2006[1].692.EC 中英文

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ECE R20-2006

}Rev.1/Add.19/Rev.3E/ECE/324E/ECE/TRANS/50510 October 2006AGREEMENTCONCERNING THE ADOPTION OF UNIFORM TECHNICAL PRESCRIPTIONS FOR WHEELED VEHICLES, EQUIPMENT AND PARTS WHICH CAN BE FITTED AND/OR BE USED ON WHEELED VEHICLES AND THE CONDITIONS FOR RECIPROCAL RECOGNITION OF APPROVALS GRANTED ON THE BASIS OFTHESE PRESCRIPTIONS ∗/(Revision 2, including the amendments which entered into force on 16 October 1995)_________Addendum 19: Regulation No. 20Revision 3Incorporating all valid text up to :Supplement 4 to the 02 series of amendments - Date of entry into force: 5 March 1994Supplement 5 to the 02 series of amendments - Date of entry into force: 27 November 1994 Corrigendum 1 to Supplement 3 to the 02 series of amendments, subject of Depositary NotificationC.N.317.1994.TREATIES-38 dated 30 November 1994Corrigendum 1 to Revision 2 of the Regulation, subject of Depositary NotificationC.N.207.1995.TREATIES-36 dated 4 August 1995Supplement 6 to the 02 series of amendments - Date of entry into force: 25 December 199703 series of amendments **/ - Date of entry into force: 9 September 2001UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF MOTOR VEHICLE HEADLAMPS EMITTING AN ASYMMETRICAL PASSING BEAM OR A DRIVING BEAM OR BOTH AND EQUIPPED WITH HALOGEN FILAMENT LAMPS(H4 LAMPS)_________UNITED NATIONS∗/ Former title of the Agreement:Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Conditions of Approval and Reciprocal Recognition of Approval for Motor Vehicle Equipment and Parts, done at Geneva on 20 March 1958.**/ Not requiring changes in the approval number (TRANS/WP.29/815, para. 82).GE.06-}Rev.1/Add.19/Rev.3E/ECE/324E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 20page 3Regulation No. 20UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF MOTORVEHICLE HEADLAMPS EMITTING AN ASYMMETRICAL PASSINGBEAM OR A DRIVING BEAM OR BOTH AND EQUIPPED WITHHALOGEN FILAMENT LAMPS (H4 LAMPS)CONTENTSREGULATION Page A. ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS (5)- Scope (5)1. Definitions (5)2. Application for approval of a headlamp (6)3. Markings (7)4. Approval (7)B. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HEADLAMPS (12)5. General specifications (12)6. Illumination (13)7. Provisions concerning coloured lenses and filters (18)8. Gauging of discomfort (19)9. Standard (reference) headlamp (19)10. Observation concerning colour (19)C. FURTHER ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS (19)11. Modification of the headlamp type and extension of approval (19)12. Conformity of production (20)13. Penalties for non-conformity of production (21)}Rev.1/Add.19/Rev.3E/ECE/324E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 20page 4CONTENTS (continued)14. Production definitely discontinued (21)15. Names and addresses of Technical Servicesresponsible for conducting approval tests,and of Administrative Departments (22)16. Transitional provisions (23)ANNEXESAnnex 1 - Communication concerning the approval or refusal or extension or withdrawal of approval (or production definitely discontinued) for a type of headlamp pursuant toRegulation No. 20Annex 2 - Arrangements of approval marksAnnex 3 - Measuring screenAnnex 4 - Tests for stability of photometric performance of headlamps in operationAnnex 5 - Minimum requirements for conformity of production control proceduresAnnex 6 - Requirements for lamps incorporating lenses of plastic material - testing of lens or material samples and of complete lampsAppendix 1 – Chronological order of approval testsAppendix 2 – Method of measurement of the diffusion and transmission of lightAppendix 3 – Spray testing methodAppendix 4 – Adhesive tape adherence testAnnex 7 - Minimum requirements for sampling by an inspector}Rev.1/Add.19/Rev.3E/ECE/324E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 20page 5A. ADMINISTRATIVEPROVISIONS1/SCOPEThis Regulation applies to motor vehicle headlamps which may incorporate lensesof glass or plastic material.1. DEFINITIONSFor the purpose of this Regulation,1.1. "Lens" means the outermost component of the headlamp (unit) which transmits lightthrough the illuminating surface;1.2. "Coatinq" means any product or products applied in one or more layers to the outerface of a lens;1.3. Headlamps of different "types" are headlamps which differ in such essential respectsas:ormark;nametrade1.3.1. the1.3.2. the characteristics of the optical system;1.3.3. the inclusion or elimination of components capable of altering the optical effects byreflection, refraction, absorption and/or deformation during operation. However, thefitting or elimination of filters intended solely to change the colour of the beam butnot its light distribution does not entail a change of type;left-handtraffic or for both traffic systems;orright-hand1.3.4. suitabilityfor1.3.5. the kind of beam produced (passing beam, driving beam or both);constituting the lenses and coating, if any.materials1.3.6. the1/ Nothing in this Regulation shall prevent a Party to the Agreement applying this Regulation from prohibiting the combination of a headlamp incorporating a lens of plastic material approved under this Regulation with a mechanical headlamp-cleaning device (with wipers).}Rev.1/Add.19/Rev.3E/ECE/324E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 20page 62. APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL OF A HEADLAMP 2/2.1. The application for approval shall be submitted by the owner of the trade name ormark or by his duly accredited representative. It shall specify:2.1.1. whether the headlamp is intended to provide both a passing beam and a driving beamor only one of these beams;2.1.2. whether, if the headlamp is intended to provide a passing beam, it is designed forboth left-hand and right-hand traffic or for either left-hand or right-hand traffic only;2.1.3. if the headlamp is equipped with an adjustable reflector, the mounting position(s) ofthe headlamp in relation to the ground and the longitudinal median plane of thevehicle.2.2. Every application for approval shall be accompanied by:2.2.1. drawings in triplicate in sufficient detail to permit identification of the type andrepresenting a frontal view of the headlamp, with details of lens ribbing if any, andthe cross-section; the drawings shall indicate the space reserved for the approvalmark;2.2.1.1. if the headlamp is equipped with an adjustable reflector, an indication of themounting position(s) of the headlamp in relation to the ground and the longitudinalmedian plane of the vehicle, if the headlamp is for use in that (those) position(s)only;2.2.2. a brief technical description;2.2.3. two samples of the type of headlamp;2.2.3.1. for the testing of a coloured filter or coloured screen (or of a coloured lens): twosamples.2.2.4. For the test of plastic material of which the lenses are made:lenses;2.2.4.1. thirteen2.2.4.1.1. six of these lenses may be replaced by six samples of material at least 60 x 80 mmin size, having a flat or convex outer surface and a substantially flat area (radius ofcurvature not less than 300 mm) in the middle measuring at least 15 x 15 mm;2/ Application for approval of a filament lamp: see Regulation No. 37.}Rev.1/Add.19/Rev.3E/ECE/324E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 20page 72.2.4.1.2. every such lens or sample of material shall be produced by the method to be used inmass production;2.2.4.2. a reflector to which the lenses can be fitted in accordance with the manufacturer'sinstructions.2.3. The materials making up the lenses and coatings, if any, shall be accompanied by thetest report of the characteristics of these materials and coatings if they have alreadybeen tested.2.4. The Competent Authority shall verify the existence of satisfactory arrangements forensuring effective control on conformity of production before type approval isgranted.3. MARKINGS3/submitted for approval shall bear the trade name or mark of the 3.1. Headlampsapplicant.comprise, on the lens and on the main body, 4/ spaces of sufficient size shall3.2. Theyfor the approval mark and the additional symbols referred to in paragraph 4.; thesespaces shall be indicated on the drawings referred to in paragraph 2.2.1. above.3.3. Headlamps designed to satisfy the requirements both of right-hand and of left-handtraffic shall bear markings indicating the two settings of the optical unit on thevehicle or of the filament lamp on the reflector; these markings shall consist of theletters "R/D" for the position for right-hand traffic and the letters "L/G" for theposition for left-hand traffic.4. APPROVAL4.1. General4.1.1. If all the samples of a type of headlamp submitted pursuant to paragraph 2 abovesatisfy the provisions of this Regulation, approval shall be granted.designedtothe requirements of traffic moving on one sidemeetof3/ Inheadlampsthecaseof the road only (either right or left), it is further recommended that the area which can be occulted to prevent discomfort to users in a country where traffic moves on the side of the road opposite to that of the country for which the headlamp was designed should be outlined indelibly on the front lens. This marking is not necessary, however, where the area is clearly apparent from the design.4/ If the lens cannot be detached from the main body of the headlamp, a space on the lens shall be sufficient.}Rev.1/Add.19/Rev.3E/ECE/324E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 20page 8combinedreciprocally incorporated lamps satisfy theorgrouped,4.1.2. Whererequirements of more than one Regulation, a single international approval mark maybe affixed provided that each of the grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporatedlamps satisfies the provisions applicable to it.4.1.3. An approval number shall be assigned to each type approved. Its first two digits(at present 02) shall indicate the series of amendments incorporating the most recentmajor technical amendments made to the Regulation at the time of issue of theapproval. The same Contracting Party may not assign the same number to anothertype of headlamp covered by this Regulation, except if the approval is extended to adevice which only differs from the already approved device by the colour of thelight emitted.4.1.4. Notice of approval or of extension or refusal or withdrawal of approval orproduction definitely discontinued of a type of headlamp pursuant to this Regulationshall be communicated to the Parties to the 1958 Agreement applying thisRegulation, by means of a form conforming to the model shown in Annex 1 to thisRegulation, with the indications according to paragraph 2.2.1.1.4.1.4.1. if the headlamp is equipped with an adjustable reflector and if this headlamp is to beused only in mounting positions according to the indications in paragraph 2.2.1.1.,the applicant shall be obliged by the Approval Authority to inform the user in aproper way about the correct mounting position(s).4.1.5. In addition to the mark prescribed in paragraph 3.1, an approval mark as describedin paragraphs 4.2. and 4.3. below shall be affixed in the spaces referred to inparagraph 3.2. above to every headlamp conforming to a type approved under thisRegulation.4.2. Composition of the approval markThe approval mark shall consist of:approval marking, comprising:4.2.1. Aninternational}Rev.1/Add.19/Rev.3E/ECE/324E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 20page 9surrounding the letter "E" followed by the distinguishing number of the 4.2.1.1. acirclecountry which has granted approval; 5/4.2.1.2. the approval number prescribed in paragraph 4.1.3. above;additional symbol (or symbols):following4.2.2. thetraffic requirements only, a horizontal arrowleft-handmeeting4.2.2.1. on headlampspointing to the right of an observer facing the headlamp, i.e. to the side of the roadon which the traffic moves;4.2.2.2. on headlamps designed to meet the requirements of both traffic systems by meansof an appropriate adjustment of the setting of the optical unit or the filament lamp, ahorizontal arrow with a head on each end, the heads pointing respectively to the left andto the right;4.2.2.3. on headlamps meeting the requirements of this Regulation in respect of the passingbeam only, the letters "HC";4.2.2.4 on headlamps meeting the requirements of this Regulation in respect of the drivingbeam only, the letters "HR";4.2.2.5. on headlamps meeting the requirements of this Regulation in respect of both the passingbeam and the driving beam, the letters "HCR";5/ 1 for Germany, 2 for France, 3 for Italy, 4 for the Netherlands, 5 for Sweden, 6 for Belgium, 7 for Hungary, 8 for the Czech Republic, 9 for Spain, 10 for Serbia and Montenegro, 11 for the United Kingdom, 12 for Austria, 13 for Luxembourg, 14 for Switzerland, 15 (vacant), 16 for Norway, 17 for Finland, 18 for Denmark, 19 for Romania, 20 for Poland, 21 for Portugal, 22 for the Russian Federation, 23 for Greece, 24 for Ireland, 25 for Croatia, 26 for Slovenia, 27 for Slovakia, 28 for Belarus, 29 for Estonia, 30 (vacant), 31 for Bosnia and Herzegovina, 32 for Latvia, 33 (vacant), 34 for Bulgaria, 35 (vacant), 36 for Lithuania, 37 for Turkey, 38 (vacant), 39 for Azerbaijan, 40 for The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 41 (vacant), 42 for the European Community (Approvals are granted by its Member States using their respective ECE symbol), 43 for Japan, 44 (vacant), 45 for Australia, 46 for Ukraine, 47 for South Africa, 48 for New Zealand, 49 for Cyprus, 50 for Malta, 51 for the Republic of Korea, 52 for Malaysia and 53 for Thailand. Subsequent numbers shall be assigned to other countries in the chronological order in which they ratify or accede to the Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Technical Prescriptions for Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and Parts which can be Fitted and/or be Used on Wheeled Vehicles and the Conditions for Reciprocal Recognition of Approvals Granted on the Basis of these Prescriptions, and the numbers thus assigned shall be communicated by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to the Contracting Parties to the Agreement.