Physics 25 Inductance

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物理专业英语词汇

物理专业英语词汇摘要：物理学是一门研究自然界最基本的规律和现象的科学，它涉及到许多专业的英语词汇。

本文根据物理学的不同分支，整理了一些常用的物理专业英语词汇，并用表格的形式展示了它们的中英文对照。

本文旨在帮助物理专业的学习者和爱好者掌握一些基本的物理术语，以便于阅读和交流。

1. 基础物理词汇基础物理词汇是指一些在物理学中普遍使用的概念和量，它们是物理学的基本语言。

以下是一些基础物理词汇的中英文对照表：中文英文物理physics物质matter能量energy力force重力gravity摩擦力friction拉力traction质量mass惯性inertia加速度acceleration力矩torque静止at rest相对relative动能kinetic energy势能potential energy功work动量momentum角动量angular momentum能量守恒energy conservation保守力conserved force振动vibration振幅amplitude波wave驻波standing wave震荡oscillation相干波coherent wave干涉interference衍射diffraction轨道orbit速度velocity速率speed大小magnitude方向direction水平horizontal竖直vertical相互垂直perpendicular坐标coordinate直角坐标系Cartesian coordinate system极坐标系polar coordinate system2. 电学和磁学词汇电学和磁学是研究电荷、电流、电场、磁场等现象和规律的物理学分支，它们与光学、热学、原子物理等有着密切的联系。

以下是一些电学和磁学词汇的中英文对照表：中文英文电子electron电荷charge电流current电场electric field电通量electric flux电势electric potential导体conductor电介质dielectric绝缘体insulator电阻resistor电阻率resistivity电容capacitor3. 物理专业英语词汇物理专业英语词汇是指在物理学的学习和研究中经常使用的一些专业术语，它们涵盖了物理学的各个分支和领域，如力学、电磁学、光学、热学、量子力学等。

