2015年职称英语考试重要资料(理工类AB级阅读判断)
职称英语理工类A级真题及答案15p
【经典资料,WORD文档,可编辑修改】【经典考试资料,答案附后,看后必过,WORD文档,可修改】2015年职称英语理工类A级真题及答案一.词汇选项(第1~15 题,每题1 分,共15分)下面共有 15 个句子,每个句子中均有1 个词或短语有底横线,请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1 个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。
答案一律涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
1. It was hard to say why the man deserved such shabby treatment.A) unforgettableB) unbelievableC) unfairD) unthinkable2. The curious look from the strangers around her made her feel uneasy.A) difficult B) worriedC) anxious D) unhappy3. It is said that the houses along this street will soon be demolished.A) pulled downB) rebuiltC) renovatedD) whitewashed4. The advertising company was surprised by the adverse public reaction to the poster.A) delayedB) quickC) positiveD) unfavorable5. He began his talk by giving a concise definition of post-modernism.A) long and detailedB) short and clearD) professional6. The staff of the company are always courteous and helpful.A) efficientB) respectableC) well-informedC) respectful7. The new job will provide you with invaluable experience.A) simply uselessB) really practicalB) very littleD) extremely useful8. The whole idea to build a deluxe hotel here sounds insane to me.A) reasonableB) sensibleC) crazyD) unbelievable9. In his two-hour-long lecture he made an exhaustive analysis of the issue.A) extremely thoroughB) long and boringC) superficialD) unconvincing*10. We all think that the new device he has proposed is ingenious.A) effectiveB) cleverD) original+11. Reading the job ad, he wondered whether he was eligible to apply for it.A) competitiveB) diligentC) qualifiedD) competent+12 He impressed all his colleagues as a vigorous man in the prime of his career.A) hot-temperedB) healthyC) friendlyD) patient13. Not all member States abided by the principle they had agreed on previously.A) adhered toB) abandonedC) appliedD) adopted14. Examination papers of the class were marked without bias.A) immediatelyB) correctlyC) fairlyD) carefully15. The construction of the railway is said to have been terminated.A) resumedB) put an end toC) suspendedD) re-scheduled第2部分:阅读判断(第16~22题,每题1分,共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子,请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断:如果该句提供的是正确信息,请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息,请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及,请选择C。
2015职称英语理工类A级真题(阅读理解)
2015职称英语理工类A级真题(阅读理解) 第4部分:阅读理解(第31—45题,每题3分,共45分)下面有3篇短文,每篇短文后有5道题。
请根据短文内容,为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇Face Masks May Not Protect from Super-Flu IF a super-flu strikes, face masks may not protect you. Whether widespread use of masks will help, or harm, during the next worldwide flu outbreak is a question that researchers are studying furiously. No results have come from their mask research yet. However, the government says people should consider wearing them in certain situations anyway, just in case.But it’s a question the public keeps asking while the government are making preparations for the next flu pandemic. So the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) came up with preliminary guidelines. “We don’t want people wearing them everywhere,” said the CDC. “The overall recommendation really is to avoid exposure.”When that’s not possible, the guidelines say to consider wearing a simple surgical mask if you are in one of the three following situations. First, you’re healthy and can’t avoid going to a crowded place. Second t you’re sick and think you may have close contact with the healthy, such as a family member checking onyou. Third, you live with someone who’s sick and thus might be in the early stages of infection, but still need to go out.Influenza pandemics can strike when the easy-to-mutate flu virus shifts to a strain that people never have experienced. Scientists cannot predict when the next pandemic will arrive, although concern is rising that the Asian bird flu might trigger one if it starts spreading easily from person to person.During the flu pandemic, you should protect yourself. Avoid crowds, and avoid close contact with the sick unless you must care for someone. Why aren’t masks added to this self-protection list? Because they can help trap virus-laden droplets flying through the air with a cough or sneeze. Simple surgical masks only filter the larger droplets. Besides, the CDC is afraid masks may create a false sense of security. Perhaps someone who should have stayed home would don an ill-fitting mask and hop on the subway instead.Nor does flu only spread through the air. Say someone covers a sneeze with his or her hand, then touches a doorknob or subway pole. If you touch that spot next and then put germy hands on your nose or mouth, you’ve been exposed. It’s harder to rub your nose while wearing a mask and so your face may get pretty sweaty under masks. You reach under to wipe that sweat, and may transfer germs caught on the outside of the mask straight to the nose. These are the problems face masks may create for their users.Whether people should or should not use face masks still remains a question. The general public has to wait patiently for the results of the mask research scientists are still doing.31. What is the passage mainly about?A. Widespread use of face masks.B. Possibility of a worldwide flu outbreakC. New discoveries of a face mask research.D. Effectiveness of wearing face masks32. The CDC suggests that peopleA. stay alone when being sick.B. wear face masks when going to a crowded place.C. wear face masks wherever possible.D. remain at home if living with someone who’s sick.33. The word "that" in Paragraph 3 refers toA. making preparations.B. avoiding exposureC. coming up with guidelines.D. wearing face masks everywhere.34. Which of the following statements is true?A. Scientists warn the next flu is coming soon.B. Asian bird flu is spreading easily from person to person.C. Masks protect people because they keep viruses away.D. Masks are not effective if a flu strikes.35. One of the concerns the CDC has is thatA .masks may give people a wrong assumption of being safe.B. the sick may not wear masks and go out.C. flu virus may spread via public transportation.D. healthy people may not know how to protect themselves.第二篇What’s killing the BatsFirst it was bees. Now it is bats. Biologists in America are working hard to discover the cause of the mysterious deaths of tens of thousands of bats in the northeastern part of the country. Most of the bats affected are the common little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus,) but other species, such as the long-eared bat, the small-footed hat, the eastern pipistrelle, and the Indiana bat have also been affected. In some caves, more than 90 percent of the bat populations have died.One possibility is disease. A white fungus (真菌)known as fusarium has been found on the noses of both living and dead bats. However, scientists don't know Ifthe fungus is the primary cause of death, a secondary cause of death, or not a cause at all, but the result of some other conditions.Another possible cause is a lack of food. For example, bats typically eat a large number of moths (蛾), and in some states such as New York, the number of moths has been declining in recent years. If bats can’t eat eno ugh food, they starve to death.Still other scientists believe that global warming is to blame. Warmer temperatures in recent years have been waking up hibernating (冬眠)bats earlier than usual. If bats break their hibernation at the wrong time, they might not find their expected food sources. The weather might also turn cold again and weaken or kill the bats.Scientists might not agree on the causes of the bat die-off, but they do agree on the consequences. Bats are an important predator of mosquitoes; a single brown bat can eat 1,000 or more insects in an hour. They also eat beetles and other insects that damage plant crops. If there aren't enough bats, damage will be great from the insects they eat While bats live a long time for their size 一the little brown bat can live for more than 30 years 一a female bat has only one baby per year, so bat populations grow slowly. Many bat species in the United States are already protected or endangered.How can you help? Do not disturb sleeping or nesting bats. If you discover bate that seem to be sick or that are dead, contact your local Fish& Wildlife Department with the details. However, be careful not to touch the animals.36. What is the main idea of this passage?A. All species of bats in North America are dying.B. Scientists already know the cause of the deaths of batsC. The bat deaths are a serious problem.D. There are many possible causes of the deaths of bats.37. What does the first sentence in Paragraph 1 mean?A. Bees have been dying mysteriously.B. The first article on the website is about bees.C. Bees usually die before bats.D. It was bees that caused the deaths of bats.38. The word “pipistrelle" in Parag raph 1 refers toA. a kind of fungus.B. an area in the U.S.C. a special cave.D. a kind of bat.39. The "moths" in Paragraph 3 are taken as an example ofA. diseases that kill bats.B. Insects that bats eat.C. animals that have diseases.D. bat species that are starving to death.40. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. To get people to stop killing bats.B. To hire workers for the Fish & Wildlife Department.C. To ask people not to touch dead bats.D. To tell the public how to help bats.第三篇Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar t hermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat.That’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it’s also a space problem:photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with adifferent kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael P athak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada.Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon,but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don’t create as much electricity, but t hey are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately,thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.“That mean s that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light —pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains,which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new type of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact,Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures,near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solarthermal energy collector, they also found that by baking the cell once a day,they boosted the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.41. PVTs are not efficient inA. creating electricity.B. cooling silicon solar cells.C. generating heat.D. powering solar thermal collectors.42. One of the problems PVTs have is thatA. their thermal applications are costly.B. they are too expensive to afford.C. they occupy too much space.D. it is hard to fix them on the roof.43. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells?A. They are electrically efficient.B. They are less expensive.C. They are flexible.D. They are environment friendly.44. Thin-film solar panels do not sell well on market becauseA. their advantages are not well-recognized.B. they do not work well if exposed to light.C. they need improving in appearance.D. they are not advertised.45 Which of the following statements is true?A. Thin-film silicon's electrical efficiency improves when heated up.B. New techniques have been developed to produce thin-film silicon.C. Thin-film silicon works efficiently at low temperature.D. A new material enlarging the Staebler-WronsKi effect has been created. 更多职称英语考试免费资料请访问“新东方在线职称英语频道”。
