning of products which led to consumer deaths).According to Benoit,the impetus for image restoration attempts arise from the inescapable fact that humans are embroiled in activities which will lead to conﬂict and potential damage to reputation.At the same time,he proposed that humans have a deep-seated need to have and maintain “face”.These two factors explain the persuasiveness of accounts of behaviour that emerge when actions are,or may be,disapproved of.Benoit argues that the type of reputation discourse one observes is a function of two factors.First,“a reprehensible act must have been committed”(Benoit,1995,p.72)or must have been perceived to have been committed by an audience of concern.Second,“damage to one’s face requires that the actor be held responsible for the occurrence of that reprehensible act by the relevant audience”.Once these two factors are present reputation management discourses (image restoration strategies in his terms)are likely to emerge.Benoit also focuses on the relationship between the accuser and accused and their respective role in stimulating reputation discourses.Benoit suggests that reputation discourses can be aimed at the accuser alone,at the accuser and other audiences (including those internal and external from the accuser organisation)and at other audiences (and not the accuser).In addition,the accused him/herself may also be the target for discourses in that the account may also assist the accused to understand their own motives,actions and aspirations.Melding these various aspects together,Benoit develops a typology of image restoration strategies,which can be used to understand the particular nature of reputation discourses (reproduced in Table I).While a single strategy may be used in any particular circumstance,the use of a combination of strategies is also likely.In order to link Benoit’s (1995)work to existing frames of reference,this paper focuses on Benoit’s suggestion that discourses could be aimed at both the accuser (the outside)and the accused him/herself (the self).The propositions that CSR reporting is a form of discourse intended to manage perceptions of the public (and thus manage reputation)and that CSR reporting is the corporate response to perceived legitimacy threats is consistent with discourses aimed at those outside an organisation.Benoit’s (1995)suggestion that such discourses could be aimed at the self resonates with some aspects of the business ethics literature and provides a critique of CSR reporting for RRM from an accountability perspective.It also hints at CSR being inﬂuenced in someAAAJ 21,3342D o w n l o a d e d b y U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e A t 07:57 17 O c t o b e r 2014 (P T )Strategy and sub-strategies ExplanationDenial (including simple denial and shifting the blame)In both cases the responsibility for the act is avoided,either because the subject is not responsible or because someone else has beenspeciﬁcally identiﬁed as being responsible.Silence with regard to impacts may also be seen to be a variation of denial Evading responsibility due to:Provocation Offensive act has been undertaken in response to another offensiveact.As a result,the provocateur should be held accountable not the subject.Such an explanation may emerge in accounts of union –company conﬂict,for exampleDefeasibility Responsibility cannot be assigned because lack of information,volition or ability on behalf of the subject means that it would be unfair for them to be held to accountAccident Responsibility is reduced due to lack of control over the offensive act Good intentions While the outcome of the act is negative it may be that the motives ofthe subject were good and the outcome could not have been anticipated Reducing offensiveness of event by means of:Bolstering Subject may provide information about other aspects of theirbehaviour or character which are positive and thus are in contrast to the negative eventMinimization The impact of the negative event may be downplayed,althoughresponsibility is acknowledgedDifferentiation The particular offensive act is distinguished from other acts of thistype.So while there may be,for example,a pollution incident is not of the type of incidents which would be seen to be serious.Theorganisation in question may also be differentiated from others who are less “good”Transcendence The context in which the offensive act emerges is redeﬁned or arationale for the action is offered so that its offensiveness is transcended.For example,providing a ﬁnancial return in a competitive business context may be used to explain laying off employeesAttack accuser The offensiveness of the act can be reduced if an impression can becreated that the accuser is somehow responsible for or deserves what has befallen them.Narratives about irresponsibility of,for example,workers or local communities may be used.For example,in Bhopal those living next to the chemical facility and government failures to clear shanty towns around the site were suggested as contributory factors in the death toll,both of which were seen to be outside of Union Carbide’s control and hence should reduce the offensiveness of the impact of the gas leakCompensation While the offensiveness of the act is not challenged,the subjectreduces its impact by offering compensation to those affected.For example,investment in community programmes in areas affected by corporate activities may be used to boost reputationCorrective action Corrective action is promised either to make good the impact of theoffensive act or actions are taken to ensure that it cannot happen again.This strategy may or may not include accepting responsibility of the actMortiﬁcation Responsibility is acknowledged as is the offensiveness of the act andthe subject asks for forgiveness Source:Benoit (1995,pp.74-79)Table I.Benoit typology of imagerestoration strategiesCorporate socialreporting343D o w n l o a d e d b y U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e A t 07:57 17 O c t o b e r 2014 (P T )manner by internal factors (see also Adams,2002).Those two perspectives on RRM discourses are developed separately in the following paragraphs.Legitimacy theory studies have found a relationship between different measures of CSR reporting and proxies for legitimacy threats such as major pollution accidents or environmental prosecutions.To date,however,this literature has not used the notion of reputation as a driving force,even though legitimacy and reputation are occasionally used interchangeably in accounting (Chalmers and Godfrey,2004,p.121)as well as in social accounting (Deegan,2002,p.296)studies.The management studies literature,however,has sought to examine the differences between organisational legitimacy and reputation.Deephouse and Carter (2005),in a review of a large array of literature in this area,suggest that both concepts are social constructions (with stakeholders evaluating organisations),both are linked with similar antecedents (such as size,ﬁnancial performance,strategic alliances or regulatory compliance)and both create an improved ability to acquire resources.Deephouse and Carter (2005)suggest,however,that legitimacy and reputation differ in two aspects:the nature of assessment and the dimension of evaluation.In the ﬁrst instance,while legitimacy relies on “meeting and adhering to the expectations of social system’s norms,rules and meanings [reputation relates to a]comparison of organisations to determine their relative standing”(Deephouse and Carter,2005,p.331).As regards the dimensions of evaluation,reputation may be related to virtually any organisational attribute.For example,reputation could be enhanced by attractive landscaping around facilities but such features are not usually linked to legitimacy (Deephouse and Carter,2005).In another context (studying the emergence of the forensic accounting profession)Lawrence (1998,p.1122)contends that reputation “differentiates(s)between the qualiﬁed [that is,legitimate]and the ‘outstanding’forensic accountants”.Together,these papers suggest that legitimacy and reputation cannot be considered interchangeable concepts,albeit that they have much in common.In distinguishing between legitimacy and reputation it is also useful to consider whether or not,and if so to what extent,adhering to social and environmental norms are crucial to legitimacy.It has been argued that,confronted with diverging demands,it makes sense for organisations to meet the demands of the more powerful stakeholders,while dismissing the demands of the less powerful stakeholders (Oliver,1991);that is,to dismiss the demands of environmentalists to meet the demands of “more powerful perceived ﬁnancial stakeholders”(O’Dwyer,2002,p.411).There are also situations where ﬁrms are exposed for continuing to conduct themselves in much the same manner as before,in spite of environmental and social controversies and subsequent stakeholder demands for change (Nike’s auditing of contractors,for example,was found lacking after initial concerns with sweated labour were raised).This suggests that social and environmental aspects are not always seen to be fundamental to organisations’legitimacy (it is,however,also the case that this may differ between situations where legitimacy is being created rather than situations where legitimacy is being maintained or repaired –a potentially important distinction).In contrast,failures to adhere to norms of behaviour with respect to ﬁnancial standards of performance and behaviour are likely (if uncovered)to give rise to serious legitimacy threats with Enron’s demise being a recent,high proﬁle example.Figure 1seeks to illustrate this posited hierarchical relationship between reputation and legitimacy.AAAJ 21,3344D o w n l o a d e d b y U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e A t 07:57 17 O c t o b e r 2014 (P T )。

