1. Cross-cultural Communication

Definition 2
“Culture is a set of learned core values, beliefs, norms, knowledge, laws, and behaviors shared by individuals and societies that determine how an individual acts, feels, and views oneself and other. A society’s culture is passed from generation to generation, and aspects such as language, religion, customs and laws are interrelated---that is, a society’s view of authority, morals and ethics will eventually manifest manifest itself in how an individual does business, negotiates a contract or deals with a potential business relationship.”
Definition 3
“We defined the culture as the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, norms, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, role, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.”
Mores(道德观念)
Mores are concepts, which designate those norms that if violated, result in extreme punishment. The term comes from the Latin mos (customs), and although mores are fewer in number than folkways, they are more coercive（强制）. Negative mores are taboos, usually supported by religious or philosophical sanctions. Whereas folkways guide human conduct in the more mundane（世俗） areas of life, mores tend to control those aspects connected with sex, the family, or religion.
Cross-cultural communication
Cross-cultural communication
Cross-cultural communication
Understanding to Culture
What is the meaning of culture?
Four definition of culture Find common keywords from 2-4 definitions
Definition
Cross-cultural communication (also referred to as intercultural communication) is a field of study that looks at how people from different cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavor to communicate across cultures.
The foundation of culture: norms
Norms are Social rules and guidelines that prescribe and rule appropriate behavior in special situations. Classification: folkways and mores
Cross-cultural communication
Put him to sleep
Cross-cultural communication
Doctor: What’s the matter with you? Patient: My nose is running and my feet so bad. You seem to be built upside down.
Folkways（习俗）
Folkways are social conventions including appropriate dress, social etiquette, table manners etc. Examples: Similarities: greeting a visitor, greeting on the street, handshake, Differences: Making tea Tour Having dinner
Definition 1
Culture is “the software of the mind”, that is the social programming that runs the way we think, act and perceive ourselves and other. In other words, your brain is simply that hardware that runs the cultural programming. The implication is that culture is not innate.
Chapter I An Introduction to Cross-cultural Communication
Outline: Why do we learn this course? Definition Culture Communication Cross-cultural Communication
Classification of personal values
• Theoretical pattern: be critical of everything and • • •
reasonable Economic pattern: emphasizing on effectiveness and usefulness Aesthetical pattern: focusing on appearances and harmony Social pattern: concentrating on communication and loving of people Political pattern: caring about personal influence and master of power Religious pattern: thinking about experience and the whole world
The foundation of culture: values
Personal value are your attitude toward the people, the subjects and the matters around you, they are the set of principles you live by and continually develop as you live your life. Knowing what your values are important because they will guide you in all your decisions. In a certain period of time, personal values are rather stable, and with time passing, especially the changing of your positions and age, values will also be changed. Personal values derive from both heritage (40%) and the environment (60%).
Definition 4
Culture is an iceberg, the first part (10%) is the way of doing, it is explicit, the second and third part (90%) is the way of thinking, it is tacit (include consciousness and sub-consciousness, super-ego, ego, id,)
Value problems in business
Since 1970s, there are a lot of business ethical problems, for example, corporate fraud, money laundry, business of lying, cheating, and stealing, etc. One of the reasons experts believe is a lot of people believe in Satre’s Existentialism and Dewey’s pragmatics.
The foundation of Culture: values and norm
Value include cultural value and personal value
Cultural value refers that groups, societies, or cultures have values that are largely shared by their members. The values identify those objects, conditions or characteristics that members of the society consider important; that is, valuable.
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Personal value is also reflected on the stages of needs from Abraham Maslow
Higher personal values
honesty, integrity, commitment to truth, gratitude, concern for others, maximum utilization of resources, continuous improvement, openness, tolerance, organization, systemization, service to the community, etc