中科院2007生化和分子生物学试题
20062007学年生物化学试卷A卷

2006—2007学年生物化学试卷(A)卷一. 名词解释(每题2分,共计20分)1.酶的别构效应2.全酶3 .Tm值4.等电点5 .酶活性中心6 .启动子7.半保留复制8.尿素循环9.糖异生10.呼吸链二. 判断正误(正确画+,错误画—,每题0。
5分,共计10分)1.氨基酸在水溶液中以两性离子存在,在晶体状态时以分子状态存在。
2. 血红蛋白和肌红蛋白生物学功能相似,所以它门有相似的四级结构。
3. DNA变性后会出现减色效应。
4. 维生素是机体内不可缺少的小分子供能有机化合物。
5.异亮氨酸的疏水性比缬氨酸强。
6.用电泳法分离氨基酸,主要是根据其极性不同。
7. DNA变性时,总是G-C对丰富区先解开。
8.双链DNA中每条单链的(G+C)%含量与双链的(G+C)%含量相等。
9. SAM是mRNA戴帽进行甲基化时甲基的直接供体。
10. 脂肪酸β-----氧化机制的产物是CO2和水,并释放大量自由能。
11.酰基载体蛋白是脂肪酸合成和分解必不可少的辅因子。
12.氨是有毒的,各种动物包括人类都能以合成尿素方式排除体外。
13.脱羧基作用对大多数生物不是氨基酸分解代谢的主要途径。
14.电子通过呼吸链的传递方向是从E0‘负—E0‘正15.原核生物DNA聚核酶III是主要的复制酶。
16.叶酸是转一碳单位的酶系的辅酶。
17.腺嘌呤核苷酸从头合成途径的起始物是PRPP。
18.核苷中碱基和戊糖的连接一般是N—C糖苷键。
19.原核生物RNA聚合酶只一种,能催化三种RNA转录。
20.α和β淀粉酶都能水解淀粉的α—1,4糖苷键,终产物是葡萄糖。
三选择题(每题1分,共计15分)1. 三羧酸循环反应中哪一步反应伴随底物水平磷酸化?A. 柠檬酸----异柠檬酸B. 琥珀酰COA-----琥珀酸C. 琥珀酸----延胡索酸D. 苹果酸-----草酰乙酸2. 在细胞质中脂肪酸合成的供氢体是A. NADHB. NADHPC. FMNH2 D. FADH23. 蛋白质生物合成中提供能量的物质是;A. ATP+UTPB. ATP+GTPC. ATP+CTPD. UTP+CTP4. 一摩尔葡萄糖在神经组织中经有氧氧化彻底分解,生成多少摩尔ATPA . 35 B. 36 C. 37 D. 405.桑格试剂指A . PITCB . DNFB C. 丹磺酰氯 D. β- 巯基乙醇6. 当DNA复制时,顺序为TAGAP的片段,将会产生那种互补结构A. TAGAP B. AGATPC. ATCTPD. TCTAP7. 下面哪种酶能催化可逆反应?A. 己糖激酶B. 丙酮酸激酶C. 柠檬酸合成酶D. 磷酸甘油酸激酶8.某中酶活性需以巯基为必需集团,能保护此酶不被氧化的是A . 尿素 B. 乙醇 C. 表面活性剂 D. GSH9. 非竞争性抑制作用引起酶促反应动力学的变化是基本不变,Vmax变大. 减小,Vmax变小. 不变,Vmax变小.变大,Vmax不变.10. 下面哪种是维生素B1的成分A.NAD11. 合成一个肽键至少需要消耗几个高能磷酸键A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 512.假尿苷中的糖苷键是A. C-O连接B. C-C连接C. N-N连接D. O-N连接13.合成淀粉时葡萄糖的供体是A. 1-磷酸葡萄糖B. 6-磷酸葡萄糖C. 1,6-二磷酸葡萄糖D. UDPG14.脂肪酸---- 氧化酶系存在于A. 细胞液B. 微粒体C. 线粒体D. 溶酶体15.琥珀酸脱氢酶的辅酶是A. NAD+B. FADC. FMND. NADP+四. 问答题(共计55分)1. 以大肠杆菌为例说明胞液中脂肪酸生物合成过程。
分子生物学试题及答案(整理版)

分子生物学试题及答案(整理版)
一、选择题
1.DNA双螺旋结构是由哪两种碱基之间的氢键支撑的? A. 腺嘌呤和胸腺嘧啶
B. 腺嘌呤和鳌酷嘧啶
C. 胸腺嘧啶和鳌酷嘧啶
D. 腺嘌呤和胸腺嘧啶、胸腺嘧啶和鳌酷嘧啶
2.在RNA转录中,哪种RNA是由RNA聚合酶合成的? A. mRNA
B. rRNA
C. tRNA
D. snRNA
3.下列哪个过程不属于DNA复制中的信息单向传递过程? A. 串联扭曲
B. 连续DNA合成
C. 不连续DNA合成
D. 缺氧齿合
二、填空题
1.DNA双螺旋结构中,两根链之间的碱基互为__________。
2.在生物细胞中,DNA的复制是由__________完成的。
3.参与DNA复制的酶包括DNA__________酶、DNA__________酶和
DNA__________酶。
三、简答题
1.请简要说明DNA双螺旋结构的特点和形成方式。
2.什么是DNA复制?简要描述DNA复制的过程。
四、解答题
1.请根据你的理解,解释DNA复制的半保留复制特点。
2.试分析DNA复制过程中可能出现的错误及其纠正机制。
以上为分子生物学试题及答案的整理版,希望能对您的学习有所帮助。
07分子生物学》试题及答案B

内蒙古科技大学2008/2009学年第一学期 《分子生物学》考试试题B 课程号:66000360 考试方式:闭卷 使用专业、年级:生物2006级 任课教师:赵秀娟 考试时间: 一、名词解释(共10题,每题2分,共20分) 1. SD 序列 2. 重叠基因 3. ρ因子 4. hnRNA 5. 冈崎片段、 6. 复制叉(replication fork) 7. 反密码子(anticodon): 8. 同功tRNA 9. 模板链(template strand) 10. 抑癌基因 二、填空题(共20空,每空1分,共20分) 1.原核基因启动子上游有三个短的保守序列,它们分别为____和__区. 2.复合转座子有三个主要的结构域分别为______、______、 ________。
3.原核生物的核糖体由_____小亚基和_____大亚基组成,真核生物核糖糖体由_____小亚基和_______大亚基组成。
4.生物界共有___个密码子,其中__ 个为氨基酸编码,起始密码子为__ _______;终止密码子为_______、__________、____________。
5. DNA 生物合成的方向是_______,冈奇片段合成方向是_______。
学生班级________________学生学号:□□□□□□□□□□□□学生姓名:________________………………装订线………装订线………装订线…………试卷须与答题纸一并交监考教师…………装订线………装订线………装订线………………6.在细菌细胞中,独立于染色体之外的遗传因子叫_______。
它是一种_______状双链DNA,在基因工程中,它做为_______。
三.判断题(共5题,每题2分,共10分)1.原核生物DNA的合成是单点起始,真核生物为多点起始。
( )2.在DNA生物合成中,半保留复制与半不连续复制指相同概念。
( )3.大肠杆菌核糖体大亚基必须在小亚基存在时才能与mRNA结合。
分子生物学试卷07.docx

1.染色体结构对转录有什么影响(核小体,spooling model)PPT122•原核生物是怎样转录的?转录过程包括启动、延伸和终止。
启动RNA聚合酶正确识别DNA模板上的启动子并形成由酶、DNA和核苜三磷酸(NTP) 构成的三元起始复合物,转录即自此开始。
DNA模板上的启动区域常含有TATAATG顺序, 称普里布诺(Pribnow)盒或P盒。
复合物中的核昔三磷酸一般为GTP,少数为ATP,因而原始转录产物的5端通常为三磷酸鸟昔(pppG)或腺昔三磷酸(pppA)。
真核DNA上的转录启动区域也有类似原核DNA 的启动区结构,和在-30bp (即在酶和DNA结合点的上游30核昔酸处,常以一30表示,bp为碱基对的简写)附近也含有TATA结构,称霍格内斯(Hogness) 盒或TATA盒。
第一个核昔三磷酸与第二个核昔三磷酸缩合生成3-5,磷酸二酯键后,则启动阶段结束,进入延伸阶段。
延伸o亚基脱离酶分子,留下的核心酶与DNA的结合变松,因而较容易继续往前移动。
核心酶无模板专一性,能转录模板上的任何顺序,包括在转录后加工吋待切除的居间顺序。
脱离核心酶的。
亚基还可与另外的核心酶结合,参与另一转录过程。
随着转录不断延伸,DNA双链顺次地被打开,并接受新来的碱基配对,合成新的磷酸二酯键后,核心酶向前移去,已使用过的模板重新关闭起来,恢复原来的双链结构。
一般合成的RNA链对DNA 模板具有高度的忠实性。
RNA合成的速度,原核为25〜50个核昔酸/秒,真核为45〜100 个核昔酸/秒。
终止转录的终止包括停止延伸及释放RNA聚合酶和合成的RNAo在原核生物基因或操纵子的末端通常有一段终止序列即终止子;RNA合成就在这里终止。
原核细胞转录终止需耍一种终止因子P (四个亚基构成的蛋白质)的帮助。
真核生物DNA上也可能有转录终止的信号。
己知真核DNA转录单元的3’端均含富有AT的序列(如AATAA (A)或ATTAA(A)等),在相隔0〜30bp之后又出现TTTT 顺序(通常是3〜5个T),这些结构可能与转录终止或者与3’端添加多聚A顺序有关。
分子生物学试题及答案

分子生物学试题及答案一、选择题1. 核酸是所有生物体的遗传物质,以下哪项不是核酸的基本组成单位?A. 腺苷B. 胞嘧啶C. 脱氧核糖D. 磷酸基团2. 在DNA双螺旋结构中,两条互补链之间是通过什么方式连接的?A. 氢键B. 疏水作用C. 离子键D. 共价键3. 以下哪种酶能够在DNA复制过程中加入新的核苷酸?A. 解旋酶B. 聚合酶C. 连接酶D. 切割酶4. 转录过程中,RNA聚合酶催化合成的RNA链是:A. 从3'端到5'端B. 从5'端到3'端C. 双向合成D. 环状合成5. 在蛋白质合成过程中,哪种RNA负责携带氨基酸进入核糖体?A. rRNAB. mRNAC. tRNAD. snRNA6. 以下哪项不是真核生物细胞质中核糖体的组成成分?A. 核糖B. 蛋白质C. mRNAD. 转运RNA7. 逆转录是指:A. RNA转录成DNA的过程B. DNA复制的过程C. RNA翻译成蛋白质的过程D. DNA转录成RNA的过程8. 以下哪种技术常用于检测基因的表达?A. PCRB. DNA测序C. Northern BlotD. Western Blot9. 基因突变中,哪种类型的突变会导致氨基酸序列的移码?A. 点突变B. 插入突变C. 缺失突变D. 沉默突变10. 以下哪个不是蛋白质纯化的方法?A. 离子交换层析B. 凝胶渗透层析C. 亲和层析D. 核磁共振二、填空题1. 核酸根据五碳糖的不同可以分为______和______。
2. DNA的二级结构是______,其特点包括两条互补链的______和______。
3. 在蛋白质合成中,终止密码子包括______、______和______。
4. 逆转录酶的化学本质是______,它是由______病毒携带的。
5. 核糖体是蛋白质合成的场所,它由______和______两部分组成。
三、简答题1. 请简述DNA复制的三个主要步骤。
中国科学院细胞生物学2007真题

中国科学院研究生院
2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题
科目名称:细胞生物学
考生须知:
1.本试卷满分为150分,全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2.所有答案必须写在答题纸上,写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释(每题3分)
1.染色体端粒
2.细胞周期
3.光合作用原初反应
4.溶酶体
5.原癌基因
6.核小体
7.线粒体半自主性
8.肌醇磷脂信号通路
9.细胞质基质
10.分子伴侣
二、填空(每空1分)
1.在粗面内质网上合成的____,除进行糖基化修饰外,还可进行____、_____
和_______等修饰作用,以使新生多肽链折叠成正确的三维结构。
2.在膜泡和细胞器的胞内运输中,微管为运输物质提供轨道和方向,而运输的
动力则来自________。
3.磷脂合成是在光面内质网的____面上进行的,合成的磷脂向其他细胞部位转
移的方式主要是____和____。
4.线粒体中ATP的合成是在___上进行的,ATP合成所需能量的直接来源是__。
5.在细胞骨架系统中较为稳定的一种骨架纤维是____,其主要组成为____。
6.按功能来分类,细胞连接结构可分为____、____和____。
7.组蛋白是构成核生物染色体的基本结构蛋白,富含带电荷的Arg和
等碱性氨基酸,等电点一般在pH 以上,属于碱性蛋白。
科目名称:细胞生物学 第1页 共2页。