Sensory marketing-the multi-sensory brand-experience concept

Sensory marketing:the multi-sensory brand-experience concept Bertil Hulte ´n Kalmar University,Kalmar,SwedenAbstractPurpose –The purpose of this paper is to present the multi-sensory brand-experience concept in relation to the human mind and senses.It also seeks to propose a sensory marketing (SM)model of the multi-sensory brand-experience hypothesis.Design/methodology/approach –This paper applies exploratory and explanatory approaches to investigating the multi-sensory brand-experience concept within the context of discovery.The qualitative study is built on primary and secondary data sources,including personal interviews with experts and managers.Findings –The multi-sensory brand-experience hypothesis suggests that ﬁrms should apply sensorial strategies and three explanatory levels within an SM model.It allows ﬁrms through means as sensors,sensations,and sensory expressions to differentiate and position a brand in the human mind as image.Research limitations/implications –A theoretical implication is that the multi-sensory brand-experience hypothesis emphasizes the signiﬁcance of the human mind and senses in value-generating processes.Another theoretical implication is that the hypothesis illustrates the shortcomings of the transaction and relationship marketing models in considering the multi-sensory brand-experience concept.It is worth conducting additional research on the multi-sensory interplay between the human senses in value-generating processes.Practical implications –The ﬁndings offer additional insights to managers on the multi-sensory brand-experience concept.This research opens up opportunities for managers to identify emotional/psychological linkages in differentiating,distinguishing and positioning a brand as an image in the human mind.Originality/value –The main contribution of this research lies in developing the multi-sensory brand-experience hypothesis within a SM model.It ﬁlls a major gap in the marketing literature and research in stressing the need to rethink conventional marketing models.Keywords Sensory perception,Brands,Marketing modelsPaper type Research paperIntroduction In the current marketing and management literature,a service logic emphasizes customers as co-producers of service processes (Eiglier and Langeard,1976;Gro ¨nroos,1982)and creators of value for themselves,according to the value-in-use notion (Woodruff and Gardial,1996;Normann,2001;Vargo and Lusch,2004).Among researchers,services are also seen as a form of value creation and not merely as an activity (Edvardsson et al.,2005).Moreover,a service logic is based on the notion that customers use all types of resources,including goods and services,as services give them value and service processes are of an interactive character in supporting value-generating processes (Gro¨nroos and Ravald,2009).The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at/0955-534X.htmEBR23,3256Received October 2009Revised December 2009Accepted March 2010European Business ReviewVol.23No.3,2011pp.256-273q Emerald Group Publishing Limited0955-534XDOI 10.1108/09555341111130245In pursuing a service perspective,ﬁrms should be seen as value facilitators,providing different kinds of resources to customer consumption,and value-generating processes. It has been suggested that aﬁrm should use its interactions with customers in inﬂuencing the value creation processes(Gro¨nroos,2006).In these processes,different interactions impact on the nature and types of value that customers perceive in terms of interactive,relativistic,preferential,or experience values,as well as self-oriented or other-oriented values(Holbrook,1999).Furthermore,in terms of service logic,aﬁrm should support customers in their daily activities and processes by providing goods, services,hidden services,information,and so on,as long as this generates value to customers(Gro¨nroos,2008).In this study,it is assumed that the value of service,as a brand image,emerges when interactions occur through the customer’s sensory experiences in the value-generating processes.This image is based on how customers perceive and experience service and the process in reality.The customer’s feelings and thoughts about the service,including both goods-and service components,as well as other elements,contribute to an image in the customer’s mind that is synonymous with the brand(Gro¨nroos,2008).This is in accordance with the notion of experiential marketing from Holbrook and Hirschmann (1982)and Schmitt(1999),in which contexts,aesthetics,emotions,and symbolic aspects of customer experiences are signiﬁcant.The aim of this paper is to present and discuss the multi-sensory brand-experience concept in relation to the human mind and senses–smell,sound,sight,taste,and touch–in generating customer value,experiences,and image.Drawing on both theories relating to branding and experiences,as well as value creation and the human senses,the paper presents the multi-sensory brand-experience concept.I,then discuss and illustrate empirically the multi-sensory brand-experience hypothesis within a sensory marketing SM model.I have structured the article in the following way:ﬁrst,I present the theoretical basis and conceptualizations of branding,experiences,and value creation in relation to the ﬁve human senses.Second,I discuss the chosen methodology in applying exploratory and explanatory approaches in a qualitative study.Third,I present the multi-sensory brand-experience hypothesis within a SM model and context.Finally,I discuss the contribution of the article together with the theoretical and managerial implications,the limitations of the study and future research opportunities.Branding and experiencesIn the branding literature,the concept of brand identity is deﬁned as a unique set of brand associations that aﬁrm can create or maintain.It may involve a value-proposition with functional,emotional or self-expressive beneﬁts.It does not matter whether the associations are tangible or emotional/symbolic or both(Anselm and Kostelijk,2008). The emotional linkage between brand and consumer has been proposed as important in building strong brands.It has also been conﬁrmed in research that consumers look for and buy emotional experiences around what has been bought and no longer buy products and services alone(Brembeck and Ekstro¨m,2004;Ratneshwar and Mick,2005).In the academic debate on emotional branding,there seems to be a tendency to focus more on tangibles(product brands)than intangibles(services brands).However, emotional branding seems more obvious in the context of services or intangibles,with their intimate nature and where the customer is often more personally involvedSensory marketing257(Pullman and Gross,2004).Most services marketers have ignored this issue (Morrison and Crane,2007),despite the fact that the emotional experience associated with a services brand seems to be as important as the service itself (Crane et al.,2007).In the services marketing literature,a number of theorists propose that,in order to maintain customer loyalty to a services brand,it should be transformed from a services product into an experience product (Pullman and Gross,2004).Furthermore,the environmental context in which the service encounter takes place is signiﬁcant in creating emotional connections.This includes the physical and relational characteristics of the setting in which the service is consumed,as well as the elements with which the customer interacts in the setting (Gupta and Vajic,1999).In the physical context,stimuli appear to be generated by the sights,sounds,textures,and smells of the environment and,in the relational context,stimuli emanate from people and their behavior (Carbone and Haeckel,1994).In the marketing literature,the concepts of customer experience and customer experience management are increasingly gaining attention.Pine and Gilmore (1999)point out the signiﬁcance of the customer in understanding what an experience is all about.An experience is said to occur when a ﬁrm intentionally constructs one,in order to engage customers.However,Klaus and Maklan (2007)claim that a ﬁrm has no choice as to whether or not to be connected to customer experiences.All communication,consumption experiences,and customer contacts inevitably create an experience in the customer’s mind (Homburg et al.,2005).The experiential perspective of consumption experiences originates from Holbrook and Hirschmann (1982)and Hirschmann and Holbrook (1982).Below is a deﬁnition of experience from Holbrook (1999,pp.8-9):Finally,by experience ,I mean that consumer value resides not in the product purchased,not in the brand chosen,not in the object possessed,but rather in the consumption experience(s)derived therefrom [...]In essence,the argument in this direction boils down to the proposition that all products provide services in their capacity to create need-or want-satisfying experiences [...]In this sense,all marketing is “services marketing.”This places the role of experience at a central position in the creation of consumer value.Especially,in experiential consumption research,emotions and contextual,symbolic and non-utilitarian aspects of consumption (Arnould and Thompson,2005)are emphasized.In this study,a sensory experience is deﬁned as an individual’s perception of goods or services or other elements in a service process as an image that challenges the human mind and senses.Brakus et al.(2009)distinguish between product experiences,shopping,and service experiences,as well as consumption experiences,concluding that all such experiences impact directly or indirectly on consumers.Schmitt (1999)suggests acting,feeling,relating,sensing,and thinking as customer experiences.In the brand-management domain,little attention has been paid to concepts such as customer value and experiences,in terms of understanding the creation of a brand as an image (Payne et al.,2009).Yet,de Chernatony et al.(2006)discuss the customer experience as central,not only for services,but also for brands.Brand relationships and customer experiences are also essential research areas for further development of the domain (Keller and Lehmann,2006),and both branding and brand equity “seem ripe for revision”(Arnould et al.,2006).In this research,the signiﬁcance of the ﬁve human senses in creating the multi-sensory brand-experience is related to customer value,experiences,and brand as image.EBR 23,3258Value creation and human sensesThe service logic proposes that a supplier should start with the customer’s value creation processes and try to analyze what process the supplier has the capability to support.The value-in-use notion(Woodruff and Gardial,1996;Normann,2001; Gro¨nroos,2006)suggests that value for customers is created when they use products, goods or services.Gummesson(1998,p.247)argues that“value creation is only possible when a good or a service is consumed”.It seems that this notion of value creation is dominant,stating that value is created for customers“in their value-creating processes”on a daily basis(Gro¨nroos,2006). Gro¨nroos(2008)makes a further distinction,stating that customers are value-creators, and suppliers are value facilitators developing value propositions.In this regard, customers are seen as“sole-creators”of value,and suppliers create the resources,in order to let the customer’s create value on their own,in their value-generating processes (Gro¨nroos,2008).In this study,the multi-sensory brand-experience is related to theﬁve human senses, so often neglected in the marketing literature,despite their importance in generating customer value,sensory experiences,and the brand as an image.Academic research has shown that different sensory impressions impact consumer behavior and perceptions of goods and services.Empirical studies relating to sight impressions have been discussed by,for instance,Orth and Malkewitz(2008)and Smith and Burns(1996).The sense of sight is the most powerful one for discovering changes and differences in the environment and is the most common sense in perceiving goods or services.Impressions of sound have been analyzed empirically by Garlin and Owen(2006), Sweeney and Wyber(2002).The sense of sound is linked to emotions and feelings and the sense impacts brand experiences and interpretations.Impressions of smell have been discussed by Goldkuhl and Styfve´n(2007)and Fiore et al.(2000).The sense of smell is related to pleasure and well-being and is closely connected to emotions and memories. Taste impressions have been analyzed empirically by Biedekarken and Henneberg (2006)and Klosse et al.(2004).The sense of taste is the most distinct emotional sense and often interacts with other senses.Finally,touch impressions have been discussed by Peck and Wiggins(2006)and Citrin et al.