marking_forms module-1C
铁塔专业术语_英语
冷轧cold rolling冷拨cold drawn生产效率production efficiency设备equipment强度strength直缝焊管straight welded tube-ERW螺旋焊管spiral welded tube薄钢板Thin steel plate中厚钢板Medium thick plate中板middle plate厚板thick plate特厚板especially thick plate理论重量Theoretical weight单位长度unit length单位面积unit area扁钢flat steel实际长度actual length实际重量actual weight偏差deviation负偏差negative deviation正偏差positive deviation开平板opened plate报价quote钢的牌号Steel grades材质material碳素结构钢carbon structural steel普通碳素结构钢ordinary carbon structural steel优质碳素结构钢high quality carbon structural steel屈服点yield point屈服强度yield strength质量等级Quality grade脱氧方法deoxidize受力强度stress strength塑性变形deformation沸腾钢boiling steel半镇静钢half calm steel镇静钢calm steel特殊镇静钢special calm steel低合金高强度结构钢High strength with low-alloy structural steel冲击试验impact test紧固件fasteners 碳钢焊条Carbon steel electrodes低合金钢焊条Low-alloy steel electrode 气焊Gas welding手工电弧manual arc气体保护焊gas shielded welding埋弧焊submerged arc welding钢焊缝手工超声波探伤方法Steel weld ultrasonic testing铁塔防腐Anti-corrosion热（浸）镀锌heat (dip) galvanized热喷锌hot zinc spray喷油漆spray paint维护成本maintenance cost热镀锌工艺hot galvanizing technology酸洗助镀处理picking help plating附着层attachment layer金属构件metal component锌铁合金层zinc-iron alloy layer电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion脱脂skimming酸洗pickling水洗pickling助镀help plating烘干drying热浸镀锌hot galvanized technology冷却cooling钝passivation锌层表面处理treatment of zinc layer surface质量检查quality inspection油污oil油脂grease油漆paint灰尘rust过酸洗Excessive pickling粗糙的coarse欠酸洗Owe pickling氧化oxidation附着性Adhesion均匀性Uniformity锌层zinc layer附着量Adhesion amount锌层测厚仪测量zinc layer thickness gauge measurement打灰Play ash氧化锌oxide zinc锌渣Zinc slag化合物compound捞渣Remove slag白锈White rust电解液electrolyte放炮Blasting工件work piece流黄水Yellow water flow气孔blowhole漏镀Leakage plating明瘤Obvious tumor挂灰Hanging ash堵孔Plugging hole填号Filling the number起泡Sparkling发花Grow dim锌瘤Zinc tumor外观appearance厚度thickness辅助手段auxiliary means污物dirt工序procedure放样lofting角钢生产Angle steel production连板生产Connection board production角钢全自动生产线automatic angle steel production line角钢NC数据Angle steel NC data压印Pressure seal冲孔punching下料baiting压号pressing number号料Laying out火曲线fire curve切角线corner cutting line切肢线cutting limb line生产指令production instruction工程代号project code塔型代号tower type code部件编号part number制孔区making hole zone铣刨区milling zone 制弯区bending zone焊接区welding zone剪切区shearing zone清clear root铲背shovel back切角corner cutting切小角cutting little horn切大角cutting great horn切肢cutting limb冲孔punching holes钻孔drilling holes割孔cutting holes火曲制弯fire bending开合角operating Angle switching检验examine打扁paying flat傍long side bending单向火曲one-way fire bending曲筋bending muscle双向火曲bidirectional fire bending角钢生产自动线angle steel automatic production line角钢半自动线Angle steel semi-automatic production line连板生产自动线board automatic production line划线marking off剪切下料Shearing material连扳NC数据Connection board NC data 组对fitting up电焊electric welding试组装trying assembly交库Back to the warehouse镀锌galvanization校直alignment包装packing发运Delivery质量控制点quality controlling points质量特性the key quality characteristic关键部位the key part薄弱环节the weak link性能performance精度precision寿命life可靠性reliability安全性security质量检验quality inspection破坏性试验destructive testing不合格特性Unqualified characteristics搬运设备Handing equipment行车traveling crane塔式起重机Tower crane龙门吊Gantry crane汽车起重机truck crane叉车Forklift简易推车Simple cart载重汽车Camion下料设备Baiting equipment剪板机Plate shearing machine手动火焰切割Manual flame cutting machine 半自动火焰切割机Semi-automatic flame cutting machine自动火焰切割机Automatic flame cutting machine下料机Baiting machine带自动剪切功能的数控生产线CNC line with automatic shearing function锯床Sawing machine制孔设备Drilling equipment冲床Punching machine钻床Drilling machine火焰切割机Flame cutting machine数控自动生产线CNC line焊接设备Welding equipment手工电弧焊Electrode welding气体保护焊Gas shielded welding埋弧焊Submerged-arc welding成型设备Molding equipment单柱压力机Mono column press四柱压力机Four column press冲床Punching machine摩擦压力机Friction press专用设备dedicated equipment坡口机Facing machine铣床Milling machine车床Punching machine刨床Planer machine等离子切割机Plasma cutting machine 有色金属non-ferrous metal热变形thermal deformation热影响区hot affected zone最终检验Final inspection质量指标quality indexes抽样sampling检验员inspectors主操main operator操作规程operating procedures标准Standard经济手段economic measure市场调节market regulation放样lofting供货计划delivery plan位置关系positional relationship部件制作明细details of component manufacturing原材料汇总summary of raw materials包装明细packaging details特殊工艺统计statistics of sspecial procedure样杆图sample rod drawing样板图sample plate drawing卡板card board切角板angle cutting board专用量具specialized measuring tool心线heart line楞线strength line楞点strength point楞线侧strength line side肢边侧limb side轧制边rolling side切角边corner cutting edge根开root open单面板single panel双面板double panel三面板three panels交叉板crossing boardV面板V panel折叠板folding board牛蹄板cattle's hoof board垫板pad填板filling the board连接板卷边connecting board curly edge地孔grounding hole安装用孔installation hole挂线孔hang line hole牌位孔memorial tablet hole多接腿multiple legs进货检验incoming quality control物理试验physics experiments抗拉强度tensile strength塑性plasticity伸长率elongation断面收缩率percentage of area reduction化学试验chemical experiments碳carbon,硫sulfur硅silicon锰manganese磷phosphorus过程检验process inspection半成品检验semi-finished products inspection 互检mutual inspection专检special inspection首检the first inspection自检self-inspection机器维护machine maintenance模具mold铁塔知识英语（P1~P200）铁塔tower输电线路铁塔transmission line tower电力塔electric power tower通讯塔communication tower景观塔landscape tower承重结构load-bearing structure钢管杆塔steel tube pole tower角钢塔angular tower组合塔combination tower钢管塔tubular tower电力系统electric power system发电厂power plant发电机generator升压变电所step-up transformer substation配电系统distribution system电压voltage 架空输电线路overhead transmission line 电缆线路cable line避雷线shield wire地线ground wire导线conductor / wire金具fitting绝缘子insulator拉线bracing wire基础foundation接地体grounding conductor接地引下线grounding down-lead钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete横截面cross-section钢芯铝绞线steel-reinforced aluminum conductor.高压high voltage低压low voltage超高压extra-high voltage特高压ultra-high voltage光缆optical fiber电流current三相三线制three phase three wire system 电压等级grade / rate of voltage电晕corona电抗linear reactance火线live line地线earth line零线null line回路loop / circuit交流电alternating current直流电direct current直线塔straight (line) tower转角塔angle tower终端塔terminal tower耐张塔strain tower换位塔transposition tower跨越塔crossing tower分歧塔branch tower转角度数rotation degree单回路single loop双回路double loop多回路multi-loop国家电网State Grid设计院designing institute呼高nominal height垂高vertical height横担cross arm挂点hanging point高低腿high-low leg自立式铁塔self-supporting tower拉线式铁塔guyed tower通信塔telecommunication tower微波塔microwave tower广播塔broadcast tower电视塔television tower馈线feeder line爬梯climbing ladder平台platform天线支架antenna cable rack / stand航标灯navigation light机房computer room接地网grounding net地面塔ground tower屋顶塔rooftop tower插接plugging法兰flange焊接welding圆形钢管杆塔circular steel pipe tower多边形钢管杆塔polygonal steel pipe tower 粗制螺栓crude bolt连板connection board脚钉foot nail变电站transformer substation桁架truss水泥柱concrete pillars接闪器air-termination system针尖tip避雷线shield / ground wire避雷带lightning strap避雷网lightning net电荷charge电容器capacitor通路pathway铁附件iron accessories塔段tower segment集装箱container附属部分subsidiary 地脚螺栓anchor bolt垫圈washer防爬刺anti-climbing thorn主材main / principal material辅助材auxiliary material斜材diagonal material横材transverse material补助材subsidies material塔脚形式type of tower foot塔腿插入式tower of insert花窗式flower window type岩石基础式rock basis type底脚螺栓式bottom feet screw type主材advocate material插入角钢形式insert Angle steel type底脚板形式bottom baseboard type地脚螺栓anchor bolt断面形状cross-section shape单管塔single-tube tower组合塔combination of tower底板bottom board靴板boots board肋板floors高低腿high-low leg塔身Tower body塔头tower head横担cross arm地线支架ground bracket通讯塔communication tower原材料raw materials镀锌锅galvanized pot接地体grounding body接地引下线grounding lead referrals航标灯支架navigation light bracket馈线架feeder frame垂直走线架vertical line frame水平走线架horizontal line frame内平台platform inside外平台platform outside塔脚定位模板tower feet positioning forms 地脚螺栓定位板anchor bolt positioning board反爬梯anti-climb ladder护圈protect circle护带belt脚蹬pedal连接角钢包角钢connection angle steel角钢packet angle steel槽钢channel steel网格板grid board花纹板decorative pattern plate护栏guardrail焊接welding connection工程塔engineering tower辅助材auxiliary materials斜材inclined material横（水平）材horizontal material连（接）板connecting(pick) board连板组合件board assemble呼高nominal height圆钢round steel腐蚀corrosion总图（司令图）assembly drawing (commander chart)单线图single line diagram结构图structure chart连接关系relationships构件明细component details大样图detailed graph零件图component drawing工艺卡片process card加工尺寸processing size加工工艺process图纸幅面drawing format比例proportion标注mark计量单位measured unit米meter厘米centimeter毫米millimeter英寸inch孔径aperture肢宽width of wing肢厚thickness of wing铆接riveting精制螺栓bright / refined bolt粗制螺栓crude bolt 合金钢alloy steel承压型高强度螺栓pressure-bearing high strength bolt螺母nut螺杆screw螺纹thread平垫gasket扣紧螺母securing nut公称抗拉强度respectively tensile strength value屈强比值yield strength ratio防卸（盗）螺栓security / anti-theft bolt 扳手wrench可装可卸防盗螺栓installation and loading anti-theft bolt可装不可卸防盗螺栓installation and unloading anti-theft bolt插销式防盗螺栓pin-type security bolt弯钩防滑式脚钉non-slip hook foot nail直脚钉straight foot nail构件编号component number投影projection视图view成影现象shadow phenomenon第一角表达法the first view expression第三角表达法the third view expression三视图three planes主视图front view俯视图plan view仰视图bottom view侧面图side view展开方向spread direction图纸目录drawings catalogue档距span生铁pig iron焦炭coke铁矿石iron ore石炭石carboniferous stone熟铁dug iron钢坯billet脱氧程度deoxidizing degree沸腾钢rimmed steel半镇静钢semi-killed steel镇静钢killed steel特殊镇静钢special killed steel锈蚀corrosion重皮（结疤）double-skin(scab)裂缝（裂纹、拉裂）crack (gash, pull cracks)表面夹杂surface impurity折叠enfoldment麻点（麻面、麻坑）pits: (Pitted surface, pockmark)凹坑concave圆背round-shouldered扭曲distortion分层segregation夹杂inclusion气泡bubble划痕（刮伤、擦伤、划伤）scratch（graze，scoring）角钢angle steel圆钢round steel扁钢flat steel槽钢channel steel看谱仪light spectrometer验钢镜check steel mirror等边角钢equilateral angle steel腰厚waist thick普通槽钢common channel steel轻型槽钢light channel steel热轧rolling钢管Steel tube中空的hollow无缝钢管seamless steel tube焊接钢管welded tube圆管circular steel tube异形管shaped tube矩形square半圆形hemicycle六角形hexagon等边三角形triangular八角形octagonal钢锭steel tube实心管坯solid tube箍铁hoop iron锻制forging冷拉cold pulling 钢筋steel reinforcement槽钢Channel steel凹槽形groove shape规格specification腰高waist height腿宽legs width不等边角钢inequilateral a ngle steel热轧hot rolling焊管welded pipe文案编辑词条B 添加义项?文案，原指放书的桌子，后来指在桌子上写字的人。
大学英语四级-模拟测试model-text1
2021年12月四级考试预测押题卷（一）Part I Writing(30minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to write a letter to offer your suggestions to your cousin who sought your advice on how to make his resume distinctive.You should write at least120words but no more than 180words.Part II Listening Comprehension(25minutes)Section ADirections:In this section,you will hear three news reports.At the end of each conversation,you will hear four questions.Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1with a single line through the centre.Questions1and2are based on the news report you have just heard.1.A)Two.B)Three.C)Four.D)Five.2.A)He called the police after the accident.B)He broke his arm in the accident.C)He was caught taking drugs.D)He was arrested by the police.Questions3and4are based on the news report you have just heard.3.A)A cure to brain cancer.B)A new surgical instrument.C)A pen that can identify cancerous tissue.D)A new drug that can eliminate cancerous tissue.4.A)Finding the border between the cancerous and normal tissue.B)Identifying the accuracy rate of the new device.C)Improving their speed of removing a tumour.D)Using the new device in brain surgery.Questions5to7are based on the news report you have just heard.5.A)To collect scientific data on it.C)To take photos of the storm on it.B)To monitor the storm on it.D)To investigate its environment.6.A)It has lasted for nearly350years.B)It has lasted for more that350months.C)It seems to be getting smaller.D)It seems to be getting larger.7.A)What initially caused the storm.C)What is the impact of the storm.B)What is underneath the storm.D)What makes the storm last for so long.Section BDirections：In this section,you will hear two long conversations.At the end of each conversation,you will hear four questions.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C),and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1with a single line through the centre.Questions8to11are based on the conversation you have just heard.8.A)It’s for disabled adults.B)It’s in a sports centre.C)It’s rewarding and challenging.D)It’s compulsive in her community.9.A)The skills they need.B)The products they have.C)The market they target.D)The language they require.10.A)Diversify markets and sales strategies.B)Reduce costs and jobs.C)Learn from other companies.D)Listen to the opinions of experts.11.A)The salary and the workload.B)The office hour and the penalty system.C)The welfare and the holiday system.D)The ethical policy and the carbon footprint.Questions12to15are based on the conversation you have just heard.12.A)Double-decker buses.B)The traffic in London.C)Bus routes.D)Travels in Britain.13.A)It has no windows.B)People get onto it at the front.C)It has two carriages.D)It is open at the back.14.A)Uncomfortable.B)Noisy.C)Dangerous.D)Shabby.15.A)Bendy buses can help reduce the traffic jam.B)Bendy buses are more environmentally friendly.C)Bendy buses are convenient for people in wheelchairs.D)Bendy buses are more popular among tourists.Section CDirections:In this section,you will hear three passages.At the end of each passage,you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1 with a single line through the centre.Questions16to18are based on the passage you have just heard.16.A)They had four toes.B)They were not as big as dogs.C)They lived in South America.D)They lived in thick forests.17.A)They had long legs and a long tail.B)They were smaller and had front eyes.C)They began to eat grass as well as fruit.D)They were bigger and had long legs.18.A)They evolved into donkeys in Asia and Africa.B)They used their long legs to run south to South Africa.C)They began to eat apples on the North American plains.D)They preferred grass to fruit and vegetables.Questions19to21are based on the passage you have just heard.19.A)Being rejected by friends and teachers.B)Staying away from his native land.C)Adapting to new study expectations.D)Keeping a balance between study and job.20.A)Talking with older brothers or sisters.C)Starting a conversation with close friends.B)Having a casual talk with a college student.D)Playing with friends on the same sports team.21.A)Follow traditions of with a college student.C)Respect the customs of different colleges.B)Take part in as many activities as possible.D)Take others’advice as reference only.Questions22to25are based on the passage you have just heard.22.A)They tend to harm wildlife.C)They are thrown away everywhere.B)They are hardly recyclable.D)They are made from useless materials.23.A)It is fatal.B)It is weird.C)It is very serious.D)It is complicated.24.A)The sea creatures that have taken in then are consumed by humans.B)The ocean’s ecology has been polluted and affected humans.C)Humans eat the seabirds that have swallowed plastic particles.D)Humans consume the fish that have eaten sea creatures with them.25.A)Its use has been drastically reduced.C)Most products use natural materials.B)It is still an indispensable material.D)The use of plastic items will be charged.PartⅢReading Comprehension(40minutes)Section ADirections:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions26to35are based on the following passage.A third of the planet’s land is severely degraded and fertile soil is being lost at the rate of24bn tonnes a year, according to a new United Nations-backed study that calls for a shift away from destructively intensive agriculture, The alarming____26____,which is forecast to continue as demand for food and productive land increases,will ass to the risks of conflicts unless____27____actions are implemented,warns the institution behind the report.