2015年职称英语考试理工类B级阅读判断模拟试题
TV Game ShowsOne of the most fascinating things about television is the size of the audience. A novel can be on the "best seller" lists with a sale of fewer than 100,000 copies, but a popular TV show might have 70 million TV viewers. TV can make anything or anyone well-known overnight.This is the principle behind "quiz" or "game" shows, which put ordinary people on TV to play a game for prizes and money. A quiz show can make anyone a star, and it can give away thousands of dollars in the U.S. and almost everyone watched them. Charles Van Doren, an English instructor, became rich and famous after winning money on several shows. He even had a career as a television personality. But one of the losers proved that Charles Van Doren was cheating. It turned out that the show's producers who were pulling the strings, gave the answers to the most popular contestants beforehand. Why? Because if the audience didn't like the person who won the game, they turned the show off. The result of this cheating was a huge scandal. Based on his story, a movie under the title "Quiz Show" is on 40 years later.Charles Van Doren is no longer involved with TV. But game shows are still here, though they aren't taken as seriously. In fact, some of them try to be as ridiculous as possible. There are shows that send strangers on vacation trips together, or that try to cause newly-married couples to fight on TV, or that punish losers by humiliation them. The entertainment now is to see what people will do just to be on TV. People still win money, but the real prize is to be in front of an audience of millions.1. TV can make a beggar world-famous overnight.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned2. The principle behind "quiz" and "game" shows is to put ordinary people on TV to play a game for prizes and money.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned3. Prizes and money are usually provided by TV stars and large panies for winners.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned4. One of the TV personalities, Charles Van Doren was proved to be cheating by persuading the Show's producers to give him the answers beforehand.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned5. The huge scandal of cheating in TV game shows was not exposed until 40 years later in the movie "Quiz Show".A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned6. Nowadays game shows are not treated as seriously as they used to be.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned7. Winners of present-day TV game shows no longer get money from the shows.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentionedKEYS: A、B、C、B、B、A、BMonarch without a KingdomThis November, a hundred million butterflies will drop from the sky over Mexico, like autumn leaves. But for how long? Genetically modified maize (玉米) could mean extinction for this beautiful butterfly, Rafael Ruiz reports.Although its body is about 3 cm long and it only weighs 1 gin, the Monarch butterfly manages to travel 5,000 km each year. It seems to be so fragile, but its long journeys are proof of its amazing ability to survive. This autumn, the Monarch butterfly will once more set out on its journey from the US. It will keep going until it reaches Mexico. It travels these huge distances to escape the cold weather in the north.In November, millions of Monarchs fall like bright, golden rain onto the forests in the mountains of central Mexico. In the silence of these mountains you can hear a strange flapping (拍动) of wings, as the Monarchs arrive at their destination. In the mountains, which reach a height of 3,000 metres, the butterflies are safe.Before reaching their journey's end they have faced strong winds, rain and snowstorms and they do not all manage to reach their destination. When the winters are really bad, perhaps 70 per cent of them will not survive. Their longjourney to Mexico is thought to be one of the most amazing events in the whole of the American continent. When they get there they will stay until the beginning of April, when their internal calendar tells them that it is time to go back. The long journey, with all its dangers, begins again.These delicate creatures now face danger of another kind - from scientific progress. In the US, millions of farms grow genetically modified maize which is pure poison for the butterfly. Laboratory experiments have shown that half of the butterflies which feed on the leaves of genetically modified maize die within 48 hours. Not all experts agree that this variety of maize is responsible for the threat to the Monarchs. In spite of these doubts, the European Union has refused to approve new crops of genetically modified maize until further investigations have been carried out.Greenpeace is campaigning against genetically modified products (in Spain, there are already 20,000 hectares of modified maize). The environmental organization recently published a list of 100 species of butterfly in Europe alone which are threatened with extinction.16 The Monarch butterfly travels 5,000 km each year.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned17 The Monarch butterfly looks fragile.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned18 The Mexicans like butterflies very much.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned19 in bad winters, about 70 per cent of the butterflies can stay aliveA RightB WrongC Not mentioned20 In early April, the butterflies leave their winter homes flying back northA RightB WrongC Not mentioned21 Genetically modified maize isn't poisonous to the butterflies.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned22 Genetically modified products are not popular in MexicoA RightB WrongC Not mentioned答案:16 A 17 A 18 C 19 B 20 A 21 B 22 CBlack HolesMost scientists agree that black holes exist but are nearly impossible to locate.A black hole in the universe is not a solid object,like a planet,but it is shaped like a sphere (球体).Astronomers(天文学家)think that at the center of a black hole there is a single point in space with infinite(无限的)density(稠密).This single point is called a singularity (奇点).If the singularity theory is correct,it means that when a massive star collapses,all the material in it disappears into the singularity.The center of a black hole would not really be a hole at all,but an infinitely dense point.Anything that crosses the black hole is pulled in by its great gravity.Although black holes do exist,they are difficult to observe.These are the reasons.●No light or anything else es out of black holes.As a result,they are invisible to a telescope.●In astronomical terms,black holes are truly.For example,a black hole formed by the collapse of a giant star would have an event horizon(视界)only 18 miles across.●The nearest black holes would be dozens of light years away from Earth.One light year is about 6 trillion(万亿)miles.Even the most powerful telescopes could not pick out an object so small at such a great distance.In 1994 the Hubble Space Telescope provided evidence that black holes exist.There are still answers to be found,however,so black holes remain one of the mysteries of the universe.16.Black holes are part of space.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned17.Black holes exist but are difficult to observe.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned18.The center of a black hole is empty.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned19.The attraction of two large stars leads to gravity.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned20.The sun is the heaviest star in the universe.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned21.The nearest black holes are hundreds of light years away from us.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned22.The Hubble Space Telescope helps scientists to understand the nature of the universe.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned答案:16.A 17.A 18.B 19.C 20.C 21.B 22.AEarthquakeHow does an earthquake start?What makes an earthquake happen? The rock of the earth's crust (地壳) may have a fault', a kind of break in thesurface. The blocks which make up the earth move, and sometimes this may cause the sides of the fault to move up and down or lengthways (纵向地) against each other. When one piece of rock starts to rub on another with great force, a lot of energy is used. This energy is changed into vibrations (振动) and it is these vibrations that we reef as an earthquake. The vibrations can travel thousands of kilometers and so an earthquake in Turkey may be felt in Greece.What to do during an earthquake?●At schoolAs soon as the earthquake starts, students should get under the desks immediately and wait until the teacher tells them it is safe to e out. The teacher should, at the same time, go immediately to the teacher's desk, get underneath (在……下面) it and stay there till the danger is over. Students must not argue with the teacher or question instructions.As soon as the tremors (震动) stop, all students should walk towards the exit and go straight to the school playground or any open space such as a square or a park. They must wait there until the teacher tells them it is safe to go.●At homeIf you are at home when the earthquake occurs, get immediately under the table in the living room or kitchen. Choose the biggest and strongest table you can find. You must not go anywhere near the window and don't go out onto the balcony (阳台). Once the tremors have stopped, you can e out from under the table but you must leave the building straight away. You should walk down the stairs and should not use the lift - there may be a power cut as a result of the earthquakeand you could find yourself trapped inside the lift for hours.●In the streetIf you are in the street when the earthquake takes place, do not stand near buildings, fences or walls——move away as quickly as possible arid try to find a large open space to wait in. Standing under trees could also be dangerous.16 People knew long ago how an earthquake startsA RightB WrongC Not mentioned17 Thousands of people were killed during an earthquake in Turkey.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned18 As soon as an earthquake occurs, students should leave the buildingA RightB WrongC Not mentioned19 Students should go to the school playground or an open space once the tremors stop.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned20 If you are at home when an earthquake occurs, stand near a big tableA RightB WrongC Not mentioned21 The best way to leave the building during an earthquake is to get into a liftA RightB WrongC Not mentioned22 If you are in the street when an earthquake occurs, stay in a large open spaceA RightB WrongC Not mentioned答案:16 C 17 C 18 B 19 A、20 B 21 B 22 A。