(2003),among others.The sense of touch is the tactile one,related to information and feelings about a product through physical and psychological interactions.A multi-sensory brand-experience takes place when more than one of theﬁve senses contributes to the perception of sensory experiences(Hulte´n et al.,2009).The following is a deﬁnition of a multi-sensory brand experience:a multi-sensory brand-experience supports individual value creation and refers to how individuals react when aﬁrm interacts,and supports their purchase and consumption processes through the involvement of theﬁve human senses in generating customer value,experiences,and brand as image.In studying sensory,emotional,and cognitive processes of the human brain,two empirical studies show that vision,for example,can interact with such senses as hearing,touch,and olfaction(Thesen et al.,2004).Another study has demonstrated that various techniques identify multisensory convergence zones in the human brain, indicating that“[...]one sense can be affected by relations with other senses”(Driver and Noesselt,2008).The sensory,emotional,and cognitive processes of the human brain are also related to neuromarketing,an emerging researchﬁeld explaining and enhancing ourSensory marketing259understanding of consumer behavior,for instance,how different brain areas areinvolved in advertising (Fugate,2007;Plassman et al.,2007).MethodologyIn the presented research,the context of discovery is appropriate,in that the hypothesis concerning the multi-sensory brand experience and subsequent SM model lays the ground for deductive generalizations (Hunt,2002).For this reason,the paper applies an explorative,as well as an explanatory approach in investigating the multi-sensory brand-experience concept.The combination of two approaches has proven a fruitful way to explore and explain this research domain.Adopting an explorative approach in the ﬁrst stage of the research facilitated an investigation of a research domain that had been relatively unexplored.The important factors were essentially unknown and could not be deﬁned precisely,resulting in the research question:at the beginning of the twenty-ﬁrst century,why are ﬁrms once again focusing on the human senses in marketing?In the second stage of the research,an explanatory approach was adopted in relation to the research question.As a scientiﬁc answer explanations,should often be connected to “why”questions.It is clear that an explanatory approach offers opportunities to develop a model that can explain a current phenomenon in a scientiﬁc way (Hunt,2002,p.86).In both the exploratory and explanatory stages of the present work,the research process was of an iterative character,allowing the researcher to work back and forth between data and theory.In the exploratory stage,it was not possible to deﬁne exactly what concepts to look for in advance.No evidence or support was provided by transaction marketing (TM),relationship marketing (RM)or indeed any other marketing theories,to explain the concept of multi-sensory brand-experience.The alternative was to search for psychological and sociological theories that enabled an investigation of unconventional aspects of marketing.In this research,the combination of ﬁeld data collection and analysis,together with theoretical conceptualizations,was appropriate for developing a model that could explain the multi-sensory brand-experience concept.The qualitative study is built on a number of primary and secondary information sources.In the explorative stage,secondary data was collected from sources such as articles,books,business magazines,reports and other sources from libraries,databases or web sites.A great deal of information was found,but the signiﬁcance of the ﬁve human senses for the multi-sensory brand-experience concept was conspicuously absent.This led to the formulation of the research question.In the explanatory stage,primary data was collected,including in-depth,open-ended,and semi-structured interviews with experts and managers,in such American and European companies and organizations as Abercrombie &Fitch,Apollo,Gina Tricot,ICA Ahold,Ice Hotel,Lindex,Saab Automobile,Scandinavian Airlines (SAS),Starbucks,Volvo Car,Whole Foods,and Culinary Arts and Meal Science at Orebro University,among others.A judgment sampling was chosen,based on the respondent’s practical experiences of the multi-sensory brand-experience concept.A questionnaire was prepared before each interview,with unstructured responses,and this questionnaire was reworked and augmented as the study progressed.The overall aim of the study structure was to explain the multi-sensory brand-experience concept in a SM model and context.An additional objective was to clarify and illustrate the key explanatory levels of how a ﬁrm might facilitate the multi-sensory brand-experience.These levels govern the empirical illustrations EBR 23,3260of the study.The multi-sensory brand-experience hypothesis,as well as the interpretation and concluding discussions,have been organized accordingly. Theoretical assumptionsWhen it comes to the theoretical framework,it is essential to recognize the impact on customer value of changing value systems in contemporary society,experiences,and the brand as an image.The culture and zeitgeist of society is often seen as contradictory and paradoxical in its content and meaning(Powell,1998).It consists of both rational and emotional elements,as well as attributes like creativity,intuition,speculation, spontaneity,and feelings(Brown,1993).The ongoing value shift from a collectivist view to a more individualist view of everyday life emphasizes self-expression and quality of life(Firat and Schultz,1997). Research has shown that generations born in the1970s,1980s,and1990s have questioned modern values and replaced them with post-modern values in everyday and working life(Inglehart,1997;Howard and Mason,2001).The assumption made in this paper is that,as a lifestyle,individualization expresses the culture and zeitgeist of contemporary society through three personal driving forces. Theﬁrst one,image building,is linked to the consumption of brands and experiences, which give individuals an opportunity to create their own unique identity and image. As long as consumption is oriented towards symbolic content and meaning, it corresponds to the production of images of the self(Firat and Venkatesh,1995).The second one,self-fulﬁllment,is linked to quality of life and welfare,in terms of changing consumption patterns.The ongoing shift to more qualiﬁed consumption is evident in services associated with culture,entertainment,health,medical care, education,or recreation.The transition from low-value to high-value service activities emphasizes the importance of the personal value of the experience,and service-related time use emphasizes the self and self-fulﬁllment(Gershuny,2000).The third one,sensory experience,is linked to an individual’s striving for identity and image,as well as for self-fulﬁllment.In this regard,individualization is dependent on cognitive,emotional and value-based elements,which explain why most individuals should be seen as active,participative,and creative actors.This means that goods or services,not only in a physical or functional sense,but also in an emotional sense,should conform to an individual’s personal and social-life context(Prahalad and Ramaswamy,2000).In presenting the multi-sensory brand-experience concept,the identiﬁcation of individualization as lifestyle is crucial.This focuses on the signiﬁcance of the human mind and senses,and how they are applied in marketing-management practice.The process also rises following question:how is it possible for a company to delve deeper into the customer’s mind and treat the customer in a more personal way through differentiating and expressing a brand?This question is closely related to theories on TM and RM and some of the key characteristics are summarized in Table I.Since the1950s,marketing models covering the marketing process for consumers, business,non-proﬁt,goods,or services have been developed(Christopher et al.,1991). In terms of TM and the marketing mix,the TM-model is based on microeconomic theory and behavioral theory of theﬁrm,from an exchange perspective.The model is based on goods logic,where the individual is seen as a consumer with average needs in a mass-market context,in which advertising is a major tool in appealing to the market(Gro¨nroos,2000).The model is built around acquiring customers,Sensory marketing261short-term exchanges,and single transactions between an active seller and a passive buyer (Brodie et al.,1997).The RM-model is more sophisticated,in terms of RM based on interaction and network theories and social exchange theories.The model modiﬁes the shortcomings and simplicity of the TM-model,by focusing on interactions,networks,and relationships between an active and adaptive seller and buyer (Gummesson,1999).Moreover,the model is based on a service logic in which the individual is a customer within a relationship perspective.The model is built around customer retention,long-term relationships,two-way communication and personal interactions (Gro¨nroos,2006),emphasizing a customer-centric view with relationship handling in the focus of a ﬁrm’s marketing strategy and tactics (El-Ansary,2005).Moreover,it is assumed here that the RM-model,through the use of customer relationship management and customer-speciﬁc marketing,has de-personalized marketing further,instead of getting closer to the customer’s mind and senses.In applying these technologies,ﬁrms have attempted to build long-term customer relationships,based on a technically more advanced approach than a personal approach,one that has aroused criticism (O’Malley and Tynan,2000).Furthermore,the two models offer limited opportunities to depict the marketing process of the multi-sensory brand-experience and follow certain logics.In other words,in the TM-model,the good is dominant,and in the RM-model,the service dominates as a support for customer processes.Neither model considers the marketing process of either brand as image,or sensory experiences and what this entails.One weakness is that no discussion or insights are offered with regard to which means or tools managers can use infacilitating the multi-sensory brand-experience.Inspired by Gro¨nroos (2009)and his discussion about the importance of service,where service is seen as a mediating variable for value creation,the presented model attempts to remedy these shortcomings.The nature of sensory marketingA SM model (SM)takes its point of departure in the human mind and senses,where mental ﬂows,processes and psychological reactions take place and result in a multi-sensory brand-experience.An individual’s personal and subjective interpretation and understanding of a multi-sensory brand-experience is referred to here asTM RM SM Marketing Goods logicService logic Experiential logic Exchange perspectiveRelationship perspective Brand perspective TMRM SM Strategic marketing Product focusCustomer focus Mind and sense focus Customer acquisitionCustomer retention Customer treatment Transactional strategiesRelational strategies Sensorial strategies Tactical marketing Persuasion andpromotionInteraction and interplay Dialogue and on-line interactivity One-way communicationTwo-way communication Multi-sensory communication Production technologyInformation technology Digital technology Source:Developed from Hulte ´n et al.(2009)Table I.From transaction and relationship to SMEBR 23,3262experiential logic.This means that,for each individual,the logic contributes to forming behavioral,emotional,cognitive,sensory,or symbolic values(Holbrook,1999; Schmitt,1999).The experience becomes an image,forming the mental conceptions and perceptions of interactions and inputs in the service process,which constitutes theﬁnal outcome of the multi-sensory experience within a brand perspective.This perspective is deﬁned here as an individual’s beliefs,feelings,thoughts,and opinions about a brand,based on the overall experience(Kotler,2000;Brakus et al.,2009).In this paper,it is suggested that the SM-model differs from the TM and RM-models, through its emphasis on the multi-sensory brand-experience.In the latter two models, the good or service is emphasized,but not the multi-sensory brand-experience of goods or services or other elements within a brand perspective.The SM-model offers aﬁrm the opportunity to differentiate and express a brand as image through sensorial strategies, including sensors,sensations,and sensory expressions,based on cognitive,emotional, or value-based elements in relation to the human mind and senses.This relates to how to position a product in the sense of“positioning is what you do to the mind of the prospect”(Ries and Trout,1982).The imprints aﬁrm leaves,in order to distinguish and express itself,can then be related to a deeper,individual emotional level.Against this background,the multi-sensory brand-experience hypothesis implies the need for a SM model highlighting the signiﬁcance of the human senses in reaching the customer’s mind at a deeper level than the TM-and RM-models.In explaining why ﬁrms focus on the human senses,this present study identiﬁes three explanatory levels within a SM model,i.e.sensorial strategies expressed through sensors,sensations,and sensory expressions.There is no doubt that the number of potential means is inﬁnite at each level,indicating that the model allows ample choice in the marketing process.The number of explanatory levels has been limited to only three,in order to make a classiﬁcation that facilitates the construction of the model.Furthermore,each level contains a number of choices with respect to offering multi-sensory brand-experiences in a SM model and context(Figure1).The aim is to simplify the process,by grouping possible choices together into the three key explanatory levels of means.Moreover,the aim of the classiﬁcation was to offer an exhaustive classiﬁcation,when no other could be found in the marketing literature.A general assumption made here is that the three levels are,paradoxically,both related to and independent of each other.They can simultaneously occur jointly or independently of each other,but also be identiﬁed separately.Furthermore,at each level,different elements or factors as tools can be applied in the marketing process,allowing differentiation and variety.Finally,there is a mutual interdependence between different kinds of means, creating regularity in one or more patterns of SM performance in the marketing process.Sensorial strategies aim at differentiating and expressing a product,service orﬁrm’s identity in relation to the human mind and senses.A strategy is deﬁned as sensorial, when it appeals to a certain sense or senses in the customer’s mind.The reason for aﬁrm to develop sensorial strategies is to distinguish a brand from competing ones,especially when such functional/rational attributes as price or quality are often the same. Hence,sensorial strategies are based more on emotional/psychological elements than functional attributes in clarifying a brand’s identity and values.The main purpose of sensorial strategies is to facilitate the multi-sensory brand-experience expressedSensory marketing263。