“As the ready supply of healthy and productive land dries up and the population grows,competition is ___28___for land within countries and globally,”said executive secretary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification(UNCCD)at the launch of the Global Land Outlook.“To___29____the losses,the outlook suggests it is in all our interests to step back and rethink how we are managing the pressures and the competition.”The Global Land Outlook is____30____as the most comprehensive study of its type,mapping the interlinked impacts of urbanization,climate change,erosion and forest loss.But the biggest factor is the___31___of industrial farming.Heavy tilling,multiple harvests ans___32____use of agrochemicals have increased yields at the____33____of long-term sustainability.If the past20years,agricultural production has increased threefold and the amount of irrigated land has doubled,notes a paper in the outlook by the Joint Research Centre(JRC)of the European commission.Over time,however,this___34___fertility and can lead to abandonment of land and ___35___desertification.A)absorb I)limitedB)abundant J)minimizeC)billed K)occasionallyD)decline L)optimizesE)diminishes M)rateF)expansion N)remedialG)expense O)ultimatelyH)intensifyingSection BDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2.Take Naps at Work.Apologize to No One[A]In the past two weeks I’ve taken three naps at work,a total of an hour or so of shut-eye while on the clock.And I have no shame or uncertainty about doing it.I couldn’t feel better about it,and my productivity reflects it,too.[B]Sleeping on the job is one of those workplace taboos-like leaving your desk for lunch or taking an afternoon walk-that we’re taught to look down on.If someone naps at2p.m.while the rest of us furiously write memos and respond to emails,surely it must mean they’re slacking off(偷懒).Or so the assumption goes.[C]Restfulness and recharging can take a back seat to the perception and appearance of productivity.It’s easier to stay on a virtual hamster(仓鼠)wheel of activity by immediately responding to every email than it is to measure aggregate productivity over a greater period of time.But a growing field of occupational and psychological research is building the case for restfulness in pursuit of greater productivity.[D]Companies are suffering from tremendous productivity problems because people are stressed out and not recovering from the workday,said Josh Bersin,Principal and Founder of Bersin by Deloitte.“They’re beginning to realize that this is their problem,and they can’t just say to people,‘Here’s a work-life balance course,go teach yourself how to manage your inbox,’”Mr.Bersin said.“It’s way more complicated than that.”[E]To be sure,the ability to nap at work is far from widespread,experts said.Few among us have the luxury of being able to step away for a half-hour snoozefest.But lunch hours and coffee breaks can be great times to duck out,and your increased productivity and alertness will be all the evidence you need to make your case to inquiring bosses.[F]In an ideal world,we’d all solve this problem by unplugging early and getting a good night’s sleep. Here’s our guide on how to do just that.But the next best thing is stealing away for a quick power nap when you’re dragging after lunch.[G]In a study published in Nature Neuroscience,researchers tested subjects on their perceptual performance four times throughout the day.Performance deteriorated with each test,but subjects who took a30-minute nap between tests stopped the deterioration in performance,and those who took a60-minute nap even reversed it.[H]“Naps had the same magnitude of benefits as full nights of sleep if they had a quality of nap.”said Sara Mednick,a co-author of the study and associate professor of psychology at the University of California,Riverside.[I]Dr.Mednick,a sleep researcher and the author of Take a Nap!Change Your Life,said daytime napping can have many of the benefits of overnight sleep,and different types of naps offer specific benefits.[J]For example,Dr.Mednick said a20-to60-minute nap might help with memorization and learning specific bits of information.It’s just long enough to enter stage-two sleep,or non-rapid eye movement(R.E.M.)sleep.[K]After60minutes,you start getting into R.E.M.sleep,most often associated with that deep,dreaming state we all enjoy at night R.E.M.sleep can improve creativity,perceptual processing and highly associativethinking,which allows you to make connections between disparate ideas,Dr.Mednick said.Beyond that,your best bet is a90-minute nap,which will give you a full sleep cycle.[L]Any nap,however,can help with alertness and perception and cut through the general fog that creeps in during the day,experts said.[M]So how did we even arrive at this point where aptitude is inextricably tied(紧密相连)to working long, concentrated hours?Blame technology,but think broader than smartphones and laptops;the real issue is that tech has enabled us to be available at all times.[N]“We went through a period where people were in denial and business leaders were ignoring it,”Mr. Bersin said.“They were assuming that if we give people more tools,more emails,more Slack,more chatter,and we’ll just assume they can figure out how to deal with it all.And I think they’ve woken up to the fact that this is a big problem,and it is affecting productivity,engagement,health,safety,wellness and all sorts of things.”[O]It isn’t just office workers who can benefit from an afternoon siesta(午睡).A2015study published in Current Biology looked at the at the sleeping habits of three hunter-gatherer preindustrial societies in Tanzania, Namibia and Bolivia.[P]“They’re active in the morning,then they get in the shade under the trees and have a sort of quiet time, but they’re not generally napping,”said Jerome Siegel,professor of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences,and director of the U.C.L.A.Center for Sleep Research,a co-author of the study.“Then they do some work and go to sleep,and they sleep through the night.”[Q]Still,Mr.Siegel said,“the only genuine way to solve daytime sleepiness and fatigue starts the night before with a solid night’s sleep.”The real Holy Grail of restfulness is a regular sleep schedule with ideally seven or eight hours of sleep each night,which experts say is optimal.[R]“Daytime napping certainly does increase alertness,”Mr.Siegel said.“But it’s not as simple as going to the gas station and filling the tank.”[S]He also advises avoiding caffeine late in the day and waking around the same time every morning,even if you can’t get to sleep at the same time every night,This helps acclimate(使适应)your body to your regular wake-up time,regardless of how much sleep you got the night before.[T]So if you’ve made it this far and you’re interested in giving workday naps a try(or just starting to nod off),here’s a quick guide to the perfect nap;Find a quiet,unoccupied space where you won’t be disturbed.Try to make your area as dim as possible(or invest in a sleep mask you can keep in the office).Earplugs might help.too.Aim for around20minutes.Any longer than that and you’re likely to wake up with sleep inertia(睡眠惰性)，which will leave you even groggier(头脑昏沉的)than before.36.Participants’perceptual performance became better after sleeping one hour between tests in an article inNature Neuroscience.37.Jerome Siegel found that only by sleeping soundly through the previous night could people tackle theirweariness during the day.38.Our talent is closely bound to working with concentration for long periods of time because technologymakes us accessible24/7.39.Taking a nap at work is normally regarded as laziness that should be held in contempt and avoided inworkplace.40.Between20to60minutes,people can get into non-REM sleep which may improve memory and learningability according to Dr.Mednick.41.People can doze off at lunch and coffee breaks and defended themselves by saying their improvedproductivity and alertness when bosses investigated their whereabouts.42.The author’s tips on taking a perfect nap involve sleeping place,environment and duration.43.The author believes business leaders are aware that availability at any time due to technology has negativeeffects on every aspect of people’s life.44.The optimal length of a nap was an hour and a half so that people could go through a complete sleep cycle.45.Josh Bersin mentioned the cause of companies’big productivity problems and the solution which needsmore that just employees’efforts.Section CDirections:There are2passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions46to50are based on the following passage.Every office worker hates meetings.But it’s a strange sort of hate,similar to the hatred of Londoners for the Northern Line,or New Yorkers for tourists who walk too slowly:the dislike is real,yet if the despised thing were to vanish,it’d be like surrendering a piece of your soul.When researchers probed into why people put up with the strain that meetings place on their time and sanity, they found something-those who resent and dread meetings the moat also defend them as a“necessary evil”, sometimes with great passion.True,research suggests that meetings take up vastly more of the average manager’s time than they used to.True,done badly,they’re associated with lower levels of innovation and employee wellbeing(幸福).But that’s just office life,right?It’s not supposed to be fun.That’s why they call it work.Underlying(引起)this attitude is an assumption that’s drummed into us not just as workers but as children, parents and romantic partners;that more communication is always a good thing.So suggestions abound for(大量存在)communicating better in meetings-for example,hold them standing up,so speakers will come to the point more quickly.But even when some companies consider abolishing meetings entirely,the principle that more communication is better isn’t questioned.If anything,it’s reinforced when such firms introduce“flat”management structures,with bosses always available to everyone,plus plenty of electronic distraction.In fact,constant connectivity is disastrous for both job satisfaction and the bottom line.And anyway,once you give it three seconds’thought,isn’t it cleat that more communication frequently isn’t a good thing?Often,the difference between a successful marriage and a second-rate one consists of leaving about three or four things a day unsaid.At work,it’s surely many more than four,though for a different reason;office communication comes at the cost of precisely the kind of focus that’s essential to good work.Yet we’re so accustomed to seeing talking as a source of solutions-for resolving conflicts or finding new ideas-that it’s hard to see when it is the problem.46.What does the author say about meetings?A)Londoners hate them as well as the Northern Line.B)They can help to keep workers’physical and spiritual health.C)Workers might be reluctant to give up them completely.D)New Yorkers dislike meetings more than Londoners.47.What did researchers find about people’s attitude towards meeting?A.Their attitude and behavior are paradoxical.B)People who hate meetings the most are senior insane.C)Those who like meetings might be considered insane.D)More meetings are regarded as a sign of less innovation.48.Why do people think that more communication is always a good thing?A)Because the concept is firmly believed by workers.B)Because everyone loves to communicate with others.C)Because the idea has been instilled into people’s mind.D)Because communication is vital for building relationships.49.What does the author think of the“flat”management structure?A)It forces bosses to frequently contact their employees.B)It helps to soften employees’bottom line of work.C)It is definitely a disaster to employees’job satisfaction.D)It strengthens people’s deeply-rooted notion of communication.50.What is the author’s argument about office communication?A)It is an effective way to solve office conflicts.B)It affects work efficiency in a negative way.C)It should come to a halt at intervals.D)It is useful for workers to find new ideas.Passage TwoQuestions51to55are based on the following passage.The Internet has enabled the spread of information at lightning speed.This information revolution has created tremendous business opportunities for online publishers,but not all of them maintain proper quality-control mechanisms to ensure that only good information is being shared.Instead,many publishers aim simply to make money by whatever means possible,with no regard for the implications for society at large.When selfish publishers set up shops online,the primary goal is to publish as much as possible,often at the cost of quality.In this respect,many publishers start numerous online journals focused on overlapping(重叠的)disciplines—to increase their total number of published papers—and hire young business managers who do not have any experience in either science or publishing.In some cases,online publishers even give up peer review, while still presenting themselves as scientific journals—deception designed to take advantage of scientists who simply want to share their research.If publishers structure their business to make more revenue,it often does harm to their products.When publishers start journals with overlapping domains,in combination with the pressure to publish more studies,this could promote the publication of marginal or even questionable articles.Moreover,publishers with multiple overlapping journals and journals with very narrow specialties(专业)increase the demands on the time and efforts of willing reviewers.With the fact that reviewers are generally not compensated for their time and effort,journal editors are often unable to find enough reviewers to keep up with the increased publication rate.To improve the situation and increase the trust in scientific community,the pressure to publish must be reduced.Funding and promotion decisions should not be based on the number of publications,but on the quality of those publications and a researcher’s long-term productivity and instructions.And that’s just the start.We need additional mechanisms,such as Beall’s list of predatory(掠夺的)publishers, to alert scientists to fake journals and fake articles.In addition,the price for online publication must be controlled and a mechanism must be put in place to honor and reward hard-working reviewers.51.What does the author think of online publishers?A)A small proportion of them can guarantee their publishing quality.B)They have lots of opportunities to renovate their business models.C)Many of them tend to try every means to make a buck.D)Social impact is their first priority when publishing books.52.It can be inferred from the second paragraph that______.A)peer review generally is a criterion to identify academic journalsB)researchers focus their research on the combination of disciplinesC)scientists care about their publications rather than researchD)young business managers are willing to face new challenges53.Why can’t publishers find enough reviewers to review papers?A)Reviewers are pressed for time when reviewing articles.B)Reviewers’gains can’t make up for what they have done.C)Publishers may compel reviewers to accept marginal articles.D)Publishers urge reviewers to increase publication rate rapidly.54.What is the author’s suggestion for online publication?A)More weight should be put on the quantity of publications.B)It is worthwhile to reward diligent reviewers for their effort.C)Fake journals should be reported to a regulatory organization.D)The price of online publication should be lowered greatly.55.What is the main idea of this passage?A)Online publishers should take measures to fight against fake scientific journals.B)Online publishers are pursuing their work efficiency at the cost of quality.C)Online publishers business models are quite likely to harm their publications.D)Online publishers are sacrificing the quality of research articles to make money.PartⅣTranslation(30minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to translate a passage from Chinese intoEnglish.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet2.春节是中国的传统节日，相当于美国的圣诞节。