}Rev.1/Add.19/Rev.3E/ECE/324E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 20page 104.2.2.6. on headlamps incorporating a lens of plastic material, the group of letters "PL" to beaffixed near the symbols prescribed in paragraphs 4.2.2.3. to 4.2.2.5. above;4.2.2.7. on headlamps meeting the requirements of this Regulation in respect of the drivingbeam, an indication of the maximum luminous intensity expressed by a reference mark,as defined in paragraph 6.3.2.1.2. below, placed near the circle surrounding theletter "E";In the case of reciprocally incorporated headlamps, indication of the maximumluminous intensity of the driving beams as a whole shall be expressed as above.4.2.3. In every case the relevant operating mode used during the test procedure according toparagraph 1.1.1.1. of Annex 5 and the permitted voltage(s) according toparagraph 1.1.1.2. of Annex 5 shall be stipulated on the approval forms and on thecommunication forms transmitted to the countries which are Contracting Parties to theAgreement and which apply this Regulation.In the corresponding cases the device shall be marked as follows:4.2.3.1. On headlamps meeting the requirements of this Regulation which are so designed thatthe filament of the passing beam shall not be lit simultaneously with that of any otherlighting function with which it may be reciprocally incorporated: an oblique stroke (/)shall be placed behind the passing lamp symbol in the approval mark.4.2.3.2. On headlamps meeting the requirements of Annex 5 to this Regulation only whensupplied with a voltage of 6 V or 12 V, a symbol consisting of the number 24 crossedout by an oblique cross (x), shall be placed near the filament lamp holder.4.2.4. The two digits of the approval number (at present 02) which indicate the series ofamendments incorporating the most recent major technical amendments made to theRegulation at the time of issue of the approval and, if necessary, the required arrowmay be marked close to the above additional symbols.4.2.5. The marks and symbols referred to in paragraphs 4.2.1. and 4.2.2. above shall beclearly legible and be indelible even when the headlamp is fitted in the vehicle.4.3. Arrangement of the approval mark4.3.1. Independent lampsAnnex 3, figures 1 to 9, to this Regulation gives examples of arrangements of theapproval mark with the above-mentioned additional symbols.4.3.2. Grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporated lamps4.3.2.1. Where grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporated lamps have been found tocomply with the requirements of several Regulations, a single international approvalmark may be affixed, consisting of a circle surrounding the letter "E" followed by thedistinguishing number of the country which has granted the approval, and anapproval number. This approval mark may be located anywhere on the grouped,combined or reciprocally incorporated lamps, provided that:4.3.2.1.1. it is visible after their installation;4.3.2.1.2. no part of the grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporated lamps that transmitslight can be removed without at the same time removing the approval mark.identificationsymbol for each lamp appropriate to each Regulation under which 4.3.2.2. Theapproval has been granted, together with the corresponding series of amendmentsincorporating the most recent major technical amendments to the Regulation at thetime of issue of the approval, and if necessary, the required arrow shall be marked: 4.3.2.2.1. either on the appropriate light-emitting surface,4.3.2.2.2. or in a group, in such a way that each of the grouped, combined or reciprocallyincorporated lamps may be clearly identified (see four possible examples inAnnex 3).4.3.2.3. The size of the components of a single approval mark shall not be less than theminimum size required for the smallest of the individual marks by the Regulationunder which approval has been granted.4.3.2.4. An approval number shall be assigned to each type approved. The same ContractingParty may not assign the same number to another type of grouped, combined orreciprocally incorporated lamps covered by this Regulation.4.3.2.5. Annex 3, figure 10, to this Regulation gives examples of arrangements of approvalmarks for grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporated lamps with all the above-mentioned additional symbols.4.3.3. Lamps, the lens of which are used for different types of headlamps and which maybe reciprocally incorporated or grouped with other lampsThe provisions laid down in paragraph 4.3.2. above are applicable.4.3.3.1. Inaddition, where the same lens is used, the latter may bear the different approval marks relating to the different types of headlamps or units of lamps, provided thatthe main body of the headlamp, even if it cannot be separated from the lens, alsopage 12comprises the space described in paragraph 3.2. above and bears the approval marksof the actual functions.If different types of headlamps comprise the same main body, the latter may bear thedifferent approval marks.11, to this Regulation gives examples of arrangements of approval figure3,4.3.3.2. Annexmarks relating to the above case.B. TECHNICALREQUIREMENTS FOR HEADLAMPS 6/SPECIFICATIONS5. GENERAL5.1. Each sample shall conform to the specifications set forth in paragraphs6. to 8.below.asretain their prescribed photometric characteristicsmadeto5.2. Headlampssoshallbeand to remain in good working order when in normal use, in spite of the vibrationsto which they may be subjected.5.2.1. Headlamps shall be fitted with a device enabling them to be so adjusted on thevehicles as to comply with the rules applicable to them. Such a device need not befitted on units in which the reflector and the diffusing lens cannot be separated,provided the use of such units is confined to vehicles on which the headlamp settingcan be adjusted by other means.Where a headlamp providing a passing beam and a headlamp providing a drivingbeam, each equipped with its own filament lamp, are assembled to form a compositeunit the adjusting device shall enable each optical system individually to be dulyadjusted.5.2.2. However, these provisions shall not apply to headlamp assemblies whose reflectorsare indivisible. For this type of assembly the requirements of paragraph 6.3. of thisRegulation shall apply.5.3. The components by which the filament lamp is fixed to the reflector shall be somade that, even in darkness, the filament lamp can be fixed in no position but thecorrect one. 7/ The filament lamp holder shall conform to the characteristics givenon data sheet 7005-39-1 of IEC Publication 61-2, third edition, 1969.6/ Technical requirements for filament lamps: see Regulation No. 37.7/ A headlamp is regarded as satisfying the requirements of this paragraph if the filament lamp can be easily fitted into the headlamp and the feather keys can be correctly fitted into their slots even in darkness.5.4. Headlamps designed to satisfy the requirements both of right-hand and of left-handtraffic may be adapted for traffic on a given side of the road either by an appropriateinitial setting when fitted on the vehicle or by selective setting by the user. Suchinitial or selective setting may consist, for example, of fixing either the optical unit ata given angle on the vehicle or the filament lamp at a given angle in relation to theoptical unit. In all cases, only two different and clearly distinct settings, one for right-hand and one for left-hand traffic, shall be possible, and the design shall precludeinadvertent shifting from one setting to the other or setting in an intermediateposition. Where two different setting positions are provided for the filament lamp, thecomponents for attaching the filament lamp to the reflector must be so designed andmade that, in each of its two settings, the filament lamp will be held in position withthe precision required for headlamps designed for traffic on only one side of theroad. Conformity with the requirements of this paragraph shall be verified by visualinspection and, where necessary, by a test fitting.5.5. Complementary tests shall be done according to the requirements of Annex 5 toensure that in use there is no excessive change in photometric performance.5.6. If the lens of the headlamp is of plastic material, tests shall be done according to therequirements of Annex 6.6. ILLUMINATION6.1. General provisions6.1.1. Headlamps shall be so made that with suitable H4 filament lamps they give adequateillumination without dazzle when emitting the passing beam, and good illuminationwhen emitting the driving beam.illumination produced by the headlamp shall be determined by means of a 6.1.2. Thevertical screen set up 25 m forward of the headlamp and at right angles to its axes asshown in Annex 4 to this Regulation.6.1.3. The headlamps shall be checked by means of an uncoloured standard (reference)filament lamp designed for a rated voltage of 12 V. In the case of headlamps whichmay be fitted with selective-yellow filters, 8/ such filters shall be replaced bygeometrically identical uncoloured filters with a transmission factor of at least80 per cent. During the checking of the headlamp, the voltage at the terminals of thefilament lamp must be regulated so as to obtain the following characteristics:8/ These filters shall consist of all the components, including the lens, intended to colour the light (except those forming part of the filament lamp itself).page 14Consumption in watts Light flux in lumenspassing filament about 55 750driving filament about 60 1 250 The headlamp shall be considered acceptable if it meets the requirements of thisparagraph 6 with at least one standard (reference) filament lamp, which may besubmitted with the headlamp.position of the filaments inside the standard filamentdeterminingthedimensions6.1.4. Thelamp are shown in the relevant data sheets of Regulation No. 37.6.1.5. The bulb of the standard filament lamp must be of such shape and optical quality thatit does not cause any reflection or refraction adversely affecting the light distribution.Compliance with this requirement shall be checked by measuring the lightdistribution obtained when a standard (reference) headlamp is fitted with the standard(reference) filament lamp (see paragraph 9 below).6.2. Provisions concerning passing beamsmustproduce a sufficiently sharp "cut-off" to permit a satisfactory passingbeam6.2.1. Theadjustment with its aid. The "cut-off" must be a horizontal straight line on the sideopposite to the direction of the traffic for which the headlamp is intended; on theother side, it must not extend beyond either the broken line HV H1 H4 formed by astraight line HV H1 making a 45° angle with the horizontal and the straightline H1 H4, 25 cm above the straight line hh, or the straight line HV H3, inclined atan angle of 15° above the horizontal (see Annex 4). A "cut-off" extending beyondboth line HV H2 and line H2 H4 and resulting from a combination of the two abovepossibilities shall in no circumstances be permitted.6.2.2. The headlamp shall be so aimed that6.2.2.1. in the case of headlamps designed to meet the requirements of right-hand traffic,the "cut-off" on the left-half of the screen 9/ is horizontal and, in the case ofheadlamps designed to meet the requirements of left-hand traffic, the "cut-off" onthe right-half of the screen is horizontal;6.2.2.2. this horizontal part of the "cut-off" is situated on the screen 25 cm below thelevel hh (see Annex 4);9/ The test screen must be sufficiently wide to allow examination of the "cut-off" over a range of at least 5° on either side of the line vv.6.2.2.3. the "elbow" of the "cut-off" is on line vv. 10/6.2.3. When so aimed, the headlamp need, if its approval is sought solely for provision of apassing beam, 11/ comply only with the requirements set out inparagraphs 6.2.5.to 6.2.7. below; if it is intended to provide both a passing beam anda driving beam, it shall comply with the requirements set out in paragraphs 6.2.5. to6.2.7. and 6.3.6.2.4. Where a headlamp so aimed does not meet the requirements set out inparagraphs 6.2.5. to 6.2.7. and 6.3., its alignment may be changed, provided that theaxis of the beam is not displaced laterally by more than 1° (= 44 cm) to the rightor left. 12/ To facilitate alignment by means of the "cut-off", the headlamp may bepartially occulted in order to sharpen the "cut-off".10/ If the beam does not have a cut-off with a clear "elbow", the lateral adjustment shall be effected in the manner which best satisfies the requirements for illumination at points 75 R and 50 R for right-hand traffic and for points 75 L and 50 L for left-hand traffic.11/ Such a special "passing beam" headlamp may incorporate a driving beam not subject to requirements.12/ The limit of realignment of 1° towards the right or left is not incompatible with upward or downward vertical realignment. The latter is limited only by the requirements of paragraph 6.3. However, the horizontal part of the "cut-off" should not extend beyond the line hh (the provisions of paragraph 6.3. are not applicable to headlamps intended to meet the requirements of this Regulation only for provision of a passing beam).。