2021年StartUp《创业公司(2016)》第一季第一集完整中英文对照剧本

"若要逍遥法外必先坦诚相待" - 鲍勃·迪伦等等等等 Wait, wait, wait, wait. 天啊来吧 Oh, Jesus! Come on! 天啊 Jesus! -不不别停-我可以等 - No, no, no, don"t stop. - I can wait. 亲爱的帮个忙骑回去 Hey, honey, do me a favor, get back on the horse. 男人高&hearts;潮&hearts;后最诚实 Listen, a guy is never more truthful than just after he"s cum 我正需要他向我坦诚拜托了 and I want complete honesty from him now, so please. 给他打个嘴炮吧 Suck a dick for a white man, come on. 他是... Is... Is he... 你认真的吗 Are you serious 什么 What 你是认真的吗 Are you serious 认真什么About what 让我留下 About me staying here. 你想坐牢吗 Do you want to go to jail 我是开玩笑的 I"m kidding. Okay, come on. 你不会坐牢的你可以走了 You"re not going to jail. You can leave. -快点走吧-天啊 - Come on, now, let"s go! - Jesus. 还是要恭喜你Congratulations, anyway. 你来干什么菲尔 What are you doing here, Phil 瓦迪科·克洛涅夫6&hearts;4&hearts;万美金 Vadik Koronev, $6&hearts;4&hearts;0,000. 玛丽娜·希门尼斯56 万美金 Marina Jimenez, $560,000. 这事都已经翻篇了 We"ve already been over this. 但我现在有证据了 Yeah, but now I got proof. 你的越南朋友方大元 Your Vietnamese pal, Daewon Phan, 我们扣了他电脑 we seizedhis laptop. 那... Uh, so... 你要抓我吗 you want to take me in 就像你对埃德·阿德勒那样 Like you did with Ed Adler 你逮捕他两天后那家伙就去游地中海了 Guy was sailing the Mediterranean two daysafter you cuffed him. 他压根没坐牢我也不会 Never even saw the inside of a jail cell, and neitherwill I. 你也不会没错 Neither will you, that"s right. 知道为什么吗因为我不是来抓你的 You know why Because I"ve not come to arrest you, 我是来跟你交朋友的 I have come to be your friend. 因为朋友会有福同享Because friends share. 安德鲁 Andrew 你想和我做朋友吗 Do you want to be my friend 你要多少 How much -一半-一半 - Half. - Half! 你上笔交易大概值 220 万 Your last deal came to about 2 mil. -给一半我就放过你-我不能给你一半 - I want half and I will leave you alone. - I can"t get you half. -我会放过你-我不能给你一半 - I will leave you alone. - I can"t get you half.闭嘴混&hearts;蛋&hearts;我话还没说完 Shut up, dick fuck! You don"t talk over me. 别打岔 You don"t do that! 我要你上次交易利润的一半 I want half of what you made on your last move, 否则我一通电&hearts;话&hearts;你可能不会进监狱 or I make one phone call and you might not go to jail, 但所有的钱都会被冻结 but the entire score will be seized. 考虑到这是谁的钱 That"s not good news for you, 这可对你不利哦 considering who that money belongs to. 我需要几天时间来打点 I"ll need a couple of days to tee it up, 确保万无一失 make sure there"s no red flags. 好的 Sure. 我会和你一起... I"ll meet you to make the transfer... -汇款-朋友都这么做 - together. - Like friends do. 不 No. 你真想这么做吗 Is this really how you want to do this 是的 Yes, it is, yeah. 跟其他人一样Just like the other guys. 我以为你不至于此 I thought you were betterthan that. 我也是 Me, too. 我也是 Me, too. 创业公&hearts;司&hearts; 第一季第一集爽吗 You good 你今天都在家吗 Are you going to be home all day 我不知道 Uh, I don"t know. 你不知道吗 You don"t know 不知道我还有事怎么了 Yeah, I don"t know. I got stuff to do. Why 你还有事好我有个快递 You got stuff to do, okay. I have a UPS coming, 但我要去开会 but I have to go to this meeting. 你还有东西要来不是吧 You got more stuff coming, really 你得把那些东西放到别处去 Look, you gotta put that somewhere else. 放哪里查德我没钱找地方 Put it where, Chad, I can"t afford a place. 我上个月电费六百块 My electric was 600 bucks last month. 哪有这么贵的炮啊 No lay is worth that much. 小伊别这样 Izz, come on! 玩笑而已 It was a joke! 伊兹 Izzy! 小伊我开玩笑的 Izz, come on, I was joking. 怎么你现在是要装作 What Are you suddenly going to pretend 对我有感情吗like you have feelings for me now -我喜欢过你-小伊 - I liked you. - Izz. 你不喜欢任何人 You don"t like anyone. 你装样子是为了从别人身上捞好处 You pretend to, just so you can get things from them. 你爱利用人 You"re a user. 跟你在一起这么久是我不对但我... Look, I feel like a dick that I let it go on this long,but I... 天啊你是认真的吗 Jesus Christ! Are you serious right now 滚出去 Get out! -这是我家-滚出去 - This is my house! - Get out! 你疯了带上你的垃圾滚出去 You"re insane. Get your shit, get the fuck out! 滚 Go! 客户对于未来走向 There"s understandably lots of confusion 有许多困惑是可以理解的 from clients about which way to go, 但不幸的是由于美元流动性的不确定性 and unfortunately, there"s just no clear answer, 现在没有明确的答案 because of the uncertainty of the liquidity of the dollar. 未接来电爸爸能不能小心点 Dad, Dad, can you please be careful with that 这很容易打碎 It breaks really easily. 好亲爱的 Okay, sweetie. 宝贝是你吗 Babe, is that you 是我 Yeah! Hey. -工作怎么样-还不错谢了 - Hey, how was work - It was good. Thanks. 我爸来了 Hey, my dad"s home. -尼克-里奥最近怎么样 - Hey, Nick. - Hey, Leo. How are you 挺好不好意思我过会就走 I"m good. I"m sorry, I"ll get out of your hair. 我只是帮小泰搬点东西 I"m just helping Tay move some stuff. 我谢你才对非常感谢 No, thank you. Thank you so much. 你喜欢吗 So, are you loving it 当然谁不喜欢太棒了 Yeah, I mean, who could not love it It"s amazing. 我不知道我们该怎么回报你 I... don"t know how we"ll ever repay you. 别客气这是个好的开头 Well, don"t worry about it. It"s a good starter, you know. 当然 Sure. 工作怎么样 So, how"s work 工作还行 Work... Work"s okay, yeah. 我也说不清我在想或许... I don"t know. I"m thinking about, maybe... 说不好我最近在考虑别的事情 I don"t know, I"ve been thinking about a fewother things lately. 尼克在计划开一家微型融&hearts;资&hearts;公&hearts;司&hearts; Yeah, Nick is thinking about starting his own micro-financing firm. 我一直想做些 Well, I"ve been wanting to do something能影响别人的事 that makes a difference to anyone, ever. 宝贝这个镜子怎么样 Baby, what do you think about this mirror 我们在商量把它放哪里 We"ve been talking about where we should put it. 三通未接来电爸尼基我是你&hearts;爸&hearts; Hey, Nicky, it"s your father. 你今晚能不能来岛上一趟 I was wondering if you could, maybe, come down to The Keys tonight. 我有些事... There"s something I... 想跟你谈谈我想当面跟你说 need to talk to you about. I"d rather do it in person, you know. -戴尔菲-怎么了 - Delfi. - What 来 Come. 尝尝 Taste this. 还行吧 It"s okay. 我开玩笑的妈超好吃 I"m joking, Mom. It"s awesome. -戴尔菲不能让他们坐一起-为什么 - Delphi, you cannot sit these people together. - Why not -他们可是水火不容-阿道夫阿道夫 - They"ll kill each other. - Adolfo. Adolfo! 弄脏了 It"s stained. 什么声音 What"s that 伊兹伊兹 Izzy! Izzy! 不不不能把这些放进来 No, no, no, no, hey! These are not living here. -我没地方放了-是吗 - I got nowhere else to put "em. -Oh, really 我有个主意 Hey, I got an idea. 找份工作怎么样租间公&hearts;寓&hearts;怎么样 How about a job, huh How aboutrenting an apartment 这就是我的工作怎么样 How about this is my job 什么你是说有人付钱让你这么做 What You"re going to tell me that people are paying you for this 很快就会有 They will, soon. -什么-姐 - What - Hey, Sis. -戴尔宝儿-亲爱的还是放你房&hearts;间吧 - Hey, Delly Belly. -Corazon, this might be better in your room. 不老爸我房&hearts;间电压不足 No, Dad, it"s not enough amps in there. 我从12 岁说到现在了 I"ve been telling you that since I was 1 -小帅哥怎么了-小帅哥把我轰出来了 - What happened to Pookie-Head - Pookie-Head kicked me out. 太惨啊你没有别的地方住吗 That sucks, but can"t you get another place -我没钱了-可真稀奇 - I"m out of cash. - Oh, big surprise there! -别吵了妈-马塔小伊 - Step off, Mom, I swear... - Marta! Izzy! -求你们了-认真的吗 - Please! Por favor! - Seriously -明天是我人生中最重要的一天-侦币 - I got the biggest pitch of my damn life tomorrow. - GenCoin 是的这家私人贷款公&hearts;司&hearts;要为我注资 Yeah, this private loans dude"s bringing me in. -是她博客的东西吗-不是爸 - Is this her blog thing - No, Dad, it"s not. -是一种货币-你知道什么是博客吗 - It"s a currency. - Do you even know what a blog is 一种将要改变世界的数字货币 A digital currency that"s going to change the world. 会改变世界 Oh, it"s going to change the world 你都已经说了几年了 Hey, you"ve been saying that for years! 它不依赖任何政&hearts;府&hearts;银行或规章 It"s not tied to any governments, any banks, any regulations. 世上任何人都能用 Anybody in the world can use it. 只要你有手&hearts;机&hearts; All you need is a cell phone. 你应该没有手&hearts;机&hearts;吧 I don"t think you have one of those, do you 我有台翻盖手&hearts;机&hearts; I got a flip phone. 你用不了... You can"t use... 让她待段时间吧 Just let her stay for a while. 