VB编写上位机 MSComm控件
上位机可方便地实现与单片机之间进行信息传递交互，能够更加容易对机械手臂进行控制，实现操作可视化，更加直观，保存重要数据等功能。
我们利用Visual Basic 6.0(以下简称VB)来编制上位机，VB是一种功能强大、简单易学的程序设计语言。
它不但保留了原先Basic语言的全部功能，而且还增加了面向对象程序设计功能。
它不仅可以方便快捷地编制适用于数据处理、多媒体等方面的程序，而且利用ActiveX控件MSComm还能十分方便地开发出使用计算机串口的计算机通信程序。
本实验涉及控制六路舵机，所以需要编制上位机实现一次向下位机传输含有六个数据的数组，同时接受来自下位机的数组，并显示。
整个过程可分为如下几个过程：一：VB是面向对象的语言，首先需要绘制程序界面该上位机大致分为左边的功能部分与右边的可视化调节部分。
功能部分有端口选择，用以选择合适的端口进行串口通信，波特率选择，打开与关闭端口，动作设置等。
为了便于布局，应用frame控件建立区域，再将控件拖到frame区域中，对于功能相同的控件来说，建立控件组的方式会使编程避免重复繁琐，例如HScrollbar控件，先向frame区域内拖入一个HScrollbar控件，再复制，粘贴到frame 区域内部，则提示是否建立控件组，点击确定即可。
这样便为后续编程带来很大的方便。
调节部分运用Hscrollbar控件来粗略调节度数，设定按钮与文本框配合来精确调节输出度数。
用右列文本框实时读取舵机当前角度。
用optionbutton控件来选择hscrollbar的步进精度，这里分为0.1度与1度两个不同的选项。
由于一组optionbutton中在程序运行中只能有一个处于选中状态，根据本程序要求，每一横列的两个optionbutton为一组，这样就需要frame控件，在同一个frame区域里的optionbutton默认为一组。
这样就可以如上图所示的状态显示，否则真能选中其中的一个。
IEC60598-1
connecting leads (tails);连接引线
supply cords;电源线材 adapters for engagement with supply tracks;适配器
Cable entries through rigid materials for external flexible and cords shall have smoothly rounded edges of minimum
radius 0,5 mm（线材通过的刚性材料必须要有半径>0.5）
二类灯具、可调节、可移动式灯具要求线缆入口处要 加上绝缘衬套 Luminaires provided with or designed for use with a supply cord or other external flexible cable or cor shall have a cord anchorage (带电源线和外部线缆的要
有导线固定架)
If external wiring passes into the luminaire, it sh comply with the appropriate requirements for intern wiring. （ 从外部伸进内部的线材要同时满足内部线材的
要求）
Internal wiring
c–urrnFeonmrtisnmaellcohwcaernroisctsah-lasnepcr2toitoAen:catl（eda电rwe流iar:<i2nmAgi）nciamrurmyi0n,g4 nmomrm2a,l operating
新视野商务英语视听说 (下册)答案【完整版】
新视野商务英语视听说下Unit 1 A Factory TourPartⅠ: warm-up(1)eat (2)tour (3)taste (4)enjoy (5)make (6)closed (7)shopPartⅡ: listening practiceTask1(1)f (2)e (3)g (4)j (5)c (6)h (7)b (8)a (9)d (10) iTask21.(1)aerospace (2)manufacturer (3)services (4)showcase (5)production(6) various (7) producer (8) advanced (9) globe (10) leader2.(1)～(5) F F F T FPartⅢ1. (1) c (2) b (3) c (4) a (5) a2. (1)6000units (2) only 1%(3) First, they will confirm the quality of each part according to the regulations at every point in the process. Also, they have computer-controlled equipment to test the quality of the semi-finished product and of the final product. Lastly, they send some products to the public quality-control centre for checking.PartⅣ1(1)200 markets across six continents (2) about 300000 (3)108 (4)8 (5)932(1)20～30 (2)13 (3)15 (4)30～45PartⅤ1. (1) c (2) b (3) c (4) c (5) b2. Thomas and Richard had a factory tour. Thomas was very impressed by the speed of the assembly line of the factory. Richard said that the high-speed assembly line was designed and made by their engineers and technicians. Then Thomas wondered how much the factory spent on new product development every year and how soon the order would be delivered. Richard told him that 8% to 10% of the gross sales was spent on new product development. He also said that delivery of new products depended on the size of the order and the items. Finally, Thomas asked Richard to give him some brochures on the products because he wanted his manager to know about them. Richard also said that Thomas’s manager would be welcome to visit the factory. PartⅥ1.The correct order is: d-g-e-a-c-h-b-f2.(1)history (2)first (3)consumed (4)manufacturing (5)secrets Unit 2 Trade FairsPart Ⅰ(1)China Import & Export Fair (Canton Fair), China Hi-Tech Fair, Beijing International Automotive Exhibition, etc.(2)kitchenware & tableware, general ceramics, home decorations, glassware, foodstuffs, native product, medicines & health products, sporting, travel & recreation products, office supplies, shoes, cases & bags, furniture, etc. (3) See a variety of goods, compare goods of different brands. Collect useful information such as catalogues, price list, etc; visit potential business partners; place orders.Part ⅡTask1(1) F (2) F (3) T (4) F (5) F (6) TTask2(1)domestic (2)suppliers (3)Customer (4)value (5)services(6)ideas (7)compare (8)specialized (9)innovative(10)up-to-date2. (1) new (2) reputation (3) world (4) range (5) latestPart Ⅲ1. (1) rentable (2) entertainment (3) transport (4) halls(5) exhibition (6) arena (7) facilities (8) conjunction2. (1) c (2) b (3) c (4) c (5) a (6) bPart ⅣJohn: (3) (2)Mr. Robbins: (1) (4) (5)2. (1) c (2) b (3) c (4) aPart Ⅴ(1) Canton Fair 2) biannually (3) renown (4) variety (5) turnover(6) exhibitors (7) opportunities (8) quality (9) promotion (10) volumePart ⅥQuestion 1: Miss Stewart, why did you want to exhibit in North America? Question 2: How did you choose the right one?Question 3: What did you do to prepare before attending the trade fair? Question 4: How were you able to exploit your business opportunities and generate new business?Question 5: What did you do after the trade fair?2. (1) a (2) c (3) b (4) a (5) bUnit 3 Marking EnquiriesPart Ⅰ(1)Ask for morn information concerning the product in the advertisement inyesterday’s New York Times.(2)Jackson Brothers(3)If I am the receiver, I will send the latest catalogue to the writer and answerall the questions that interest him.Part ⅡTask1 (1) C (2) B (3) ATASK21. (1) General (2) articles (3) Specific (4) content (5) specifications2. (1) steel screws in all sizes(2) CIF(3) Because the supplier is able to supply larger quantities at more attractiveprices(4) The supplier’s offer.Part Ⅲ1. (1) b (2) c (3) b (4) c2. (1) Export (2) Merchandise (3) flight (4) Production(5) 10 o’clock (6) sample (7) evaluated(8) purchasesPart Ⅳ1.(1) speedboats (2) price quote (3) around the corner (4) pay2.(1) US$6500 (2) 10% (3) shipment (4) US$7850Part Ⅴ1. (1) F (2) T (3) F (4)T2. If I were a farmer, the price would concern me most. The reason being that, first, form products do not generally sell at a high price so we have to keep production costs down. Secondly, taxes are fairly high at present and we have less support from the government, so our incomes are decreasing. That’s why I think the price is my greatest concern. On the other hand, if we can improve quality by buying better seeds and improving our handing methods, we can sell at a premium. That could increase our income.Part Ⅵ1.(1) c (2) a (3) c (4) b (5) c2.Agents need to be paid for their work. Sometimes they are paid a percentage ofthe order but that hardly induces them to negotiate low prices. Therefore, agentsare usually paid commission. This may be paid by the seller or by both seller and buyer.Unit 4 Negotiating PricesPart Ⅰ(1)listen (2) speak (3) interrupt (4) ask questions (5) penny(6) pound (7) assertive (8) aggressive (9) more (10) lessPart ⅡTask1(1)discount for bulk (2) minimum quantity (3) early-settlement discount(4)commission (5) contract, unit priceTask21.(1) T (2) F (3) T (4)F (5) F2.(1) FOB (2)agents (3)extra (4)Korean (5)exceptionsPart Ⅲ1.(1) b (2) a (3) c (4) a (5) c2.A: We are very interested in your X358 MP4 and are thinking of making a trialorder of 10000 pieces. What price can you offer us?B: As this is our first business, we can provide you with some preferential terms.How about $40 per piece?A: Oh, I’m afraid that’s way beyond our expectations. It’s even higher than what the other factories give us.B: Yes, we know there are lower price around but would you please look at the quality? Ours are much better than our competitors’. In addition, the demand for this item from our company is very high. We’re actually temporarily out of stock right now. Currently, demand is way ahead of supply in the market.A: We know about that. But don’t you think you should make some concessions to make your price competitive? Can we make it $35 if we place large orders?B: Well, that’s a tough deal. However, since we’re going into a long-termrelationship, maybe we can try to reach that bottom line for you.Part Ⅳ1.(1) b (2) c (3) c (4) b (5) a2.(1) Welsh (2) 60 days (3) 13.5 (4) 1000 (5) 22.5 (6) 3 (7) 1000 (8) 500Part Ⅴ1.(1) 4%, annual (2) expenses (3) publicity, personnel (4) 40% (5) next year2.Sample dialogue:A: Mr. Brown, I’m anxious to know about your offer.B: Well, we’re been holding it for you. Here it is. Five hundred cases of black tea, at 30 pounds per kilogram, CIF London. Shipment will be in June.A: That’s a steep price! It’ll be difficult for us to make any sales.B: I’m surprised to hear you say that. You know the price of black tea has gone up since last year. Our compares favorably with what you might get elsewhere.A: I’m afraid I can’t agree with you there. India has just come back into the market with a lower price.B: Ah, but everybody in the tea trade knows that America’s black tea is top quality. Considering the quality, I’d say the price is very reasonable.A: No doubt your tea is of high quality, but still, there’s keen competition in the market these days. I understand many countries are lowering their prices.B: OK. Then we’ll make it 28 pounds for this order. Is that ok?A: That’s a very small concession. Still, we want to do business with you because we think your packaging is excellent. We’ll go with this price this time but hope for a better deal for any further orders.B: Good, we can talk about further reductions later when we see how business is developing between us.Part Ⅵ1.(1) F (2) T (3) F (4) F (5) F (6) T (7) F2.(1) the quality of our product is much better than that of other suppliers(2) We can talk about that later.(3) if you can give me best price for this first order, we can start along-term relationship.(4) That really leaves us with nothing.(5) I’ll make that concession.Unit5 Placing an OrderPart Ⅰ(1) negotiate (2) accept and confirm an order (3) sign the contract(4) confirm the order (5) confirm further ordersPart Ⅱ(1) is a request to supply a specified quantity of goods(2) an enquiry with subsequent quotations(3) printed order forms(4) description, quantities, mode of packaging(5) agreed upon in previous negotiations(6) are legally bound to fulfill their agreement(7) at the agreed time(8) accept the goods supplied and then pay for themTask21. (1) F (2) F (3) F (4) T2. (1) b (2) c (3) a (4) bPart Ⅲ1. (1) Belster XP is the best copier for general use. With a combination of large capacity, small size and efficiency, it can be configured to suit almost all situations. Furthermore, it has an automatic document feeder.(2) The buyer can download the order form from the seller’s website, and fill in the name, address, telephone number as well as the item number of the desired photocopier. Then send the form to the address provided.(3) To make a payment, the buyer can write a payable cheque to the seller. Enclose it with the mail order form and send it to the address provided.2.A: Hello, I see from the Internet that you are a trading company who deals with sweaters and skirts in Guangdong Province. Is that right?B: Yes, that’s right. What can we do for you?A: We’re a Nigerian company, and we’re looking to order some clothes.B: Good, we provide a variety of clothes. So what kind of clothes are you interested in?A: Sweaters and skirts. But would you please first tell me your minimum order? B: Our minimum order is set at 5000 pieces.A: OK, that’s fine. I’ve selected two items from your online catalogue: items 6 and 18. But I would like to make some changes. Will you be able to accommodate me? B: Depending on what type of changes you want, it should n’t be a problem.A: For item 6, the sweater, I want the sweater to come in two additional sizes. Would you please add XXL and XXXL?B: OK. How about item 18?A: The size is ok with item 18. But we want to order both light and dark colours. Part Ⅳ(1) have a problem with (2) protects (3) cost (4) decorative (5) European tastes (6) long-distance (7) sales (8) increase (9) retailers (10) logoPart Ⅴ1. (1) acd (2) d (3) c (4) c2. A: Hello, I’d like the order 1000 DSC-T5 Digital Cameras form your company. But it’s important that we have them before July 31. Can you make it?B: I’m afraid that we can’t make it in such a short period of time. That’s only a month away. Would you consider any other models?A: What do you suggest?B: The DSC-T7. Actually, it’s an updated version of the T5. It has more functions.A: Would you please tell me the difference?B: The DSC-T7 has a 32 MB2 of Internal Flash Memory. Otherwise it’s the same asthe DSC-T5.A: That sounds good. What about their prices?B: The DSC-T5 is $349.95 while the T7 is $449.95.A: I see. Would you be able to provide me with 500 of each?Part Ⅵ(1) Bran Gifts (2) ZWS10A (3) 1000 (4) US$18 (5) XG7 (6) foil in a brown box (7) September 10, 2005 (8) Toronto (9) 110% of the invoice value against All Risks(10) confirmed irrevocable (11) 15th (12) Quality & QuantityUnit 6: Terms of PaymentPartⅠA Japanese YenB United Stated DollarC Pound SterlingD European DollarE Korean WonF Canadian DollarPart ⅡThe correct order is: c-a-b-e-dTask21. (1) b (2) a (3) b (4) c2. (1) collection (2) Documents against Payment (3) Documents against Acceptance(4) expenses (5) procedures (6) actual payment (7) collecting (8) non-paymentPart Ⅲ1. (1) b (2) c (3) a (4) c (5) c2. A: since we have reached an agreement on the price, quality, quantity and packagingof the product, now let’s get down to talk about payment, ok?B: Good idea, what terms of payment would you prefer?A: Actually, on L/C payment is our general practice.A: The exchange rate is currently rather unstable and an L/C provide a guarantee of prompt payment from the bank.A: It’s also the generally accepted international practice.B: That’s right. L/C are very common in foreign trade.B: But this time we suggest D/P payment for the following reasons:B: firstly, a D/P payment can reduce the cost and in turn allow a larger profit margin for both of us. Secondly, the order is quite large and our exchange quote is insufficient at present. Finally, we have a good credit rating in several banks. You can trust us!A: That sounds good. But we still prefer an L/C since it’s our general practice. A: Do you think you could apply for one?Part Ⅳ1. The correct order is: a-i-e-g-b-f-c-j-d-h2. (1) lump sum payment (2) payment by installment (3) cash on delivery(4) advance payment (5) 25%, final acceptance (6) one monthPart Ⅴ1.(1) Ask what provision has been made for signing salary cheques and playing utility bills. Put pressure on the person dealing with you by stressing how important your account is.(2) Ask how often these problems occur and how long faults generally last.