2015年职称英语理工类A级考试真题及答案汇总
2015职称英语理工类A级考试真题:一.词汇选项下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线,请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1.I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.A.controlB.observeC.regulateD.accept2.She showed a natural aptitude hard to accept.A.senseB.talentC.flavorD.taste3.Most people find rejection hard to accept.A.excuseB.clientC.destinyD.refusal4. The organization was bold enough to face the press.A.pleasedB.powerfulC.braveD.sensible5.They were locked in mortal cmbat.A.deadlyB.openC.actualD.active6. We were attracted by the lure of quick money.A.amountB.supplyC.sumD.temp7.The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent.A.clearB.necessaryC.specialD.correct8.The Stock Exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling.A.ServiceB.dangerC.disorderD.threat9.He believes that Europe must change or it will perish.A.survicestC.dieD.move10.There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next build.A.fairB.fullC.coexistingD.public11.They promote simulation of ethnic group into the main-streasm culture.A.policyB.valueC.equalityD.intergration12.A saleman’s cardinal rule is to satisfy customers.A.principalB.officalC.simpleD.legal13.I must compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situation.A.silenceB.praiseC.assureplain14.We live for years in a perpetual state of fear.A.emotionB.nervousC.terribileD.Contimuous15.The starving children were a pathectic sight.monB.unexpectedC.unforgettableD.pitiful二.阅读判断下面的短文后列出了7个句子,请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断:如果该句提供的是正确信息,请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息,请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及,请选择C。
2015职称英语理工类A级真题(阅读判断)
2015职称英语理工类A级真题(阅读判断) 第2部分:阅读判断(第16~22题,每题l分,共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子,请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断:如果该句提供的是正确信息,请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息,请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及,请选择C。
Lack of Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on EarthScientists have long speculated as to why animal species d idn’t flourish sooner, once sufficient oxygen covered the Earth’s surface. Animals began to prosper at the end of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago — but what about the billion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also was plenty of oxygen?Well, it seems the air wasn’t so great then, after all.In a study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and his colleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period were only 0.1% of what they are today. In oth er words, Earth’s atmosphere couldn’t have supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancements were poised to occur.“There is no question that genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise of animals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level of oxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with Christopher Reinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “We’re providing the first evidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentially prevent the rise of animals.”The scientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancient sediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium is found in the Earth’s continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directly linked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere.Specifically, the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near the shore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger locales known to have higher levels of oxygen.Oxyge n’s role in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists. “We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gave us the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today’s conditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygen was already plentiful enough to support animal life.In the new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highly dynamic” in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasiona lspikes. However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference in the nature of Earth surface Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals.“If we are right, our results will really change how people view the origins of animals and other complex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” said co-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be a game changer.”“There’s a lot of interest right now in a broader discussion surrounding the role that environmental stability played in the evolution of complex life, and we think our results are a significant contribution to that,” Reinhard said.16. The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoic period.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17. Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned18. The team was funded by several research institutes.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. Genetic advancements triggered the rise of animals.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. The samples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned21. The study revealed that chromium found in Earth’s con tinental crust remained stable before and after the rise of animals.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. Tim Lyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned更多职称英语考试免费资料请访问“新东方在线职称英语频道”。
职称英语等级考试理工类级试题及答案资料答案附后
【经典资料,WORD文档,可编辑修改】
【经典考试资料,答案附后,看后必过,WORD文档,可修改】
2015年职称英语等级考试理工类A级试题及答案
第l部分:词汇选项(第1~15题,每题1分,共15分)
下面共有15个句子,每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线,请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与画线部分意义最相近的词或短语。
请将答案涂在答题卡相应的
位置上。
1 The dentist has decided to extract her bad tooth.
A take out
B break off
C push in
D dig up
2 The economy continued to exhibit signs of decline in September.
A play
B show
C send
D tell
3 This table is strong and durable.
A long-lasting
B extensive
C far-reaching
D eternal
4 He endured great pain before he finally expired.。
全国职称英语等级考试理工类试题及答案
【经典资料,WORD文档,可编辑修改】【经典考试资料,答案附后,看后必过,WORD文档,可修改】2015年全国职称英语等级考试理工类(A级)试题及答案第1部分:词汇选项(第1~5题,每题l分,共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线,请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1 With immense relief. I stopped running.A some B、enormous C little D extensive2 The scientists began to accumulate data.A collectB handleC analyzeD investigate3 Jack eventually overtook the last truck.A hit.B passedC reachedD led4 Sometimes it is advisable to book hotels in advance.A possibleB profitableC easyD wise5 The reason for their unusual behavior remains a puzzle.A factB mysteryC statementD game6 That guy is really witty.A smartB uglyC honorableD popular7 The world champion suffered a sensational defeat.A reasonableB dramaticC humiliatingD horrifying8 It seems that only Mary is eligible for the job.A preparedB trainedC qualifiedD guided9 This poem depicts the beautiful scenery of a town in the South.A praisesB writesC imitatesD describes10 The meaning is still obscure.A vagueB transparentC alienD significant11 Dumped waste might contaminate Water supplies.A destroyB decreaseC delayD pollute12 One theory postulates that the ancient Filipinos came from India and Persia.A assumesB expectsC predictsD considers13 It is very difficult for a child to adhere to rules.A rememberB followC understandD learn14 I hope that I didn't do anything absurd last night.A awkwardB strangeC stupidD awful15 There should be laws that prohibit smoking around children.A forbidB advocateC inheritD withdraw第2部分:阅读判断(第16~22垒题,每题1分,共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子,请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断:如果该句提供的是正确信息,请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息,请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及,请选择C.Green Roof ResearchThe concept of green roofs is basically about growing plants on roofs,thus helping to replace the green footprint that had been destroyed due to the construction of the building. Green roofs are the most prevalent(流行)in Germany,which is widely regarded as the leader in green roof research.The green roofs that are used these days can be classified as 'extensive' and'intensive' systems. Extensive green roofs use mosses,grasses and herbs,which are tolerant to droughts. These plants do not Reed much maintenance. can be grown in a layer of substrate(土层)that can be as shallow as inches,and generally are inaccessible to the public. In contrast, a wide range of species of plants are grown on intensive green roofs,such as shrubs(灌木)and even trees,which require deeper substrate layers,and are usually grown on flat roofs. They need intensive maintenance, and are usually areas that resemble parks which are accessible to people.There are several benefits of adopting green roof technologies. Apart from the obvious psychological and aesthetic(美学的)benefits of garden-like environments surrounding you,some of the common economic and ecological benefits are:a reduction in the consumption of energy;air and water purification;recovering green spaces;and the mitigation(缓解)of the heat island effect in urban areas.The green roof research that is currently ongoing is focused on evaluating the species of plants that are suitable to be grown on roofs,the methods of propagation(繁殖)as well as establishment,nutrient(养料)and water requirement,substrates,and the quantity and quality of water runoff. The evaluation criteria of plant species are:at what rate they can be established:their capacity to withstand invasive weeds:tolerance of cold and heat: tolerance of drought conditions: capacity of persistence and survival.A number of experiments are being conducted on roof platform simulations at various research centers. These sites are generally outfitted with equipment,which are used to measure temperatures at different depths of the growing substrates, and the rate and volume of the runoff of stormwaters from each of the platforms.Green roof technology is representative of a completely new market for landscape contractors. And all roofs that currently exist and the future ones to be constructed are the potential market-a market that is too huge to be overlooked.16 It is estimated that around 10 percent of the flat roofs in Germany are green.