她们俩同时在家多好 It"ll be nice to have the two of them together again. -我牺牲了全部积蓄...-牺牲 - You know what I did not sacrifice my entire savings... - Sacrifice 是的牺牲送你去斯坦福 Yes, sacrifice, to send you to Stanford... 我又没求你送我去 I was not begging you to go there! 不是为了让你设计... Hey! For you to run around and create... 这是什么电脑游戏吗 What What is this Like, computer games -管它是什么-知道吗 - Whatever the hell this is! - Hey! Guess what -什么-我让那个娘炮码农干了我一年 - What - I let that molly-popping Key Rat cum inside me for a year 才编写出了侦币的算法 so I could build the algorithm for GenCoin. 不要教我什么是牺牲 Don"t lecture me on sacrifice. 动作好快 Huh, that was quick. -我们不能再这样下去了-你酒还没醒 - We shouldn"t do this anymore. - You drunk yet -工作怎么样-我可以冲个澡 - How"s work - I could use a shower. 好爽 Fuck! Fuck! 我们重新开始 Let"s start over. 好吗 All right 是什么在阻碍我们 What"s stopping us 我所有东西都还在储藏室 All my stuff"s still in storage. 一天就可以拆包放好 It"s like a day of unpacking. 是啊 Yeah. 我可以放弃一切 I can quit. I can quit all of it. 我们去旅行就像我们以前总说的那样 We can travel, like we always said we would.-好-好 - Yeah. - Yeah. 中国泰国哪里都行 China, Thailand, anywhere. -谢丽尔你想要吗-想 - Cheryl, do you wanna - Yeah. -你想要吗-想 - Do you wanna - Yeah. 但我们得暂缓一下 We have to call off the dogs first though, huh 我差点就信你了 You had me there for a second. 不等等 No, wait. 我是认真的 I"m serious. 你满嘴胡言 You"re so full ofshit! 你打算拖多久 How long did you plan on keeping that up for, huh你在说什么 What are you talking about 等所有律师都走了吗 Till all the lawyers went away 等你领到退休金吗 Till you got your pension 得了吧我的退休金也是你拿 Fuck you, I don"t even get my pension, you get my pension. 好吧 Yeah. 你剪头发了 You cut your hair 没有 No, I didn"t. 看起来不错 Well, it looks good. 还记得那个吗 Remember that one 记得 Yeah. 来点威士忌吗 Scotch 不了谢谢 Uh, no, thank you. 我要喝一杯 Well, I"m going to have one. 我以为你戒酒了 I thought you quit drinking. 是戒了 I did. 工作怎么样 So, how"s work 还不错 Uh, work"s fine. 很好你跟那谁怎么样了... Good. Good. And how are things with... -泰勒-我记得泰勒 - Taylor. - I know. Taylor. 你们关系还好吗 You guys doing okay 叫我来干什么 Why am I here 你病了为什么叫我过来 Are you sick Why did you call me 去兜个风吧 How about we go for a ride 这是在干什么 What are we doing 尼克你知道我是做什么的从哪里挣钱 Uh, Nick, you know what I do. You know where I get my money. 我别无选择了 Well, I"m out of options. 警&hearts;察&hearts;盯上我了 The feds are all the way up my ass. 你是我唯一能信任的人 You are the only person I can trust. 这里有两百多万 There"s over two million dollars here. -你得帮我转走-什么 - I need you to move it. - What 这里有银行路由账号&hearts; There"s routing numbers. 将钱转至哪里的说明 Instructions on where to funnel the money. 要在下周二前到账 I just need it to land by next Tuesday. 天啊停车 Oh, my God. Pull the car over! -你通过瓦伦西亚-你自己来 - You go through Valencia... - Do it yourself! 他们冻结了我所有的贝莱德信托基金账户They froze all my BFO accounts. 我不是开玩笑 I"m not kidding. 但你能挪走没人能查到 But you can move it, and nobody would ever see a trace of it. -停车快停车-好吧 - Pull the car over right now! Just pull the car over! - Fine! 等等 Wait! 我一生都在为你赎罪 My entire life, I have tried toatone for all your bullshit, 这让我良心上过得去 and make something decent of myself. 为什么你一直要拉我下水 Why do you insist on dragging me down with you 我不会做的 It"s not going to happen. 他们会杀了我They"re going to kill me. 如果这笔钱被查封 I lose this money, it gets seized. 一些危险人物就会找我算账 I"m going to owe some very dangerous people. 如果我真有不测... If something happens... 你心里真能过意的去吗 you really want that hanging over your head 爸爸... Dada... 你猜怎么着guess what 涂易让我给你看样东西猜猜是什么 Touie want me to show you something. Guess what it is -你哥哥让你这么做的吗-是呀 - Your brother tell you to do that - Yeah. -你确定吗-是呀 - You sure You sure - Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. 我看看你是不是在说谎 If you"re lying, I"m going to find out. 我还会再挠你痒痒 I"m going totickle you again. 涂易是你让妹妹喷我水的吗 Hey, Touie, you tell your sister to squirt me不是 No. 埃尔丝你哥哥把你出&hearts;卖&hearts;&hearts;&hearts;了 Hey, Els, your brother done sold you out. 涂易 Touie! 你昨晚什么时候回来的 What timedid you get home last night 比你早点爸 Before you did, Pop. 早饭马上就好 Hey, breakfast will be ready soon, okay -好的-好 - Okay. - All right. -早安亲爱的-早安 - Good morning, love. - Good morning. 手拿开 Quit it. 涂易谁来了 Touie, who"s that 奥斯卡 Oskar. 你好啊 What"s up 哥们抓到唐纳了就在你说的地方 Got that Towner, dawg. Right where you say he"d be. -他现在在哪里-房&hearts;间里 - Where he at now - The room. 等一下 Hold on. 你好啊兄弟 What up, dawg 你好啊奥 What it do, O 不错啊 Oh, shit, yo! 这游戏真棒什么时候搞到的 This game dope. When"d you get this 上周 Last week. -我一会就回来-好 - I"ll be right back. - Okay. 别闹了 Stop it. 把电视关了吃点东西 Hey, turn it off. Get something to eat. 杰怎么说 What"dJey have to say 他还在坦帕 He"s still in Tampa. 他没接电&hearts;话&hearts;我就来找你了 He didn"t pick up his phone. Came to get you. 他在那里多久了 How long he been there 几个小时不怎么说话 A few hours. Ain"t been talking much though. 你好啊大个子 What they do, big man 这是塔姆家的猪排吗 Those Tam"s ribs 最后一块了 Last of "em. 卖&hearts;&hearts;得太火爆了 Shit"s outta control out here. 真幸运对吧 Lucky sumbitch, ya know that, right 我每天看到她都有这感觉 She reminds me every day. 什么事大罗尼 What"s up, Big Ronnie 你听说我们抓住唐纳了吧 You hear we got that Towner -不然我来干嘛E-给他点颜色瞧 - Think I"m doin" here, E - Gonna do to "im, Big Dog 那得看他的表现了 That"s up to him now, ain"t it 好的 All right. 放松Whoa, whoa, whoa, easy, easy, now. 你会被割伤的别还没开始就流血了 Shit"ll cut you up. Bleed out "fore we start. 深呼吸哥们 Just breathe, my nigga, just breathe. 我和其他蠢货不同 I ain"t like the rest of these fools though. 我只是来找你聊聊 I"m just here to talk. 你喜欢法式吐司吗 You like French toast 我老婆做的很好吃 My wife, she"s a helluva cook. 这上面都不用抹糖浆 You don"t need no syrup onthis shit or nothing. 入口即化 This shit just melt in your mouth. 她跟她妈学的正宗海地风味 She learned from her old girl. A real Haitian. 尝尝Try some. 不吃吗 You good 瞧莫 See now, Mo. 你耗得我早饭都凉了 You done made my breakfast all cold. 拿点加热的家伙来 I need something to heat this up with. 我也想赶紧回家 Now I"d like to go back and 趁早饭凉透前吃完 finish the rest of it before it all get cold, too. 我就不绕弯子了谁杀了乔尔 So I"ll make this quick now. Who shot Joelle 我不知道 I don"t know. 你知道你肯定知道 Yeah, you do. You do know. 不知道真的 I don"t. I really don"t. 雷维斯和他手下发号&hearts;施令 Revis and his boys call all the shots, 不过出力干脏活的还是你和劳 but you and Lowe and the rest do the dirty work, 不是吗 ain"t that right 看 Ah, see. 我得热热我的早饭 Now I can warm my shit up. 谢了 Thanks, yo. 求你Please. 见鬼莫瞧瞧 Oh, damn, Mo, look at that. 瞧瞧这一滩 Look at that shit. 好了好了这种破事难免的 All right. All right. Shit happens sometimes, okay. 你有秘密 Nigga got a secret. 你也知道我这号&hearts;人撬开你嘴的手段 He knows what a G-code like me"s willin" to do to get it. 对吗 Ain"tthat right 我不能说 I can"t. 说吧莫 Come on, Mo. 你已经尿了自己一裤子 You already done pissedyourself. 还能有多惨 It can"t get much worse. 饶了我吧你知道我不能说 Come on, dawg. You know I can"t. 好吧我来给你烘烘裤裆 All right, then, I"ll just dry your shit off. 别乱动别乱动 Hold still! Hold still! 最后一次机会莫 Last chance, Mo. 不然我把你那玩意儿烤了 Then I burn that shit off, 当早餐吃听明白了吗 I eat that for breakfast instead, you feel me 不行 I can"t. 你说什么 What did you say -戴维斯-戴维斯 - Davis. - Davis. 好哥们 My nigger. 你做得好很好兄弟很好 You did good. You did good, blood, you did good. 给他松绑送回 95 街去 Cut him loose, make sure he get back across 9 -你说什么-你听到了 - Say what - You heard me. 那可不是我们的作风 That ain"t how we do. 由我决定我们的作风 I"m the one who say how we do. 杰杰会要我废了他 Jey-Jey"d want me to waste "im. 他没杀人戴维斯杀的 He didn"t kill nobody. Davis did. 以眼还眼这才是我们的作风 Eye for an eye. That"s how we do... 我才不信你这套老段子哥们 And I ain"t with this Old Testament shit, dawg. 等杰杰回来 Now when Jey-Jey gets back... 算我头上 It"s on me. 