世界港口中英文及缩写对照

世界港口中英文及缩写对照Abidjan 225 科特迪瓦CIABJ 阿必尚18个Acajutla 503 萨尔瓦多SVAQJ 阿卡胡特拉4个Algiers 213 阿尔及利亚DZALG 阿尔及耳44个Antwerp32 比利时BEANR 安特卫普8个Apapa 奈及利亚NGAPP 阿帕帕48个Apia 西萨摩亚WSAPW 阿比亚14个Aqaba 962 约旦JOAQJ 阿卡巴2个Asuncion 595 巴拉圭PYASU 亚松森9个Bahrain 973 巴林BHBAH 巴林7个Bandar abbas IRBND 伊朗阿巴斯63个Banjul 220 甘比亚GMBJL 班久尔8个Basle (basel) 41 瑞士CHBSL 巴萨尔4个Beiruit 961 黎巴嫩LBBEY 贝鲁特13个Belize 501 贝里斯BZBZE 贝里斯7个Bridgetown 巴巴多斯BBBJT 布里奇顿3个Brunei 673 文莱BNBTN 文莱7个Cayenne 594 法属圭亚那GFCAY 开云9个Chittagong 880 孟加拉国BDCGP 吉大港10个Colombo 94 斯里兰卡LKCMB 科伦坡20个Conakry 224 几亚GNCKY 康那克立16个Corinto 505 尼加拉瓜NICIO 科林多25个Cotonou 229 贝宁BJCOO 科托奴9个Dakar 221 塞加尔SNDKR 达卡16个Dar-Es-Salaam 255 坦尚尼亚TZDAR 达累斯萨拉姆20个Djibouti 253 吉布地DJJIB 吉布地9个Doha 974 卡塔尔QADOH 多哈9个Douala 237 喀麦隆CMDLA 杜亚那19个Dublin 353 爱尔兰IEDUB 都伯林93个Fort De France 596 法属马丁尼克MQFDF 法兰西堡8个Freetown 232 塞拉利昂SLFNA 佛里敦10个Gdynia 48 波兰PLGDY 格地尼亚31个Georgetown 592 盖亚那GYGEO 乔治市16个Guayaquil 593 厄瓜多尔ECGYE 瓜亚基尔30个Hamilton 387 波斯尼亚BABDA 汉弥顿1个Kingston 1 牙买加JMKIN 京斯顿31个Koror 帕劳PCROR 科罗尔6个Kwait 965 科威特KWKWI 科威特15个Las palmas 加纳利群岛ACLPA 拉斯帕尔马斯26个Lattakia 963 叙利亚SYLTK 拉塔克6个Lome 228 多哥TGLFW 洛美5个Majuro 692 马绍尔MHMAJ 马久罗22个Matadi 243 扎伊尔ZRMAT 马塔地8个Mogadiscio 252 索马利亚SOMGQ 摩加迪休35个Monrovia 231 赖比瑞亚LRMLW 门罗维亚14个Montevideo 598 乌拉圭UYMVD 蒙特维多24个Nouakchott 毛里塔尼亚MRNKC 努瓦克肖特7个Noumea 687 新喀里多亚岛（New Caledonia）NCNOU 诺米亚52个Nukualofa 676 东加TOTBU 诺克罗法14个Oddesa 380 乌克兰UAODS 奥得塞39个Saipan 1670 北马里亚纳群岛MPSPN 塞班13个Salah 阿曼OMSLL 色拉拉31个San Jose 502 危地马拉GTSNJ 圣荷西11个San Juan 1 波多黎各PRSJU 圣胡安23个Singapore 65 新加坡SGSIN 新加坡43个St. Kitts圣基茨St. Lucia 1 圣露西亚LCSLU 圣露西亚9个St. Vincent 1 圣文森VCSVD 圣文森5个Tarawa 686 吉里巴斯KITRW 塔拉瓦35个Toamasina 马达加斯加TOA 图阿马西纳49个Truk 土鲁克港Tunis 216 突尼西亚TNTUN 突尼斯30个Pago Pago 684 东萨摩亚ASPPG 巴哥巴哥2个Paramaribo 597 利南SRPBM 巴拉马利波13个Pointe Noire 242 刚果CGPNR 诺亚港6个Por Au Prince 509 海地HTPAP 太子港18个Port Louis 230 模里西斯MUPLU 路易斯港9个Port of Spain 千里达TTPOS 西班牙港24个Port Sudan 249 丹SDPZU 丹港8个Rarotonga 682 库克群岛CKRAR 拉洛东加14个Reunion 留尼旺Reunion（France）11个Rijeka 381 南斯拉夫YU里吉卡14个Valletta 356 马耳他MTMLA 伐利塔9个Varna 359 保加利亚BGVAR 瓦尔那24个Votochniy 7 俄罗斯RUVYP 伏斯托克尼270个Walvis Bay 纳米比亚NAMVB 沃尔维斯湾8个Roseau 多米尼加国DMROX罗索5个美国港口英文缩写：东部有：波特兰，波士顿，纽约，诺福克，查尔斯顿，萨凡纳、新泽西港、费城港、巴尔的摩港、迈阿密港和新奥尔良港。