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned17 German people prefer extensive green roof systems to intensive ones.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned18 Small plants like grasses and herbs are grown widely on intensive green roofs.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned19 Green roof is an ecologically sound strategy of spreading green in urban areas.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned20 0ne of the benefits of green roofs is the reduction of the heat island effect in cities.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned21 0ne focus;n the green roof research is the evaluation of suitable plant species.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned22 Although green roof technology can create a garden-like environment,its potential market is rather small.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned第3部分:概括大意与完成句子(第23~30题,每题l分,共8分)下面的短文后有2项测试任务:(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2—5段每段选择1个最佳标题;(2)第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
职称英语理工类A真题及复习资料完整版
2015职称英语理工类A真题及答案(完整版)第1部分:词汇选项(第1~15题,每题1分,共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线,请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.A. controlB. observeC. regulateD. accept2. She showed a natural aptitude for the work.A. senseB. talentC. flavorD. taste3. Most people find rejection hard to accept.A. excuseB. clientC. refusalD. destiny4. The organization was bold enough to face the press.A. pleasedB. powerfulC. braveD. sensible5. They were locked in mortal combat.A. deadlyB. openC. actualD. active6. We were attracted by the lure of quick money.A. amountB. supplyC. temptD. sum7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent.A. clearB. necessaryC. specialD. correct8. The Stock Exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling.A. ServiceB. dangerC. disorderD. threat9. He believes that Europe must change or it will perish.A. surviveB. lastC. dieD. move10. There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next build.A. fairB. full C .coexisting D. public11. They promote assimilation of ethnic groups into the main-stream culture.A. policyB. value C .equality D. integration12. A salesman’s cardinal rule is to satisfy customers.A. principalB. officialC. simpleD. legal13. I must compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situationA. silenceB. praise C .assure D. complain14. We lived for years in a perpetual state of fearA. emotionalB. nervousC. terribleD. Continuous15. The starving children were a pathetic sight.A. commonB. unexpectedC. unforgettableD. pitiful第2部分:阅读判断(第16~22题,每题l分,共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子,请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断:如果该句提供的是正确信息,请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息,请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及,请选择C。
职称英语等级考试理工类A级试题及答案资料答案附后
【经典资料,WORD文档,可编辑修改】
【经典考试资料,答案附后,看后必过,WORD文档,可修改】
2015年职称英语等级考试理工类A级试题及答案
第l部分:词汇选项 (第1~15题,每题1分,共15分)
下面共有15个句子,每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线,请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与画线部分意义最相近的词或短语。
请将答案涂在答题卡相应的
位置上。
1 The dentist has decided to extract her bad tooth.
A take out
B break off
C push in
D dig up
2 The economy continued to exhibit signs of decline in September.
A play
B show
C send
D tell
3 This table is strong and durable.
A long-lasting
B extensive
C far-reaching
D eternal
4 He endured great pain before he finally expired.
A fired
B resigned
C died
D retreated
5 The girl is gazing at herself in the mirror.。
2015职称英语真题:理工A阅读判断
2015职称英语真题:理⼯A阅读判断 本⽂为2015年职称英语考试理⼯A阅读判断真题及答案,⼴⼤考⽣可以参考本⽂,对照答案。
Lackof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on Earth Scientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn’t flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth’s surface. Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago — but what about thebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen? Well,it seems the air wasn’t so great then, after all. Ina study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and hiscolleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period wereonly 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earth’s atmosphere couldn’thave supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancementswere poised to occur. “There is no questionthat genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise ofanimals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level ofoxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with ChristopherReinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “We’re providing the firstevidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentiallyprevent the rise of animals.” Thescientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancientsediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium isfound in the Earth’s continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directlylinked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere. Specifically,the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near theshore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger localesknown to have higher levels of oxygen. Oxygen’srole in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists.“We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gaveus the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today’sconditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygenwas already plentiful enough to support animal life. Inthe new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highlydynamic” in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes.However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference inthe nature of Earth surface Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals. “If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” saidco-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be agame changer.” Fundingsources for the research included the NASA Exobiology Program and the NationalScience Foundation’s Earth-Life Transitions program, awarded to Planavsky,Reinhard, and Lyons. Theother members of the research team included Xiangli Wang, a postdoctoral fellowat Yale; Thomas Johnson, of the University of Illinois; Danielle Thomson, ofCarleton University; Peter McGoldrick, of the University of Tasmania; andWoodward Fischer, of the California Institute of Technology. 16.The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoicperiod.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 17.Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned 18. The teamwas funded by several research institutes.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 19. Geneticadvancements triggered the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 20. Thesamples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned 21. Thestudy revealed that chromium found in Earth’s continental crust remained stablebefore and after the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 22. TimLyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned更多推荐:更多推荐:。
2015职称英语理工类a级考试真题及答案
2015职称英语理工类a级考试真题及答案The 2015 Professional Title English Level A Exam for the Science and Engineering category is a significant assessment for individuals seeking to advance their careers in these fields. This exam not only tests the candidates' English language proficiency but also evaluates their knowledge and understanding of technical concepts. As a result, it plays a crucial role in determining the qualifications and competencies of professionals in the science and engineering sectors.Preparing for the exam requires diligent study and practice to ensure success. Candidates must familiarize themselves with the format of the exam, whichtypically includes multiple-choice questions, reading comprehension passages, and writing tasks. Additionally, they need to review key vocabulary and grammar rules relevant to the science and engineering domain to enhance their language skills.By dedicating time and effort to preparation, candidates can improve their chances of achieving a satisfactory result in the exam.One of the challenges that candidates may face in the exam is the integration of technical content with English language proficiency. The ability to communicate complex scientific ideas effectively in English requires a high level oflinguistic competence and subject knowledge. Therefore, candidates must strive to develop their language skills in tandem with their understanding of scientific principles to excel in this exam. Practice exercises that combine technical topics with English language practice can be beneficial in overcoming this challenge.In addition to language proficiency and technical knowledge, critical thinking and problem-solving skills are also essential for success in the exam. Candidates may encounter questions that require them to analyze information, draw conclusions, and propose solutions to scientific problems. By honing their critical thinking abilities through practice tests and exercises, candidates can enhance their performance in these challenging aspects of the exam. Furthermore, developingeffective time management strategies is crucial for completing the exam within the allotted timeframe.The 2015 Professional Title English Level A Exam for the Science and Engineering category serves as a benchmark for evaluating the professional capabilities of individuals in these fields. By successfully passing this exam, candidates can demonstrate their proficiency in English communication, technical knowledge, and critical thinking skills. This achievement not only enhances their career prospects but also validates their expertise in the science and engineering domains. As such, the exam plays a vital role in shaping the careers of professionals and promoting excellence in the science and engineering sectors.。
职称英语等级考试理工类A级试题及答案资料答案附后
【经典资料,WORD文档,可编辑修改】
【经典考试资料,答案附后,看后必过,WORD文档,可修改】
2015年职称英语等级考试理工类A级试题及答案
第l部分:词汇选项 (第1~15题,每题1分,共15分)
下面共有15个句子,每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线,请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与画线部分意义最相近的词或短语。