2007博士分子生物学进展考试题

分子生物学进展考试题
2007级博士研究生(基础)用
一、iPS细胞研究最近成为热点,并被《自然》和《科学》杂志评为2007年重大科学进展之一。
试详细论述iPS细胞的原理、具体鉴定方法,并对其应用前景和存在的问题加以评论。
二、试详细论述蛋白质相互作用研究的方法原理,并给出具体事例。
三、基因表达调控研究中,常用EMSA 和ChIP技术。
试分别详细论述其原理、具体方法,并比较两者区别。
四、小分子RNA在基因表达调控中起到重要作用,试论述其作用原理并比较其异同。
五、Real-time PCR的应用越来越广泛。
试论述其原理及如何应用。
六、试详细介绍你最近所读的一篇你最感兴趣的科学论文。
07年生化

2007年研究生入学考试试题一.名词解释1.磷酸二酯键2.同工酶3.氧化磷酸化4.能荷 5尿素循环 6密码子 7.TM值 8盐析9脂肪酸的β-氧化 10半保留复制二.填空1.在DNA的双螺旋结构中,螺旋的直径为()同一条链上相信的两个碱基之间沿轴的距离是(),它们之间旋转的角度为()2.糖酵解的反应中,关键酶催化的反应是(写出底物,产物,酶)a.___________________________________b.___________________________________c.___________________________________3.酶的酸碱催化与共价催化的主要亲核基团是组氨酸的咪唑基是因为()在酶反应过程中发挥催化作用。
4.酶的竞争性抑制是抑制剂与()结合,这种抑制作用的Vmax(),Km()。
米氏方程V=_________________5.细胞膜的主要组成成分是()和(),流动镶嵌模型指出膜的特点是()和()。
细胞膜的主动运输是由一种特殊的运输系统形成的,这种系统称为(),运输的结果使大多数动物细胞中的()离子浓度比周围介质高,而()离子浓度比周围介质低。
6.在NADH呼吸链中电子传递体的排列顺序是()()()()()()。
7.固氮酶中的蛋白质有两种,包括()和()8.胞嘧啶和胸腺嘧啶降解的产物中,相同的物质是()和()9.乙醛酸循环的两个关键酶分别是()和()10.(),(),()三种酶所催化的反应是三羧酸循环的重要限速反应。
11.泛酸是()的组成成分。
在代谢中起()作用。
三.简答题1.tRNA二级结构特点及在蛋白质生物合成中的作用。
2.将核酸完全水解后可得到哪些组分?DNA与RNA的水解产物有何不同?3.常见的呼吸链的电子传递抑制剂有哪些?它们的作用机制是什么?4.原核细胞DNA复制过程包括哪几个阶段?5.试计算一分子葡萄糖在有氧条件下彻底氧化成CO2和H2O时所产生的ATP分子数?四.问答题1.糖代谢与脂代谢是通过哪些反应联系起来的?2.蛋白质的分离纯化技术中哪些与蛋白质的溶解度有关?试述这些技术分离提纯蛋白质的原理。
中国科学院生化与分子生物学研究生入学试题及答案模板

中国科学院生化与分子生物学研究生入学试题及答案模板中科院生化B卷一.是非题(1X10)1.所有a氨基酸中的a碳原子都是一个不对称的碳原子()2.蛋白质的四级结构能够定义为一些特定的三级结构的肽链经过共价键形成的大分子体系的组合()3.根据凝胶过滤层析的原理,分子量愈小的物质,因为愈容易经过,因此最先被洗脱出来()4.两个或几个二级结构单元被连接多肽连接在一起,组成有特殊的几何排列的局部空间结构,这样的结构称为超二级结构,有称为模体(MOTIF)()5.抑制剂不与底物竞争酶结合部位,则不会表现为竞争性抑制()6.酶反应最适PH不但取决于酶分子的解离情况,同时也取决于底物分子的解离情况()7.寡聚酶一般是指由多个相同亚基组成的酶分子()8.糖异生途径是由相同的一批酶催化的糖酵解途径的逆转()9.线粒体内膜ADP-ATP载体蛋白在促进ADP由细胞质进入完整线粒体基质的同时ATP由完整线粒体基质进入细胞质的过程是需要能量的()10.脂质体的直径能够小到150?()11.质膜上糖蛋白的糖基都位于膜的外侧()12.雄性激素在机体内可变为雌性激素()13.CoA,NAD和FAD等辅酶中都含有腺苷酸部分()14.黄嘌呤氧化酶的底物是黄嘌呤,也能够是次黄嘌呤()15.RNA连接酶和DNA连接酶的催化连接反应都需要模板()16.DNA聚合酶和RNA聚合酶的催化反应都需要引物()17.真核生物mRNA两端都含有3'-OH.()18.在细菌中RNA聚合酶和核糖体蛋白质的合成由共同的调节系统()19.所有氨酰-tRNA合成酶的作用都是把氨基酸连接在Trna末端核糖的3'-羟基上()20.核小体中的核心组蛋白在细胞活动过程中都不会被化学修饰()二.选择题(1x25)1.绒毛膜促性激素是一种_____________A.甾醇类激素B.脂肪酸衍生物激素C.含氮激素2,溴化氰(CNBr)作用于____________A.甲硫氨酰-XB.精氨酰-XC.X-色氨酸D.X-组氨酸3.肌球蛋白分子具有下述哪一种酶的活力____________A.ATP酶B.蛋白质激酶C.蛋白水解酶4.神经生长因子(NGF)的活性分子由下列肽链组成________A.ααB.ββC.α2βγ25.胰岛素原是由一条"连接肽"经过碱性氨基酸残基连接其它二条链的C端和N端,这条"连接肽"称为_________A.A链B.B链C.C肽6.米氏方程双到数作图的总轴截距所对应的动力学常数为___________A.KmB.VmaxC.Km/VmaxD.Vmax/Km7.磷酸化酶激酶催化磷酸化酶的磷酸化,导致该酶__________________A.由低活性形式变为高活性形式B.由高活性形式变为低活性形式C.活性不受影响8.底物引进一个基团以后,引起酶与底物结合能增加,此时酶催化反应速度增大,是由于______A.结合能增大B.增加的结合能被用来降低反应活化能C.增加的结合能被用来降低KmD.增加的结合能被用来增大Km9.TGFβ受体具有下列哪一种酶的活性___________A.酪氨酸激酶B.酪氨酸磷酸酯酶C.丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶D.腺苷酸环化酶10. 诺贝尔生理学或医学奖予下列哪一个领域的重大贡献有关:_______________A.结构生理学B.发育生理学C.神经生物学D.免疫学11.苍术钳是一种抑制剂,它的作用位点在_______________A.钠钾ATP酶B.线粒体ADP-ATP载体C.蛋白激酶CD.线粒体呼吸链还原辅酶Q-细胞色素c氧化还原酶12.膜固有蛋白与膜脂的相互作用主要经过__________A.离子键B.疏水键C.氢键D.VanderWaal氏力13.生物膜的基本结构是___________A.磷脂双层两侧各附着不同蛋白质B.磷脂形成片层结构,蛋白质位于各个片层之间C.蛋白质为骨架,二层林脂分别附着与蛋白质的两侧D.磷脂双层为骨架,蛋白质附着与表面或插入磷脂双层中14.辅酶Q是____________A.NADH脱氢酶的辅基B.电子传递链的载体C.琥珀酸脱氢酶的辅基D.脱羧酶的辅酶15.完整线粒体在状态4下的跨膜电位可达_____________A.1mvB.10mvC.100mvD.200mv16.基因有两条链,与mRNA序列相同(T代替U)的链叫做___________A.有义链B.反义链C.重链D.cDNA链17.一段寡聚合糖核苷酸TψCGm1Acmm5CC,其中含有几个修饰碱基(非修饰核苷):A.3个B.4C.5D.618.已知有的真核内含子能编码RNA,这类RNA是___________A.核小分子RNA(snRNA)B.核仁小分子RNA(snoRNA)C.核不均一RNA(hnRNA)19.别嘌呤醇可用于治疗痛风症,因为它是____________A.鸟嘌呤脱氨酶的抑制剂,减少尿酸的生成B.黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制剂,减少尿酸的生成C.尿酸氧化酶的激活剂,加速尿酸的降解20.α-鹅膏覃碱能强烈抑制___________A.细菌RNA聚合酶B.真核RNA聚合酶C.细菌DNA聚合酶D.真核DNA聚合酶21.在核糖体上进行蛋白质合成,除了肽链形成本身以外的每一个步骤都与什么有关?A.ATP的水解B.GTP的水解C.Camp的水解D.烟酰胺核苷酸参与22.基因重组就是DNA分子之间的:A.共价连接B.氢键连接C.离子键连接23.DNA复制过程中双链的解开,主要靠什么作用__________A.引物合成酶B.DnaseIC.限制性内切酶D.拓扑异构酶24.包括中国在内,有很多国家科学家参与的人类基因组计划,到当前为止的进展情况如何?A.仅完成23对染色体的遗传图谱和物理图谱B.仅测定了7,10合22号染色体的核苷酸序列C.测定了人基因组3X10^9碱基的全序列,但只是一部"天书",无法知道它的全部意义D.测定了人基因组全序列,分析了她们代表的遗传信息,已经了解大部分基因的功能25.催化转氨作用的转氨酶所含的辅基是:________A.磷酸吡哆醛B.泛酸C.烟酰胺D.硫氨素三填空题(每空一分)1.胰岛素最初合成的单链多肽称为__________________然后是胰岛素的前体,称为_________。
07普通生物学真题

四川大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目:生物学科目代码:656适用专业:植物学、动物学、微生物学、遗传学、细胞生物学、生物化学与分子生物学、生态学、生物信息学、生物安全、结构生物学、农药学(试题共四页)一、选择题:选择正确的一个或几个答案写在答题纸上。
(总计30分,每题2分,不答全不得分)1、染色体带型研究的基础是()的差异。
A、染色体数目;B、细胞形态C、细胞大小D、核苷酸序列2、核糖体亚基的化学成分是()A、蛋白质, rRNA,tRNA;B、多肽,rRNA;C、多糖,rRNA,tRNA;D、多糖,rRNA。
3、人类对决定动物行为的机制了解还不太多,但目前已有的研究已证实()。
A、激素对行为的激活效应;B、基因对行为的直接影响;C、基因对行为的间接影响;D、遗传对行为无影响。
4、群落内部物种之间的相互关系包括()。
A、植食与捕食;B、竞争C、互惠共生;D、寄生与拟寄生5、单克隆抗体的制备源于()融合产生的杂交瘤细胞。
A、肿瘤细胞与B淋巴细胞;B、肿瘤细胞与T淋巴细胞;C、单倍体细胞与B淋巴细胞;D、单倍体细胞与T淋巴细胞6、种子植物运输水分和无机盐的管道是()A、筛管和伴胞;B、筛管和导管;C、导管和管胞;D、筛管和管胞。
7、利用组织培养技术,可以把()培养成单倍体植株。
A、去壁叶肉细胞所形成的原生质体;B、小孢子细胞;C、花粉;D、单个的茎尖组织细胞。
8、利用(),可以测定植物细胞的渗透势。
A、细胞膜的流动性;B、质壁分离现象;C、胞吐现象;D、分泌小泡。
9、退耕还林、退耕还草“实际上是一个促成群落进行()的过程。
A、原生演替;B、沉积型循环;C、水循环;D、次生演替。
10、生物学常用的研究方法包括()。
A、科学考察;B、假说;C、实验;D、模型实验。
11、将单体聚合成生物大分子的共价键包括()。
A、肽键;B、二硫键C、磷酸二脂键;D、糖苷键。
12、科学家通过对模式生物()的研究揭示了细胞凋亡的分子机制。
中科院分子生物学试题库题库2

三、填空题1.RNA是由核糖核苷酸通过键连接而成的一种。
几乎所有的 RNA都是由 DNA 而来,因此,序列和其中一条链。
2.多数类型的RNA是由加工产生的,真核生物前体tRNA的包括的切除和的拼接。
随着和端的序列切除,3’端加上了序列。
在四膜虫中,前体tRNA 的切除和的拼接是通过机制进行的。
3.RNase P是一种,含有作为它的活性部位,这种酶在序列的切割。
4.C o t1/2实验测定的是。
5.假定摆动假说是正确的,那么最少需要种tRNA来翻译61种氨基酸密码子。
6.写出两种合成后不被切割或拼接的RNA:和。
7.在 DNA合成中负责复制和修复的酶是。
8.染色体中参与复制的活性区呈Y型结构,称为。
9.在 DNA复制和修复过程中修补 DNA螺旋上缺口的酶称为。
10. 在 DNA复制过程中,连续合成的子链称,另一条非连续合成的子链称为。
11. 如果 DNA聚合酶把一个不正确的核苷酸加到3’末端,—个含3’→5’活性的独立催化区会将这个错配碱基切去。
这个催化区称为酶。
12. DNA后随链合成的起始要一段短的,它是由以核糖核苷酸为底物合成的。
13. 复制叉上DNA双螺旋的解旋作用由催化的,它利用来源于ATP水解产生的能量沿 DNA链单向移动。
14.帮助 DNA解旋的与单链DNA结合,使碱基仍可参与模板反应。