明白吗 You understand 等杰杰回来 When Jey-Jey get back... 这事算我头上 it"s on me. 现在给他松绑Now untie him. 把他好好地送过桥去 Make sure he get back over the bridge 回到上城就这样 to Overtown without no trouble, and that"s it. 你们回你们的地盘往伊博尔区卖&hearts;&hearts;大&hearts;麻&hearts; Y"all go on workin" your corners, selling kush up to Ybor, 该干什么干什么 do whatever the fuck it is you"ll do up there. 我们在这里继续干我们的明白吗 We going to do what we do down here, you understand that 好的 All right. 我能倒完吗 Can I finish this 我一会再煮点 I"ll make some more. 你今天上班吗 You working today 是啊我得去帮希娜 Yeah, I gotta go and help Sheena. 她忙不过来了 She got overwhelmed. 但我会按时回家吃晚饭 But I"ll be home in time for dinner. 吃外卖&hearts;&hearts;可以吗 You want to do some boxes -可以-好的 - Yeah, okay. - Okay. -今天过得愉快再见-你也是 - Have a good one. Bye. - Bye. You, too. 侦币 -莫拉莱斯小姐-是我 - Miss Morales - Yeah. -可以进去了-谢谢 - They"re ready for you. - Thank you. 瓦伦西亚你们知道在沙特阿&hearts;拉&hearts;伯 Did you know that in Saudi Arabia 女人不能开自己的银行账户吗 a woman can"t open her own bank account 在印度尼西亚卢比币值极不稳定 In Indonesia, the instability of the rupee 这就无法&hearts;正&hearts;常经营 makes it impossible to maintain a business. 但是如果有一种他们通用的货币 But what if, what if there was a currency they all had access to 一种他们可以视为己有的货币 A currency they could call their own. 一种没有国界不受政令控制 A currency with no borders, free of government decree, 不会被没收的货币 with no threat of confiscation. 你们知道吗世界一半人口 Did you know 50% of the world population, 即 35 亿人that"s three and a half billion people 无法使用银行账户 don"t have access to a bank account, 但到 2020 年几乎人人都会有手&hearts;机&hearts; but by 2020, almost all of them will have a cell phone. 这就是力量 That"s power. 这就是侦币 That"s GenCoin. 抱歉这类似于贝宝吗 Uh, sorry, is it like PayPal 不贝宝是在线支付系统 No, PayPal is an online payment system. 靠用户投入资金才能使用 It works with whatever currency you put in it. 侦币本身就是货币 GenCoin is a currency in and of itself. 它基于一种复杂算法 It runs off a complex algorithm. 我花了将近七年来开&hearts;发&hearts; It took me almost seven years to develop. 它能预测并随时调整适应国外市场 It predicts, it adjusts and adapts to foreign markets 以及政&hearts;治&hearts;变动以保持币值稳定 and political shifts in order to remain stable. 侦币和其它如比特币 How is it any different 那样的端对端系统相比有何不同 from other peer to peer systems like BitCoin 比特币 BitCoin 这想法不错它的代码是开源的 It"s a cute idea. I mean, its code is open source. 货币真正民&hearts;主&hearts;化 True democratization of money. 这也导致它很容易 Which makes it susceptible to 受到第三方干扰最终滋生腐&hearts;败&hearts; third party interference andultimately corruption. 问题在于人们总是说金钱使人腐&hearts;败&hearts; Here"s what"s up, folksalways saying that money corrupts people. 然而人们没能认清的是 But what everyone fails to recognize 人败坏了金钱 is that people corrupt money.侦币可以终结这一现象 GenCoin can put an end to that. 它比起市面上那些 It offers more stability, 电子货币更稳定更安全更支持匿名 security and anonymity than any digital currency out there. 能运行吗 And it works 还在测试不过能运行 Still in beta, but it works. 你需要多少钱来启动 Um, howmuch would you need to get started 你想要多少 What are you looking for 十万种子基金 $100,000 in seed money. 这能让我建立 That"ll allow me tobuild 足够安全的来全面运行测试版 a secure enough network to run a true prototype. 如此一来我就能吸引更大投资商 With that, I can lure larger investors. 最终我需要一千二百万 Eventually, I"ll need 12 million. 听起来很有趣但我只有一个问题 That sounds very interesting, but I have just one concern, 所有这些比特币加密货币 all this BitCoin, crypto-currency stuff. 我一直在研究恕我冒昧 I"ve been reading up on it and if I may, 其最终成功看起来挺its ultimate success looks pretty... 会让银行业惨不忍&hearts;睹 Well,it just looks pretty grim for the banking community. 瞧瞧那些唱片公&hearts;司&hearts;电影工作室 Well, look at the record companies, the movie studios.他们当初不想适应数字化时代 They didn"t want to adapt to the digital age. 现在他们被声破天网飞油管淹没了 Now they"re getting smoked by Spotify, Netflix, YouTube. 这如出一辙传统银行业数字货币 It"s the same thing. Traditional banking, digital currency. 机不可失时不再来朋友 That train is leaving the station my friends, 要么趁早上车要么落在后面 so you either jump on-board or get left behind. 非常吸引人 Well, very intriguing. 我们需要内部讨论一下 We"re going to chat internally. 然后我们再跟你联&hearts;系&hearts; Yeah And we will circle back with you. 好吗 Okay 非常感谢你很棒 Thank you very much. It was great. 好的 Right. 我是安德鲁·塔尔曼请留言 You"ve reached Andrew Talman. Please leave a message. 安德鲁你在玩我吗 Andrew Are you fucking kidding me 混&hearts;蛋&hearts; Prick. 这姑娘特别聪明 This girl"s so smart. 神童上过斯坦福 I mean, child prodigy, went to Stanford, 她只是完全不知道该怎么推销自己 she just has absolutely no idea how to sell herself. 好吧但人们不买&hearts;&hearts;账肯定有原因 Yeah, but there has to be a reason why people aren"t buying. 你是唯一看好她的 Like, you"re the only one. 我觉得是种 I think it"s a, sort of, 对未知未解领域的恐惧 inclination to be afraid of what you don"t know or understand, -是吗-我觉得是人们恐惧未来 - Yeah. - and I think it"s people scared ofthe future. 我认为怎么 I think... Yeah 好吧我不明白 Okay, I don"t...I don"t really understand 那到底是什么 what exactly it is. -侦币吗-对 - GenCoin - Yeah. 它是一种货币 It"s a currency. 和其它货币一样只不过是电子化的 It"s like any other currency, but it"s digital. 它不依赖任何政&hearts;府&hearts;或银行 Um, it"s not tied to anygovernment or bank. 这样世上所有人都能随意使用 So, anyone on Earth can access it. 那它在现实生活中是怎么产生价值 And how does it actually have real life value 它的价值在于 It has the value that 我们对它的共同估值和其他货币一样 we collectively ascribe to it. Same as any of this. 打个比方就像这瓶酒 For instance, this bottle of wine, 这是你姑妈送给我们的 you know, that your aunt got us. 我们可以认定它值一千 We could agree that this is worth $1000. 你觉得我会相信这瓶酒 You want me to believe that it"s a -值一千吗-如果我说这瓶酒 - $1000 bottle of wine - Or if I said, it"s worth $1000 我卖&hearts;&hearts;一千然后你说 for me to part with it, and you said, 要花一千买&hearts;&hearts;下来 it"s worth $1000 for me to have it. 那这瓶酒就值一千 Then it"s worth $1000. -但是-懂了 - But... - I get it. 我知道你会懂I know you do. -不过-我知道你会懂 - But - I know you do. 我还是不会花一千买&hearts;&hearts;这瓶破酒 I still would not pay $1000 for that shitty bottle of wine. -我们正在喝呢-没错 - We"re drinking it. - We are. 为了 Cheers to... 我们一起生活的新篇章干杯 the start of the next chapter together. 干杯 Cheers. -我爱你-我爱你 - I love you. - I love you. -你没事吧-没事 - Are you okay -Yeah. -你确定-确定 - Are you sure - Yeah. -都怪那瓶酒-没事的 - It"s all that wine. - It"s okay. -没关系-等下 - It"s okay. - Hang on. -没关系的-再等下 - It"s okay. - Hang on. 没关系的 It"s okay. 等我一下 I"ll be back. 你不用 Oh, you don"t... 你不用这样做 You don"t have to do that. 侦币哪位 Hello 请问是伊兹·莫拉莱斯吗 Hi. Is this Izzy Morales 是的 Yeah 我是尼克·塔尔曼 Hey, this is Nick Talman. 我们今天见过你来做过游说 We met earlier today. You came in for a pitch. 抱歉这么晚打给你 Um, look, I"m sorry to call so late, 我能明天中午请你吃个饭吗can I buy you lunch tomorrow 我以为你们把我否了 I thought you guys passed. 我不是代表瓦伦西亚的 This is not Valencia talking. 只是我自己想请你吃个饭 This is just me. I would like to buy you lunch. -大个子好啊你-好 - Big man. What it do. - What it do. 来 Come on. 没事吧你挺好的吧 Straight You all right 挺好 All good. 锡德要说什么 What Sid have to say 他手下达伊搞来了一大车砍刀 His boy Day called in the whole bus-load of choppers. 下星期还要从亚特兰大给他们拉货 Got themthings coming down from ATL next week. 奥斯卡跟我说了昨天的事 Yo, Oskar told me what went down yesterday though. 他不听我的你知道我不喜欢这样 Disobeyed me. You know I ain"t for that. 得了吧他也是知道我的习惯 Come on, man. He do what he knew I"d say. 杀了唐纳家的人他们会来报复杰 Murkin" Towners, they just gonna come back at us, Jey. 你有雄心壮志啊大罗尼 You got big dreams, huh, Big Ronnie 你野心大得很啊 You dream big, huh 你是打算用那钱搞什么动作吗 You making moves with that money or what 兄弟你知道那笔钱洗干净了 Look, dawg, you know the money good. 我相信你我相信你。