请将答案涂在答题卡相应的
位置上。
1 The dentist has decided to extract her bad tooth.
A take out
B break off
C push in
D dig up
2 The economy continued to exhibit signs of decline in September.
A play
B show
C send
D tell
3 This table is strong and durable.
A long-lasting
B extensive
C far-reaching
D eternal
4 He endured great pain before he finally expired.
A fired
B resigned
C died
D retreated
5 The girl is gazing at herself in the mirror.
A smiling
B laughing
C shouting
D staring。
2015职称英语理工类B级真题(阅读理解)
2015职称英语理工类B级真题(阅读理解) 第四部分:阅读理解第一篇Why Buy Shade-Grown Coffee?When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, they're usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it food for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you concentrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too.Traditionally, coffee bushes were planted under the canopy(树冠)of taller indigenous(土生土长的)trees. However, more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees. At first, this increases production because more coffee bushes can be planted if there aren’t any trees. With increased production come increased profits.Unfortunately, deforesting for coffee production immediately decreaseslocal-wildlife habitat. Native birds nest and hide from predators(捕食者)in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.Furthermore, in the long term, the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are needed to grow the coffee. The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects that eat coffee plant, but then thebirds eat the poisoned insects and also die. The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well, and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink.Fortunately, farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade. We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as "shade grown" and "bird friendly." Sure, these varieties might cost a little more. But we're paying for the health of the birds, the land, ourselves, and the planet. I think it's worth it.31. What is the main idea of this passage?A. Farmers are changing the way they grow coffee.B. Coffee is becoming more expensive to produce.C. Shade-grow coffee is more expensive than sun-grow coffee.D. People should buy shade-grown coffee.32. The function of the word "Traditionally" in Paragraph 2 is to show_____.A. the positive effects of coffee.B. a change of coffee growth.C. something that is the most important.D. how coffee production used to be.33.What does increased production of full-sun coffee bring about?A. More insects.B. Better quality coffee.C. Larger farms.D. Higher profits.34. How do farmers find more land for growing full-sun coffee?A. They buy more land from other farmers.B. They cut down trees.C. They move to another country.D. They turn grassland into farmland.35.The full-sun method may affect the following EXCEPT_____ full sunA. insects.B. air.C. birdsD. humans第二篇More Rural Research is NeededAgricultural research funding is vital if the world is to feed itself better than it does now. Dr. Tony Fischer, crop scientist, said demand was growing at 2.5% per year but with modern technologies and the development of new ones, the world should be able to stay ahead.“The global decline in investment in international agricultural research must be reversed if significant progress is to be made towards reducing malnutrition(营养不良)and poverty.” he said.Research is needed to solve food production, land degradation(贫瘠化)and environmental problems. Secure local food supplies led to economic growth which is turn, slowed population growth. Dr. Fischer painted a picture of the world’s ability to feed itself in the first 25 years, when the world’s population is expected to rise from 5 X to X billion people. He said that things will probably hold or improve but there’ll still be a lot of hungry people. The biggest concentratio n of poor and hungry people would be in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia in 2020, similar to the current pattern. If there is any change, a slight improvement will be seen in southern Asia, but not in sub-Saharan Africa. The major improvement will be in East Asia, South America and South-East Asia.The developing world was investing about 0.5%, or $8 billion a year, of its agricultural gross domestic product(GDP)on research and developed world was spending 2.5% of its GDP. Dr. Fischer said more was needed from all countries.He said crop research could produce technologies that spread across many countries, such as wheat production research having spin-offs(有用的副产品)for Mexico, China or India.“Technologies still need to be refined for the local cond itions but a lot of the strategic research can have global application, so that money can be used very efficiently.” Dr. Fischer said.Yields of rice, wheat ad maize(玉米)havegrown impressively in the past 30 years, especially in developing countries. For example, maize production rose from 2 to 8 tonnes per hectare between 1950 and 1995. But technologies driving this growth such as high-yield varieties, fertilizers, and irrigation, were becoming exhausted. “If you want to save the land for non-agricultural activities, for forests and wildlife, you’re going to have to increase yield.” Dr. Fischer said.36. What is the passage mainly about?A. Shortage of food supplies.B. Development of agricultural technologies.C. Impact of agricultural research.D. Expectation of population growth.37. Which of the following statements is true about the world’s agricultural research funding?A. It is increasing among developed countries.B. It is decreasing worldwide.C. Less is demanded from developing countries.D. Most of it is spent very efficiently.38. What is the picture of Asia’s food supplies in the first 25 years?A. Food shortage will not be a problemB. There will be more hungry people in southern Asia.C. Population growth will result in more hungry people.D. There will be fewer hungry people in East Asia.39. What does Dr. Fischer say about technologies? Dr FischerA. They are costly.B. They have to be improved to meet local needs.C. Their application is limited.D. They have to be applied locally.40. It can be infered from the last paragraph that_____.A. there is a demand for saving land for non-agricultural activities.B. crop production is growing faster in developing countries.C. maize production reached its peak in the 1990s.D. technologies improving maize production have been well developed.第三篇Dangers await babies with altitudeWomen who live in the world's highest communities tend to give birth to under-weight babies, a new study suggests. These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes.Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. But it wasn't clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished — many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down.To find out more, Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of 400 births in Bolivia during 1976 and 1998. The babies were born inboth rich and poor areas of two cities: La Paz and Santa Cruz. L Paz is the highest city in the world, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while Santa Cruz is much lower, at 0.44 kilometers.Sure enough, Giussani found that the average birthweight of babies in La Paz was significantly lower than in Santa Cruz. This was true in both high andlow-income families. Even babies born to poor families in Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz. "We were very surprised by this result," says Giussani.The results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen before birth. "This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child," says Giussani.His team also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies. This is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to rest of the body.Giussani wants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life. People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood, for example. Low birth weight is a risk factor for coronary(冠状的) heart disease. And newborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life.41. What does the new study discover?A. Babies born to wealthy families are heaver.B. Women living at high altitude tend to give birth to underweight babies.C. Newborns in cities are lighter than average.D. Low-altitude babies have a high risk of heart disease in later life.42. Giussani and his team are sure that _____.A. babies born in Lance Paz are on average lighter than in Santa Cruz.B. people living at high altitudes tend to give birth to underweight babies.C. the birth weight of babies born to wealthy families is Santa Cruz.D. mothers in La Paz are commonly under-nourished.43. It can be inferred from what Giussani says in Paragraph 4 that_____.A. the finding was unexpectedB. he was very tired.C. the study took longer than expected.D. he was surprised to find low-income families in La Paz.44. The results of the study indicate the reason for the underweight babies is _____.A. lack of certain nutrition.B. power of their mother.C. different family backgrounds.D. reduction of oxygen levels.45. It can be learned about form the paragraph that_____.A. high-altitude babies tend to have high blood pressure in later life.B. under-weight babies have a shorter life span.C. babies born to poor families lack hormones before birth.D. new born wealthy families have larger heads compared with their bodies. 更多职称英语考试免费资料请访问“新东方在线职称英语频道”。
2015年职称英语理工类B级考试真题及试题答案