(3) Ask for cheque and postage details(4) Ask for the name and address of their debtor and the expected date of payment(5) Ask whether this is the only reason for late payment and offer to fax a copy immediately2.A: Hello, Becker here.B: Good morning, Mr. Becker. This is Mary Wang.B: I’m sorry to ring you like this.A: That’s all right.B: Did you get the invoice as well?A: Yes, yesB: But the payment of the invoice sent to you has not yet been made.A: Yes, money is very tight at the moment, you see.B: Yes, I think I know what you mean. We have a similar problem.B: While, in the case of unsettled debts it is our company policy to take legal action. B: We would naturally prefer not to have to go so far.A: So what do you suggest we do about the money we owe you?B: Well, please try and send the cheque before the end of the month.B: That’s one more week.A: Thank you, we will do our best.B: We hope to keep you as a regular customer despite any troubles you may have. A: Thank you very much for being so understanding. Goodbye.B: Bye.Part Ⅵ(1)SB-87654 (2) fifty thousand US dollars(US$ 50000.00) (3) No.DEF-101 datedJanuary 10,2006 (4) five (5) two (6) freight prepaid (7) pneumatic tools(8) drive (9) hose and quick couplings (10) allowed (11) No.IP/79370 (12)beneficiary’s (13) 15 days (14) SB-87654 (15)draftsUnit 7 DeliveryPart Ⅰ1.□time of establishment of the L/C□availability of shipping space□supply of raw materials□amount of orders to fulfill at the producer’s side2.(1)The procedures involved in the delivery of goods: negotiating the stipulations about delivery, ensuring the production of goods, transporting the goods to the port of shipment, checking insurance and other factors in shipping, delivering the goods at the port of destination, etc.(2)The seller’s concerns: production and transportation time of goods meets the requirements, shipment of goods is carried out as scheduled, etc.The buyer’s concerns: progress of the production and shipment, inspection of the quantity, quality and other aspects of delivery, etc.Part ⅡTask1(1)one month after we signed the contract(2)the shipping agent, get the necessary shipping apace(3)Our supplier, the supplier is short on materialsTask21.(1) Good quality (2) on time (3) marketing channels (4) reach the end users (5)their stocks2.(1) at the beginning of November (2) before end of September for the Christmasrush (3) manufacturers are working in full capacity because they have a lot of orders. (4) give his order top priority (5) the middle of OctoberPart ⅢConversation 1: 3 months after the contract is signed, NoConversation 2: July, mid-June, no shipping spaceConversation 3: by the end of September, YesPart Ⅳ1. Mr. Aubery insists on the delivery date should be no later than September 20th because they have a very strict timetable.Mr. Hall says that because of the damage from a disastrous hurricane last month, they can only make delivery in the last week in September. Finally, they compromise on this and make September 25th the last possible shipment date.2. (1) workshop (2) halted (3) orders (4) capacity (5) installed (6) September (7) September 25th(8) complete (9) transport (10) possiblePart Ⅴ1. (1) c (2) c (3) a (4) b2. The appropriate attitude should be polite and understanding, and try to explain the reasons for the delay. Apologise to your partner and try to make immediate compensation.Part Ⅵ1. The reason: The wrong delivery was caused by a slip-up by the shipping Department. The solution: Ms. Lester suggested that they would try to find another buyer for the goods on the condition that Mr. Backer’s company would reduce the price by 25% for the lot and ship a consignment of AI quality immediately.2. (1) T (2) F (3) F (4) T (5) FUnit 8 Complaints and ClaimsPart Ⅰ(1)damaged (2) claim (3) payment (4) documents (5) settlement (6) ownership(7)invoicePart ⅡTask1(1)defective items (2) insurance, shipping (3) pay compensation (4) provide areplacement, return the money (5) ask for compensationTask2(1)order (2) breakage (3) 30% (4) withholding payment (5) call me back(1)Mrs. McCall (2) ACC (3) the quality is not the same as the sample (4) send thewhole lot back (5) 0181-993 421 (6) 5:30Part Ⅲ1.Appropriate responses: 1-3-4Inappropriate responses: 2-52.(1) c (2) a (3) b (4) c (5) bPart Ⅳ(1) lodged a claim (2) 15 sets were badly damaged (3) rough handling by the shipping company (4) take the matter up with them (5) in good condition (6) careless handling at some stage prior to shipment (7) survey report (8) replace all 15 sets as soon as possible (9) settle your claim immediately (10) your cooperationPart Ⅴ1.(1)A: The quality is different from that of the approved samples(2)A: The pictures of products with the wrong colour(3)A: Send the replacement(4)A: Send the replacement immediately(5)A: No2.A: we’ve just received our order No.2-H35. We found that there were five pieces missing from the consignment.B: we’ve sorry to hear that. Did you check with the shipping company? Maybe it was due to inappropriate handling by the shipping company during transit.A: The carton was not damaged. But there were five pieces missing from inside the carton. So the shipping company said they had nothing to do with the shortage. It must have happened during the packaging process.B: Well, do you have any evidence?A: Yes, of course. We have a survey report issued by the Inspection Bureau in our country.B: In that case, please fax us the survey report and we’ll deal with your claim. A: OK, I’ll fax you the report immediately.Part Ⅵ1.(1) juice (2) HY08/33 (3) Hamburg (4) PICC2.(1) Fifteen cases were badly damaged. (2) The contract was on FOB basis.(3) Turn to the insurance company for compensation.Unit 9 MarketingPart Ⅰ Warm-upMarket research / consumer behaviour / distribution channel / product launch / sales figure / advertising campaign / promotional strategyPart Ⅱ Listening PracticeTask1The Marketing Manager: (1) marketing strategy (2) demand for the products (3) competitors (4) potential new markets (5) the company’s products (6) potential customersThe Promotions Manager: (1) promotion programmes (2) advertising campaigns (3) exhibitions (4) occasional special price reduction campaignsThe Public Relations Manager: (1) publicity programmes (2) the company (3) customers’ supportThe Sales Manager: (1) sales programmes (2) goals (3) training programmes (4) the sales figures (5) monitor the market share (6) maximize profitsTask2(1) demand (2) competition (3) Testing (4) samples (5) Divide (6) smaller (7) segment (8) Advertising (9) consider (10) budgetPart Ⅲ1.Checklist: a- c-d-f-g2.Graph 1 Product oo4Graph 2 Product 003Graph 3 Product 001Graph 4 Product 002Part Ⅳ1.Checklist: a-c-d-e-g2.(1) market share (2) There have been a number of new competitors (3) young fashionfollowers (4) 1.8 million (5) 1.8 million (6) 6% (7) radio and TV (8) the net(9) fashion magazinesPart Ⅴ1.(1) c (2) b (3) c (4) a2.Agent: Good morning, sir, I’m an insurance agent. May I ask you some questions? Man: Yes. Go ahead.Agent: Do you have any insurance protection for you and your family?Man: No, not really.Agent: How many people are there in your family?Man: Four. My wife, two children and me.Agent: Does your wife work?Man: No. She takes care of the children at home.Agent: Then you’re the only breadwinner in your family.Man: I guess so.Agent: Have you ever thought about what your family would do if anything happened to you? How would they servive?Man: Mm… I can only hope that won’t happen?Agent: Well, sir. Nothing in life is certain. Just in case, may I suggest you buy some insurance? By this way, you’ll be protected. I promise you that if the conditions of your policy are met, the insurance company will pay out.Man: That sounds reasonable. Can you explain the details?Agent: Sure.Part Ⅵ(1) No(2) How many staff members do you have?(3) Where do they eat at noon?(4) A limited selection dishes.(5) YesUnit 10 AdvertisingPart ⅠAmway: outdoor billboard, TV commercialEsprit: fashion magazinesIKEA: cataloguesNestle: TV commercials, magazinesMc Donald’s: sports sponsorship, outdoor billboards, TV commercialsSony Ericsson: outdoor billboards, magazinesStarbucks coffee: word of mouthVolkswagon: magazines, TV commercials, outdoor billboardsPart ⅡTask1(2)E (3) A (4) G (5) D (6) B (7) FTask21. (1) products (2) companies (3) image (4) hear (5) read (6) information (7) respond to (8) prospects (9) salespeople (10) customers2. (1) a (2) c (3) bPart Ⅲ1.Leaflets & flyers: local shops & fitness clubsShowrooms: Nokia, ToyotaSports sponsorship: Coca-cola, BenzRadio advertising: local restaurantsTV commercials: Amway, Mc Donald’sThe Internet: IBMMagazines: omega, DellOutdoor billboards: China Unicon, Petro China2.(1) expensive, budget (2) too expensive (3) highway, subway, train (4) young people Part Ⅳ1. sponsorship; posters; radio; TV commercials2. (1) c (2) b (3) a (4) c (5) aPart Ⅴ1. b-e2. (1) office furniture (2) brand awareness (3) business executives (4) self-employed professionals (5) successful people dream of (6) under half a million dollars (7) April 15Part Ⅵ1. Automobile, Marmalade, Furniture, Ice cream2. (1) c (2) a (3) d (4) b。
doing用法大全概要
顺便记一下：
下列动词只接to do做宾语： 决心学会想希望， 拒绝设法愿假装；
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。
decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, beg, help
have some difficulty/ trouble (in), have a good/
wonderful/ hard time (in), spend/waste time (in),等动
词词组也要用动名词做宾语。
We must try to avoid r_e_p_e_a_t_in_g_(repeat) the same
It’s no use making an excuse for this.
谈论这样无用的事情简直是浪费时间。
It’s a waste of time talking about such a useless thing. 有风的天气在海里游泳是危险的。
It’s dangerous swimming in the sea on windy days. 这个问题值得讨论。
惯）for me. 乘火车去杭州要16个小时。 Going to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours.
在我们国家问一个女人的年龄是不礼貌的。
Asking a woman’s age is impolite in our country.
一个英语句子是由主谓宾构成的。通常情况下，主语和宾 语通常是由名称或代词充当的。当主语和宾语变成了动 词,用法是主动的必须用doing,被动的必须用being done . 也可用one’s doing 或one’s being done .否定 时not必须放在doing 之前。
三星SIRIUS软启动器3RW5525-1HA14商品说明书
General technical data
starting voltage [%] stopping voltage [%] start-up ramp time of soft starter ramp-down time of soft starter start torque [%] stopping torque [%] torque limitation [%] current limiting value [%] adjustable breakaway voltage [%] adjustable breakaway time adjustable number of parameter sets accuracy class according to IEC 61557-12 certificate of suitability
基恩士3D软件使用手册
基恩士3D软件使用手册MD-V9900系列用户手册请在使用前阅读本手册。
在阅读完毕后，请妥善保管本手册，以备将来参考。
3-A某iYVO4激光刻印机前言激光刻印机《MD-V9900系列》使用激光，不仅可以2维平面（某，Y）进行高品质刻印，而且通过控制高度（Z）方向，实现对3维立体形状工件的刻印。
为了达到安全、正确使用《MD-V9900系列》的目的，本手册对安装方法、与外部机器的连接、维护进行说明。
另外，关于机器的设定和操作，请准备另售的激光刻印机设定软件（MARKINGBUILDER2）或触控式控制台（MC-P1）。
并请参见CD-ROM中收录的PDF手册。
请妥善保管本手册，以备将来参考。
符号的意思为了预防可能对人体造成的伤害或机器损坏，以下事项请务必谨守，本书用以下标志区分。
重要注表示操作中务必遵守的注意事项和限制事项。
表示针对容易出错的操作步骤所作的重要提示。
加深对本文理解的事项或有益的信息。
表示本书或相关手册的参见页。
一般注意事项在启动和操作过程中，请务必确认产品是否正常操作后方可使用。
本机万一发生故障时，为防止各种情况的损害，请采取完全的安全预防措施。
请注意，如将产品用于规定规格以外、或对产品进行改造，我们不能保证其功能及性能。
当本机与其它仪器结合使用时，它的功能和性能可能降低，这主要取决于操作条件和周围环境，请充分考虑的基础上使用。
不要作为保护人体为目的使用本机。
请不要使包括周边机器在内的各类机器处于温度急剧变化的环境中。
可能导致结霜。
关于注册商标、商标本手册记载的公司名称以及产品名称是各公司的注册商标或商标。
安全注意事项关于激光规格本产品使用激光作为光源，根据日本行业标准（JIS）的“激光产品的放射安全标准”（JISC6802），分为４级（刻印加工激光）、２级（导向激光）。
日本行业标准（JIS）根据激光产品的输出等级将产品安全分为不同等级，从而防止对操作激光产品或可能暴露于激光束中的操作人员造成身体损害。
1XXB26000MAA_晶体
C.ENG. ENG.
Serial No.2014-1357
1. Device Name TCXO 2. Model Name DSB221SDN 3. Nominal Frequency 26.000 MHz 4. Mass 0.02g max. 5. Absolute Maximum Ratings
Connection GND GND Output VCC BN 26.0 (MHz, 3digits) D Year (1digit) +Week (2digits) e.g.2014/1/1 401
Dimensional Tolerance: ±0.15 (Unless otherwise noted)
ppm/2years ppm/5years
ppm/10years
Notes 1
GND level (DC cut) After 2 times reflow TA=-30~+85C TA=-40~-30C @ 0.3C/s VCC=+1.8V±5%,+2.2V±5%,+2.8V±5% LOAD_R//C=(10kΩ//10pF)±10% TA=Room ambient TA=Room ambient TA=Room ambient TA=Room ambient
Serial No. : 2014-1357
DATE : 2014/12/22
MediaTek Inc.
ITEM :
CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
DSB221SDN
---------------------- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- -- -
IC_丝印码_Marking_Code
Function
Amplifier: DigiTrim Amplifier: DigiTrim Amplifier: DigiTrim Amplifier: Voltage Feedback Amplifier: Voltage Feedback Amplifier: Low Power Amplifier: Voltage Feedback Amplifier: Low Power Amplifier: Auto Zero Amplifier: Auto Zero Amplifier: Auto Zero Amplifier: Auto Zero Reset Generator Audio Power Amp Reset Generator Reset Generator Amplifier: CMOS Amplifier: CMOS Amplifier: CMOS Reset Generator Amplifier: LCD Drivers Amplifier: LCD Drivers Reset Generator Amplifier: LCD Drivers Amplifier: LCD Drivers Reset Generator Amplifier: Low Power Amplifier: LCD Buffer Amplifier: LCD Buffer Amplifier: LCD Buffer Amplifier: Auto Zero Amplifier: Auto Zero Amplifier: Precision Reset Generator Amplifier: Precision Microphone Pre-Amp Microphone Pre-Amp Microphone Pre-Amp Amplifier: Precision Amplifier: DigiTrim Amplifier: DigiTrim Amplifier: DigiTrim Amplifier: Precision Audio Power Amp Audio Power Amp
Native Instruments MASCHINE MIKRO MK3用户手册说明书
The information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Native Instruments GmbH. The software described by this docu-ment is subject to a License Agreement and may not be copied to other media. No part of this publication may be copied, reproduced or otherwise transmitted or recorded, for any purpose, without prior written permission by Native Instruments GmbH, hereinafter referred to as Native Instruments.“Native Instruments”, “NI” and associated logos are (registered) trademarks of Native Instru-ments GmbH.ASIO, VST, HALion and Cubase are registered trademarks of Steinberg Media Technologies GmbH.All other product and company names are trademarks™ or registered® trademarks of their re-spective holders. Use of them does not imply any affiliation with or endorsement by them.Document authored by: David Gover and Nico Sidi.Software version: 2.8 (02/2019)Hardware version: MASCHINE MIKRO MK3Special thanks to the Beta Test Team, who were invaluable not just in tracking down bugs, but in making this a better product.NATIVE INSTRUMENTS GmbH Schlesische Str. 29-30D-10997 Berlin Germanywww.native-instruments.de NATIVE INSTRUMENTS North America, Inc. 6725 Sunset Boulevard5th FloorLos Angeles, CA 90028USANATIVE INSTRUMENTS K.K.YO Building 3FJingumae 6-7-15, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0001Japanwww.native-instruments.co.jp NATIVE INSTRUMENTS UK Limited 18 Phipp StreetLondon EC2A 4NUUKNATIVE INSTRUMENTS FRANCE SARL 113 Rue Saint-Maur75011 ParisFrance SHENZHEN NATIVE INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Limited 5F, Shenzhen Zimao Center111 Taizi Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, GuangdongChina© NATIVE INSTRUMENTS GmbH, 2019. All rights reserved.Table of Contents1Welcome to MASCHINE (23)1.1MASCHINE Documentation (24)1.2Document Conventions (25)1.3New Features in MASCHINE 2.8 (26)1.4New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.10 (28)1.5New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.8 (29)1.6New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.7 (29)1.7New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.4 (31)1.8New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.3 (33)2Quick Reference (35)2.1MASCHINE Project Overview (35)2.1.1Sound Content (35)2.1.2Arrangement (37)2.2MASCHINE Hardware Overview (40)2.2.1MASCHINE MIKRO Hardware Overview (40)2.2.1.1Browser Section (41)2.2.1.2Edit Section (42)2.2.1.3Performance Section (43)2.2.1.4Transport Section (45)2.2.1.5Pad Section (46)2.2.1.6Rear Panel (50)2.3MASCHINE Software Overview (51)2.3.1Header (52)2.3.2Browser (54)2.3.3Arranger (56)2.3.4Control Area (59)2.3.5Pattern Editor (60)3Basic Concepts (62)3.1Important Names and Concepts (62)3.2Adjusting the MASCHINE User Interface (65)3.2.1Adjusting the Size of the Interface (65)3.2.2Switching between Ideas View and Song View (66)3.2.3Showing/Hiding the Browser (67)3.2.4Showing/Hiding the Control Lane (67)3.3Common