15. DNA引发酶分子与 DNA解旋酶直接结合形成一个单位,它可在复制叉上沿后随链下移,随着后随链的延伸合成 RNA引物。
16. 如果 DNA聚合酶出现错误,会产生一对错配碱基,这种错误可以被一个通过甲基化作用来区别新链和旧链的特别系统进行校正。
17. 对酵母、细菌以及几种生活在真核生物细胞中的病毒来说,都可在 DNA独特序列处观察到复制泡的形成。
18. 可被看成一种可形成暂时单链缺口(Ⅰ型)或暂时双链缺口(Ⅱ型)的可逆核酸酶。
19. 在大肠杆菌中发现了种 DNA聚合酶。
DNA修复时需要 DNA聚合酶。
中科院分子生物学试题库题库4

GLOSSARYAbundance of an mRNA is the average number of molecules per cell.Abundant mRNAs consist of a small number of individual species, each present in a large number of copies per cell.Acceptor splicing site—see right splicing junction.Acentric fragment of a chromosome (generated by breakage) lacks a centromere and is lost cell division.Acrocentric chromosome has the centromere located nearer one end than the other.Active site is the restricted part of a protein to which a substrate binds.Allele is one of several alternative forms of a gene occupying a given locus on a chromosome. Allelic exclusion describes the expression in any particular lymphocyte of only one allele coding for the expressed immunoglobulin.Allosteric control refers to the ability of an interaction at one site of a protein to influence the activity of another site.Alu family is a set of dispersed, related sequences, each~300 bp long, in the human genome. The individual members have Alu cleavage sites at each end (hence the name).Alu-equivalent family is the set of sequences in a mammalian genome that is related to the human Alu family.α-Amanitin is a bicyclic octapeptide derived from the poisonous mushroom Amanita phalloides; it inhibhits transcription by certain eukaryotic RNA polymerases, especially RNA polymerase II.Amber codon is the nucleotide triplet UAG, one of three codons that cause termination of protein synthesis.Amber mutaion describes any change in DNA that creates an amber codon at a site previously occupied by a codon representing an amino acid in a protein.Amber suppressors are mutant genes that code for tRNAs whose anticodons have been altered so that they can respond to UAG codons as well as or instead of to their previous codons.Aminoacyl-tRNA is transfer RNA carrying an amino acid; the covalent linkage is between the NH2group of the amino acid and either the 3’-or-2’-OH group of the terminal base of the tRNA.Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are enzymes responsible for covalently linking amino acids to the 2’ or 3’-OH position of tRNA.Amphipathic structures have two surfaces, one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic. Lipids are amphipathic; and some protein regions may form amphipathic; and some protein regions may form amphipathic helices, with one charged face and one neutral face.Amplification refers to the production of additional copies of a chromosomal sequence,1found as intrachromosomal or extrachromoxomal DNA.Anchorage dependence describes the need of normal eukaryotic cells for a surface to attach to in order to grow in culture.Aneuploid chromosome constitution differes from the usal diploid constitution by loss or duplication of chromosomes or chromosomal segments. Annealing is the pairing of complementary single strands of DNA to form a double helix.Antibody is a protein (immunoglobulin) produced by B lymphocyte cells that recognizes a particular foreign ‘antigen,’and thusw triggers the immune res ponse.Anticoding strand of duples DNA is used as a template to direct the synthesis of RNA that is complementary to it.Antigen is any molecule whose entry into an organism provokes synthesis of an antibody (immunoglobulin).Antiparallel strands of the d ouble helix are organized in opposite orientation, so that the 5’ end of one strand is aligened with the 3’ end of the other strand.Antitermination proteins allow RNA polymerase to transcribe through certain terminator sites.Ap endonucleases make incisio ns in DNA on the 5’ side of either apurinic or apyrimidinc sites.Apoinducer is a protein that binds to DNA to switch on transcription by RNA polymerase. Archebacteria comprise a minor line of prokaryotes, and may have introns in the genome. Ascus of a fungus contains a tetrad or octad of the (haploid) spores, representhing the products of a sihngle meiosis.att sties are the loci on a phage and the bacterial chromosome at which recombination integrates the phage into. or excises it from , the bacterial chromosome.Attenuation describes the regulation of termination of transcription that is involved in controlling the expression of some bacterial operons.Attenuato r is the terminator sequence at which attenuatioj occurs.Autogenous conhtrol describes the action of a gene product that either inhibits (negative autogenous control) or activates (positive autogenous control) expression of the gene coding for it.Autonomous controlling element in maize is an active transposon with the ability to transpose (cf nonautonomous controlling element).Autoradiography detects radioactively labeled molecules by their effect in creating an image on pholtographic film.Autosomes are all the chromosomes except the sex chromosomes; a diploid cell has two copies of each autosome.Blymphocytes (or B cells) are the cells responsible for synthesizing antibodies.2Backcross is another (earlier) term for a testcross.Back mutation reverses the effect of a mutation that hand inactivated a gene; thus it restores wild type.Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria; often abbreviated as phages.Balbaini ring is an extremely large puff at a band of a polytene chromosome.Bands of polytene chromosomes are visible as dense regions that contain the majority of DNA;bands of normal chromosomes are relatively much larger and are generated in the form of regions that retain a stain on certain chemical treatments.Base pair (bp) is a partnership of A with T or of C with G in a DNA double helix; other pairs can be formed in RNA under certain circumstances.Bidirectional replication is accomplished when two replication forks move away from the same origin in different directions.Bivalent is the structure containing all four chromatids (two representing each homologue) at the start of meiosis.Blastoderm is a stage of insect embryogenesis in which a layer of nuclei or cells around the embryo surround an internal mass of yolk.Blocked reading frame cannot be translated into protein because it is interrupted by termination codons.Blunt-end ligation is a reaction that joins two DNA duplex molecules directly at their ends. bp is an abbreviation for base pairs; distance along DNA is measured in bp.Branch migration describes the ability of a DNA strand partially paired with its complement in a duplex to extend its pairing by displacing the resident strand with which it is homologous. Breackage and reunion describes the mode of genetic recombination, in which two DNA duplex molecules are broken at corresponding points and then rejoined crosswise (involving formation of a length of heteroduplex DNA around the site of joining).Buoyant desity measures the ability of a substance to float in some standard fluid, for example, CsCl.C banding is a technique for generating stained regions around centromeres.C genes code for the constant regions of immunoglobulin protein chains.C value is the total amount of DNA in a haploid genome.CAAT box is part of a conserved sequence located upstream of the startpoints of eukaryotic transcription units; it is recognized by a large group of transcription factors.Cap is the structure at the 5’ end of eukaryotic mRNA, introduced after transcripton by linking the terminal phosphate of 5’ GTP to the terminal base of the mRNA. The added G (and sometimes some other bases) are methylated, giving a structure of the form 7Me G5’ppp 5’Np…3CAP(CRP)is a positive regulator protein activated by cyclic AMP. It is needed for RNA polymerase to initiate transcription of certain (catabolitesensitive) operons of E. coli.Capsid is the external protein coat of a virus particle.Catabolite repression describes the decreased expression of many bacterial operons that results from addition of glucose. It is caused by a decrease in the level of cyclic AMP, which in turn inactivates the CAP regulator.cDNA is a single-stranded DNA complementary to an RNA, synthesized from it by reverse transcription in vitro.cDNA clone is a duplex DNA sequence representing an RNA, carried in a cloning vector. Cell cycle is the period from one division to the next.Cell hybrid is a somatic cell containing chromosomes derived from parental cells of different species (e.g. a man-mouse somatic cell hybrid), generating by fusing the cells to form a heterokaryon in which the nuclei subsequently fused.Centrioles are small hollow cylinders consisting of microtubules that become located near the poles during mitosis. They reside within the centrosomes.Centromere is a constricted region of a chromosome that includes the site of attachment to the mitotic or meiotic spindle (see also kinetochore).Centrosomes are the regions from which microtubules are organized at the poles of a mitotic cell. In animal cells, each centrosome contains a pair of centrioles surrounded by a dense amorphous region to which the microtubules attach. See also MTOC.Molecular chaperone is a protein that is needed for the assembly or proper folding of some other protein, but which is not itself a component of the target complex.Chemical complexity is the amount of a DNA component measured by chemical assay.Chi sequence is an octamer that provides a hotspot for RecA-mediated genetic recombination in E. coli.Chi structure is a joint between two duplex molecules of DNA revealed by cleaving an intermediate of two joined circles to generate linear ends in each circle. It resembles a Greek chi in outline, hence the name.Chiasma (pl. chiasmata)is a site at which two homologous chromosomes appear to have exchanged material during meiosis.Chromatids are the copies of a chromosome produced by replication. The name is usually used to describe them in the period before they separate at the subsequent cell division. Chromatin is the complex of DNA and protein in the nucleus of the interphase cell. Individual chromosomes cannot be distinguished in it .It was originally recognized by its reaction with stains specific for DNA.Chromocenter is an aggregate of heterochromatin from different chromosomes. Chromomeres are densely staining granules visible in chromosomes under certain conditions, especially early in meiosis, when a chromosome may appear to consist of a series of4chromomeres.Chromosome is a discrete unit of the genome carrying many genes. Each chromosome counsists of a very long molecule of duplex DNA and an approximately equal mass of proteins. It is visible as a morphological entity only during cell division.Chromosome walking describes the sequential isolation of clones carrying overlapping sequences of DNA, allowing large regions of the chromosome to be spanned. Walking is often performed