LEVIATHANWAKES丨001

楔子朱莉“把她丢到柜子里，要是她闹就开枪打死她。

”从斯科普里号的船员被绑架开始，已经过去了八天，朱莉·真央一直被困在三米见方、装环境防护服的柜子里。

她终于觉得熬不下去了，准备坦然接受被人射杀的结局。

过了整整八天，她才做了这个决定。

头两天，她待在里面一动不动，因为她相信那些全副武装、把她关在里面的人不是跟她开玩笑。

刚刚被带上这艘船的时候，飞船还没有开引擎，所以她一直在柜子里飘着，轻轻地摸着四壁，以免撞到墙上，或者撞上里面放着的环境防护服。

等到飞船发动，引擎的推力才让她感到重力，能够静静地站稳双脚，然后慢慢地蹲下，蜷缩起来。

她这些天都尿在了连身服中，但她担心的不是身上那还有余温、让人瘙痒的潮湿感，也不是尿骚味，她现在只想不要滑倒，摔在自己尿湿的那块地方上。

她不能弄出声音，他们会开枪打死她的。

第三天，因为口渴，她不得不采取行动。

周围都是飞船开动的噪声。

反应堆和引擎低沉的隆隆声以亚音速向四处传播。

随着各层甲板间增压舱门的闭合，里面的液压装置不断地发出嘶嘶声，钢制门闩也砰砰作响。

许多人穿着沉重的靴子来回走动，在金属甲板上留下一阵笨重的脚步声。

朱莉一直等到四周所有的噪声都远去，才把环境防护服从钩子上取下来放到地上，同时留心着周围是否有人接近的声音。

她慢慢把衣服拆开，取出里面的饮用水。

那水不知道放了多久，一点都不新鲜，味道都变了。

这套环境防护服显然很多年都没人用过，储水袋里的水有些温度，喝起来像泥水，但朱莉两天来一滴水都没有喝过，此刻觉得这是自己喝过的最好的东西。

朱莉尽力克制自己不要大口吞咽，以免呛得吐出来。

等到尿意再次出现，她把环境防护服里的尿囊扯了出来，在里头尿了个够。

朱莉坐在地上，屁股下垫着环境防护服的内衬衣，还是有点儿舒服的。

她开始思考是谁绑架了她——联盟太空军？海盗？还是什么更凶险的人？她想着想着就睡了过去。

第四天，朱莉感到与世隔绝，饥肠辘辘，百无聊赖。

柜子里没尿过的地方越来越少，最后朱莉不得不踩在尿上。

河北省保定市部分高中2023-2024学年高一上学期12月考试英语试卷(含答案)