ARTISAN TECHNOLOGY GROUP 商业说明书

OverviewThe National Instruments Educational Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Suite (NI ELVIS) is a LabVIEW-based design and prototyping environment or university science and engineering laboratories.NI ELVIS consists o f LabVIEW-based virtual instruments,a multifunction data acquisition device and a custom-designed benchtop workstation and prototyping board.This combination provides a ready-to-use suite of instruments found in all educational laboratories.Because it is based on LabVIEW and provides complete data acquisition and prototyping capabilities,the system is ideal for academic coursework from lower-division classes to advanced project-based curriculum.Applications•Circuit design and analysis for learning analog and digital electronics•Measurements in mechanical,electrical,biomedical, and physics laboratories•Teaching data acquisition and signal conditioning •Live demonstration of concepts in a lecture hall •Communications and control applications for Electrical and Mechanical Engineering•Hands-on LabVIEW trainingIntegrated Tools for University Laboratories•Offers integrated,multi-instrument functionality •Combines instrumentation,data acquisition and prototyping station •Virtual Instrument Suite •Oscilloscope,DMM,FunctionGenerator,Variable PowerSupply,Bode Analyzer,ArbitraryWaveform Generator,DSA,Voltage/Current Analyzer •LabVIEW source code provided •Completely open and customizable in the LabVIEW environment •Data storage in Excel or HTML Workstation•Short-circuit andhigh-voltage protection •Variable power supplies •Manual or programmatic control •Function generator•Manual or programmatic control •±15 and +5 V supply available •BNC inputs for DMM and scope •Detachable,customizable prototyping board•Affordable for student ownership •Designed to fit in a2 or 3-ring binderNI Educational Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Suite (NI ELVIS)LabVIEW VIs• Oscilloscope• DMM• Function Generator • Arbitrary WaveformGenerator• Bode Analyzer• Dynamic Signal Analyzer • Power SupplyInstrumentationCircuit DesignSignal ProcessingCommunicationControlsMechatronics Prototyping Board WorkstationLabVIEW ApplicationNI Data Acquisition BoardCurriculum ApplicationsNI Educational Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Suite (NI ELVIS)AnalyzersOscilloscopeTwo channelsData storage, cursors, auto scalingMax input bandwidth.......................................50 kHz 1Max sampling rate...........................................500 kHz / channel 1Range................................................................±10 VInput resolution................................................12 or 16 bits1Specification depends on Data Acquisition device functionality.Bode AnalyzerFrequency and phase plotsFrequency range and step controlLogarithmic or linear frequency spacing Data storage, cursors, auto scalingFrequency range............................................... 5 Hz to 35 kHz 11Specification depends on Data Acquisition device functionality.Dynamic Signal AnalyzerInput range.......................................................±10 VInput resolution................................................12 or 16 bitsImpedance AnalyzerMeasurement frequency range........................ 5 Hz to 35 kHz2-Wire Current Voltage AnalyzerVoltage range...................................................±10 V Current range...................................................±10 mA3-Wire Current Voltage AnalyzerNPN BJT transistor onlyData storage, cursors, auto scalingMaximum Collector Voltage.............................10 V Minimum base increment................................15 µADigital MultimeterResistanceAccuracy...........................................................1%Range................................................................ 5 Ωto 3 M ΩDC VoltageAccuracy...........................................................0.3%Range................................................................±20 V Input impedance...............................................1M ΩAC VoltageAccuracy...........................................................0.3%Range................................................................±14 V mrsCurrentDC accuracy......................................................0.25% ±3 mA 1AC accuracy......................................................0.25% ±3 mA 1Range................................................................±250 mA Shunt resistance..............................................0.5 ΩMaximum common mode voltage....................±20 V Common mode rejection..................................70 dB1Proper null correction at the common mode voltage can reduce ±3 mA error to 200 µA noise.CapacitanceAccuracy...........................................................2%Range................................................................50 pF to 500 µF Test voltage range............................................1V ppContinuityResistance threshold........................................15 ΩmaxInductanceAccuracy...........................................................1%Range................................................................100 µH to 100 mH Test frequency..................................................950 Hz Test frequency voltage.....................................1 V ppDigital I/ODigital input resolution....................................8 bits Digital output resolution..................................8 bits Digital addressing............................................ 4 bitsSourceFunction GeneratorManual or software controlSine, triangle, square waveforms Frequency sweep TTL sync pulse out AM, FM modulationFrequency range............................................... 5 Hz to 250 kHz Frequency accuracy..........................................3%Output amplitude.............................................±2.5 V Software amplitude resolution........................8 bits Offset range.....................................................±5 V AM voltage.......................................................10 V max Amplitude modulation......................................Up to 100%FM Voltage.......................................................10 V max Amplitude flatnessTo 50 kHz...................................................0.5 dB To 250 kHz.................................................3 dBArbitrary Waveform GeneratorTwo channelsOne-shot or continuous generation Waveform editorAmplitude.........................................................±10 VFrequency range...............................................DC to 100 kHz 1Output drive current.........................................25 mA max Output impedance.. (1)Slew rate..........................................................1.5 V/µs1Specification depends on Data Acquisition device functionality.Power Supplies±15 V SupplyOutput current...........................................Fused at 500 mA Ripple and noise........................................1%Line regulation...........................................0.5% max 5 V SupplyOutput current...........................................Fused at 2 A Ripple and noise........................................1%Line regulation...........................................0.5% maxVariable power supplies 0 to +12 V and -12 VRipple and noise........................................0.25% Software resolution...................................7 bitsCurrent limiting..........................................0.5 V at 130 mA, 5 V at 275 mA, 12 V at 450 mASpecificationsIntegrated Tools for University Laboratories2National Instruments •Tel: (800) 433-3488•***********•For Desktop ComputersNI ELVIS/PCI-6251 Bundle ........................................778748-02Qty 1-4:$1995 each Qty 5+:$1495 each For Laptop ComputersNI ELVIS/DAQCard-6062E Bundle ............................779064-01Qty 1-4:$2260 each Qty 5+:$1695 eachIncludes NI ELVIS workstation,DAQ device,cable,and LabVIEW drivers.For individual unit pricing please visit /academic .BUY NOW!For complete product specifications,pricing,and accessoryinformation,call (800) 813-3693 (U.S.only) or go to /academic .Ordering InformationNI Services and Supportapplication lif e cycle – f rom planningand development through deploymentand ongoing maintenance.We of erservices and service levels to meetcustomer requirements in research,design,validation,and manuVisit /services.Training and CertificationNI training is the fastest,most certain route to productivity with our products.NI training can shorten your learning curve,save development time,and reduce maintenance costs over the application lif e cycle.We schedule instructor-led courses in cities worldwide,or we can hold a course at your facility.We also offer a prof essional certif ication program that identif ies individuals who have high levels of skill and knowledge on using NI products. 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《电气工程及其自动化》专业英语夹带