Operations (68)3.3.1Adjusting Volume, Swing, and Tempo (68)3.3.2Undo/Redo (71)3.3.3Focusing on a Group or a Sound (73)3.3.4Switching Between the Master, Group, and Sound Level (77)3.3.5Navigating Channel Properties, Plug-ins, and Parameter Pages in the Control Area.773.3.6Navigating the Software Using the Controller (82)3.3.7Using Two or More Hardware Controllers (82)3.3.8Loading a Recent Project from the Controller (84)3.4Native Kontrol Standard (85)3.5Stand-Alone and Plug-in Mode (86)3.5.1Differences between Stand-Alone and Plug-in Mode (86)3.5.2Switching Instances (88)3.6Preferences (88)3.6.1Preferences – General Page (89)3.6.2Preferences – Audio Page (93)3.6.3Preferences – MIDI Page (95)3.6.4Preferences – Default Page (97)3.6.5Preferences – Library Page (101)3.6.6Preferences – Plug-ins Page (109)3.6.7Preferences – Hardware Page (114)3.6.8Preferences – Colors Page (114)3.7Integrating MASCHINE into a MIDI Setup (117)3.7.1Connecting External MIDI Equipment (117)3.7.2Sync to External MIDI Clock (117)3.7.3Send MIDI Clock (118)3.7.4Using MIDI Mode (119)3.8Syncing MASCHINE using Ableton Link (120)3.8.1Connecting to a Network (121)3.8.2Joining and Leaving a Link Session (121)4Browser (123)4.1Browser Basics (123)4.1.1The MASCHINE Library (123)4.1.2Browsing the Library vs. Browsing Your Hard Disks (124)4.2Searching and Loading Files from the Library (125)4.2.1Overview of the Library Pane (125)4.2.2Selecting or Loading a Product and Selecting a Bank from the Browser (128)4.2.3Selecting a Product Category, a Product, a Bank, and a Sub-Bank (133)4.2.3.1Selecting a Product Category, a Product, a Bank, and a Sub-Bank on theController (137)4.2.4Selecting a File Type (137)4.2.5Choosing Between Factory and User Content (138)4.2.6Selecting Type and Character Tags (138)4.2.7Performing a Text Search (142)4.2.8Loading a File from the Result List (143)4.3Additional Browsing Tools (148)4.3.1Loading the Selected Files Automatically (148)4.3.2Auditioning Instrument Presets (149)4.3.3Auditioning Samples (150)4.3.4Loading Groups with Patterns (150)4.3.5Loading Groups with Routing (151)4.3.6Displaying File Information (151)4.4Using Favorites in the Browser (152)4.5Editing the Files’ Tags and Properties (155)4.5.1Attribute Editor Basics (155)4.5.2The Bank Page (157)4.5.3The Types and Characters Pages (157)4.5.4The Properties Page (160)4.6Loading and Importing Files from Your File System (161)4.6.1Overview of the FILES Pane (161)4.6.2Using Favorites (163)4.6.3Using the Location Bar (164)4.6.4Navigating to Recent Locations (165)4.6.5Using the Result List (166)4.6.6Importing Files to the MASCHINE Library (169)4.7Locating Missing Samples (171)4.8Using Quick Browse (173)5Managing Sounds, Groups, and Your Project (175)5.1Overview of the Sounds, Groups, and Master (175)5.1.1The Sound, Group, and Master Channels (176)5.1.2Similarities and Differences in Handling Sounds and Groups (177)5.1.3Selecting Multiple Sounds or Groups (178)5.2Managing Sounds (181)5.2.1Loading Sounds (183)5.2.2Pre-listening to Sounds (184)5.2.3Renaming Sound Slots (185)5.2.4Changing the Sound’s Color (186)5.2.5Saving Sounds (187)5.2.6Copying and Pasting Sounds (189)5.2.7Moving Sounds (192)5.2.8Resetting Sound Slots (193)5.3Managing Groups (194)5.3.1Creating Groups (196)5.3.2Loading Groups (197)5.3.3Renaming Groups (198)5.3.4Changing the Group’s Color (199)5.3.5Saving Groups (200)5.3.6Copying and Pasting Groups (202)5.3.7Reordering Groups (206)5.3.8Deleting Groups (207)5.4Exporting MASCHINE Objects and Audio (208)5.4.1Saving a Group with its Samples (208)5.4.2Saving a Project with its Samples (210)5.4.3Exporting Audio (212)5.5Importing Third-Party File Formats (218)5.5.1Loading REX Files into Sound Slots (218)5.5.2Importing MPC Programs to Groups (219)6Playing on the Controller (223)6.1Adjusting the Pads (223)6.1.1The Pad View in the Software (223)6.1.2Choosing a Pad Input Mode (225)6.1.3Adjusting the Base Key (226)6.2Adjusting the Key, Choke, and Link Parameters for Multiple Sounds (227)6.3Playing Tools (229)6.3.1Mute and Solo (229)6.3.2Choke All Notes (233)6.3.3Groove (233)6.3.4Level, Tempo, Tune, and Groove Shortcuts on Your Controller (235)6.3.5Tap Tempo (235)6.4Performance Features (236)6.4.1Overview of the Perform Features (236)6.4.2Selecting a Scale and Creating Chords (239)6.4.3Scale and Chord Parameters (240)6.4.4Creating Arpeggios and Repeated Notes (253)6.4.5Swing on Note Repeat / Arp Output (257)6.5Using Lock Snapshots (257)6.5.1Creating a Lock Snapshot (257)7Working with Plug-ins (259)7.1Plug-in Overview (259)7.1.1Plug-in Basics (259)7.1.2First Plug-in Slot of Sounds: Choosing the Sound’s Role (263)7.1.3Loading, Removing, and Replacing a Plug-in (264)7.1.4Adjusting the Plug-in Parameters (270)7.1.5Bypassing Plug-in Slots (270)7.1.6Using Side-Chain (272)7.1.7Moving Plug-ins (272)7.1.8Alternative: the Plug-in Strip (273)7.1.9Saving and Recalling Plug-in Presets (273)7.1.9.1Saving Plug-in Presets (274)7.1.9.2Recalling Plug-in Presets (275)7.1.9.3Removing a Default Plug-in Preset (276)7.2The Sampler Plug-in (277)7.2.1Page 1: Voice Settings / Engine (279)7.2.2Page 2: Pitch / Envelope (281)7.2.3Page 3: FX / Filter (283)7.2.4Page 4: Modulation (285)7.2.5Page 5: LFO (286)7.2.6Page 6: Velocity / Modwheel (288)7.3Using Native Instruments and External Plug-ins (289)7.3.1Opening/Closing Plug-in Windows (289)7.3.2Using the VST/AU Plug-in Parameters (292)7.3.3Setting Up Your Own Parameter Pages (293)7.3.4Using VST/AU Plug-in Presets (298)7.3.5Multiple-Output Plug-ins and Multitimbral Plug-ins (300)8Using the Audio Plug-in (302)8.1Loading a Loop into the Audio Plug-in (306)8.2Editing Audio in the Audio Plug-in (307)8.3Using Loop Mode (308)8.4Using Gate Mode (310)9Using the Drumsynths (312)9.1Drumsynths – General Handling (313)9.1.1Engines: Many Different Drums per Drumsynth (313)9.1.2Common Parameter Organization (313)9.1.3Shared Parameters (316)9.1.4Various Velocity Responses (316)9.1.5Pitch Range, Tuning, and MIDI Notes (316)9.2The Kicks (317)9.2.1Kick – Sub (319)9.2.2Kick – Tronic (321)9.2.3Kick – Dusty (324)9.2.4Kick – Grit (325)9.2.5Kick – Rasper (328)9.2.6Kick – Snappy (329)9.2.7Kick – Bold (331)9.2.8Kick – Maple (333)9.2.9Kick – Push (334)9.3The Snares (336)9.3.1Snare – Volt (338)9.3.2Snare – Bit (340)9.3.3Snare – Pow (342)9.3.4Snare – Sharp (343)9.3.5Snare – Airy (345)9.3.6Snare – Vintage (347)9.3.7Snare – Chrome (349)9.3.8Snare – Iron (351)9.3.9Snare – Clap (353)9.3.10Snare – Breaker (355)9.4The Hi-hats (357)9.4.1Hi-hat – Silver (358)9.4.2Hi-hat – Circuit (360)9.4.3Hi-hat – Memory (362)9.4.4Hi-hat – Hybrid (364)9.4.5Creating a Pattern with Closed and Open Hi-hats (366)9.5The Toms (367)9.5.1Tom – Tronic (369)9.5.2Tom – Fractal (371)9.5.3Tom – Floor (375)9.5.4Tom – High (377)9.6The Percussions (378)9.6.1Percussion – Fractal (380)9.6.2Percussion – Kettle (383)9.6.3Percussion – Shaker (385)9.7The Cymbals (389)9.7.1Cymbal – Crash (391)9.7.2Cymbal – Ride (393)10Using the Bass Synth (396)10.1Bass Synth – General Handling (397)10.1.1Parameter Organization (397)10.1.2Bass Synth Parameters (399)11Working with Patterns (401)11.1Pattern Basics (401)11.1.1Pattern Editor Overview (402)11.1.2Navigating the Event Area (404)11.1.3Following the Playback Position in the Pattern (406)11.1.4Jumping to Another Playback Position in the Pattern (407)11.1.5Group View and Keyboard View (408)11.1.6Adjusting the Arrange Grid and the Pattern Length (410)11.1.7Adjusting the Step Grid and the Nudge Grid (413)11.2Recording Patterns in Real Time (416)11.2.1Recording Your Patterns Live (417)11.2.2Using the Metronome (419)11.2.3Recording with Count-in (420)11.3Recording Patterns with the Step Sequencer (422)11.3.1Step Mode Basics (422)11.3.2Editing Events in Step Mode (424)11.4Editing Events (425)11.4.1Editing Events with the Mouse: an Overview (425)11.4.2Creating Events/Notes (428)11.4.3Selecting Events/Notes (429)11.4.4Editing Selected Events/Notes (431)11.4.5Deleting Events/Notes (434)11.4.6Cut, Copy, and Paste Events/Notes (436)11.4.7Quantizing Events/Notes (439)11.4.8Quantization While Playing (441)11.4.9Doubling a Pattern (442)11.4.10Adding Variation to Patterns (442)11.5Recording and Editing Modulation (443)11.5.1Which Parameters Are Modulatable? (444)11.5.2Recording Modulation (446)11.5.3Creating and Editing Modulation in the Control Lane (447)11.6Creating MIDI Tracks from Scratch in MASCHINE (452)11.7Managing Patterns (454)11.7.1The Pattern Manager and Pattern Mode (455)11.7.2Selecting Patterns and Pattern Banks (456)11.7.3Creating Patterns (459)11.7.4Deleting Patterns (460)11.7.5Creating and Deleting Pattern Banks (461)11.7.6Naming Patterns (463)11.7.7Changing the Pattern’s Color (465)11.7.8Duplicating, Copying, and Pasting Patterns (466)11.7.9Moving Patterns (469)11.8Importing/Exporting Audio and MIDI to/from Patterns (470)11.8.1Exporting Audio from Patterns (470)11.8.2Exporting MIDI from Patterns (472)11.8.3Importing MIDI to Patterns (474)12Audio Routing, Remote Control, and Macro Controls (483)12.1Audio Routing in MASCHINE (484)12.1.1Sending External Audio to Sounds (485)12.1.2Configuring the Main Output of Sounds and Groups (489)12.1.3Setting Up Auxiliary Outputs for Sounds and Groups (494)12.1.4Configuring the Master and Cue Outputs of MASCHINE (497)12.1.5Mono Audio Inputs (502)12.1.5.1Configuring External Inputs for Sounds in Mix View (503)12.2Using MIDI Control and Host Automation (506)12.2.1Triggering Sounds via MIDI Notes (507)12.2.2Triggering Scenes via MIDI (513)12.2.3Controlling Parameters via MIDI and Host Automation (514)12.2.4Selecting VST/AU Plug-in Presets via MIDI Program Change (522)12.2.5Sending MIDI from Sounds (523)12.3Creating Custom Sets of Parameters with the Macro Controls (527)12.3.1Macro Control Overview (527)12.3.2Assigning Macro Controls Using the Software (528)13Controlling Your Mix (535)13.1Mix View Basics (535)13.1.1Switching between Arrange View and Mix View (535)13.1.2Mix View Elements (536)13.2The Mixer (537)13.2.1Displaying Groups vs. Displaying Sounds (539)13.2.2Adjusting the Mixer Layout (541)13.2.3Selecting Channel Strips (542)13.2.4Managing Your Channels in the Mixer (543)13.2.5Adjusting Settings in the Channel Strips (545)13.2.6Using the Cue Bus (549)13.3The Plug-in Chain (551)13.4The Plug-in Strip (552)13.4.1The Plug-in Header (554)13.4.2Panels for Drumsynths and Internal Effects (556)13.4.3Panel for the Sampler (557)13.4.4Custom Panels for Native Instruments Plug-ins (560)13.4.5Undocking a Plug-in Panel (Native Instruments and External Plug-ins Only) (564)14Using Effects (567)14.1Applying Effects to a Sound, a Group or the Master (567)14.1.1Adding an Effect (567)14.1.2Other Operations on Effects (574)14.1.3Using the Side-Chain Input (575)14.2Applying Effects to External Audio (578)14.2.1Step 1: Configure MASCHINE Audio Inputs (578)14.2.2Step 2: Set up a Sound to Receive the External Input (579)14.2.3Step 3: Load an Effect to Process an Input (579)14.3Creating a Send Effect (580)14.3.1Step 1: Set Up a Sound or Group as Send Effect (581)14.3.2Step 2: Route Audio to the Send Effect (583)14.3.3 A Few Notes on Send Effects (583)14.4Creating Multi-Effects (584)15Effect Reference (587)15.1Dynamics (588)15.1.1Compressor (588)15.1.2Gate (591)15.1.3Transient Master (594)15.1.4Limiter (596)15.1.5Maximizer (600)15.2Filtering Effects (603)15.2.1EQ (603)15.2.2Filter (605)15.2.3Cabinet (609)15.3Modulation Effects (611)15.3.1Chorus (611)15.3.2Flanger (612)15.3.3FM (613)15.3.4Freq Shifter (615)15.3.5Phaser (616)15.4Spatial and Reverb Effects (617)15.4.1Ice (617)15.4.2Metaverb (619)15.4.3Reflex (620)15.4.4Reverb (Legacy) (621)15.4.5Reverb (623)15.4.5.1Reverb Room (623)15.4.5.2Reverb Hall (626)15.4.5.3Plate Reverb (629)15.5Delays (630)15.5.1Beat Delay (630)15.5.2Grain Delay (632)15.5.3Grain Stretch (634)15.5.4Resochord (636)15.6Distortion Effects (638)15.6.1Distortion (638)15.6.2Lofi (640)15.6.3Saturator (641)15.7Perform FX (645)15.7.1Filter (646)15.7.2Flanger (648)15.7.3Burst Echo (650)15.7.4Reso Echo (653)15.7.5Ring (656)15.7.6Stutter (658)15.7.7Tremolo (661)15.7.8Scratcher (664)16Working with the Arranger (667)16.1Arranger Basics (667)16.1.1Navigating Song View (670)16.1.2Following the Playback Position in Your Project (672)16.1.3Performing with Scenes and Sections using the Pads (673)16.2Using Ideas View (677)16.2.1Scene Overview (677)16.2.2Creating Scenes (679)16.2.3Assigning and Removing Patterns (679)16.2.4Selecting Scenes (682)16.2.5Deleting Scenes (684)16.2.6Creating and Deleting Scene Banks (685)16.2.7Clearing Scenes (685)16.2.8Duplicating Scenes (685)16.2.9Reordering Scenes (687)16.2.10Making Scenes Unique (688)16.2.11Appending Scenes to Arrangement (689)16.2.12Naming Scenes (689)16.2.13Changing the Color of a Scene (690)16.3Using Song View (692)16.3.1Section Management Overview (692)16.3.2Creating Sections (694)16.3.3Assigning a Scene to a Section (695)16.3.4Selecting Sections and Section Banks (696)16.3.5Reorganizing Sections (700)16.3.6Adjusting the Length of a Section (702)16.3.6.1Adjusting the Length of a Section Using the Software (703)16.3.6.2Adjusting the Length of a Section Using the Controller (705)16.3.7Clearing a Pattern in Song View (705)16.3.8Duplicating Sections (705)16.3.8.1Making Sections Unique (707)16.3.9Removing Sections (707)16.3.10Renaming Scenes (708)16.3.11Clearing Sections (710)16.3.12Creating and Deleting Section Banks (710)16.3.13Working with Patterns in Song view (710)16.3.13.1Creating a Pattern in Song View (711)16.3.13.2Selecting a Pattern in Song View (711)16.3.13.3Clearing a Pattern in Song View (711)16.3.13.4Renaming a Pattern in Song View (711)16.3.13.5Coloring a Pattern in Song View (712)16.3.13.6Removing a Pattern in Song View (712)16.3.13.7Duplicating a Pattern in Song View (712)16.3.14Enabling Auto Length (713)16.3.15Looping (714)16.3.15.1Setting the Loop Range in the Software (714)16.3.15.2Activating or Deactivating a Loop Using the Controller (715)16.4Playing with Sections (715)16.4.1Jumping to another Playback Position in Your Project (716)16.5Triggering Sections or Scenes via MIDI (717)16.6The Arrange Grid (719)16.7Quick Grid (720)17Sampling and Sample Mapping (722)17.1Opening the Sample Editor (722)17.2Recording Audio (724)17.2.1Opening the Record Page (724)17.2.2Selecting the Source and the Recording Mode (725)17.2.3Arming, Starting, and Stopping the Recording (729)17.2.5Checking Your Recordings (731)17.2.6Location and Name of Your Recorded Samples (734)17.3Editing a Sample (735)17.3.1Using the Edit Page (735)17.3.2Audio Editing Functions (739)17.4Slicing a Sample (743)17.4.1Opening the Slice Page (743)17.4.2Adjusting the Slicing Settings (744)17.4.3Manually Adjusting Your Slices (746)17.4.4Applying the Slicing (750)17.5Mapping Samples to Zones (754)17.5.1Opening the Zone Page (754)17.5.2Zone Page Overview (755)17.5.3Selecting and Managing Zones in the Zone List (756)17.5.4Selecting and Editing Zones in the Map View (761)17.5.5Editing Zones in the Sample View (765)17.5.6Adjusting the Zone Settings (767)17.5.7Adding Samples to the Sample Map (770)18Appendix: Tips for Playing Live (772)18.1Preparations (772)18.1.1Focus on the Hardware (772)18.1.2Customize the Pads of the Hardware (772)18.1.3Check Your CPU Power Before Playing (772)18.1.4Name and Color Your Groups, Patterns, Sounds and Scenes (773)18.1.5Consider Using a Limiter on Your Master (773)18.1.6Hook Up Your Other Gear and Sync It with MIDI Clock (773)18.1.7Improvise (773)18.2Basic Techniques (773)18.2.1Use Mute and Solo (773)18.2.2Create Variations of Your Drum Patterns in the Step Sequencer (774)18.2.3Use Note Repeat (774)18.2.4Set Up Your Own Multi-effect Groups and Automate Them (774)18.3Special Tricks (774)18.3.1Changing Pattern Length for Variation (774)18.3.2Using Loops to Cycle Through Samples (775)18.3.3Load Long Audio Files and Play with the Start Point (775)19Troubleshooting (776)19.1Knowledge Base (776)19.2Technical Support (776)19.3Registration Support (777)19.4User Forum (777)20Glossary (778)Index (786)1Welcome to MASCHINEThank you for buying MASCHINE!MASCHINE is a groove production studio that implements the familiar working style of classi-cal groove boxes along with the advantages of a computer based system. MASCHINE is ideal for making music live, as well as in the studio. It’s the hands-on aspect of a dedicated instru-ment, the MASCHINE hardware controller, united with the advanced editing features of the MASCHINE software.Creating beats is often not very intuitive with a computer, but using the MASCHINE hardware controller to do it makes it easy and fun. You can tap in freely with the pads or use Note Re-peat to jam along. Alternatively, build your beats using the step sequencer just as in classic drum machines.Patterns can be intuitively combined and rearranged on the fly to form larger ideas. You can try out several different versions of a song without ever having to stop the music.Since you can integrate it into any sequencer that supports VST, AU, or AAX plug-ins, you can reap the benefits in almost any software setup, or use it as a stand-alone application. You can sample your own material, slice loops and rearrange them easily.However, MASCHINE is a lot more than an ordinary groovebox or sampler: it comes with an inspiring 7-gigabyte library, and a sophisticated, yet easy to use tag-based Browser to give you instant access to the sounds you are looking for.What’s more, MASCHINE provides lots of options for manipulating your sounds via internal ef-fects and other sound-shaping possibilities. You can also control external MIDI hardware and 3rd-party software with the MASCHINE hardware controller, while customizing the functions of the pads, knobs and buttons according to your needs utilizing the included Controller Editor application. We hope you enjoy this fantastic instrument as much as we do. Now let’s get go-ing!