2006年考研英语(一)翻译重要词汇整理

2006年考研英语（一）翻译重要词汇整理这是一篇议论文，主要论述了美国的知识分子被他们所在的社会排斥并且不被重视的情况并不属实。

文章通过阐述知识分子的定义来一步一步申明自己的论点。

同样，文章中出现的单词比较简单。

以下是本文中出现的20个，就让我们一起来学习吧！1.10 reject[rɪ'dʒekt]v.拒绝，排斥【词根记忆】：re(back)+ject ( throw, cast投掷，扔)→扔回去→决绝，排斥【短语搭配】：reject region拒绝区【真题例句】：Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? 美国的知识分子被他们的所在社会拒绝并不认为是社会组成的一部分，这一情况属实么?。

2.25intellectual[,ɪntə'lektʃʊəl]n. 知识分子&adj.智力的，智能的【词根记忆】：intel(智力，智能)+lect(choose, gather选择，收集)→能够有智力的做选择→智力的【短语搭配】：intellectual history思想史【真题例句】：Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected Americans. 布鲁克伯杰神父提出，是知识分子排斥了美国人。

3. 17define [dɪ'faɪn]v.下定义【词根记忆】：de (加强)+fin(end, boundary范围)→使有范围→给下定义【短语搭配】：define name定义名称【真题例句】：I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems. 我对知识分子的定义是：这种人对道德问题进行苏格拉底式的思考，并视其为人生的首要任务和乐趣所在。

RoHS 指令豁免清单

RoHS 指令豁免清单（截至到2008年5月）免除2005/95/EC 指令第4（1）条中所要求的铅、汞、镉、六价铬、多溴联苯和多溴二苯醚的应用。

1．小型日光灯中的汞含量不得超过5 毫克/灯；2．一般用途的直管日光灯中的汞含量不得超过：-盐磷酸盐10毫克-正常的三磷酸盐5毫克-长效的三磷酸盐8毫克3．特殊用途的直管日光灯中的汞含量；4．本附录中未特别提及的其它照明灯中的汞含量；5．阴极射线管、电子部件和发光管的玻璃内的铅含量；6．钢中合金元素中的铅含量达0.35%、铝含量达0.4%, 铜合金中的铅含量达4%；7．--高温融化型焊锡铅（如：铅含量≥ 85%的合金中的铅）；--用于服务器，存储器和存储阵列的焊料中的铅。

用于交换、信号产生和传输，以及电信网络管理的网络基础设施设备中焊料中的铅；--电子陶瓷部件中（如：高压电子装置）的铅；8．电触点中的镉及镉化合物以及91/338/EEC 指令限制范围以外的镉电镀层中的镉；9．在吸收式电冰箱中作为碳钢冷却系统防腐剂的六价铬；--聚合体中使用的十溴二苯醚；(2005/717/EC)--在铅-铜轴承外壳与衬套中的铅；(2005/717/EC)10. 根据在第7（2）条中提及的程序，欧盟委员会应评价以下方面的应用：(2005/717/EC)--特殊用途的直管日光灯中的汞；--灯泡。

11. 顺应针联接系统中使用的铅；(2005/747/EC)12. 热导枪钉模组涂层中所用的铅；(2005/747/EC)13. 光学玻璃及滤光玻璃中所用的铅及镉；(2005/747/EC)14. 微处理器针脚及封装联接所使用的含两种以上组分的焊料中的铅（铅含量在80%和85%之间）；(2005/747/EC)15. 集成电路倒装芯片封装中半导体芯片及载体之间形成可靠联接所用焊料中的铅；(2005/747/EC)16. 线形白炽灯硅酸盐灯管中的铅；(2006/310/EC)17. 用于专业复印设备的高强度放电灯(HID)中用作激发的卤素铅；(2006/310/EC)18. 当放电灯被用作含磷的仿日晒灯(sun tanning lamps)，比如含有BSP(BaSi2O5:Pb)，(2006/310/EC) 以及用于重氮复印、平版印刷、捕虫器、光化学和食物加工过程的特种灯，含有磷时，比如SMS ((Sr,Ba)2MgSi2O7:Pb)，放电灯中的荧光粉触媒剂的铅含量在其重量的1％或以下；(2006/310/EC)19. 紧凑型节能灯(ESL)中作为主要汞齐合金的特定成分(PbBiSn-Hg和PbinSg-Hg)中的铅以及作为辅助汞合金PbSn-Hg中的铅；(2006/310/EC)20. 液晶显示器(LCD)用于连接平面荧光灯前后基片用的玻璃中的氧化铅；(2006/310/EC)21. 用于硼硅酸盐玻璃瓷漆的印墨所含的铅及镉；(2006/691/EC)22. 在光纤通讯系统稀土铁石榴石法拉第旋转器中作为杂质的铅；(2006/691/EC)23. 小螺距零部件面料所含的铅；(2006/691/EC)24. 通孔盘状及平面阵列陶瓷多层电容器焊料所含的铅；(2006/691/EC)25. 等离子显示屏（PDP）及表面传导式电子发射显示器（SED）的部件所用的氧化铅；(2006/691/EC)26. 蓝黑灯管（BLB）玻璃外罩所含的氧化铅；(2006/691/EC)27. 在大功率扬声器中作为转换器焊料的铅合金。

欧盟指令(EC-EEC)目录

2006/96/EC
N2，N3，O3，O4
45
M1类机动车辆质量及尺寸
92/21/EEC
（关于M1类机动车的质量和尺寸）
95/48/EC
M1
46
机动车辆及其挂车安全玻璃及玻璃材料
92/22/EEC
（关于机动车及其挂车的安全玻璃以及玻璃材料）
2001/92/EC
47
机动车辆及其挂车轮胎及其安装
92/23/EEC
88/77/EEC
（缺失）
2005/55/EC
（各成员国关于防治车用压燃式发动机气体和颗粒污染物排放以及燃用天然气和液化石油气的车用点燃式发动机气体污染物排放的法律）
91/542/EEC
96/1/EEC
1999/96/EC
2001/27/EC
2005/55/EC
2005/78/EC
2006/51/EC
2006/81/EC（未更新）
2008/74/EC（未更新）
2005/55/EC替代88/77/EEC
43
机动车辆及其挂车侧面保护
89/297/EEC
（各成员国关于机动车及其挂车侧面防护（侧面保护装置）的法律）
N2，N3，O3，O4
44
机动车辆及其挂车防飞溅系统
91/226/EEC
（各成员国关于某类机动车及其挂车溅射抑制系统的法律）
70/157/EEC
（各成员国关于机动车允许噪声限值和排气系统的法律）
73/350/EEC
77/2123/EEC
81/334/EEC
84/372/EEC
84/424/EEC
89/491/EEC
92/97/EEC
96/20/EC
1999/101/EC

关于LVD 2006-95-EC 指令

一，关于2006/95/EC新合併的低電壓指令(LVD，Low Voltage Directive) ，其號碼為2006/95/EC，於2006年12月27日在歐洲官方的刊物(Official Journal) 上已經發行，並於2007年1月16日開始正式實施了。