下面的短文后列出了7个句子,请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断:如果该句提供的是正确信息,请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息,请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及,请选择C.(第16—22题,每题1分,共7分)ADHD Linked to Air PollutantsChildren have an increased of attention problems,seen as early as grade school.If their noses inhaled(吸入)a certain type of air pollution when they were pregnant.That's the finding of a new study.Released when things aren't burned completely,this pollution is known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,or PAHs.The biggest sources of these PAHs: the burning of fossil fuels,wood and trash.Frederica Perera works at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health is New York City.She researches how exposure to things in the environment affects children's health in a new study,she and her team studied the exposure to air pollution of 233 nonsmoking pregnant women in New York City.Because burning tobacco can spew(排放)PAHs into the air and lungs,Perera's team focused on nonsmokers.The researchers wanted to probe(探查)other sources of PAHs,ones that's would have been hard for an individual to avoid.The team started by testing the blood of each woman during pregnancy.The reason Any PAHs in a woman's blood would also be available to the baby in her womb.Nine years later,the researchers investigated signs of attention problems in those children,now age 9.They asked each child's mother a series of questions.These included whatever her child had problems doing things that needed sustained(长期的)mental effort,such as homework or games with friends.The scientists also asked if the kids had trouble following instructions or made frequent,careless mistakes.All of these can be symptoms of a disorder called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,or ADHD.About one in U.S.children has ADHD.Among the women studied,traffic and home heating were the primary sources of air pollution exposure,Perera and her team suspect.Some of these women had low levels of PAHs in their blood.Ohters had high levels.Those with high levels were five times as likely to have children who showed attention problems by age 9.The new findings were published November 5 in the journal PLOS ONE.16.Perera and her team chose nonsmoking pregnant women all over America.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned参考答案:B17.The main purpose of the research was to find out how exposure to PAHs playeda role in harming the subjects'physical health.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned参考答案:B18.Nonsmoking mothers were selected because the effect of smoking on PAHs was unclear.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned参考答案:B19.The blood of each woman was tested once a month during pregnancy.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned参考答案:C20.Kids with ADHD commonly fail in school.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned参考答案:C21.The women with high levels of PAHs in their blood were more likely to have kids with ADHD.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned参考答案:A22.Traffic and home heating were considered to be the biggest sources of PAHs for the subjects in the research.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned参考答案:A第三部分:概括大意与完成句子下面的短文后有2项测试任务:(1)第23—26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个标题;(2)第27—30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。
2015年职称英语真题:理工A(文字版部分)
2015年职称英语真题:理⼯A(⽂字版部分) 第2部分阅读判断 Lackof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on Earth Scientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn’t flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth’s surface. Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago — but what about thebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen? Well,it seems the air wasn’t so great then, after all. Ina study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and hiscolleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period wereonly 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earth’s atmosphere couldn’thave supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancementswere poised to occur. “There is no questionthat genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise ofanimals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level ofoxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with ChristopherReinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “We’re providing the firstevidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentiallyprevent the rise of animals.” Thescientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancientsediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium isfound in the Earth’s continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directlylinked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere. Specifically,the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near theshore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger localesknown to have higher levels of oxygen. Oxygen’srole in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists.“We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gaveus the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today’sconditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygenwas already plentiful enough to support animal life. Inthe new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highlydynamic” in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes.However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference inthe nature of Earth surface Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals. “If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” saidco-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be agame changer.” Fundingsources for the research included the NASA Exobiology Program and the NationalScience Foundation’s Earth-Life Transitions program, awarded to Planavsky,Reinhard, and Lyons. Theother members of the research team included Xiangli Wang, a postdoctoral fellowat Yale; Thomas Johnson, of the University of Illinois; Danielle Thomson, ofCarleton University; Peter McGoldrick, of the University of Tasmania; andWoodward Fischer, of the California Institute of Technology. 16.The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoicperiod.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 17.Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned 18. The teamwas funded by several research institutes.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 19. Geneticadvancements triggered the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 20. Thesamples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned 21. Thestudy revealed that chromium found in Earth’s continental crust remained stablebefore and after the rise ofanimals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 22. TimLyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 第3部分概括⼤意与完成句⼦ FirstImage-recognition Software 1.Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial 1 ,software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far gre jthan ever before. 2.The new system, which was tested on photos and is now being applied to , Ishows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm (运算法则)or ,ma9e I recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough toimprove large seaie , document searches online. The system uses pixel (像素)data in images and potentia y video — rather than just text — to locatedocuments. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase bystudying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledgegleaned (收集) from those results can then beapplied to other photos without tags or captions making for more accuratedocument search results. 3."Over the last 30 years," says Associate Professor Lorenzo Torresani,a co-author of the study, "the Web has evolved from a small collection ofmostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia dataset,where nearly every page includes multiple pictures or videos. When a personlooks at a Web page, he immediately gets the gist (主旨)of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, all existing popularsearch engines, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained inthe photos and use exclusively the text of Web pages to perform the documentretrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systemsare accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the informationcontained in image pixels to improve document search." 4.The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system — a type ofartificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitlyprogrammed — that extracts semantic (语义的) information from thepixels of photos in Web pages. This information is used to enrich thedescription of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. Theresearchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries (查询)on a database of 50 million Web pages. They selected the text-retheval searchengine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additionalsemantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Webpages. They found that this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision overthe original search engine purely based on text. 23. Paragraph 1 __B__ 24. Paragraph 2 __C__ 25. Paragraph 3 __E__ 26. Paragraph 4 __D__ A.Popularity of the new system B.Publication of the new discovery C.Function of the new system D.Artificial intelligence software created E.Problems of the existing search engines F.Improvement in document retrieval 27. The new system does documentretrieval by __C__. 28. The new system is expected toimprove precision in __B__. 29. When performing documentretrieval the existing search engines ignore __A__ 30. The new system was found moreeffective in document search than the __E__ rmation in images B.current popular search engines ing photos D.machine vision systems E.document search F.description of the HTML page 第4部分阅读理解 Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat,More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems,or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’ta very efficient way to gather heat. That’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it’s also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications. In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, anassociate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from Thin Silicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada. Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon,they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately, thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect. “That means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light— pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains,which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market. However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film siliconin a new type of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact, Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector,they also found that by baking the cell once a day, they boosted the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent. 31. PVTs are not efficient in A. creating electricity. B. cooling silicon solar cells. C. generating heat. D. powering solar thermal collectors. 32. One of the problems PVTs have is that A. their thermala pplications are costly. B. they are too expensive to afford. C. it is hard to fix them on the roof. D. they occupy too much space. 33. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells? A. They are flexible. B. They are less expensive. C. They are electrically efficient. D. They are environment friendly. 34. Thin-film solar panels do not sell well on market because A. they do not work well if exposed to light. B. their advantages are not well-recognized. C. they need improving in appearance. D. they are not advertised. 35 Which of the following statements is true? A. New techniques have been developed to produce thin-film silicon. B Thin-film silicon works efficiently at low temperature. C Thin-film silicon's electrical efficiency improves when heated up. D Anew material enlarging the Staebler-WronsKi effect has been created. 译⽂: 第⼗三篇更有效的太阳能系统:更多热量,更强灯光 太阳能光伏热能系统,也叫PVT,能够⽣成热量和电能。