—The MASCHINE team at Native Instruments.MASCHINE Documentation1.1MASCHINE DocumentationNative Instruments provide many information sources regarding MASCHINE. The main docu-ments should be read in the following sequence:1.MASCHINE MIKRO Quick Start Guide: This animated online guide provides a practical ap-proach to help you learn the basic of MASCHINE MIKRO. The guide is available from theNative Instruments website: https:///maschine-mikro-quick-start/2.MASCHINE Manual (this document): The MASCHINE Manual provides you with a compre-hensive description of all MASCHINE software and hardware features.Additional documentation sources provide you with details on more specific topics:►Online Support Videos: You can find a number of support videos on The Official Native In-struments Support Channel under the following URL: https:///NIsupport-EN. We recommend that you follow along with these instructions while the respective ap-plication is running on your computer.Other Online Resources:If you are experiencing problems related to your Native Instruments product that the supplied documentation does not cover, there are several ways of getting help:▪Knowledge Base▪User Forum▪Technical Support▪Registration SupportYou will find more information on these subjects in the chapter Troubleshooting.Document Conventions1.2Document ConventionsThis section introduces you to the signage and text highlighting used in this manual. This man-ual uses particular formatting to point out special facts and to warn you of potential issues.The icons introducing these notes let you see what kind of information is to be expected:This document uses particular formatting to point out special facts and to warn you of poten-tial issues. The icons introducing the following notes let you see what kind of information canbe expected:Furthermore, the following formatting is used:▪Text appearing in (drop-down) menus (such as Open…, Save as… etc.) in the software andpaths to locations on your hard disk or other storage devices is printed in italics.▪Text appearing elsewhere (labels of buttons, controls, text next to checkboxes etc.) in thesoftware is printed in blue. Whenever you see this formatting applied, you will find thesame text appearing somewhere on the screen.▪Text appearing on the displays of the controller is printed in light grey. Whenever you seethis formatting applied, you will find the same text on a controller display.▪Text appearing on labels of the hardware controller is printed in orange. Whenever you seethis formatting applied, you will find the same text on the controller.▪Important names and concepts are printed in bold.▪References to keys on your computer’s keyboard you’ll find put in square brackets (e.g.,“Press [Shift] + [Enter]”).►Single instructions are introduced by this play button type arrow.→Results of actions are introduced by this smaller arrow.Naming ConventionThroughout the documentation we will refer to MASCHINE controller (or just controller) as the hardware controller and MASCHINE software as the software installed on your computer.The term “effect” will sometimes be abbreviated as “FX” when referring to elements in the MA-SCHINE software and hardware. These terms have the same meaning.Button Combinations and Shortcuts on Your ControllerMost instructions will use the “+” sign to indicate buttons (or buttons and pads) that must be pressed simultaneously, starting with the button indicated first. E.g., an instruction such as:“Press SHIFT + PLAY”means:1.Press and hold SHIFT.2.While holding SHIFT, press PLAY and release it.3.Release SHIFT.1.3New Features in MASCHINE2.8The following new features have been added to MASCHINE: Integration▪Browse on , create your own collections of loops and one-shots and send them directly to the MASCHINE browser.Improvements to the Browser▪Samples are now cataloged in separate Loops and One-shots tabs in the Browser.▪Previews of loops selected in the Browser will be played in sync with the current project.When a loop is selected with Prehear turned on, it will begin playing immediately in-sync with the project if transport is running. If a loop preview starts part-way through the loop, the loop will play once more for its full length to ensure you get to hear the entire loop once in context with your project.▪Filters and product selections will be remembered when switching between content types and Factory/User Libraries in the Browser.▪Browser content synchronization between multiple running instances. When running multi-ple instances of MASCHINE, either as Standalone and/or as a plug-in, updates to the Li-brary will be synced across the instances. For example, if you delete a sample from your User Library in one instance, the sample will no longer be present in the other instances.Similarly, if you save a preset in one instance, that preset will then be available in the oth-er instances, too.▪Edits made to samples in the Factory Libraries will be saved to the Standard User Directo-ry.For more information on these new features, refer to the following chapter ↑4, Browser. Improvements to the MASCHINE MIKRO MK3 Controller▪You can now set sample Start and End points using the controller. For more information refer to ↑17.3.1, Using the Edit Page.Improved Support for A-Series Keyboards▪When Browsing with A-Series keyboards, you can now jump quickly to the results list by holding SHIFT and pushing right on the 4D Encoder.▪When Browsing with A-Series keyboards, you can fast scroll through the Browser results list by holding SHIFT and twisting the 4D Encoder.▪Mute and Solo Sounds and Groups from A-Series keyboards. Sounds are muted in TRACK mode while Groups are muted in IDEAS.。
BS 970-1 - 1996 General Inspection And Testing Procedures And Specific Requirements For Carbon, Carb
16
Section 5. Specific requirements for stainless and heat resisting steels
24
Section 6. Specific requirements for sizes and tolerances
6.1 Sizes
27
6.2 Mass/unit length tolerances
8
1.14 Selection and preparation of material for mechanical testing
8
1.15 Frequency of other tests
9
1.16 Test methods and test results
10
1.17 Retests
11
1.18 Inspection
ISBN 0 580 25120 9
Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Fri Jul 20 10:06:19 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
© BSI 10-1998
Contents
BS 970-1:1996
Committees responsible Foreword
Page Inside front cover
iii
Section 1. General inspection and testing procedure
1.1 Scope
1
1.2 References
1
H11L1S(TA),H11L1S(TA),H11L1S(TA),H11L1M,H11L1,H11L2M,H11L2,H11L3M, 规格书,Datasheet 资料
Schmitt TriggerH11Lx SeriesFeatures:• High data rate, 1MHz typical (NRZ)• Free from latch up and oscilliation throughout voltage and temperature ranges.• Microprocessor compatible drive• Logic compatible output sinks 16mA at 0.4V maximum • Guaranteed on/off threshold hysteresis• Wide supply voltage capability, compatible with all popular logic systems• High isolation voltage between input and output (Viso=5000 V rms ) • Compact dual-in-line package • Pb free and RoHS compliant. • UL approved (No. E214129) • VDE approval (No.132249 ) • SEMKO approved • NEMKO approved • DEMKO approved• FIMKO approved• CSA approved (No. 2007798)SchematicDescriptionThe H11LX series of devices each consist of a GaAs infrared emitting diode optically coupled a high speed integrated circuit detector. The output detector incorporates a Schmitt trigger, which provides hysteresis for noise immunity and pulse shaping. The devices are in a 6-pin DIP package and available in wide-lead spacing and SMD option.Applications1. Anode2. Cathode3. No Connection4. V O5. GND6. V CCz Logic to logic isolatorz Programmable current level sensorz Line receiver － eliminate noise and transient problems z AC to TTL conversion － square wave shaping z Digital programming of power supplies z Interfaces computers with peripheralsTruth TableInput Output H L L HSchmitt Trigger H11Lx SeriesAbsolute Maximum Ratings (T a =25°C)Parameter Symbol Rating Unit Forward currentI F 60 mA Reverse voltage V R 6 V InputPower dissipation P D 120 mW V 45 Allowed RangeV o 0 to 16 V V 65 Allowed Range V CC3 to 16VOutput Current I 0 50 mA Outputpower dissipationP D 150 mW Total power dissipation P tot 250 mW Isolation voltage *1 V iso 5000 V rms Operating temperature T opr -55~+100 °C Storage temperature T stg -55~+150 °C Soldering temperature *2 T sol260 °CNotes*1 AC for 1 minute, R.H.= 40 ~ 60% R.H. In this test, pins 1, 2 & 3 are shorted together, and pins 4, 5 & 6 are shorted together. *2 For 10 seconds.Schmitt Trigger H11Lx SeriesElectrical Characteristics (T a =25°C unless specified otherwise)InputParameter Symbol Min. Typ.* Max. Unit ConditionForward voltageV F - 1.15 1.5 V I F = 10mA Reverse Leakage current I R - - 10 µA V R = 5VCapacitanceC J- - 100 pF V=0, f=1MHzOutputParameter Symbol Min. Typ.* Max. Unit ConditionOperation Voltage Range V CC 3 - 15 V Supply Current I CC(off) - 1.6 5 mA I F =0mA, Vcc=5V Output Current, High I OH- - 100 µA I F =0mA, Vcc=Vo=15VIsolation ResistanceR ISO 1011- -Ω V I-O =500VDCTransfer CharacteristicsParameter Symbol Min. Typ.* Max. Unit ConditionSupply Current I CC(on) - 1.6 5 mA I F =10mA, Vcc=5V Output Voltage .lowV OL- - 0.4 VVcc=5V, I F =I Fon (max.), R L =270ΩH11L1 - -1.6 H11L2 - - 10Turn on ThresholdCurrent 1H11L3I Fon- - 5 mA Vcc=5V, R L =270Ω Turn off Threshold Current I Foff - 1 - mA Vcc=5V, R L =270Ω Hysteresis Ratio I Fon /I Foff 0.5 - 0.9 Vcc=5V, R L =270ΩTurn on Time t on - - 4 μS Fall Time t r - 0.1 - μS Turn off Time t off - - 4 μS Rise Time t r - 0.1 - μS Vcc=5V, I F =I Fon , R L =270ΩData Rate- 1 - MHz* Typical values at T a = 25°C 1. Max. I F(ON) is the maximum current required to trigger the output. For examples, a 1.6mA maximum trigger current would require the LED to be driven at a current greater than 1.6mA to guarantee the device will turn on. A 10% guard band is recommended to account for degradation of the LED over its lifetime. The maximum allowable LED drive current is 60mA.Schmitt TriggerH11Lx SeriesTypical Performance CurvesSchmitt TriggerH11Lx SeriesOrder InformationPart NumberH11LXY(Z)-VNoteX = Part No. for 1, 2 or 3Y = Lead form option (S, S1, M or none)Z = Tape and reel option (TA, TB or none).V = VDE (optional)quantity Option Description PackingNone Standard DIP-6 65 units per tubeM Wide lead bend (0.4 inch spacing) 65 units per tubeS + TA Surface mount lead form + TA tape & reel option 1000 units per reelS + TB Surface mount lead form + TB tape & reel option 1000 units per reelS1 + TA Surface mount lead form (low profile) + TA tape & reel option 1000 units per reelS1 + TB Surface mount lead form (low profile) + TB tape & reel option 1000 units per reelSchmitt Trigger H11Lx SeriesPackage Drawings(Dimensions in mm)Standard DIP TypeOption M TypeSchmitt Trigger H11Lx Seriesption S1 TypeOSchmitt Trigger H11Lx Series Recommended pad layout for surface mount leadformevice Markingotesdenotes EverlightberDELH11L3YW WVNLEH11L3 denotes Device NumY denotes 1 digit Year codeWW denotes 2 digit Week codeV denotes VDE (optional)Schmitt Trigger H11Lx SeriesTape & Reel Packing Specificationsape dimensionsE FTDimension No. A B Do D1 Dimension (mm)10.4±0.1 7.52±0.1 1.5±0.1 1.5+0.1/-0 1.75±0.1 7.5±0.1Dimension No. Po P1 P2 tW KDimension (mm)4.0±0.15 1.6±0.1 2.0±0.1 0.35±0.03 16.0±0.2 4.5±0.1Schmitt Trigger H11Lx Series Solder Reflow Temperature ProfileTIME (S)6 PIN DIP PHOTO COUPLERSchmitt Trigger Everlight Electronics Co., Ltd. 11 Document No ：DPC-0000022 Rev. 1 January 7, 2009H11Lx Series DISCLAIMERThe specifications in this datasheet may be changed without notice. EVERLIGHT reserves the authority . When using this product, please observe the absolute maximum ratings and the instructions for use as the 3. hese specification sheets include materials protected under copyright of EVERLIGHT. Reproduction in1.on material change for above specification.2outlined in this datasheet. EVERLIGHT assumes no responsibility for any damage resulting from use of product which does not comply with the absolute maximum ratings and the instructions included in this datasheet.T any form is prohibited without the specific consent of EVERLIGHT.芯天下--/。
外研版高中英语必修一module 1 短语练习及答案详解