這個新合併的低電壓指令（2006/95/EC），只是合併了兩個舊的低電壓指令73/23/EEC 以及93/68/EEC。

此改變，除了低電壓指令號碼改變之外，對於低電壓指令本身內容以及CE 標誌之要求，並沒有任何實質上的改變。

所以，對於已經發行之試驗報告或是證書，就不需要再修改或是重新發行了CE低电压指令的适用范围LVD适用于所有本身功能使用电压范围在交流50~1000V，直流75~1500V的电机产品，这个定义系指指令的适用范围，而不是指令适用的限制 (例如，在使用交流230V的计算机中，直流12V的电路所造成的危险也受LVD的规范)。

LVD适用于提供给消费者和工业使用的产品，如果是工业用设备，指令也涵盖了制造商本身使用的产品(例如: 测试设备)。

二.CE技术文件的要求LVD的CE体制与EMC指令类似，所有在适用范围内的产品都必须有CE标志，而且必须有制造商的代表或进口商所签署的符合声明书。

简单的自我宣告并不足以确定产品是安全的 (〝安全〞被定义成不会造成人员或家畜的死伤及财务的损害)，基于这个原因，LVD的声明需要有技术文件档案的支持来证明。

技术证明文件须包含:1. 机设备的一般性描述2. 概念上的设计及制造图样3. 了解这些图样所必须的描述和说明4. 列出全部或部份适用的标准，及描述为满足指令安全观点所采行的对策5. 设计的推算结果，执行过程的检查6. 测试报告制造商须用各种必要的方法以确保制造过程符合技术文件所述，档案的内容应清楚的证明产品在设计观点上，是安全的，而且能确定在制造过程中一直都符合。

建立安全设计较好的方法是，先表示符合所列出的调和标准，而以测试报告为证据。

2006-42-EC_(中文简体)

L 157/26 EN 欧盟官方期刊 9.6.2006 第1条范围 1. 本指令适用于下列产品： (a) 机器； (b) 可互换的设备； (c) 安全零组件； (d) 升降配件； (e) 链条、绳索及带子； (f) 可拆卸之机械传动装置； (g) 部分完成之机器。 (1) 以规范 (EC) No 1882/2003 (OJ L 284,31.10.2003, p.1) 修订 OJ L 213, 7.9.1995, p.1. 指令。 (2) OJ C 321, 31.12.2003 p.1. (3) OJ L 184, 17.7 1888, p.23. 2. 下列项目不适用本指令： (a) 作为备用零件、用以更换相同零组件且由机器原厂供应之安全零组件； (b) 露天市集及／或游乐园的专用设备； (c) 在设计上专门用于核子用途，且在故障时可能造成辐射外泄的机器； (d) 武器，包括火器； (e) 下列运输工具：－为承受指令 2003/37/EC 规定之风险而使用农林牵引机，但不包括安装在车辆上的机器；－ 1970 年 2 月 6 日理事会指令 70/156/EEC（有关会员国针对机动车辆及其挂车之类型核准的法律）规定之机动车辆及其挂车(1)，但不包括安装在车辆及挂车上的机器； (1)以执委会指令 2006/28/EC (OJ L 65.7.3.2006, P.27.) 修订 OJ L. 42, 23.2.1970, P.1. 指令。－欧洲议会指令 2002/24/EC 及 2002 年 3 月 18 日理事会指令（有关双轮或三轮机动车辆(2)之类型核准）规定之车辆，但不包括安装在车辆上的机器；－仅为竞标制造之机动车辆；及－运用空中、水面及铁路网之运输工具，但不包括安装在运输工具上的机器； (f) 远洋船舶及机动性近海船舶，以及安装在远洋及／或近海船舶上的机器； (g) 专为军用或警用目的所设计制造的机器； (h) 专为实验室临时研究之用而设计制造的机器； (i) 矿井卷扬式升降机；

电池标准2006-66-EC(中文版)

（3）便携式电池或蓄电池：任何满足以下电池的电池、钮扣电池、电池组或蓄电池：
（a）供出售的；
（b）可用手携带的；
（c）既不是工业电池或蓄电池也不是自动推进式电池或蓄电池。
（4）钮扣电池：任何直径大于其重量并用于助听器、手表、小的手提式设备和动力支持设备等特殊目的的小式圆形便携式电池或蓄电池。
第 2章范围
1. 本指令适用于所有类型的电池和蓄电池，不论其形状、体积、重量、材料组成和使用范围。指令并不与 2000/53/EC 指令和 2002/96/EC 指令冲突。
2. 指令不适用于以下用途电池和蓄电池:
(a) 保护成员国潜在安全利益、军队、采矿和战争物资，排除那些不是专用于军事目的产品的设备。
（5）自动推进式电池或蓄电池：任何用于自动推进、照明或点火能源的电池和蓄电池。
（6）工业电池和蓄电池：任何为专用工业设计的或具有专业用途或用于任何类型的电动机车的电池或蓄电池。
（7）废电池或蓄电池：任何符合 2006/12/EC 指令第 1 章中（1）a 条款中废品定义的电池或蓄电池。
(b) 设计用于发射到太空的设备。
第 3章
为明确：任何从化学能直接转化产生电能的装置，包括一个或多个原电池组（不可充电型）或由一个或多个二级电池组（可充电型）构成。
（2）电池组：任何将电池和蓄电池连接起来并且/或者将其装入一个外壳箱子成一个整体单元以防止使用者有意将其分开或打开的装置。
（20）为最终使用者提供的指导分类收集信息、实用的收集方案和最终使用者在废电池和蓄电池管理中角色的信息是成功收集的必要条件。应对标志系统作一些诸如向使用者提供透明、可靠并清楚的有关电池和蓄电池中含有任何重金属信息的细节安排。

欧盟汽车技术指令目录(EC指令、EU法规)中英文对照表

附件 2：EC 指令、EU 法规目录中英文对照表
序基础指令号、修改单或其他指令对该基础指
号
法规号
令的补充修改
技术指令名称
英文原文名称
简称
1. 2007/46/EC Regulation (EC) No 1060/2008 在机动车辆及其挂车，和用于这类车 a framework for the approval of motor
号
法规号
令的补充修改
技术指令名称
英文原文名称
简称
备注
1999/101/EC
2007/34/EC
3.
Regulation Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 关于轻型乘用车和商用车排放污染 on type approval of motor vehicles with
轻型车排放
(EC) No 715/2007
and rear under run protection of motor
(EC) No 661/2009
vehicles and their trailers
及ECE R34、ECE
R58替代
5. 70/222/EEC
在机动车辆及其挂车后牌照板的固 on the approximation of the laws of the
整车型式批准认
Regulation (EC) No 78/2009 Regulation (EC) No 79/2009 Regulation (EC) No 385/2009 Regulation (EC) No 595/2009
辆的系统、零部件及单独技术总成的 vehicles and their trailers, and of systems,

欧盟汽车技术指令目录(EC指令、EU法规)中英文对照表

转向装置
将于2014.11.1取消，由Regulation (EC) No 661/2009 及ECE R79替代
7.
70/387/EEC
98/90/EC 2001/31/EC
在机动车辆及其挂车车门方面协调统一各成员国法律的理事会指令
on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the doors of motor vehicles and their trailers
2.
70/157/EEC
在机动车辆允许声级和排气系统方面协调统一各成员国法律的理事会指令
the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the permissible sound level and the exhaust system of motor vehicles
简称
备注
6.
70/311/EEC
92/62/EEC 1999/7/EC
在机动车辆及其挂车的转向装置方面协调统一各成员国法律的理事会指令
on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the steering equipment for motor vehicles and their trailers
英文原文名称
简称
备注
12.
74/60/EEC
在机动车辆内部凸出物方面协调统一各成员国法律的理事会指令
附件 2：EC 指令、EU 法规目录中英文对照表
序号 1.

2006-122-EC PFOS 指令中文

7) 一旦获得有关更用途和安全的替代物质或技术详细的新信息，委员会应当对第 3(a)至(d)节的每种减量方法予以审查，所以： a) 当使用更安全的替代物质在技术上和经济上可行时，将尽快逐步停止 PFOS 的使用； b) 减量使用只允许对关键的使用继续，当其更安全的替代物质不存在且寻找更安全的替代物质所做的努力已经被报道； c) 采用最佳技术将 PFOS 排放到环境中的量降低到最少；
8) 76/769/EEC 指令应作相应的修订。
第2条
1．成员国最迟应于 2007 年 12 月 27 日前通过并颁布符合本指令所必需的法律法规和管理条例。它们应当将那些措施的内容立即通知到欧盟委员会，并用表格显示那些措施与本指令的关系。
9) 本指令的目标是导入 PFOS 的协调条款，从而维持内部市的秩序并确保如《条约》第 95 条所要求的对人类键康和环境的高水平保护。
欧盟官方公报欧洲议会和欧盟理事会 2006 年 12 月 12 日第 2006/122/EC 号指令
第 76/769/EEC 号指令《关于统一各成员国有关限制销售和使用某些危害物质及制品的法律法规和管理条例》的第 30 次修订
［全氟辛烷磺酰哺化合物（PFOS）］（文本与欧洲经济区相关）
欧洲议会和欧盟理事会，注意到建立欧洲共同体的条约，特别是其中第 95 条，注意到欧盟委员会的提案，
兹通过本指令：
第1条
76/769/EEC 指令附录 1 应椐本指令的附录予以修订。
7) 全氟辛酸（PFOA）和它的盐被怀疑具有 PFOS 相似的危害，因此，需要对当前正在进行的风险评估活动和获得更安全的替代物质的可能性继续审查，并制订降低风险措施，如果合适的话，措施应包括在欧盟范围内禁止销售和使用。