2015年职称英语理工类A级真题及答案
2015年职称英语理工类A级真题及答案第1部分:词汇选项(第1~15题,每题1分,共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线,请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.A. controlB. observeC. regulateD. accept2. She showed a natural aptitude for the work.A. senseB. talentC. flavorD. taste3. Most people find rejection hard to accept.A. excuseB. clientC. refusalD. destiny4. The organization was bold enough to face the press.A. pleasedB. powerfulC. braveD. sensible5. They were locked in mortal combat.A. deadlyB. openC. actualD. active6. We were attracted by the lure of quick money.A. amountB. supplyC. temptD. sum7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent.A. clearB. necessaryC. specialD. correct8. The Stock Exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling.A. ServiceB. dangerC. disorderD. threat9. He believes that Europe must change or it will perish.A. surviveB. lastC. dieD. move10. There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next build.A. fairB. fullC .coexistingD. public11. They promote assimilation of ethnic groups into the main-stream culture.A. policyB. valueC .equalityD. integration12. A salesman’s cardinal rule is to satisfy customers.A. principalB. officialC. simpleD. legal13. I must compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situation.A. silenceB. praiseC .assureD. complain14. We lived for years in a perpetual state of fearA. emotionalB. nervousC. terribleD. Continuous15. The starving children were a pathetic sight.A. commonB. unexpectedC. unforgettableD. pitiful第2局部:浏览判别(第16~22题,每题l分,共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子,请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断:如果该句提供的是正确息,请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误息,请选择B;如果该句的息文中没有提及,请选择C。
2015年职称英语考试(理工类AB级)阅读判断二
Computer mouseThe basic computer mouse is an amazingly clever invention with a relatively simple design that allows us to point at things on the computer and it is very productive.Think of all the things you can do with a mouse like selecting text for copying and pasting,drawing,and even scrolling on the page with the newer mice with the wheel.Most of us use the computer mouse daily without stopping to think how it works until it gets dirty and we have to learn how to clean it.We learn to point at thing before we learn to speak,so the mouse is a very natural pointing device.Other computer pointing devices include light pens,graphics tablets and touch screen,but the mouse still our workhorse.The computer mouse was invented in1964by Douglas Englehart of Stanford University.As computer screens became popular and arrow keys were used to more around a body of text, it became clear that a pointing device that allowed easier motion through the text and even selection of text would be very useful.The introduction of the mouse,with the Apple Lisa computer in1983,really started the computer public on the road to relying on the mouse for routine computer tasks.How does the mouse work?We have to start at the bottom,so think upside down for now.It all starts with mouse ball. As the mouse ball in the bottom of the mouse rolls over the mouse pad,it presses against and turns two shafts.The shafts are connected to wheels with several small holes in them.The wheels have a pair of small electronic light-emitting devices called light emitting diodes(LED)mounted on either side.One LED sends a light beam to the LED on the other side.As the wheels spin and a hole rotates by,the light beam gets through to the LED on the other side.But a moment later the light beam is blocked until the next hole is in place.The LED detects a changing pattern of light,converts the pattern into an electronic signal,and sends the signal to the computer through wires in a cable that goes out the mouse body.This cable is the tail that helps give the mouse its name.The computer interprets the signal to tell it where to position the cursor on the computer screen.So far we have only discussed the basic computer mouse that most of you probably have or have used.One problem with this design is that the mouse gets dirty as the ball rolls over the surface and picks up the dirt.Eventually you have to clean your mouse.The newer optical mice avoid this problem by having no moving parts.1.Most computer users want to know how the computer mouse works.A.rightB.wrongC.not mentioned2.According to the author,general computer users need not know how the computer mouse was invented.A.rightB.wrongC.not mentioned4.Whistles could also be used to communicate between adult dolphins and baby dolphins.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned5.Sperm whales can produce stronger ultrasonic waves to kill their prey than dolphins.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned6.As early as the6th century,Irish fishermen started raising dolphins in the Shannon estuary.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned7.Irish dolphins attract tourists and over25,000people come to see them every year.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned答案与解析:1.分析文章标题:Irish(爱尔兰的)Dolphins(海豚)may have a unique(独特的)dialect(语言,方言)2.直接解题:1.The difference in(在...方面的差异)eating(饮食的) habits(习惯)between(在...之间)the bottle-nose dolphins(宽吻海豚)and the sperm whales(巨头鲸)interested(使...感兴趣)the SDWF(香农海豚与野生动物基金会)scientists(科学家).A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned。
职称英语等级考试理工类A级试题及答案17p
D accept
6 We can no longerput up withhis actions
A bear
B accept
C support
D oppose
7 Loud noises can beirritating.
A confusing??
B interesting
C stimulating
A abuse
B flavor
C temptation
D consumption
14 These programmes are of immense value to old people·
A natural
B fatal
C tiny
D enormous
15 A great deal has been done to remedy the situation
D annoying
8 That player iseternallyarguing with the referee
A desperately
C eventually
B constantly
D extensively
9 The governor gave a rathervagueoutline of his tax plan.
neighbouring countries including Malaysia.Singapore and Thailand
When the smoke combined with pollution from factories and cars.it soon became poisonous
? The smog made it impossible to see across streets and whole cities disappeared as grey soot
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Irish Dolphins may have a unique dialectIrish scientists monitoring dolphins living in a river estuary in the southwest of the country believe they may have developed a unique dialect to communicate with each other.The Shannon Dolphin and Wildlife Foundation(SDWF)1has been studying a group of up to120bottle-nose dolphins in the River Shannon2using vocalisations collected on a computer in a cow shed3near the River Shannon.As part of a research project,student Ronan Hickey digitised and analysed a total of1,882whistles from the Irish dolphins and those4from the Welsh dolphins on a computer and separated them into six fundamental whistle types and32 different categories5.Of the categories,he found most6were used by both sets of dolphins7--but eight were only heard from the Irish dolphins."We are building up a catalogue of the different whistle types they use and trying to associate them with behaviour like foraging,resting,socialising and the communications of groups with calves,"project leader Simon Berrow said. "Essentially we are building up what is like a dictionary of words they use or sounds they make."Berrow,a marine biologist,said the dolphins'clicks areused to find their way around and locate prey.The whistles are communications."They do a whole range of other sounds like barks,groans and a kind of gunshot,"he said."The gunshot is an intense pulse of sound.Sperm whales use it to stun their prey."When I first heard it I was surprised as I thought sperm whales were the only species who used it.We can speculate the dolphins are using it for the same reason as the sperm whales," Berrow said.References8in local legend indicate there have been dolphins in the Shannon estuary for generations and they may even have been resident there as far back as the6th century9.They are regularly seen by passengers on the Shannon ferry and an estimated25,000tourists every year take special sightseeing tours on local boats to visit them.词汇:Irish adj.爱尔兰的socialise v.社交,交往dolphin n.海豚bottle-nose dolphin宽吻海豚sperm whale巨头鲸click n.咔哒声,喀嚓声estuary n.河口,江口vocalisation n.发声shed n.小屋,棚digitalise v.使数字化whistle n.啸声forage v.搜寻(食物)prey n.被捕食的动物gunshot n.射击声groan n.呻吟,叹息pulse n.脉冲stun v.击昏注释:1.The Shannon Dolphin and Wildlife Foundation(SDWF):香农海豚与野生生物基金会。
2.the Shannon River:香农河[位于爱尔兰共和国的中西部]3.cow shed:牛棚4.those指代前半句的whistles。
5.Ronan Hickey…separated them into six fundamental whistle types and32different categories:Ronan Hickey将啸声划分为6大类32种6.most=most categories7.both sets of dolphins是指the Irish dolphins和the Welsh dolphins。
8.References in local legend::当地传说中的有关说法9.they may even have been resident there as far back asthe6th century:海豚可能早在公元6世纪就在香农河河口繁衍生息,resident是形容词,意思是“居住的”。