1 -What_____ great fun it is to have ______ swim on such a hot day!A a aB a /C / aD / /2 When first ____ into the market, those products enjoy great success.A introducingB introducedC introduceD being introduced3 Be sure to read the ____ on the bottle before taking the medicine.A methodsB wayC instructionsD means4 Tom ,______. Don't forget the school rules.A behave yourselfB please yourselfC help yourselfD forget yourself5 We _____ the cakes ______ 10 parts, and each of us took one share .A divided intoB divided fromC separated fromD separated by6 In this seaside resort, you can ____ all the comfort and convenience of modern tourism.A enjoyB applyC receiveD achieve7 After two years' research, we now have a _______ better understanding of the disease.A veryB farC fairlyD quite8 Mom is coming. What present ____ for your birthday .A you expect she has gotB you expect has she gotC do you expect she has gotD do you expect has she got9 At a rough estimate, Nigeria is _______ Great Britain.A three times the size asB the size three times ofC three times as the size ofD three times the size of10 Isn't time you got down to ______ the papers?A markB be markedC being markedD marking11 In those days, we could hardly _____ our expense.A payB coverC costD spend12 Mr Smith has been here for only a few days , so he hasn't left a deep impression _____ us.A onB withC aboutD for13 The school year divided into two semesters, the first of _____ is September through December.A themB thoseC whichD the two14 Your performance in the driving test didn't reach the required standard. ______, you failedA In the endB In other wordsC After allD At the same time15 ______ with a table cloth,the table looks very nice.A CoveringB CoveredC Having coveredD Having been covered16 . I prefer working out the problem ________ someone else for help.A. askB. to askC. askingD. to asking17 -I haven't heard from Henry for a long time.-What do you think ________ to him?A. happeningB. to happenC. has happenedD. had happened18 -David has made some mistakes in the test.- ________ , and ________ .A. So he has; so you haveB. So has he ;so have youC. So has he; so you haveD. So he has; so have you19 So ________ was the news that we all got ________ .A. disappointed; disappointingB. disappointing; disappointedC. disappointed ; disappointedD. disappointing; disappointing20 I want to learn more about the American political system, but I don't know where to get the ________ .A. ideaB. informationC. articleD. news21 No bread eaten by man is as good as ________ got by his own labor.A. oneB. thatC. itD. those22 We have not had ________ for many years.A. such cold day like thisB. so cold day as thisC. as cold a day like thisD. such a cold day as this23 The questions which are ________ to yours are not easy to answer.A. differentB. similarC. realD. the same24 As a young man, Comrade Zhou Enlai ________ the students' movements and later ________ theCommunist Party of China.A. joined; took part ofB. took part in; joinedC. joined in; took part inD. took part of; joined25 Seeing the _____ flood, she was _____ to take the boat.A. scaring, scaringB. scared, scaredC. scaring, scaredD. scared, scaring26 _____ I didn’t understand the job but now I’m getting on well with it.A. FirstB. At firstC. First of allD. In beginning27 What he has done is far from ______.A. satisfactoryB. satisfiedC. satisfactionD. satisfy28 --How far apart do they live?--______ I know, they live in the neighbourhood.A. As long asB. As far as C As soon as D As well as29. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears _____ everything.A. to tellB. to be toldC. to be tellingD. to have been told30 The pronunciation of the English words is quite different from ________ of the French wordsA. oneB. thoseC. thatD. it31 ---Don’t you think the movie is worth seeing?---Worth seeing? I don’t think there is ______ the one we saw last week.A. nothing asB. anything likeC. nothing asD. something as32 ---________ do you think of the play we saw just now?---Wonderful! But not as interesting as the one we saw last Saturday.A. WhatB. HowC. WhyD. Where33 . The actor ______ us greatly with his wonderful performance and excellent English.A. movedB. interestedC. impressedD. touched34 . ______, you must do your every best to make the party __________.A. In a word, successB. In a word, a successC. In one word, successD. In words, a success35 ．She wanted the man she was looking forward ________ stay with her.A．for to B．to with C．to to D．with to1 C . fun是不可数名词。
W9812G2GB-6资料
1M × 4 BANKS × 32BITS SDRAM Table of Contents-1.GENERAL DESCRIPTION (3)2.FEATURES (3)3.AVAILABLE PART NUMBER (3)4.BALL CONFIGURATION (4)5.PIN DESCRIPTION (5)6.BLOCK DIAGRAM (6)7.FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION (7)7.1.Power Up and Initialization (7)7.2.Programming Mode Register (7)7.3.Bank Activate Command (7)7.4.Read and Write Access Modes (7)7.5.Burst Read Command (8)7.6.Burst Write Command (8)7.7.Read Interrupted by a Read (8)7.8.Read Interrupted by a Write (8)7.9.Write Interrupted by a Write (8)7.10.Write Interrupted by a Read (8)7.11.Burst Stop Command (9)7.12.Addressing Sequence of Sequential Mode (9)7.13.Addressing Sequence of Interleave Mode (9)7.14.Auto-precharge Command (10)7.15.Precharge Command (10)7.16.Self Refresh Command (10)7.17.Power Down Mode (11)7.18.No Operation Command (11)7.19.Deselect Command (11)7.20.Clock Suspend Mode (11)8.OPERATION MODE (12)9.ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (13)9.1.Absolute Maximum Ratings (13)9.2.Recommended DC Operating Conditions (13)9.3.Capacitance (13)9.4.DC Characteristics (14)9.5.AC Characteristics and Operating Condition (15)10.TIMING WAVEFORMS (17)mand Input Timing (17)10.2.Read Timing (18)10.3.Control Timing of Input/Output Data (19)10.4.Mode Register Set Cycle (20)11.OPERATING TIMING EXAMPLE (21)11.1.Interleaved Bank Read (Burst Length = 4, CAS Latency = 3) (21)11.2.Interleaved Bank Read (Burst Length = 4, CAS Latency = 3, Auto-precharge) (22)11.3.Interleaved Bank Read (Burst Length = 8, CAS Latency = 3) (23)11.4.Interleaved Bank Read (Burst Length = 8, CAS Latency = 3, Auto-precharge) (24)11.5.Interleaved Bank Write (Burst Length = 8) (25)11.6.Interleaved Bank Write (Burst Length = 8, Auto-precharge) (26)11.7.Page Mode Read (Burst Length = 4, CAS Latency = 3) (27)11.8.Page Mode Read / Write (Burst Length = 8, CAS Latency = 3) (28)11.9.Auto-precharge Read (Burst Length = 4, CAS Latency = 3) (29)11.10.Auto-precharge Write (Burst Length = 4) (30)11.11.Auto Refresh Cycle (31)11.12.Self Refresh Cycle (32)11.13.Burst Read and Single Write (Burst Length = 4, CAS Latency = 3) (33)11.14.Power Down Mode (34)11.15.Auto-precharge Timing (Read Cycle) (35)11.16.Auto-precharge Timing (Write Cycle) (36)11.17.Timing Chart of Read to Write Cycle (37)11.18.Timing Chart of Write to Read Cycle (37)11.19.Timing Chart of Burst Stop Cycle (Burst Stop Command) (38)11.20.Timing Chart of Burst Stop Cycle (Precharge Command) (38)11.21.CKE/DQM Input Timing (Write Cycle) (39)11.22.CKE/DQM Input Timing (Read Cycle) (40)12.PACKAGE SPECIFICATION (41)12.1.TFBGA 90 Balls pitch=0.8mm (41)13.REVISION HISTORY (42)1. GENERAL DESCRIPTIONW9812G2GB is a high-speed synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), organized as 1,048,576 words × 4 banks × 32 bits. Using pipelined architecture and 0.11 µm process technology, W9812G2GB delivers a data bandwidth of up to 166MHz words per second (-6). For different application, W9812G2GB is sorted into two speed grades: -6/-6I and -75. The –6 is compliant to the 166MHz/CL3 specification (the -6I grade which is guaranteed to support -40°C ~ 85°C). The -75 is compliant to the 133MHz/CL3 specification.Accesses to the SDRAM are burst oriented. Consecutive memory location in one page can be accessed at a burst length of 1, 2, 4, 8 or full page when a bank and row is selected by an ACTIVE command. Column addresses are automatically generated by the SDRAM internal counter in burst operation. Random column read is also possible by providing its address at each clock cycle. The multiple bank nature enables interleaving among internal banks to hide the precharging time.By having a programmable Mode Register, the system can change burst length, latency cycle, interleave or sequential burst to maximize its performance. W9812G2GB is ideal for main memory in high performance applications.2. FEATURES• 3.3V ± 0.3V Power Supply•Up to 166 MHz Clock Frequency• 1,048,576 Words × 4 banks × 32 bits organization• Self Refresh Mode•CAS Latency: 2 and 3•Burst Length: 1, 2, 4, 8 and full page•Burst Read, Single Writes Mode•Byte Data Controlled by DQM•Auto-precharge and Controlled Precharge•4K Refresh cycles / 64 mS• Interface: LVTTL•Packaged in TFBGA 90 Ball•W9812G2GB is using lead free materials with RoHS compliant3. AVAILABLE PART NUMBERPART NUMBER SPEEDMAXIMUM SELFREFRESH CURRENTOPERATINGTEMPERATUREW9812G2GB-6 166MHz/CL3 2mA 0°C ~ 70°C W9812G2GB-6I 166MHz/CL3 2mA -40°C ~ 85°C W9812G2GB-75 133MHZ/CL3 2mA 0°C ~ 70°C4. BALL CONFIGURATION5. PIN DESCRIPTION6. BLOCK DIAGRAM7. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION7.1. Power Up and InitializationThe default power up state of the mode register is unspecified. The following power up and initialization sequence need to be followed to guarantee the device being preconditioned to each user specific needs.During power up, all V DD and V DDQ pins must be ramp up simultaneously to the specified voltage when the input signals are held in the “NOP” state. The power up voltage must not exceed V DD +0.3V on any of the input pins or V DD supplies. After power up, an initial pause of 200 µS is required followed by a precharge of all banks using the precharge command. To prevent data contention on the DQ bus during power up, it is required that the DQM and CKE pins be held high during the initial pause period. Once all banks have been precharged, the Mode Register Set Command must be issued to initialize the Mode Register. An additional eight Auto Refresh cycles (CBR) are also required before or after programming the Mode Register to ensure proper subsequent operation.7.2. Programming Mode RegisterAfter initial power up, the Mode Register Set Command must be issued for proper device operation. All banks must be in a precharged state and CKE must be high at least one cycle before the Mode Register Set Command can be issued. The Mode Register Set Command is activated by the low signals of RA,S CAS, CS and WE at the positive edge of the clock. The address input data during this cycle defines the parameters to be set as shown in the Mode Register Operation table. A new command may be issued following the mode register set command once a delay equal to t RSC has elapsed. Please refer to the next page for Mode Register Set Cycle and Operation Table.7.3. Bank Activate CommandThe Bank Activate command must be applied before any Read or Write operation can be executed. The operation is similar to RAS activate in EDO DRAM. The delay from when the Bank Activate command is applied to when the first read or write operation can begin must not be less than the RAS to CAS delay time (t RCD). Once a bank has been activated it must be precharged before another Bank Activate command can be issued to the same bank. The minimum time interval between successive Bank Activate commands to the same bank is determined by the RAS cycle time of the device (t RC). The minimum time interval between interleaved Bank Activate commands (Bank A to Bank B and vice versa) is the Bank to Bank delay time (t RRD). The maximum time that each bank can be held active is specified as t RAS (max).7.4. Read and Write Access ModesAfter a bank has been activated, a read or write cycle can be followed. This is accomplished by setting S RCD delay. WE pin voltage level RAS high and CA low at the clock rising edge after minimum of tdefines whether the access cycle is a read operation (WE high), or a write operation (WE low). The address inputs determine the starting column address.Reading or writing to a different row within an activated bank requires the bank be precharged and a new Bank Activate command be issued. When more than one bank is activated, interleaved bank Read or Write operations are possible. By using the programmed burst length and alternating the access and precharge operations between multiple banks, seamless data access operation amongmany different pages can be realized. Read or Write Commands can also be issued to the same bank or between active banks on every clock cycle.7.5. Burst Read CommandThe Burst Read command is initiated by applying logic low level to CS and CAS while holding RAS and WE high at the rising edge of the clock. The address inputs determine the starting column address for the burst. The Mode Register sets type of burst (sequential or interleave) and the burst length (1, 2, 4, 8 and full page) during the Mode Register Set Up cycle. Table 2 and 3 in the next page explain the address sequence of interleave mode and sequential mode.7.6. Burst Write CommandThe Burst Write command is initiated by applying logic low level to CS, CAS and WE while holding RAS high at the rising edge of the clock. The address inputs determine the starting column address. Data for the first burst write cycle must be applied on the DQ pins on the same clock cycle that the Write Command is issued. The remaining data inputs must be supplied on each subsequent rising clock edge until the burst length is completed. Data supplied to the DQ pins after burst finishes will be ignored.7.7. Read Interrupted by a ReadA Burst Read may be interrupted by another Read Command. When the previous burst is interrupted, the remaining addresses are overridden by the new read address with the full burst length. The data from the first Read Command continues to appear on the outputs until the CAS Latency from the interrupting Read Command the is satisfied.7.8. Read Interrupted by a WriteTo interrupt a burst read with a Write Command, DQM may be needed to place the DQs (output drivers) in a high impedance state to avoid data contention on the DQ bus. If a Read Command will issue data on the first and second clocks cycles of the write operation, DQM is needed to insure the DQs are tri-stated. After that point the Write Command will have control of the DQ bus and DQM masking is no longer needed.7.9. Write Interrupted by a WriteA burst write may be interrupted before completion of the burst by another Write Command. When the previous burst is interrupted, the remaining addresses are overridden by the new address and data will be written into the device until the programmed burst length is satisfied.7.10. Write Interrupted by a ReadA Read Command will interrupt a burst write operation on the same clock cycle that the Read Command is activated. The DQs must be in the high impedance state at least one cycle before the new read data appears on the outputs to avoid data contention. When the Read Command is activated, any residual data from the burst write cycle will be ignored.7.11. Burst Stop CommandA Burst Stop Command may be used to terminate the existing burst operation but leave the bank open for future Read or Write Commands to the same page of the active bank, if the burst length is full page. Use of the Burst Stop Command during other burst length operations is illegal. The Burst Stop Command is defined by having RAS and CAS high with CS and WE low at the rising edge of the clock. The data DQs go to a high impedance state after a delay which is equal to the CAS Latency in a burst read cycle interrupted by Burst Stop.7.12. Addressing Sequence of Sequential ModeA column access is performed by increasing the address from the column address which is input to the device. The disturb address is varied by the Burst Length as shown in Table 2.Table 2 Address Sequence of Sequential Mode7.13. Addressing Sequence of Interleave ModeA column access is started in the input column address and is performed by inverting the address bit in the sequence shown in Table 3.Table 3 Address Sequence of Interleave Mode7.14. Auto-precharge CommandIf A10 is set to high when the Read or Write Command is issued, then the auto-precharge function is entered. During auto-precharge, a Read Command will execute as normal with the exception that the active bank will begin to precharge automatically before all burst read cycles have been completed. Regardless of burst length, it will begin a certain number of clocks prior to the end of the scheduled burst cycle. The number of clocks is determined by CAS Latency.A Read or Write Command with auto-precharge can not be interrupted before the entire burst operation is completed. Therefore, use of a