ROHS豁免清单一览表

一般用途的直管日光灯中的汞含量不得超过长效的三磷酸盐8毫克
3.Mercury in straight fluorescent lamps for special purposes.
特殊用途的直管日光灯中的汞含量
4.Mercury in other lamps not specifically mentioned in this list
一般用途的直管日光灯中的汞含量不得超过磷酸盐10毫克
2b.Mercury in straight fluorescent lamps for general purposes not exceeding triphosphate 5 mg.
一般用途的直管日光灯中的汞含量不得超过正常的三磷酸盐5毫克
2c.Mercury in straight fluorescent lamps for general purposes not exceeding triphosphate 8 mg
于光纤通讯系统稀土铁石榴石法拉第旋转器中作为杂质的铅
集成电路倒装晶片封装的半导体连接片和托架之间实施电气连接用焊料中的铅
16.Lead in linear incandescent lamps with silicate coated tubes.
管状白炽灯硅酸盐涂层灯管中的铅
2006/310/EC
2006.04.21/
2006.04.28
17.Lead halide as radiant agent in High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps used for professional reprography applications.
铅作为钢的合金元素，其含量可达0.35%（重量计）

电子电器产品有害物质限制要求

rge Household Appliances 大型家用电器 2.Small Household Appliances 小型家用电器 3.IT and Telecommunications Equipment 信息与通讯设备 4. Consumer Equipment 消费者 5. Lighting Equipment 照明设备 6.Electrical and Electronic Tools 电子与电气工具 7. Toys, Leisure and Sports Equipment 玩具, 休闲娱乐设备与运动器材 8 Medical Devices (not implanted and infected devices) (after 2008) 医疗装置 (不包含灌输与被污染的装置) (2008之后) 9 Monitoring and Control Instruments (after 2008) 监测与控制仪表 (2008之后) 10.Automatic Dispenser自动售货机
Bureau Veritas CPS-Analytical
Exemption of RoHS
RoHS的豁免的豁免
1. Mercury in compact fluorescent lamps not exceeding 5 mg per lamp.
小型日光灯中的汞含量不得超过5 毫克/灯 2. Mercury in straight fluorescent lamps for general purposes not exceeding:一般用途的直管日光灯中的汞含量不得超过: — halophosphate 10 mg 磷酸盐10 毫克 — triphosphate with normal lifetime 5 mg 正常寿命的三磷酸盐5 毫克 — triphosphate with long lifetime 8 mg. 长效的三磷酸盐8 毫克 3. Mercury in straight fluorescent lamps for special purposes. 特殊用途的直管日光灯中的汞 4. Mercury in other lamps not specifically mentioned in this Annex. 本附录中未特别提及的其它照明灯中的汞含量 5. Lead in glass of cathode ray tubes, electronic components and fluorescent tubes. 阴极射线管.,电子部件和荧光管玻璃中的铅 6. Lead as an alloying element in steel containing up to 0,35% lead by weight, aluminum containing up to 0,4 % lead by weight and as a copper alloy containing up to 4% lead by weight.

包装物和废弃包装物的9462EC指令

包装物和废弃包装物的94/62/EC指令第1条目的1.本指令旨在协调各国有关包装物和废弃包装物管理的措施，一方面是为了防止由此对各成员国和第三国环境产生任何影响，或减小这类影响，从而提供高水平环境保护；另一方面是为了确保内部市场的正常运行并且避免在欧洲共同体内产生贸易壁垒、不正当竞争和使竞争受到限制。

2.为此，本指令规定这类措施的首要目的是防止产生废弃包装物，其次作为附加的基本原则，对包装物再使用、再循环和实现其他形式的废弃包装物回收以及由此减少对这类废弃物的最终处理量。

第2条范围1.本指令适用于投放欧洲共同体市场的所有包装物和所有废弃包装物，不管它们是工业、商业、办公室、商店、服务业、家庭或其他场所使用的或废弃的，也不管使用的是什么材料。

2.实施本指令不应损害对包装物现有的质量要求，诸如有关包装产品的安全、健康保护和卫生等要求，或损害现行运输要求，或损害欧洲联盟理事会1991年12月12日关于有害废弃物的91/689/EEC指令要求。

第3条定义1.在本指令中，“包装物”是指由任何性质的任何材料制成的所有产品，它们用来容纳、保护、搬运、交付和提供商品，其范围从原材料到加工成的商品，从生产者到使用者或消费者。

用于相同用途的“不可回收”的物品也应该被视为包装物。

“包装物”只包括：(a) 销售包装物或初次包装物，即被认为是在采购地点构成某个向最终使用者或消费者提供的销售单元的包装物；(b) 组合的包装物或二次包装物，即被认为是在采购地点构成一组一定数量的销售单元的包装物，不管这些销售单元是以这种方式向最终使用者或消费者销售的还是仅仅作为补充销售地点货架的一种方式；从产品上拿掉这类包装物并不影响该产品的特性；(c) 运输包装物或三次包装物，即被认为是为了便于搬运和运输若干销售单元或组合的包装物，以防止在搬运和运输过程中遭到物理损坏的包装物。

运输包装物不包括公路、铁路、海运和空运集装箱。

2.“废弃包装物”是指75/442/EEC指令中对“废弃物”的定义所涉及的任何包装物或包装材料，生产的剩余物不包括在内。

2006考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译

2006 Text 1Paragraph 11、In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. 不管我们如何喋喋不休地谈论差别，美国社会实际上是一台同化人们的神奇的机器。

这就是民主化的着装和言谈，并且还有种随意和缺乏尊重感，这些构成了通俗文化的特性。

1.1 homogenizing英/hə'mɔdʒənaiziŋ/ 美/hə'mɔdʒənaiziŋ/n. 均质化homogenize 英/hə'mɒdʒənaɪz/ 美/ho'mɑdʒə,naɪz/vt. 使均匀；使类同vi. 变均匀democratizing民主化1.2 uniformity英/juːnɪ'fɔːmɪtɪ/ 美/,jʊnə'fɔrməti/n. 均匀性；一致；同样2、People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. 人们被一种消费文化所吸引了，这种文化是由十九世纪在高雅的氛围中陈列着琳琅满目的商品的百货商店所开始的.2.1elegant英/'elɪg(ə)nt/ 美/'ɛləgənt/adj. 高雅的，优雅的；讲究的；简炼的；简洁的3、Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite, these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and demo cratic act.” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization. 不是为了迎合有知识的精英们而开设的专门商店，而是创建了“不分阶层和背景人人都可以进入”的大众商店。