in order to reach a particular locus of interest.cis-acting locus affects the activity only of DNA sequences on its own molecule of DNA; this property usually implies that the locus does not code for protein.cis-acting protein has the exceptional property of acting only on the molecule of DNA from which it was expressed.cis configuration describes two sites on the same molecule of DNA.cis/trans test assays the effect of relative configuration on expression of two mutations. In a double heterozygote, two mutations in the same gene show mutant phenotype in trans configuration, wild-type in cis configuration.Cistron is the geneti unit defined by the cis/trans test; equivalent to gene ib comprising a unit of DNA representing a protein.Class switching is a change in the expression of the c cregion of an immunoglobulin heavy chain during lymphocyte differentiation.Clone describes a large number of cells or molecules identical with a single ancestral cell or molecule.Cloning vector is a plasmid or phage that is used to ‘carry’ inserted foreign DNA for the purposes of producing more material or a protein product.Closed reading frame contains termination codons that prevent its translation into protein. Coated vesicles are vesicles whose membrane has on its surface a layer of the protein clathrin.Coconversion is the simultaneous correction of two sites during gene conversion.Coding strand of DNA has the same sequence as mRNA.Codominant alleles both contribute to the phenotype; neither is dominant over the other. Coevolution —see concerted evolution.Cognate tRNAs are those recognized by a particular aminoacy-tRNA synthetase. Coointegrate structure is produced by fusion of two replicons, one originally possessing a transposon, the other lacking it; the cointegrate has copies of the transposon present at both junctions of the replicons, oriented as directrepeats.Cold-sensitive mutant is defective at low temperature but functional at normal temlperature. Colony hybridization is a technique for using in situ hybridization to identify bacteria carrying chimeric vectors whose inserted DNA is homologous with some particular sequence. Compatibility group of plasmids contains members unable to coexist in the same bacterial5cell.Complementation refers to the ability of independent (nonallelic)genes to provide diffusible products that produce wild phenotype when two mutants are tested in trans configuration in a heterozygote.In vitro complementation assay consists of identifying a component of a wid-type cell that can confer activity on an extract prepared from a mutant cell. The assay identifies the component rendered inactive by the mutation.Complementation group is a series of mutations unable to complement when tested in pairwise combinations in trans; defines a genetic unit (the cistron) that might better be called a noncomplex mentation group.Complex locus (of D. melanogaster) has genetic properties inconsistent with the function of a gene representing a single protein. Complex loci are usually very large (>100kb) at the molecular level.Complexity is the total length of different sequences of DNA present in a given preparation. Compostie transposons have a central region flanked on each side by insertion sequences, either or both of which may enable the entire element to transpose.Concatemer of DNA consists of a series of unit genomes repeated in tandem. Concatenated circles of DNA are interlocked like rings one a chain.Concerted evolution describes the ability of two related genes to evolve together as though constituting a single locus.Condensation reaction is one in which a covalent bond is formed with loss of a water molecule, as in the addition of an amino acid to a polypeptide chain.Conditional lethal mlutations kill a cell or virus under certain (nonpermissive) conditions, but allow it to survive under other (permissive) conditions.Conjugation describes ‘mathing’ between two bacterial cells, when (part of ) the chromosome is transferred from one to the other.Consensus sequence is an idealized sequence in which each position represents the base most often found when many actual sequences are compared.Conservative recombination involves breakage and reunion of preexisting strands of DNA without any synthesis of new stretches of DNA.Conservative transposition refers to the movement of large elements, originally classified as transposons, but now considered to be episomes. The mechanism of movement resembles that of phage lambda.Constant regions of immunoglobulins are coded by C genes and are the parts of the chain that vary least. Those of heavy chains identify the type of immunoglobulin.Constitutive genes are expressed as a function of the interaction of RNA polymerase with the promoter, without additional regulation; sometimes also called household genes in the context of describing functions expressed in all cells at a low level.67Constitutive heterochromatin describes the inert state of permanently nonexpressed sequences, usually satellite DNA.Constitutive mutations cause genes that usually are regulated to be expressed without regulation.Contractile ring is a ring of actin filaments that forms around the equator at the end of mitosis and is responsible for pinching the daughter cells apart.Controlling elements of maize are transposable units originally identified solely by their genetic properties. They may be autonomous (able to