【词汇】电阻resistance；电流current；电压voltage；电容capacitance；电感inductance；电感特性exhibit inductance;频率frequency;波形waveform;绝缘体insulator；导体conductor；阻值resist；能力，性能capability；耗散dissipate；容纳accommodate；电容器capacitor；电容capacitance；电感器inductor；共振，谐振resonate；发射器emitter；整流器rectifier；波长wavelength；原子atom；质子proton；电荷，负荷charge；吸引attraction；排斥repulsion；交流发电机alternator；发电机generator；势的，位的potential终端terminal；极性polarity；正弦sine；正弦波sinewave；；周期cycle；三相threephase；偏移量offset；；电枢armature；磁场magnetic field；顶点peak；峰值peakvalue；电路ciruit；负荷，负载load；开关，电闸，转换switch；示意性的schematic；计算，考虑calculate；分子numerator；转化的invert；支流branch；混合物compound；相等的equivalent；方法method；刷新redraw；二极管diode；晶体管transistor；半导体semiconductor；制作fabricate;晶体crystal；结合物bond；四面体tetrahedron；本质的intrinsic；杂物，混杂物impurity；中等的moderate；极性polarity；交感interaction；损耗depletion；相反reverse；真空vacuum；泄漏leakage；数字的numerical；十进制decimal；阿拉伯数字digit；权重weight；幂power；二进制binary；位bit；乘multiply；余数remainder；综合integration；双极的bipolar；变极器inverter；便携式电脑laptop；描述depict；瞬间的momentary；逻辑门gate；图表的diagrammatic；方向，方位orientation；芯片chip；多路器multiplexer；定理theorem；搅拌机mixer；向量vector；摩擦力friction；扭矩torque；乘积product；半径，范围radius；杠杆lever；旋转revolution；惯性inertia；补偿compensate；功work;【短语】工业总线industrial bus;电压差voltage difference; 电压降voltage drop;串联电路series circuit; 并联电路parallel circuit; ;换向开关inverter switch；开关输入量discrete input; 正电荷positive charge；负电荷negative charge; 正向positive direction；负向negative direction；反向opposite direction；三相three-phase；磁场magnetic field;交流变量alternating current component;超时over time; 电场electric field; 峰值peak value；三角函数trigonometric function；均方根root-mean-square;等值电路equal value resistors;复合电路compound circuits; 数字转换conversion of number; 可编程控制器programmable controller；电能electrical energy；机械能mechanical energy；惯性定律law of inertia;电枢磁场armature field;右手法则right-hand rule;采样间隔sampling interval;模拟信号analog signal;数字信号digital signal;模拟量输入analog input；接近开关proximity switch;有功功率active power;放大区amplifier region;异步电动机asynchronous machine;开关量输出discrete output;三相交流电three-phase;有源滤波器active filter；在—之间between and；另一方面on the other hand；利用take advantage of；包围close in；由---组成be formed by；考虑take into account；支路by-pass；中性状态neutral state；挤出去force out；自由电子free electron；电流current flow；图示graphic representation；正弦波sine wave；；；与—有关be referable to；；最小公倍数lowest common multiple；复合电路compound circuits；并联分支parallel branch;物理类型physics types；碳族carbon family；三维的3-dimensional；外层电子outer electron；元素周期表periodic table；PN结PNjunction；N区Nregion；数字系统number system；数字值numerical value；十进制系统decimal system；二进制系统binary system；指轮开关thumb wheel switch；；超大规模集成电路very large scale integration；；真值表truth table；牵引电阻pull-up resistor；；米每秒meters per second；角速度angular speed；外力external force；转动惯量moment of inertia；蒸汽机steam engine；绕—而走walk around；欧姆定律Ohm’s law;色条代码color chart codes；国家军用规格和标准National Military specification and standard;检查和维修inspection maintenance;保修条款;limited warranty policy;原子中性状态neutral state of an atom;电中性electrically neutral;交流正弦波ACsine wave;三相交流电three-phase AC power;瞬时电压instantaneons voltage;有效值effective value;简单电路simple electric circuit;数字电路digital circuit elememts;人工布线manual routing;自动布线auto routing;静力net force；线速度linear speed;角速度angular speed;加速度acceleration;【缩写】DC(Direct Current)直流电；BCD(Binary-Coded Decimal)二进制编码的十进制；CMOS(comliementary metal oxide semiconduct)互补金属氧化物半导体；AC(Alternating Current)交流电；RPM(revolutions per minute)转/分；RF(Radio Frequency)射频，无线电频率；BCD(Binary Coded Decimal)二进制编码的十进制；CEMF（CounterElectroMotiveForce）反电动势；PID（proportional integral differential）比例积分微分；PLC （programmable logic controller）可编程逻辑控制器；ADC（analog to digital converter）·模拟/数字转换器；【翻译】1.Resistors are used to control voltagesand currents:电阻器被用于控制电压与电流2.Resistors are components that have a predetermined resistance.Resistance determines how much current will flow through a component.电阻器是预先设定好的元件。