Candy《糖果(2006)》完整中英文对照剧本

当我初次遇见凯蒂When I first met Candy时光如果汁般甜美Those were like the days of juice..一切都变得丰富多彩Everything was bountiful...鸟儿在天空翱翔Birds filled the sky ...一股暖流在我们之间流淌a great kindness float through us...天堂Heaven给你!Here it is.这次我用你的办法试试I'm gonna try it your way this time.坦白说，这办法不错This is just as good this way. Honestly. Then why don't you do it?那你怎么还不动手舒曼，为什么我不动手Schumann, Why don't I do it?凯蒂，丹只是跟班，不是老大Dan is a follower, Candy. Not a leader. 简单点儿，一直用鼻子吸We stick to snorting, keep it simple.有时候，你要敢于尝试不同！You know...Dare to be different!我认为我应该去浴盆试试Well I think I'd like to try it in the bath. 这就是不同well that's different.凯蒂Candy?凯蒂Candy!舒曼，快来帮我！Schumann, fucking help me!怎么了What??快来Come here!快来！宝贝？Come here!Babe?噢，天哪Oh, Christ!该死，她摄入过量了Shit, I think that she took too much.宝贝Babe!快给我些生理盐水或者别的什么东西,我需要生理盐水Fucking saline solution or something?I need saline solution! 什么？What?我&hearts;操&hearts;！赶紧拿杯水来！Fuck it!Go and get a glass of water...放盐进去，快！Put salt in it! Hurry up!醒醒，宝贝Come on!Babe!凯蒂，看着我！Candy! Look at me!放多少盐？How much salt?我不知道！看着放吧I don't know! HEAPS!快他妈搅啊，确保充分溶解Just fucking stir it! Make sure it's dissolved!快来！噢，宝贝！FUCK!Come here!Oh baby？Fuck!!哥们儿，这有屁用！盐能干啥！I don't think this works man!What the fuck's salt gonna do? 闭嘴！Shut up!操！扶着她的胳膊Fuck!Hold her arm!你&hearts;他&hearts;妈&hearts;扶着她的胳膊！Hold her fucking arm, man!用力！Harder!这不会...(管用的)This will not be ...开始吧Here we go ...不，它完全不起作用，狗屎！No, it's not gonna fucking work!It's bullshit!! 闭上你的乌鸦嘴Shut up!叫救护车Call an ambulance.我们走Here we go.凯蒂，看着我Candy, look at me.凯蒂！凯蒂！Candy! Candy!凯蒂，看着我！Candy, Look at me!宝贝Babe ...带她回来Bring her back....回来...back.我他妈已经放了不少盐了Enough with the fucking salt.感觉很美妙It was beautiful.我有点紧张Intense.未来飘忽不定The future or the thing that gleamed.当下如此美妙The present was so very, very good.我从没想过毁去凯蒂的生命I wasn't trying to wreck Candy's life我努力使自己变得更好I was trying to make mine better.我们渴望分享所有一切We wanted to share absolutely everything. 尤其是最好的Especially the best bits .我要永远和你在一起I want to stay with you forever.谁不想呢？...and who would'nt!画的是我俩！It's us!我称之为It's called "The afternoon of extravagant delight. " “狂欢的午后”By Candy Wyatt.太美了It's beautiful.我喜欢这种感觉I love it!卡斯珀Casper.卡斯珀，是丹啊Casper, It's Dan.丹尼尔，等等，我即将带着胜利和祈祷而来Daniel, hang on!, I'm coming in on a win and a prayer! 什么？What?我正试着在迪拜降落I'm trying to land a Jumbo in Dubai.你秀逗了？What?卡斯珀就像你一直想要的父亲Casper was like the dad you always wanted.他允许你吃糖果和冷饮The one that lets you have lollies and fizzy drinks他允许你晚归he lets you stay up late,允许你晚上一直看电影and watch movieslate at night.丹尼尔，你好吗Daniel, how are you?卡斯珀和我是多年的朋友Casper and I went way back.我爱你（法语）I love you我说的对吗？Is that right?是的Yes!这是乔治This is George.罕见的英国人，本钱(指男性那话儿)雄厚A very limited English,but a very large penis.我说的没错吧，乔治Isn't that right, George?你说是就是吧Ok.我们从Lonely Planet 95年出版的哈瓦那旅行指南说起Our entire conversation is based on the 1995 "Lonely Planet" guide to Havana 请坐Sit down.都是好朋友嘛Just good friends.今天有什么安排So, what's on the agenda today?没啥，我们想四处逛逛Not much, we're just wandering around.嗯，能不能借给我们50块Um, Could you spare us $50?凯蒂，他赤&hearts;裸&hearts;裸的绝望让你难堪了吗Does is ever embarrassed you, Candy?...His naked desperation!裸体，我可以应付Nakedness, I can deal with!或者给我们一些迷幻药，我们可以拿去卖&hearts;&hearts;吗？Or give us some ecstasy .we can sell for it?只怕我作为一名娱乐制药商的I'm afraid that my days as a manufacturer of ...日子已经到头了recreational farmaceuticals has come to an end.为什么呢？Why's that?我现在是有机化学副教授了I've been made Associate Professor of Organic Chemistry.-哇呜！恭喜你！-太棒了！-Wow! Congratulations. -Great.因此，我要维护我的声誉So, suddenly I have a reputation to uphold.那么既然如此，100块可以不？Well in that case, could we make it a hundred?我们会还你的！We'll pay it back!谢了，卡斯珀Thanks, Cas.你没事儿吧？Everything's alright, isn't it?只是现金周转问题，七天而已It's just a cash flow problem.Only 7 days.你呢，凯蒂And you, Candy?这是条通向死亡的新路！Being one that's so new to the path of the dead!她很好She is fine.当断不断When you can stop,people don't want to...必受其乱... and when you want to stop,You can't!生命就像筛子One of life's little riddles!省省吧，老太太What Grandma?你们可以走了Off you go!谢谢你，卡斯珀Thank you, Casper.你好了吗？Okay, are you ready?一,二,三...One, two, three ...我像《芝麻街》里的角色一样困惑I feel like some confused Sesame Street character!开车Start the car.我父母很久以前就对我放任自流了My own parents had long since cut me adrift凯蒂的父母，相反地，管教很严The Wyatts, on the other hand,kept their firm hold on the ropes. 还要土豆吗？Do you want more potatoes?我喜欢来这儿，就是为了大饱口福It was nice to visit places where the fridge was always full. 下次来这儿我要带上盘子I shall have to bring my plate round when I come here!我想你会发现那是部分碳水化合物I think you'll find that's part of the carbohydrate.你有主意没？What do you think?我不知道我不知道I don't know.I don't know.看你怎么做了See how you go.担架？Stretchers?就是在木架子上铺上帆布They're like wooden frames you stretch the canvass on.不管怎样，我觉得很蠢and anyway, I feel really stupid ...我大约一个月前做的，我把我们的存款都搭在担架上了I did about a month ago,and as of tomorrow I'm gonna lose our deposit on the stretchers.恕我冒昧地问一句It is really rude to ask ...至少我不想令她感到惊讶but at least I won't surprise her!下次见你我会还钱I can give you the money back the next time I see you again. 你能给他打电&hearts;话&hearts;，让他等一个星期吗Can you ring him, and tell him to wait for a week?上星期我已经很努力地尝试过了I already tried that pretty much last week.我给他打电&hearts;话&hearts;怎样？What if I rang him for you?我没带卡I haven't got the card with me.多少钱How much is it?150块150.不是钱的问题Mate, the question is not the money.我非常感激I really appreciate it.问题是...我女儿的将来The question...is the future of my daughter.她简直妙极了Mate, she's fantastic!你该看看她的画作Should see her paintings!问题出在你身上The question is you.你打算何时有所作为When are you gonna do something?我已经有了主意I've got some ideas.我给一些热门杂&hearts;志&hearts;寄去了我的诗作I've sent some of my poems into Heat magazine.-咖啡来了!-牛奶...糖，在那儿!-Here we are! -Milk...and sugar, There!-谢谢你，甜心 -谢谢你，伊莱恩-Thanks babe! -Thanks, Elaine.你不再是小孩了You're not a teenager anymore.你知道这回事，不是吗You know that, don't you?是的，我知道，吉姆Yes, I know that, Jim.所以我不想你做这事儿that is why I did'nt want you to do it!别啊，它很好，很棒No, it's alright! It's fine!你瞅瞅!你把它全弄进奶油里去了!Look at it!You've turned it into butter!我告诉过你用混的I told you to keep it on blend!我用的是搅，因为我在搅奶油I put it on "Whip", because I'm whipping cream!但是你一窍不通Yes, but you don't know how to use it.好吧，你来弄Right... You do it!!-呜!!已经太迟了! -啊!很抱歉!-Uhh!Well it's too late now! -Ah well!! Excuse me!!所有设置都是相关的，如果你不熟悉它的操作...Well all these settings are relative,and if you're not familiar with the workings of the machine ...那这儿为啥写着“搅拌”Then why the fuck does it say "Whip"?我要给他们做冰激凌I'll give them ice cream.别骂骂咧咧的And please don't swear.好吧!我本打算给你们做冰激凌，现在只能给你们奶油了Right!Well, I was going to give you cream,but I'm going to have to give you Ice Cream.-一切都顺利吗？ -我们活在希望之中- Everything okay in there? -Well, we live in hope!这是个好居所A good place to live.去吧!!Go!!我不知道这是否？I wonder if that was it?是否什么？If that was what?我们的弹&hearts;药&hearts;（指毒品）耗尽了The last shot.我不在乎I wouldn't care.这是祖母留下的It was my Nana's.我们不会卖&hearts;&hearts;任何东西，我们只是将它典当出去We're going to sell anything.We're only hocking it!会赎回来的We'll get it back!25块$25.他不想要这些画and He doesn't want the paints.我会回来的I'll be back!他说也许我们应该另想办法He said maybe we could work something out!.开车Let's go!是的，我跟他上&hearts;床&hearts;了Yes, I fucked him!为了50块For $50.我真贱!I stink!你没问题吧?You okay?我很抱歉I'm Sorry.别这样!Don't be!这是一个无人知晓的深藏已久的秘密Here is the deepest secret that nobody knows .这颗生命之树，它是根之根,是芽之芽Here is the root of the root,and the bud of the bud...是天空的天空and the sky of the sky,in the tree called life .它高过灵魂之期盼，不能被思想隐藏which grows higher than soul can hope, or mind can hide .它是让繁星保持距离的奇迹and this is the one that is keeping the stars apart.我把你的心带在身上I carry your heart.用我的心将它妥善保藏I carry it in my heart.你会嫁给我吗Will you marry me?我们会成为夫妻We will be man and wife.共结连理One flesh.你们是否自愿承当婚姻的责任I will ask them if they freely undertake the obligations of marriage ... 并且确定没有法律障碍... and to state that there is no legal impediment to the marriage.你们准备好了吗,完全自愿并且没有任何异议地...Are you ready,freely and without reservation ...把自己献给对方而成就一段美满姻缘to give yourself to eachother... in marriage?是的，我们准备好了We are!你们是否愿意互相敬爱，彼此忠诚Are you ready for love and honor each other ...相敬如宾，共度余生as husband and wife, for the rest of your life?我们愿意!-We are! -We are!凯蒂，丹尼尔Candice and Dan ...回来，亲爱的Come back, love.啊，好的Ah, okay.大家靠近一点，珍妮，气球往下一点Alright everyone, Close together! Balloons down, Jenny.大家笑一笑!大喜的日子!Big smiles, everyone! Happy Day!一，二...哇靠One, two... Oh, Shit!舒曼!Schumann!-一，二...三! -好...-One, two... Three! -Right...大家不去吃点儿喝点儿？Alright everyone! Back to our place for a few drinks,and a bite to eat? 很抱歉，我必须走了，我有个约会I'm sorry, I'm going to have to go,I've got an appointment!哦，好吧，希望其他人没有约会Oh! Well, I hope that nobody else has got an appointment!怀亚特夫人，我可是期待很久了I'm in for the long hall, Mrs. Wyatt.很好Good.不，我恨拼写No, I hate spelling!我也是!最恨拼写和数学!Yeah, me too! Spelling and maths!我一直对拼写和数学深恶痛绝I was always hopeless at spelling and maths.-我喜欢英文 -英文?-I like English. -English?就像故事之类？Like stories and stuff?Yeah!英文和体育!English and Sport!那你可不能行差踏错Well you can't go wrong there.你可以做体育记者You can be a Sports journalist.真的吗Really?我一看你就是当体育记者的料I could see you as a sports journalist.好嘛，丹尼尔，你真可笑Well, Dan, you're laughing mate!帮帮这对小夫妻吧Financing this love as a married couple.你已经得到了你最想要的，你为它付出了你的一切You get the first one under your belt,you pour everything into it.毕竟，你要的并没有低于你的最低期望After that, the minimum equity is what you're after. 你现在负债累累You get into as much debt as possible.婚姻可使你更专注一些It gives you some focus.我不仅仅在说不动产I'm not just talking about real estate.我还在跟你讨论生活的哲学I'm talking about a philosophy.不好意思，打扰一下Would you mind...if you excuse me for a minute? 请便!No! Sure!!你和丹去打算哪儿度蜜月?Where are you and Dan going for the honeymoon? -需要柠檬水吗? -谢谢!- More lemonade? -Yeah, thanks!你太紧张了!明年升中学了吗?You're so tight! You're selling next year?阿波茨路!就在我们附近!Abbots Road! It's just round the corner from us!天哪,那会有所不同的，嗯?Geez, that'll be a change, eh?耶，我想读州立学校，但是我父母...Yeah, I'd rather go to a state school,but, it's mom and dad... 珍妮,过来帮我弄三明治Jenny, could you come and help with sanwiches我也来帮手,凯珀阿姨I'll give you a hand too, Auntie Cap!-咋了? -你们在那儿干嘛?- What? - What are you doing in there?没干什么Doing a shit.你小子有鬼!No you're not!开门Open the door.不行!I can't!你这贪婪的杂碎You greedy fuckup!!结婚是个相当自私的选择Rather a selfish way to begin a marriage!真的！全完了！Really! All done!蠢货！Dick!显然，这是属于瘾君子的周末！Obviously, it was a big dope weekend!谁不想在自己的婚礼上放松You wanna be relaxed at your own wedding.-对此我很抱歉 -这没什么-Sorry about that. -That's fine!我们说到哪儿了？So where were we?我说了，你应该尝试...I was saying, you need to get your t...你不坐吗？请坐吧！Do you need a seat? Yeah, sure! Have a seat!吉姆，你该了解市场You need to get your toe in the the market, Jim! 你明白我的意思吗？住到远郊，很好！You know what I'mn saying? Out of suburbs, fine! 两间卧房&hearts;...Two bedroom...你们不需要带花&hearts;园&hearts;庭院吗？...You don't need a garden courtyard, do you?你竟然在最棒的街区住最差的房&hearts;子！You want the worst house, in the best street!你们需要厨房&hearts;或者浴室吧...You don't need a kitchen or bathroom...再说吧！Put it in later!比方说，你要借...Say for example, you want to borrow ...400块400.或者300Or 300你想借钱...你内心争斗...You do it...You Struggle...你的明白？Understand?丹？Dan?丹？Dan?丹！Dan!丹...Dan...醒醒Wake up.丹，丹，醒醒Dan, Dan, wake up.我惨了I'm fucked.他喝了太多的香槟Too much champagne.我...我可以肯定Yeah I'm...I'm sure it's that...这是个大日子Well, it is the big day!我煮点儿咖啡I'll make some coffee.他醉了！He's drunk!你想和我谈些什么吗？Is there anything you want to talk to me about?什么？What?发生什么事了？What's going on?妈，你知道的！Mum, you know what's going on!我们要享受一段美好时光We are having a lovely time!我不是那个意思That's not what I meant.那么，我就不知道你什么意思了Well then, I don't know what you mean!丹咋了？What's wrong with Dan?他醉了，妈妈，他没什么He's just pissed, Mum!He's hopeless!!对不起Sorry.谢谢你们的盛情款待Thanks for the beautiful reception.你要知道，那会气死你父亲的It'd kill your father, you know.你不认为我们应该戒掉吗Think we should stop?-什么？难道我们不够体面吗？-是的，很体面！-What? Now that we're respectable? -Yeah, I know! 你知道我的意思You know what I mean.任何时候你说的“戒”这个词，我都明白Whenever you say the word.我们是麦当劳里最酷的人We are the coolest people in McDonalds!我们有很多优点We had a lot going for us.我们发现了将一切聚合起来的秘诀We'd found the secret glue that held all things together 在一个没有噪音的in a perfect place...完美之地...where the noise did not intrude.我们的世界是如此...完整Our world was...so very complete.大地Earth-嘿，宝贝！-嗨！-Hey baby! -Hi!它怎么样？How was it?都差不多About the same.给你200块Here's $200.我大概需要半个钟头I'm gonna give it half an hour and then I'll split!耶，我不会太久，家里见Yeah. I won't be long.I'll meet you at home.好的，家里见Ok, I see you there.好的OK.有人说，用不了十年你就会成为一名吸毒者They say that for every 10 years you've been a junkie ... 你会花七年等待You will have spent 7 of them...waiting.一边花同样的时间思考One way is not bad have as much time to think .一边忍&hearts;受着工作的苦闷on the other, the anxiety was a full time job!-嘿？-你这个贱&hearts;人&hearts;！- Hey? - You slimey cunt!-咋了？-你&hearts;他&hearts;妈&hearts;怎么看这事儿？- What? - What do you fucking reckon?我只是稍微快了点儿，啥也没有I just had a quick little bit! It was nothing!哪里？Where?唔，公园。