transpose independently) or nonautonomous (able to element).Coordinate regulation refers to the common control of a group of genes.Cordycepin is 3’ deoxyadenosine, an inhibitor of poly adenylation of RNA.Core DNA is the 14.6 bp of DNA contained on a core particle.Core particle is a digestion product of the nucleosome that retains the histone octamer and has 14.6 bp of DNA; its structure appears similar to that of the nucleosome itself.Corepressor is a small molecule that triggers repression of transcription by binding to a regulator protein.Cosmids are plasmids into which phage lambda cos sites have been inserted; as a result, the plasmid DNA can be packaged in vitro in the phage coat.Cot is the product of DNA concentration and time of incubation in a reassociation reaction. Cot 21 is the Cot required to proceed to half completion of the reaction; it is directlyproportional to the unique length of reassociating DNA.Cotransfection is the simultaneous transfection of two markers.Crossing-over describes the reciprocal exchange of material between chromosomes that occurs during meiosis and is responsible for genetic recombination.Crossover fixation refers to a possible consequence of unequal crossing-over that allows a mutation in one member of a tandem cluster to spread through the whole cluster (or to be eliminated).Cruciform is the structure produced at inverted repeats of DNA if the repeated sequence pairs with its complement on the same strand (instead of with its regular partner in the other strand of the duplex).Cryptic satellite is a satellite DNA sequence not identified as such by a separate peak on a density gradient; that is, it remains present in main-band DNA.ctDNA is chloroplast DNA.Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a molecule of AMP in which the phosphate group is joined to both the 3’ and 5’ positions of the ribose; its binding activates the CAP, a postive regulator of prokaryotic transcription.Cyclins are proteins that accumulate continuously throughout the cell cycle and are thendestroyed by proteolysis during mitosis. (see also MPF).Cytokinesis is the final process involved in separation and movement apart of daughter cells at the end of mitosis.Cytological hybridization—see in situ hybridization.Cytoplasm describes the material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Cytoplasmic inheritance is a property of genes located in mitochondria or chloroplasts (or possibly other extranuclear organelles).Cytoplasmic protein synthesis is the ranslation of mRNAs representing nuclear genes; it occurs via ribosomes attached to the cytoskeleton.Cytoskeleton consists of networks of fibers in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell.Cytosol describes the general volume of cytoplasm in which organelles ( such as the mitochondria ) are located.D loop is a region within mitochondrial DNA in which a short stretch of RNA is paired with one strand of DNA, displacing the orignal partner DNA strand in this region. The same term is used also to describe the displacement of a region of one strand of duplex DNA byu a single-stranded invader in the reaction catalyzed by RecA protein.Degeneracy in the genetic code refers to the lack of an effect of many changes in the third base of the codon on the amino acid that is represented.Deletions are generated by removal of a sequence of DNA, the regions on either side being joined together.Denaturation of DNA or RNA describes its conversion from the double-stranded to the singlestranded state; separation of the strands is most often accomplished by heating. Denaturation of protein describes its conversion from the physiological conformation to some other (inactive) conformation.Derepressed state describes a gene that is turned on. It is synonymous with induced when describing the normal state of a gene; it has the same meaning as constitutive in describing the effect of mutation.Dicentric chromosome is the product of fusing two chromosome fragments, each of which has a centromere. It is unstable and may be broken when the two centromeres are pulled to opposite poles in mitosis.Diploid set of chromosomes contains two copies of each autosome and two sex chromosome. Direct repeats are identical (or related) sequences present in two or more copies in the same orientation in the same molecule of DNA; they aer not necessarily adjacent.Discontinuous replication refers to the synthesis of DNA in short (Okazaki) fragments that are later joined into a continuous strand.Disjunction describes the movement of members of a chromosome pair to opposite poles during cell division. At mitosis and the second meiotic division, disjunction applies to sister8chromatids; at first meiotic division it applies to sister chromatid pairs.Divergence is the percent difference in nucleotide sequence between two related DNA sequences or in amino acid sequences between two proteins.Divergent transcription refers to the intitiation of transcription at two promoters facing in the opposite direction, so that transcription proceeds away in both directions from a central region.dna mutants of bacteria are temperature-sensitive; they cannot synthesize DNA at 42℃, but can do so at 37℃.DNAase is an enzyme that attacks bonds in DNA.DNA-driven bybridization involves the reaction of an excess of DNA with RNA.DNA polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes a daughter strand(s) of DNA (under direction from a DNA template). May be involved in repair or replication.DNA replicase is a DNA-synthesizing enzyme required specifically for replication.Domain of a chromosome may refer either to a discrete structural entity defined as a region within which supercoiling is independent of other domains; or to an extensive region including an expressed gene that has heightened sensitivity to degradation by the enzyme DNAase I.Domain of a protein is a discrete continuous part of the amino acid sequence that can be equated with a particular function.Dominant allele determines the phenotype displayed in a heterozygote with another (recessive) allele.Donor splicing site—see left splicing junction.Down promoter mutations decrease the frequency of initiaton of transcription. Downstream identifies sequences proceeding farther in the direction of expression, for example, the conding region is downstream of the initiation condon.Early development refers to the period of a phage infection before the start of DNA replication.Extopic expression describes the expression of a gene in a tissue in which it is not usually expressed; for example, in a transgenic animal.Elongation factors (EF in prokaryotes, eEF in eukaryotes) are proteins that associate with ribosomes cyclically, during addition of each amino acid to the polypeptide chain.End labeling describes the addition of a radioactively labeled group to one end (5’ or 3’) of a DNA strand.End-product inhibition describes the ability of a product of a metabolic pathway to inhibit the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes an early step in the pathway.Endocytosis is a process by which proteins at the surface of the cell are internalized, being transported into the cell within membranous vesicles.9Endocytic vesicles are membranous particles that transport proteins through endocytosis; also known as clathrin-coated vesicles.Endonucleases cleave bonds within a nucleic acid chain; they may be specific for RNA or for singlestranded of double-stranded DNA.Endoplasmic reticulum is a highly convoluted sheet of membranes, extending from the outer layer of the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm.Enhancer element is a cis-acting sequence that increases the utilization of (some) eukaryotic promoters, and can function in either orientation and in any location (upstream or downstream) relative to the promoter.Envelopes surround some organelles (for example , nucleus or mitochondrion) and consist of concentric membranes, each membrane consisting of the usual lipid bilayer.Epigenetic changes influrence the phenotype without altering the genotype. They consist of changes in the properties of a cell that are inherited but that do not represent a change in genetic information.Episome is a plasmid able to integrate into bacterial DNA.Epistasis describes a situation in which expression of one gene wipes out the phenotypic effects of another gene.Essential gene is one whose deletions is lethal to the organism (see also lethal locus). Established cell lines consist of eukaryotic cells that have been adapted to indefinite growth in culture (they are said to be immortalized).Eubacteria comprise the major line of prokaryotes.Euchromatin comprises all of the genome in the interphase nucleus except for the heterochromatin.Evolutionary clock is defined by the rate at which mutations accumulate in a given gene. Excision-repair systems remove a single-stranded sequence of DNA containing damaged or mispaired bases and replace it in the duplex by synthesizing a sequence complementary to the remaining strand.Exocytosis is the process of secreting proteins from a cell into the medium, by transport in membranous vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum, through the Golgi, to storage vesicles, and finally (upon a regulatory signal) through the plasma membrane.Exocytic vesicles (also secretory vesicles) are membranous particles that transport and store proteins during excytosis.Exon is any segment of an interrupted gene that is represented in the mature RNA product. Exonucleases cleave nucleotides one at a time from the end of a polynucleotide chain; they may be specific for either the 5’ or 3’ end of DNA or RNA.Expression vector is a cloning vector desined so that a coding sequence inserted at a particular site will be transcribed and translated into protein.Extranuclear genes reside outside the nucleus in organelles such as mitochondria and10chloroplasts.F factor is a bacterial sex or fertility plasmid.F1 generation is the first generation produced by crossing two parental (homozygous) lines. Facultative heterochromatin describes the inert state of sequences that also exist in active copies—for example, one mammalian X chromosome in females.Fast component of a reassociation reaction is the first to reature and contains highly repetitive DNA.Fate map is a map of an embryo showing the adult tissues that will develop from the descendants of cells that occupy particular regions of the embryo.Figure eight describes two circles of DNA linked together by a recombination event that has not yet been completed.Filter hybridization is performed by incubating a deatured DNA preparation immobilized on a nitrocellulose filter with a solution of radioactively labeled RNA or DNA.Fingerprint of DNA is a pattern of polymorphic restriction fragments that differ between individual genomes.Fingerprint