Read, Write or Precharge Command is prohibited during a read or write cycle with auto-precharge. Once the precharge operation has started, the bank cannot be reactivated until the Precharge time (t RP) has been satisfied. Issue of Auto-precharge command is illegal if the burst is set to full page length. If A10 is high when a Write Command is issued, the Write with Auto-precharge function is initiated. The SDRAM automatically enters the precharge operation two clocks delay from the last burst write cycle. This delay is referred to as Write t WR. The bank undergoing auto-precharge can not be reactivated until t WR and t RP are satisfied. This is referred to as t DAL, Data-in to Active delay (t DAL = t WR + t RP). When using the Auto-precharge Command, the interval between the Bank Activate Command and the beginning of the internal precharge operation must satisfy t RAS (min).7.15. Precharge CommandThe Precharge Command is used to precharge or close a bank that has been activated. The Precharge Command is entered when CS, RAS and WE are low and CAS is high at the rising edge of the clock. The Precharge Command can be used to precharge each bank separately or all banks simultaneously. Three address bits, A10, BS0, and BS1, are used to define which bank(s) is to be precharged when the command is issued. After the Precharge Command is issued, the precharged bank must be reactivated before a new read or write access can be executed. The delay between the Precharge Command and the Activate Command must be greater than or equal to the Precharge time (t RP).7.16. Self Refresh CommandThe Self Refresh Command is defined by having CS, RAS, CAS and CKE held low with WE high at the rising edge of the clock. All banks must be idle prior to issuing the Self Refresh Command. Once the command is registered, CKE must be held low to keep the device in Self Refresh mode. When the SDRAM has entered Self Refresh mode all of the external control signals, except CKE, are disabled. The clock is internally disabled during Self Refresh Operation to save power. The device will exit Self Refresh operation after CKE is returned high. A minimum delay time is required when the device exits Self Refresh Operation and before the next command can be issued. This delay is equal to the t AC cycle time plus the Self Refresh exit time.If, during normal operation, AUTO REFRESH cycles are issued in bursts (as opposed to being evenly distributed), a burst of 4,096 AUTO REFRESH cycles should be completed just prior to entering and just after exiting the self refresh mode. The period between the Auto Refresh command and the next command is specified by t RC.7.17. Power Down ModeThe Power Down mode is initiated by holding CKE low. All of the receiver circuits except CKE are gated off to reduce the power. The Power Down mode does not perform any refresh operations, therefore the device can not remain in Power Down mode longer than the Refresh period (t REF) of the device.The Power Down mode is exited by bringing CKE high. When CKE goes high, a No Operation Command is required on the next rising clock edge, depending on t CK. The input buffers need to be enabled with CKE held high for a period equal to t CKS (min) + t CK (min).7.18. No Operation CommandThe No Operation Command should be used in cases when the SDRAM is in a idle or a wait state to prevent the SDRAM from registering any unwanted commands between operations. A No Operation Command is registered when CS is low with RAS, CAS, and WE held high at the rising edge of the clock. A No Operation Command will not terminate a previous operation that is still executing, such as a burst read or write cycle.7.19. Deselect CommandThe Deselect Command performs the same function as a No Operation Command. Deselect Command occurs when CS is brought high, the RAS, CAS, and WE signals become don’t cares.7.20. Clock Suspend ModeDuring normal access mode, CKE must be held high enabling the clock. When CKE is registered low while at least one of the banks is active, Clock Suspend Mode is entered. The Clock Suspend mode deactivates the internal clock and suspends any clocked operation that was currently being executed. There is a one clock delay between the registration of CKE low and the time at which the SDRAM operation suspends. While in Clock Suspend mode, the SDRAM ignores any new commands that are issued. The Clock Suspend mode is exited by bringing CKE high. There is a one clock cycle delay from when CKE returns high to when Clock Suspend mode is exited.8. OPERATION MODEFully synchronous operations are performed to latch the commands at the positive edges of CLK. Table 1 shows the truth table for the operation commands.Table 1 Truth Table (Note (1), (2))Notes:(1) v =valid x =Don’t care L =Low Level H =High Level(2) CKEn signal is input level when commands are provided.CKEn-1 signal is the input level one clock cycle before the command is issued.(3) These are state of bank designated by BS0, BS1 signals.(4) Device state is full page burst operation.(5) Power Down Mode can not be entered in the burst cycle.When this command asserts in the burst cycle, device state is clock suspend mode.9. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS9.1. Absolute Maximum RatingsRATINGUNIT PARAMETER SYMBOLInput/Output Voltage V IN, V OUT -0.3 ~ V DD +0.3 VPower Supply Voltage V DD, V DDQ-0.3 ~ 4.6 VOperating Temperature (-6/-75) T OPR0 ~ 70 °C°C85Operating Temperature (-6I) T OPR -40~°C150Storage Temperature T STG -55~Soldering Temperature (10s) T SOLDER 260 °CW Power Dissipation P D 1mA Short Circuit Output Current I OUT 50Note: Exposure to conditions beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may adversely affect the life and reliability of the device.9.2. Recommended DC Operating Conditions(Ta = 0 to 70°C for -6/-75, Ta= -40 to 85°C for -6I)UNIT PARAMETER SYMBOL MIN.MAX.TYP.Power Supply Voltage V DD 3.0 3.3 3.6 VPower Supply VoltageV DDQ 3.0 3.3 3.6 V(for I/O Buffer)V DD +0.3 VInput High Voltage V IH 2.0 -Input Low Voltage V IL -0.3 - 0.8 VNote: V IH(max) = V DD/ V DDQ+1.2V for pulse width < 5 nSV IL(min) = V SS/ V SSQ-1.2V for pulse width < 5 nS9.3. Capacitance(V DD= 3.3V, f = 1 MHz, Ta 25°C)Note: These parameters are periodically sampled and not 100% tested.9.4. DC Characteristics(VDD =3.3V± 0.3V, Ta = 0 to 70°C for-6/-75, Ta= -40 to 85°C for -6I)NOTESUNIT PARAMETER SYMBOL MIN.MAX.Input Leakage CurrentI I(L) -5 5 µA (0V ≤V IN≤ V DD, all other pins not under test = 0V)Output Leakage CurrentI O(L) -5 5 µA (Output disable , 0V ≤ V OUT≤ V DDQ)LVTTL Output ″H″ Level VoltageV OH 2.4 - V(I OUT = -2 mA )LVTTL Output ″L″ Level VoltageV OL - 0.4 V(I OUT = 2 mA )9.5. AC Characteristics and Operating Condition(VDD =3.3V ± 0.3V, Ta = 0 to 70°C for -6/-75, Ta= -40 to 85°C for -6I, Notes: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)-6/-6I -75PARAMETER SYM.MIN. MAX. MIN. MAX.UNIT NOTESRef/Active to Ref/Active Command Period t RC 60 65 Active to precharge Command Period t RAS 42 10000045 100000 nSActive to Read/Write Command Delay Timet RCD 18 20 Read/Write(a) to Read/Write(b) Command Periodt CCD 1 1 t CKPrecharge to Active Command Period t RP 18 20 Active(a) to Active(b) Command Period t RRD 12 15 nS CL* = 2 22 t CKWrite Recovery Time CL* = 3 t WR 22CL* = 2 101000101000CLK Cycle TimeCL* = 3t CK6 1000 7.5 1000CLK High Level widtht CH 2 2.5 9 CLK Low Level widtht CL 2 2.59CL* = 2 6 6 Access Time from CLKCL* = 3t AC 5 5.4 10 Output Data Hold Timet OH 3 3 10 Output Data High Impedance Time t HZ 3 6 3 7.5 8 Output Data Low Impedance Time t LZ 0 0 10 Power Down Mode Entry Time t SB 0 6 0 7.5Transition Time of CLK (Rise and Fall) t T 0.1 1 0.1 1 7 Data-in Set-up Time t DS 1.5 1.5 9 Data-in Hold Time t DH 1.0 1.0 9 Address Set-up Time t AS 1.5 1.5 9 Address Hold Time t AH 1.0 1.0 9 CKE Set-up Time t CKS 1.5 1.5 9 CKE Hold Time t CKH 1.0 1.0 9 Command Set-up Time t CMS 1.5 1.5 9 Command Hold Time t CMH 1.0 1.0nS9Refresh Timet REF 64 64 mS Mode register Set Cycle Time t RSC 12 15 nS Exit self refresh to ACTIVE commandt XSR72 75 nS*CL = CAS LatencyNotes:1. Operation exceeds “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the devices.2. All voltages are referenced to V SS3. These parameters depend on the cycle rate and listed values are measured at a cycle rate with the minimum values of t CK and t RC .4. These parameters depend on the output loading conditions. Specified values are obtained with output open.5. Power up sequence is further described in the “Functional Description” section.6. AC Testing ConditionsPARAMETER CONDITIONSOutput Reference Level1.4VOutput LoadSee diagram belowInput Signal Levels (V IH /V IL ) 2.4V/0.4VTransition Time (t T : tr/tf) of Input Signal 1/1 nS Input Reference Level 1.4V7. Transition times are measured between V IH and V IL .8. t HZ defines the time at which the outputs achieve the open circuit condition and is not referenced to output level.9. Assumed input transition Time (t T ) = 1nS.If tr & tf is longer than 1nS, transient time compensation should be considered, i.e., [(tr + tf)/2-1]nS should be added to the parameter(The t T maximum can’t be more than 10nS for low frequency application.)10. If clock rising time (t T ) is longer than 1nS, (t T /2-0.5)nS should be added to the parameter.10. TIMING WAVEFORMS 10.1. Command Input Timing10.2. Read Timing10.3. Control Timing of Input/Output Data10.4. Mode Register Set Cycle11. OPERATING TIMING EXAMPLE11.1. Interleaved Bank Read (Burst Length = 4, CAS Latency = 3)11.2. Interleaved Bank Read (Burst Length = 4, CAS Latency = 3, Auto-precharge)11.3. Interleaved Bank Read (Burst Length = 8, CAS Latency = 3)11.4. Interleaved Bank Read (Burst Length = 8, CAS Latency = 3, Auto-precharge)11.5. Interleaved Bank Write (Burst Length = 8)11.6. Interleaved Bank Write (Burst Length = 8, Auto-precharge)11.7. Page Mode Read (Burst Length = 4, CAS Latency = 3)11.8. Page Mode Read / Write (Burst Length = 8, CAS Latency = 3)11.9. Auto-precharge Read (Burst Length = 4, CAS Latency = 3)11.10. Auto-precharge Write (Burst Length = 4)11.11. Auto Refresh Cycle11.12. Self Refresh Cycle11.13. Burst Read and Single Write (Burst Length = 4, CAS Latency = 3)11.14. Power Down Mode11.15. Auto-precharge Timing (Read Cycle)11.17. Timing Chart of Read to Write Cycle11.18. Timing Chart of Write to Read Cycle11.19. Timing Chart of Burst Stop Cycle (Burst Stop Command)11.20. Timing Chart of Burst Stop Cycle (Precharge Command)11.21. CKE/DQM Input Timing (Write Cycle)11.22. CKE/DQM Input Timing (Read Cycle)12. PACKAGE SPECIFICATION12.1. TFBGA 90 Balls pitch=0.8mmPublication Release Date:Aug. 13,2007- 41 - Revision A07Publication Release Date: Aug. 13,2007- 42 - Revision A0713. REVISION HISTORYVERSION DATEPAGEDESCRIPTIONA01 Mar. 24, 2006 All Create new datasheet A02 Jul. 05, 2006 8 Burst Stop commandA03 Sep. 08, 2006 10 Exit Auto refresh to next command is specified by t RC A04 Sep. 27, 200615,16Modify Characteristics Notes 9 and add Notes 10 (t T ) A05 Apr. 12, 2007 15,32,34,41Add t XSR timing specification and package dimension ball openingA06 Jun. 21, 2007 3,13,14,15Add -6I gradeA07 Aug. 13, 200716Revise transient time t T AC test condition and calculate formula for compensation consideration in Notes 6, 9 of AC Characteristics and Operating ConditionImportant NoticeWinbond products are not designed, intended, authorized or warranted for use as components in systems or equipment intended for surgical implantation, atomic energy control instruments, airplane or spaceship instruments, transportation instruments, traffic signal instruments, combustion control instruments, or for other applications intended to support or sustain life. Further more, Winbond products are not intended for applications wherein failure of Winbond products could result or lead to a situation wherein personal injury, death or severe property or environmental damage could occur.Winbond customers using or selling these products for use in such applications do so at their own risk and agree to fully indemnify Winbond for any damages resulting from such improper use or sales.。
MFC控件
M F C控件使用Windows标准控件我们在前面曾提到过，控件是一些行为标准化了的窗口，一般用于对话框或其它窗口中充当与用户交互的元素。
在Visual C++中，可以使用的控件分成三类：(1) Windows标准控件Windows标准控件由Windows操作系统提供，在Windows 95中还提供了一些新增的控件。
所有这些控件对象都是可编程的，我们可以使用Visual C++提供的对话框编辑器把它们添加到对话框中。
Microsoft基础类库(MFC)提供了封装这些控件的类，它们列于表6.1。
表6.1 Windows标准控件续表6.1前面提到过，在MFC中，类CWnd是所有窗口类的基类，很自然的，它也是所有控件类的基类。
Windows标准控件在以下环境下提供：•Windows 95•Windows NT 3.51及以后版本•Win32s 1.3•注意：•Visual C++ 4.2及以后版本不再支持Win32s。
(2) ActiveX控件ActiveX控件可用于对话框中，也可用于HTML文档中。
这种控件过去被称为OLE控件。
本书将在专门的章节中来讲述关于ActiveX控件的知识。
这里仅指出ActiveX控件使用了与标准控件完全不同的接口和实现方法。
(3) 其它MFC控件类除了Windows标准控件和自己编写的或者来自于第三方软件开发商的ActiveX 控件以外，MFC还提供了另外三种控件，它们由下面的三个类进行封装：•类CBitmapButton用于创建以位图作为标签的按钮，位图按钮最多可以包括四个位图图片，分别代表按钮的四种不同状态。
•类CCheckListBox用于创建选择列表框，这种列表框中的每一项前面有一个复选框，以决定该项是否被选中。
•类CDragListBox用于创建一种特殊的列表框，这种列表框允许用户移动列表项。
在本章我们仅讲述第一类控件，即Windows标准控件。
所涉及的内容包括各个控件的使用及相应的技巧。
5G技术大比武试卷(1)_答案
5G技术大比武试卷（1）总分100分，考试一共90分钟一、单选题（共20题，每题2分，共40分）【第1题】中移动测试规范要求，单用户好点2000bytes-Ping包平均时延（）msA、15B、16C、17D、18【答案】C【第2题】乡镇农村的覆盖，优先考虑如下哪一款AAU（）A、TDAU5264N41；B、TDAU5216N41；C、TDAU5164N79；D、TDRU5102N41。
【答案】B【第3题】5G系统架构引入了____作为位于PLMN网络边界的实体A、SEPPB、SCPC、BSFD、FW【答案】A【第4题】NR中一个RB(Resource Block)，在频域连续的（）个子载波。
A、13B、12C、6D、5【答案】B【第5题】option3X中锚点为（）A、NR gNBB、LTE eNBC、eLTE eNBD、以上均不对【答案】B【第6题】PCF通知哪个网元创建语音专有QoS FlowA、SMFB、AMFC、UPFD、sbc【答案】A【第7题】5G中的非可信3GPP网络是指？A、可信WIFIB、非可信WIFID、CDMA2000【答案】B【第8题】网络虚拟化主要是实现哪些部件的虚拟化？A、转发平面B、控制平面C、连接实现D、以上都不是【答案】A【第9题】终端访问互联网业务所需的DNS地址由那个网元进行分配A、互联网DNSB、SMF/UPFC、UDMD、NRF【答案】B【第10题】哪个网络功能支持服务和网络功能发现功能？A、NRFB、NSSFC、NEFD、UDM【答案】A【第11题】NR中，PDSCH调度使用：A、DCI 0_0 或者DCI 0_1B、DCI 1_0 或者1_1C、DCI 2_0 或者DCI 2_1D、DCI 2_2或者DCI 2_3【答案】B【第12题】在5G中PDCCH共有多少种DCI格式（）A、4B、8C、16D、24【答案】B【第13题】在下行调度计算用户的RB数量时，以下哪个因素是不涉及的？A、RI上报B、MCSC、缓存数据量D、PMI上报【答案】D【第14题】在PUSCH功率控制算法中，gNB是根据以下哪种测量结果进行功率控制的?A、PUSCH SINRB、PUSCH功率谱密度C、PUSCH RSRPD、PUSCH BLER【第15题】在gNodeB中，以下哪个指标同时用于NSA和SA组网？A、QoS流建立成功次数B、小区调度用户数C、NG接口寻呼次数D、RRC连接用户数【答案】B【第16题】CSI-RS功率可以在（）功率的基础上进行功率偏移。
c++中模块的概念
C++ 中的模块（Modules）是一种编程语言特性，旨在改善传统的头文件包含方式，提高代码的可维护性、可读性和编译性能。
模块化编程是一种将代码划分为独立单元的方法，每个单元可以独立编译、测试和维护。
C++20 引入了模块的概念，提供了一种新的组织代码的方式，不再依赖于传统的头文件和预处理器的包含机制。
以下是 C++ 模块的关键概念和用法：模块声明（Module Declaration）：模块通过module关键字进行声明，定义了模块的名称和接口。
接口文件（Interface File）：接口文件包含了模块的接口声明，使用export关键字导出需要对外暴露的符号。
实现文件（Implementation File）：实现文件包含了模块的具体实现，使用import关键字导入其他模块。
模块导入：使用import关键字导入其他模块，以便在当前模块中使用其功能。
编译和构建：使用编译器的模块支持来构建和编译模块化的代码。
例如，使用 g++ 编译器可以这样：特点和优势：1.减少编译时间：模块可以提高编译速度，因为它们只需要编译一次，然后可以被多个文件引用，而不必像头文件那样被重新编译。
2.隔离接口和实现：模块将接口和实现隔离开来，使得接口更加清晰，同时防止了头文件中的宏和宏展开导致的问题。
3.避免头文件的宏问题：模块消除了头文件中常见的宏问题，例如宏的重定义和宏展开的不一致性。
4.更好的可读性：模块提高了代码的可读性，因为不再需要使用繁琐的预处理器指令和条件编译。
需要注意的是，C++ 模块在一些编译器中的支持可能有所不同，因此在使用时要查看编译器的文档以确保正确的使用方法。
市场营销知识会考(1--6)
《市场营销知识》会考第一章市场营销概述一、单项选择题1、下列表述中正确的是（）A. 市场营销者创造人们的欲望和需要B. 交换是交易的基本单元C. 产品是指能够用以满足人类某种需要或欲望的任何有形东西D. 需求、产品、交换、交易是市场营销的核心概念2、在交换双方中，更积极、更主动的寻求交换的一方称为（）A. 潜在顾客B. 顾客C. 卖方D. 市场营销者3、“迪斯尼乐园的产品不是米老鼠、唐老鸭，而是快乐”，这体现的市场营销管理哲学的是（）A. 生产观念B. 产品观念C. 市场营销观念D. 社会市场营销观念4、“本公司旨在制造面粉”体现了下列哪个观念（）A. 生产观念B. 推销观念C. 生态营销观念D. 社会营销观念5、（）是一种“营销近视症”，它片面强调产品质量，而忽视市场需求。
A. 生产观念B. 产品观念C. 推销观念D. 市场营销观念6、市场营销是由英文中哪一词翻译而来的（）A. MarketB. MarketingC.MarkedD. Marking7、下列关于需要、欲望和需求的说法错误的是（）A. 人类的需要有限，欲望无限B. 市场营销者可以创造人们的需要和欲望C. 市场营销者可以影响人们的需求D. 只要具有购买能力，欲望、需要便转化为需求8、假如有几个人同时想买正在市场上出售的某种奇缺产品，每个准备购买的人都尽力使自己被卖主选中，这种情况下，市场营销者是（）A. 卖主B. 买主C. 双方都是D. 双方都不是9、“请您购买我们厂的产品”和“您需要什么？让我们来为您生产”这两句对顾客说的话反映了（）A. 生产观念和市场营销观念的区别B. 生产观念和推销观念的区别C. 生态观念和推销观念的区别D. 推销观念和市场营销观念的区别10、下列企业行为中，不属于市场营销活动的是（）A. 产品生产B. 确定价格C. 售后服务D. 人员招聘11、农民王老伯，看到去年姜卖到 7 块多的价格，心里想我今年要多种些，按照这个价格儿子结婚的房子就不愁了。