RoHS 2011 65 EU中文(ROSH2.0)

欧盟议会和欧盟理事会关于在电子电气设备中限制使用某些有害物质的2011/65/EU指令2011年6月8日（改写）欧洲议会和欧盟理事会，注意到成立欧盟的条约，特别是其中第114条，注意到欧盟委员会的建议，注意到欧盟经济与社会委员会的意见，注意到欧盟地区委员会的意见，按照例行的立法程序，鉴于：（1）2003年1月27日发布的关于在电子电气设备中限制使用某些有害物质2002/95/EC 指令需要做出许多重要的变动，为了进一步明确，该指令需要改写。

（2）各成员国为限制在电子电气设备中使用有害物质而制订的法规或行政措施之间存在的差异会产生贸易壁垒和扭曲共同体内的竞争，甚至对单一市场的建立及其功能产生直接影响。

因此有必要协调成员国在此领域的法规，以利于保护人类健康和报废电子电气设备的回收和处理符合环境要求。

（3）2002/95/EC指令规定，欧盟；/委员会应基于科技进步并考虑欧盟理事会于2000年12月4日批准的预防原则决议，对特定类别的设备纳入管制范围以及修改限制物质列表进行审议。

（4）2008年11月19日发布的欧盟议会和理事会关于废弃物的2008/98/EC指令在立法上第一次提出了预防废弃物，预防被定义为减少材料和产品中有害物质的措施。

（5）1988年1月25日关于防止镉环境污染行动计划的理事会决议要求委员会持续发展具体的措施。

人体健康必须得到保护，因此，需要实施限制镉的使用和开发镉的替代品的全面战略，该决议强调，镉的使用仅限于尚无替代品的情况。

（6）2004年4月29日，欧盟议会和理事会关于持久性有机污染物的第（EC）850/2004号规章重申由于持久性污染物的跨国界传输，保护环境和人类健康不受持久性有机污染物的伤害的目标在成员国不能充分的达到，而在欧盟范围内能更好的达到。

根据该规章，为了最终的目标，必须采取可行的措施识别和减少工业生产中无意生产的持久性有机污染物（例如二噁英和呋喃）的排放。

（7）有证据表明，欧盟议会和理事会2003年1月27日发布的关于报废电子电气设备的第2002/96/EC号指令（WEEE指令）规定的报废电子电气设备的收集、处理、回收和处置措施对于减少与涉及的重金属和阻燃剂相关的废物管理问题很有必要。

Q123-考研英语阅读-2006 text1 全文翻译

2006年Text 1①In spite of “endless talk of difference,”American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. ②There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference”characteristic of popular culture. ③People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption”launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. ④Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite”these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. ⑤This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.”⑥The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.①尽管人们喋喋不休地谈论美国社会的差异，美国社会仍然是一部惊人的民族融合的机器。

②在美国，大众文化的特点就是“在服饰和谈吐方面大众化的一致性、漫不经心和不拘礼节”。

③人们沉迷于一种由19世纪的百货商店掀起的“消费文化”中。

这些商店“在幽雅的环境中供应琳琅满目的商品。