练习:1.The difference in eating habits between the bottle-nose dolphins and the sperm whales interested the SDWF scientists.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned2.Ronan Hickey analyzed almost2000different dialects of the bottle-nose dolphins.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned3.Of the32categories,eight were produced only by the Irish dolphins.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned4.Whistles could also be used to communicate between adult dolphins and baby dolphins.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned5.Sperm whales can produce stronger ultrasonic waves to kill their prey than dolphins.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned6.As early as the6th century,Irish fishermen started raising dolphins in the Shannon estuary.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned7.Irish dolphins attract tourists and over25,000peoplecome to see them every year.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned答案与解析:1.分析文章标题:Irish(爱尔兰的)Dolphins(海豚)may have a unique(独特的)dialect(语言,方言)2.直接解题:1.The difference in(在...方面的差异)eating(饮食的) habits(习惯)between(在...之间)the bottle-nose dolphins(宽吻海豚)and the sperm whales(巨头鲸)interested(使...感兴趣)the SDWF(香农海豚与野生动物基金会)scientists(科学家).A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentionedComputer mouseThe basic computer mouse is an amazingly clever invention with a relatively simple design that allows us to point at things on the computer and it is very productive.Think of all the things you can do with a mouse like selecting text for copying and pasting,drawing,and even scrolling on the page with the newer mice with the wheel.Most of us use the computer mouse daily without stopping to think how it works until it gets dirty and we have to learn how to clean it.We learn to point at thing before we learn to speak,so the mouse is a very natural pointing device.Other computer pointing devices include lightpens,graphics tablets and touch screen,but the mouse still our workhorse.The computer mouse was invented in1964by Douglas Englehart of Stanford University.As computer screens became popular and arrow keys were used to more around a body of text, it became clear that a pointing device that allowed easier motion through the text and even selection of text would be very useful.The introduction of the mouse,with the Apple Lisa computer in1983,really started the computer public on the road to relying on the mouse for routine computer tasks.How does the mouse work?We have to start at the bottom, so think upside down for now.It all starts with mouse ball. As the mouse ball in the bottom of the mouse rolls over the mouse pad,it presses against and turns two shafts.The shafts are connected to wheels with several small holes in them.The wheels have a pair of small electronic light-emitting devices called light emitting diodes(LED)mounted on either side.One LED sends a light beam to the LED on the other side.As the wheels spin and a hole rotates by,the light beam gets through to the LED on the other side.But a moment later the light beam is blocked until the next hole is in place.The LED detects a changing pattern of light,converts the pattern into anelectronic signal,and sends the signal to the computer through wires in a cable that goes out the mouse body.This cable is the tail that helps give the mouse its name.The computer interprets the signal to tell it where to position the cursor on the computer screen.So far we have only discussed the basic computer mouse that most of you probably have or have used.One problem with this design is that the mouse gets dirty as the ball rolls over the surface and picks up the dirt.Eventually you have to clean your mouse.The newer optical mice avoid this problem by having no moving parts.1.Most computer users want to know how the computer mouse works.A.rightB.wrongC.not mentioned2.According to the author,general computer users need not know how the computer mouse was invented.A.rightB.wrongC.not mentioned4.Whistles could also be used to communicate between adult dolphins and baby dolphins.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned5.Sperm whales can produce stronger ultrasonic waves to kill their prey than dolphins.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned6.As early as the6th century,Irish fishermen started raising dolphins in the Shannon estuary.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned7.Irish dolphins attract tourists and over25,000people come to see them every year.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned答案与解析:1.分析文章标题:Irish(爱尔兰的)Dolphins(海豚)may have a unique(独特的)dialect(语言,方言)2.直接解题:1.The difference in(在...方面的差异)eating(饮食的) habits(习惯)between(在...之间)the bottle-nose dolphins(宽吻海豚)and the sperm whales(巨头鲸)interested(使...感兴趣)the SDWF(香农海豚与野生动物基金会)scientists(科学家).A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentionedThe Northern LightsThe sun is stormy and has it own kind of weather.It is so hot and active that even the Sun’s gravity cannot hold its atmosphere in check!Energy flows away from the Sun toward the Earth in a stream of electrified particles that move at speeds around a million miles per hour.These particles are calledplasma,and the stream of plasma coming from the Sun is called the solar wind.The more active the Sun,the stronger the solar wind.The solar wind constantly streams toward the Earth,but don’t worry because a protective magnetic fields surrounds our planet.The same magnetic field that makes your compass point north also steers the particles from the Sun to the north and south poles.The charged particles become trapped in magnetic belts around the Earth.When a large blast of solar wind crashes into the Earth’s magnetic field first gets squeezed and then the magnetic field lines break and reconnect.The breaking and reconnecting of the magnetic field lines can cause atomic particles called electrons trapped in the belts to fall into the Earth’s atmosphere at the poles.As the electrons fall into the Earth,they collide with gas molecules in the atmosphere,creating flashes of light in the sky.Each atmospheric gas glows a different color.Oxygen and nitrogen glows red and green and nitrogen glows violet-purple.As these various colors glow and dance in the night sky,they create the Northern Lights and the Southern Lights.Watching auroras is fun and exciting,but normally you can only see them in places far north like Alaska and Canada.Themovement of the aurora across the sky is usually slow enough to easily follow with your eyes but they can also pulsate, flicker,or even move like waves.During solar maximum,auroras are seen as far south as Florida,even Mexico!Auroras often seem to be very close to the ground,but the lowest aurora is still about100kilometers above the ground, a distance much higher than clouds are formed or airplanes can fly.A typical aurora band can be thousands of kilometers long, a few hundred kilometers high,but only a few hundred meters thick.We hope you are able to travel to far-north places like the Arctic Circle and see the Northern Lights at least once during your lifetime.We know you will never forget it!1.The Sun’s gravity is too weak to keep its plasma from flowing to the Earth.A.rightB.wrongC.not mentioned2.The Earth is quite safe with a magnetic field surrounding it to protect it from the attack by the solar wind.A.rightB.wrongC.not mentioned3.Some scientists are worrying about the possible disappearance of the Earth’s protective magnetic field in the future.A.rightB.wrongC.not mentioned4.The auroras are formed when the electrons falling into the Earth’s atmosphere at the poles and colliding with gas molecules in the atmosphere.A.rightB.wrongC.not mentioned5.You cannot see the Northern Lights unless you are in Alaska or Canada.A.rightB.wrongC.not mentioned6.Tens of thousands of tourists take special trips to Norway and Sweden every year to watch the Northern Lights.A.rightB.wrongC.not mentioned7.An aurora is generally close to the ground and is very long and thick.A.rightB.wrongC.not mentionedComputer MouseThe basic computer mouse is an amazingly clever invention with a relatively simple design that allows us to point at things on the computer and it is very productive.Think of all the things you can do with a mouse like selecting text for copying and pasting1,drawing,and even scrolling on the page with the newer mice with the wheel.Most of us use the computer mouse daily without stopping to think2how it works until itgets dirty and we have to learn how to clean it.We learn to point at things before we learn to speak,so the mouse is a very natural pointing device.Other computer pointing devices include light pens,graphics tablets and touch screens,but the mouse is still our workhorse.3The computer mouse was invented in1964by Douglas Englehart of Stanford University.As computer screens became more popular and arrow keys were used to move around a body of text,it became clear that a pointing device that allowed easier motion through the text and even selection of text would be very useful.The introduction of the mouse,with the Apple Lisa computer in1983,really started the computer public on the road to relying on the mouse for routine computer tasks.How does the mouse work?We have to start at the bottom,so think upside down for now.It all starts with the mouse ball.As the mouse ball in the bottom of the mouse rolls over the mouse pad,it presses against and turns two shafts.The shafts are conneected to wheelswith several small holes in them.The wheels have a pair of small electronic light-emitting devices called light-emitting diodes(LED)mounted on either side4.One LED sends a light beam to the LED on the other side.As the wheels spin and a holerotates by,the light beam gets through to the LED on the other side.But a moment later the light beam is blocked until the next hole is in place.The LED detects a changing pattern of light,converts the pattern into an electronic signal,and sends the signal to the computer through wires in a cable that goes out the mouse body.This cable is the tail that helps give the mouse its name.The computer interprets the signal to tell it where to position the cursor on the computer screen.So far we have only discussed the basic computer mouse that most of you probably have or have used.5One problem with this design is that the mouse gets dirty as the ball rolls over the surface and picks up dirt.Eventually you have to clean your mouse.The newer optical mice avoid this problem by having no moving parts.词汇:scroll/skrEul/v.(在显示屏上)上下移动文本pad/pAd/n.垫板mouse pad鼠标垫板graphics/5^rAfiks/n.图形,图表tablet/5tAblit/n.书写板graphics tablet图形书写板workhorse/5w\:khC:s/n.重负荷丁作部件shaft/FB:ft/n.轴,杆状物emit/i5mit/v.射出diode/5daiEud/n.二极管cursor/5kE:sE/n.光标optical/5CptikEl/adj.光学的注释:1.copying and pasting:复制和粘贴2.without stopping to think:没有停下来想一下。