河北省保定市部分高中2023-2024学年高一上学期12月考试英语试卷学校：___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________ 一、阅读理解Museums in BaltimoreThe Walters Art MuseumThe Walters Art Museum contains 36,000 objects from around the world. Walking through the museum’s historic buildings, visitors encounter a stunning panorama of thousands of years of art, from romantic 17th-century images of French gardens to fascinating Ethiopian icons, ancient Roman sarcophagi (石棺), and peaceful images of the Buddha.Tickets: $9.5. Free for children aged 7 and under.Baltimore Museum of IndustryThe Baltimore Museum of Industry. celebrates the innovators, entrepreneurs and workers who promoted this port city into the industrial age. From garment making to airplane manufacturing, visitors to the museum will discover how their pioneering spirit built the region’s manufacturing might. Located in an 1860s oyster cannery on a five-acre waterfront campus, the BMI offers dynamic exhibitions and hands-on activities for guests of all ages.Tickets: $15. Half price for children.Baltimore Museum of ArtThe Baltimore Museum of Art is home to an internationally renowned collection of 19th-century, modern, and contemporary art. It has 90,000 works of art—including the largest holding of works by Henri Matisse in the world. The BMA is now throughout the multi-year project so that visitors can enjoy its out-standing selection of European and American painting and sculpture from the 17th through 20th centuries.Tickets: $10. Ten percent off if booked on the official website.American Visionary Art MuseumThe American Visionary Art Museum is the nation’s museum for self-taught, creative skills. Three historic buildings house wonders created by farmers, housewives, mechanics, the disabled, as well as the occasional neurosurgeon. From carved roots to embroidered rags, tattoos to toothpicks, “the visionary” transforms dreams, loss, hopes, and ideals into powerful works of art.Tickets: $9.5. Free for children aged 6 and under and museum members.1．Which museum best suits people interested in contemporary French paintings?A. The Walters Art Museum.B. Baltimore Museum of Industry.C. Baltimore Museum of Art.D. American Visionary Art Museum.2．What do we know about Baltimore Museum of Industry？A. It’s a place for memorial celebrations for the city.B. It was built in a factory where food was canned.C. It offers free exhibitions for guests of all ages.D. It is now undergoing a multi-year project.3．How much should they pay if a 7-year-old boy goes to American Visionary Art Museum with his parents?A. $19.B. $23.5.C. $27.D. $28.5.To fight against the ballooning waistlines among people, several U.S. cities have instituted taxes on drinks with added sugar aiming to reduce consumption, but new research suggests these policies currently have one fundamental flaw.The study found sugary drink taxes only reduce purchasing if price tags (标签)at stores mention consumers are paying that tax when they buy the drink.The research included a field study at two convenience stores in San Francisco, which currently has a tax on sugary drinks of I cent per ounce. Researchers varied the price tags placed on the sugary drinks over the eight-week study: one tag that simply said the price for the 12-ounce drink($1.52)and one that had the price and the message "Includes SF Sugary Drink Tax". All non-sugary drinks, which weren't subject to the tax, simply had the price of the drink($1.40).The researchers compared sales of the drinks during the study period to the two weeks before the study began when the sugary drink tax was in effect but there were no price tags on any drinks. Results showed sales of sugary drinks weren't lower during the two weeks, compared to sales before the tax, indicating the tax itself didn't reduce purchases of sugary drinks.The researchers then looked at the effects of the two different price tags. Results showed the share of sugary drinks purchased when the tags simply showed the price wasn't significantly different from the two-week period before the study, but did decline slightly when the tags mentioned the price included the added tax.In a separate online study, the researchers asked participants to estimate what the tax wouldbe on a can of their favorite drink that cost $1.52.The average estimate was 40 cents-much higher than the 12 cents actually demanded in San Francisco. When told the tax was only 12 cents, they reported they'd still purchase the drink.The findings suggest price tags should mention the tax but not the amount, for consumers tend to overestimate how much the tax is. "If cities want these policies to be effective, they need to regulate how sugary drinks are labeled at stores and they currently don't do that," said Donnelly, lead author of the study.4．What does the underlined word "flaw" mean in the first paragraph?A.Weakness.B.Solution.C.Imbalance.D.Evidence.5．What kind of price tags may discourage customers from buying sugary drinks?A.Price tags bearing sugar content.B.Price tags with the exact tax on them.C.Price tags saying added tax included.D.Price tags just showing the total price. 6．Which of the following may be Donnelly's suggestion?A.Stores label sugary drinks at will.B.Cancel sugary drink taxes at once.C.Publicize the impacts of sugary drinks.D.Cities urge stores to use proper price tags. 7．What might be the best title for the text?A.A New Way to Prevent FatnessB.Eating Habits and Food ConsumptionC.Sugary Drink Taxes Aren't Working WellD.Non-sugary Drinkers Benefit from New PoliciesHumans are emotional beings, showing feelings in our behavior and facial expressions. But whether these mean the same thing in different cultures has been hotly debated. Now a new study has found that in different social contexts, such as weddings, funerals and sports, people indeed show universal facial expressions.For the new study, Alan Cowen’s team used a machine learning model, Deep Neural Network (DNN), to systematically analyze facial expressions in thousands of different contexts. These contexts come from more than six million videos uploaded to YouTube by people in 144 countries.Facial expressions were rated by English speakers in India by selecting applicable emotions from a list of 31 labels, resulting in a total of 16 distinct facial expressions. Meanwhile, contexts were classified in a separate experiment. The results showed that people from different cultures share about 70% of the facial expressions used in response to different social and emotional situations.“This supports Darwin’s theory that expressing emotions in our faces is universal among humans,” the study co-lead author Dacher Keltner said. “The physical display of our emotions may define who we are as a species, enhancing our communication and cooperation skills an d ensuring our survival.”However, Lisa Barrett, from the Northeastern University College of Science notes that the English speakers in India were given the emotional word ratings rather than labeling the expressions themselves. They used emotion labels su ch as “anger” “fear” and “sadness” instead of descriptive terms, thereby inferring the emotions behind the expressions.She further comments that the raters (评定者) saw the faces in contexts which can’t necessarily be separated from the emotions themselves, and that the key point is that the raters are from just one country. “The ultimate value of Cowen and his colleagues’ study might lie not in the answers it provides,” she concludes, “but in the opportunity for further discovery that it opens up.”8．What can we learn from the text?A. The study is opposite to Darwin’s theory.B. People in different cultures show similar facial expressions.C. The team conducted the study by downloading facial expressions.D. Facial expressions and contexts were classified in the same experiment.9．How did Alan Cowen’s team conduct the study?A. By using a learning machine.B. By uploading videos to YouTube.C. By analyzing facial expressions.D. By using emotion labels.10．What can we infer from Dacher Keltner’s words?A. Social success is dependent on facial expressions.B. Facial expressions have constantly changed over time.C. Social skills reflect the ability of one’s expression management.D. Facial expressions play a vital role in humans’ development.11．What is Lisa Barrett’s attitude towards the study?A. Objective.B. Ambiguous.C. Critical.D. Contradictory.You may never know why the email will arrive and reasons offered for your rejection might be the real ones—or not. Bosses have always spied on their employees, then judged them. Now the rise of the online self means the employer’s eye can travel still farther.Even before the pandemic, research found that 28% of large companies had turned down applicants after carrying out such checks. And it is becoming more popular: Reed Screening,a large agency, was asked to run over a third more social-media checks in December this year than a year earlier. This month the government gave the practice approval when the Department for Education said schools and colleges “shou ld consider carrying out an online search as part of their due diligence (尽职调查)”.The way screening works is simple: Any “problematic” behaviours will be marked with a red flag. There are laws governing such online screening. David Erdos, head of the Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Law, says that companies are supposed to warn candidates before screening their social media and tell them that they have the right to hold back permission. Some companies follow these rules, but others may not. As for the right to refuse, it is hardly practicable. “Who on earth is… going to be that person who says, ‘Hang on a minute. I’m not happy about that?’” asks Mr Erdos. “That itself is likely to be a red flag.”All agree that the spread of online screening is alarming, as it is so unforgiving. People may be unable ever to be free of their online past, says Mr Erdos. As indeed some footballers, recently punished for comments made almost a decade ago when they were but teenagers, have found to their cost.Those within the industry think laws should be tightened, with punishment for illegal act. In the meantime, being very careful is advisable. In talks to university students, Mr Erdos warns them what companies will do to their social media when they apply for j obs. “They are universally terrified,” he says. And rightly.12．What can we know about online screening from Paragraph 2?A. It is turned down by large companies.B. It boosts the development of education.C. It is becoming increasingly acceptable.D. It highlights the wisdom of employers.13．What do applicants tend to do with online screening?A. They reject the red flags.B. They have to submit to it.C. They will charge the company.D. They postpone carrying it out.14．What is Mr Erdos’ opinion on postin g comments online？A. Companies are tolerant of it.B. Its influence is hard to erase.C. It should be under strict laws.D. University students are free to do it. 15．What could be a suitable title for the text?A. Big Employer Is Watching YouB. Fix Your Eyes on Online ScreeningC. Social-media Checks Are Around the CornerD. Checks Online Are to Blame for Unemployment二、七选五16．Technology has changed our lives and reshapes the way we live. Some of us love it and some of us are frustrated (懊恼的) with it. This is clear as most of us are guilty of being addicted to the Internet and social media.①_______Technology has created a whole new world and brought endless opportunities.The invention of airplanes, ships and spacecraft always allows people to visit other countries and even other planets. As long as we follow the laws of immigration, we can go to any country we like.②_______In addition, technology is also used by a large number of teachers to improve their teaching. It can make the lessons more interactive and interesting for students. E-learning is possible with the use of the Internet connection and computers. People wishing to study for a degree can do so at their comfortable homes.③_______Teachers can post notes and videos on the Internet and students can study and learn whenever they are ready.④_______You don’t have to walk around with a large sum of cash any more because you can make purchases and payments electronically. Online banking is secure and convenient for online shopping. You don’t hav e to worry that your cash might be stolen by someone.However, we have to say that technology can be a double-edged sword. Nowadays, instead of paying attention to the conversation we are having face to face, we just take the phone. We are distracted by sm artphones and technology in general. But we can’t blame technology. We should not blame ourselves, either.⑤_______Indeed, technology is addictive, but our focus shouldn’t be on phones or computers, but on people and face-to-face conversations.A. This gives students flexibility.B. What we need to do is to find some balance.C. This makes it easy for students to make progress.D. Nevertheless, we have seen some benefits of technology.E. When it comes to shopping, technology is also of great help.F. Besides, we have suffered a lot from modern communication.G. And of course, travelling can make people’s lives more colorful.三、完形填空（15空）Castillo wrote a letter to her father for his 50th birthday. Her father, who suffers fromsituation and her father. She got bullied at school because the other kids saw her father asthought of herself as a “coward daughter”.syndrome should,” she wrote.down in tears, which hurt her greatly and made her cry, But her dad kept persisting (坚持),17．A. pride B. encouragement C. embarrassment D. puzzlement18．A. praises B. believes C. admires D. assists19．A. reason out B. face up to C. seek after D. clear up20．A. typical B. different C. rude D. troublesome21．A. Still B. Moreover C. Instead D. Meanwhile22．A. reserve B. deserve C. preserve D. demand23．A. area B. division C. range D. circle24．A. examinations B. operations C. treatments D. medicines25．A. courageous B. selfless C. promising D. pessimistic26．A. bear B. relieve C. kill D. remove27．A. faith B. ambition C. strength D. example28．A. awesome B. sorry C. casual D. shameful29．A. lucky B. lovely C. absent D. intelligent30．A. keeping B. hiding C. saving D. drawing31．A. guess B. recover C. know D. seize四、短文填空32．Buried deep in the ruins of the Shang Dynasty, specifically in Anyang City of Henan Province, bones of the rhino were found.A collection of archaeological evidence has confirmed the ①_________ (exist) of rhinos in ancient China. The animal ②_________ (distribute) across China’s Central Plains, ③_________Chinese civilization originated.Nevertheless, the rhino was no longer wandering in the region after the Han Dynasty. One explanation is that it was the colder climate of Northeast Asia that saw the creature ④_________ (appear) from the pages of history. However, Zhou Yu, the writer of History of Chinese Armor (盔甲), offered up ⑤_________explanation: the crafting of armor.Armor was ⑥_________ (original) made of bamboo but the material possessed limited ⑦_________ (defend) capabilities. Leather armor later became popular during the pre-Qin period. Zhou’s book ⑧_________ (read) that the rhino’s thick skin was a primary material for the creation of w arriors’ armor. Many ancient accounts recorded the killing of rhinos and ⑨_________ (turn) their skin into protective covering. “The huge demand ⑩_________ rhino skins might have caused the animal’s disappearance or at least its migration from the Central Plains to the southwestern regions,” Zhou told Beijing Review.五、书面表达33．假定你是李华，临近高考，心理压力特别大，于是向学校心理老师Tom写一封信，求助如何缓解压力，在高考中取得优异成绩。