of a protein is the pattern of fragments (usually resolved on a two dimensional electrophoretic gel) generated by cleavage with an enzyme such as trypsin.Fluidity is a property of membranes; it indicates the ability of lipids to move laterally within their particular monolayer.Focus formation describes the ability of transformed eukaryotic cells to grow in dense clusters, piled up on one another.Focus forming unit (ffu) is a quantitative measure of forcus formation.Foldback DNA consists of inverted repeats that have renatured by intrastrand reassociation of denatured DNA.Foot printing is a technique for identifying the site on DNA bound by some protein by virtue of the protection of bonds in this region against attack by nucleases.Forward mutations inatctivate a wild-type gene.Founder effect refers to the presence in a population of many individuals all with the same chromosome (or region of a chromosome) derived from a single ancestor.Frameshift mutations arise by deletions or insertions that are not a multiple of 3bp; they change the frame in which triplets are translated into protein.G banding is a technique that generates a striated pattern in metaphase chromosomes that distinguishes the members of a haploid set.G1 is the period of the eukaryotic cell cycle between the last mitosis and the start of DNA replication.G2 is the period of the eukaryotic cell cycle between the end of DNA replication and the start11。
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中国科学院研究生院
2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题
科目名称:生物化学与分子生物学
考生须知:
1.本试卷满分为 150 分,全部考试时间总计 180 分钟。
2.所有答案必须写在答题纸上,写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释 (每题 4 分,共 20 分)
1. 重组修复
2. 转座子
3. C4 途径
4. 正前馈作用和正反馈作用
5. RNA 剪接和可变剪接
二、单项选择题 (每题1分,共20分,请在答题纸上标清题号,并将答案写在题号后)
1. 下列各项中,不属于细胞代谢的中间产物的是:
A. 葡萄糖-6-磷酸 B. 丙酮酸 C. 胆固醇 D. 乙酰辅酶 A
2. 在真核生物细胞周期的四个时相中,用于准备 DNA 合成的是:
A. M 期 B. G1 期 C. S 期 D. G2 期
3. 下列各项中,不属于真核生物基因表达转录前水平调节的过程是:
A. RNA 编辑 B. 染色质丢失 C. 染色体 DNA 的修饰和异染色质化 D. 基因重排
4. 下列各项中,尚未获得诺贝尔奖的是:
A. DNA 双螺旋模型 B. PCR 仪的发明 C. RNA 干扰技术 D.抑癌基因的发现
5. 下列事件中,不属于表观遗传调控的是:
A. DNA 甲基化 B.组蛋白乙酰化 C. mRNA加尾 D. RNA 干扰
6. 大肠杆菌中,参与转录终止调控的是:
A. TATA box B. ρ因子 C. snoRNA D. RNaseP
7. 正转录调控系统中,调节基因的产物被称为:
A. 阻遏蛋白 B. 诱导因子 C. 激活蛋白 D. 增强子
8. 既可利用上游启动子,又可利用下游启动子的 RNA 聚合酶是:
A. RNA 聚合酶 I B. RNA 聚合酶 II C. RNA 聚合酶 III D. RNA 聚合酶 IV
9. 用来研究蛋白质-蛋白质间相互作用的实验技术是:
A. 酵母双杂交技术 B. 原位杂交技术 C. RACE 技术 D. SAGE技术
10. 能够引起细胞内蛋白降解的反应是:
A. 泛素化 B. 去泛素化 C. 磷酸化 D. 去磷酸化
11.双缩脲发应用来测定:
A. 肽 B. 糖 C. RNA D. DNA
12. 抗霉素 A 对呼吸链(电子传递链)抑制的作用点在:
A. NADH 脱氢酶附近 B.琥珀酸脱氢酶 C. 细胞色素氧化酶 D. 细胞色素 b 附近
13. 氨基酸在掺入肽链前必须活化,氨基酸的活化部位是:
A. 内质网的核糖体 B. 可溶的细胞质 C. 高尔基体 D. 线粒体
14. T4 DNA 连接酶催化的连接反应需要能量,其能量来源是:
A. ATP B. NAD C. GTP D.乙酰 CoA
15.组蛋白的修饰可引起核小体的解离,这种修饰是:
A. 糖基化 B. 腺苷化 C. 磷酸化 D. 乙酰化
16. 磷酸化酶激酶活性的发挥依赖于:
A. 镁离子 B.钙离子 C.氯离子 D.锌离子
17.胰岛素的功能单位是:
A.单体 B.二体 C.四体 D.六体
18. DNA 合成仪合成 DNA 片段时用的原料是:
A. 4 种 dNTP B. 4 种 NTP C. 4 种 dNDP D. 4 种脱氧核苷的衍生物
19. 蛋白激酶 A 催化蛋白质上氨基酸残基的磷酸化,它是:
A.丝氨酸残基 B.组氨酸残基 C.酪氨酸残基 D.门冬氨酸残基
20. 端粒酶是一种蛋白质-RNA 复合物,其中 RNA 起:
A.催化作用 B.延伸作用 C.模板作用 D.引物作用
三、判断题 (每题 1 分,共 30 分,请在答题纸上标清题号,并将答案写在题号后,
其中表述正确的写“对”,表述错误的写“错”)
1. 糖酵解作用是葡萄糖在无氧条件下转变为丙酮酸所经历的一系列反应,在此过程中净
生成两个 ATP 分子。
2. 在 C3 植物中 CO2固定是由核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶催化的,反应在叶绿体的基
质中进行。
3. 乙酰辅酶 A 是脂肪酸分子所有碳原子的唯一来源。它来自于糖的氧化分解或氨基酸
的分解。这些过程是在线粒体内进行的,脂肪酸合成的酶也存在于线粒体内。
4. 从胆固醇向胆酸的转化是胆固醇降解最重要的机制,对这个过程的调控是由线粒体的
7α-羟化酶来执行的。
5. 大肠杆菌 RNA 聚合酶全酶由 4 个亚基(α2ββ’)组成。
6. 在原核细胞中,起始密码子 AUG 可以在 mRNA 上的任何位置,但一个 mRNA上
只有一个起始位点。
7. 蛋白质生物合成过程中,tRNA 在阅读密码时起重要作用,他们的反密码子
用来识别 mRNA 上的密码子。
8. 单糖都含有手性碳原子,因而都具有旋光性。
9. 青霉素通过抑制转肽干扰新的细胞壁形成而起抑菌作用。
10. 脂蛋白是由脂质和蛋白质以共价键结合而成的复合体。
11. 所有信号肽的位置都在新生肽的 N 端。
12. 蛋白质主链的折叠形成由疏水作用维系的重复性结构称为二级结构。
13. 错配修复和重组修复因为发生在 DNA 复制之后,因此称为复制后修复。
14. 免疫球蛋白基因在淋巴细胞发育过程发生两次特异位点重排,首先是轻链基因发生
V-J 重排,然后是重链基因发生 V-D-J 重排。
15. RNA 聚合酶催化的反应无需引物,也无校对功能。
16. 细胞周期的时间控制是由蛋白激酶系统对细胞外信号做出反应,改变其活性而实现的
17. 外显子的序列多保守,而内含子的序列变化较大。
18. 核糖体的主要作用是参与蛋白质的修饰。
19. 表观遗传效应是不可遗传的。
20. 选择性剪切是真核生物特有的现象。
21. 当多个密码子编码同一个氨基酸时,这些密码子可以在第二位或第三位碱基上不同。
22. 一般认为,RNA 聚合酶并不直接识别启动子区的碱基对本身,而是通过氢键互补的
方式加以识别。
23. 大肠杆菌在多种碳源同时存在的条件下,优先利用乳糖。
24. 微小 RNA (microRNA) 是通过引起 DNA 甲基化来调节基因表达的。
25. 癌基因可分为病毒癌基因和细胞转化癌基因两大类。
26. 鸟枪法是一种检测单核苷酸多态性(SNP)的常用方法。
27. 乙肝病毒的基因组是一个有部分单链区的环状双链DNA分子,两条单链长度不一样
28. 泛素不属于热休克蛋白。
29. DNA 甲基化永久关闭了某些基因的活性,这些基因在去甲基化后,仍不能表达。
30. 对靶蛋白的磷酸化是细胞内最重要、最普遍的酶活性调节方式。
四、简答题 (每题 5 分,共 30 分)
1. 什么是反义 RNA?真核生物中反义 RNA 调节基因表达的机理是什么?
2. 简述原核生物与真核生物 mRNA 的主要差别。
3. 设计 PCR 引物的主要原则是什么?
4. 以雌二醇为例,简述类固醇激素发挥作用的主要机制。
5. 核酸的紫外吸收有何特点?实验中如何利用这一特点研究核酸?
6. 线粒体在真核生物的电子传递和氧化磷酸化中的作用是什么?
五、 问答题 (每题 10 分,共 50 分)
1. 真核生物蛋白质的翻译后加工有哪些?
2. 酶的分离纯化主要过程及注意事项是什么?
3. 大肠杆菌乳糖操纵子的主要结构和阻遏蛋白的作用机制是什么?
4. 请列举出 5 种真核生物中存在的 RNA 并概括它们的功能。
5. 假设你需要将一段 cDNA 克隆到表达载体中并转化到大肠杆菌中。cDNA 的
两端和载
体上均有 BamHI 的酶切位点,你需要用 BamHI 切割 cDNA 和载体
然后将它们连接在一
起。下面是实验方法要求的具体步骤:
a. 用 BamHI 处理载体DNA,然后用碱性磷酸酶去除5′端的磷酸基;
b. b. 用BamHI处理cDNA,然后与步骤a中得到的载体DNA混合,加入DNA聚合酶,
在适当的条件下使 cDNA 与载体连接;
c. 将步骤b的产物转入大肠杆菌感受态细胞中,培养后均匀涂在含有抗生素的琼脂培
养皿上。
因为表达载体中含有抗性基因,能表达抵制抗生素的酶,所以只有含有载体的
大肠杆菌才可以在含有抗生素的培养皿上生长,而未被转化的细菌则因受到
抗生素的抑
制而死掉。你还参照实验手册做了下面四组对照:
对照一、在含有抗生素的培养皿上面涂布未被转化的(即不含有载体的)大肠杆菌感
受态细胞(cells alone)。
对照二、用未被酶切的载体直接转化大肠杆菌感受态细胞,将产物涂布在含有抗生素
的培养皿上面(vector alone)。
对照三、用 BamHI 酶切载体 DNA 后,不用碱性磷酸酶处理,不需要 cDNA,直接
加入 DNA 聚合酶,然后转化、涂板(Omit phosphatase, omit cDNA)。
对照四、除使用碱性磷酸酶外,其它与对照三相同 (Omit cDNA)。
你一共做了三次实验,在第一次中所有的平板中都长出很多细菌。在第二次
实验中所有的平板中都没有长细菌。在第三次实验中你得到了较好的结果,
转化成功,具体克隆数见下表:
请回答下列问题:
A. 解释第一次实验失败的原因,并说明对照一的目的是什么;
B. 解释第二次实验失败的原因,并说明对照二的目的是什么;
C. 对照三和对照四的目的是什么?为什么实验手册上建议用碱性磷酸酶处理载体?