英语物理知识点总结

英语物理知识点总结1. Classical MechanicsClassical mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the motion of objects and the forces that cause this motion. It is often divided into two main subfields: statics, which deals with the equilibrium of objects at rest, and dynamics, which deals with the motion of objects and the forces that cause this motion.One of the most famous equations in classical mechanics is Newton's second law of motion, which states that the force acting on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration. This simple equation has profound implications and forms the foundation of classical mechanics.Other important concepts in classical mechanics include work and energy, momentum, and angular momentum. These concepts help us understand the behavior of objects in motion and are essential for many practical applications, such as engineering and transportation.2. ThermodynamicsThermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat, work, and energy. It is a fundamental concept in many areas of science and engineering, including chemistry, biology, and materials science.One of the key principles of thermodynamics is the conservation of energy, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. This principle underlies many of the laws and equations of thermodynamics and plays a crucial role in our understanding of the natural world.Another important concept in thermodynamics is entropy, which is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system. The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of any isolated system will always increase over time, leading to the concept of the arrow of time and the irreversibility of certain processes.3. ElectromagnetismElectromagnetism is the branch of physics that deals with the relationship between electricity and magnetism. It is one of the four fundamental forces of nature and plays a crucial role in many everyday phenomena, such as the behavior of electrical circuits, the generation of light and other electromagnetic waves, and the behavior of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields.One of the key equations in electromagnetism is Maxwell's equations, which describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and how they interact with each other. These equations form the foundation of classical electromagnetism and have profound implications for our understanding of the behavior of light and other electromagnetic waves.Other important concepts in electromagnetism include electric potential, capacitance, inductance, and the behavior of electric and magnetic fields in matter. These concepts are essential for understanding the behavior of electrical circuits, the generation of electric power, and many other practical applications.4. Quantum MechanicsQuantum mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of matter and energy at very small scales, such as the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is a fundamental theory that has revolutionized our understanding of the universe and has led to many technological advancements, such as the development of semiconductors and the theory of quantum computing.One of the key principles of quantum mechanics is the wave-particle duality, which states that matter and energy can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like behavior. This principle underlies many of the phenomena observed at the quantum scale and has profound implications for our understanding of the natural world.Another important concept in quantum mechanics is the uncertainty principle, which states that certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, cannot be simultaneously measured with arbitrary precision. This principle has important implications for our understanding of the behavior of quantum systems and the limitations of measurement in the quantum world.5. RelativityRelativity is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of matter and energy at very large scales, such as the scale of stars, galaxies, and the universe at large. It is a fundamental theory that has revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos and has led to many important discoveries, such as the prediction of black holes and the expansion of the universe.One of the key principles of relativity is the principle of the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass, which states that the gravitational force experienced by an object is equivalent to the inertial force experienced by the object in an accelerating frame of reference. This principle forms the foundation of general relativity and has profound implications for our understanding of the behavior of matter and energy in the presence of gravitational fields.Another important concept in relativity is the speed of light as a fundamental constant, which plays a crucial role in many of the phenomena observed at very large scales, such as the redshift of light from distant galaxies and the bending of light by gravitational fields.In conclusion, physics is a vast and complex field of study that encompasses many key concepts and topics. From classical mechanics to relativity, from thermodynamics to quantum mechanics, the foundational principles of physics have revolutionized ourunderstanding of the natural world and the universe at large. By studying these key concepts and topics, we gain valuable insights into the behavior of matter and energy and the fundamental principles that govern the cosmos. Physics is not only a fundamental science, but also a source of inspiration for many technological advancements that have transformed our world.。

国际物理竞赛英语词汇

国际物理竞赛英语词汇1. Physics - 物理学。

2. Mechanics - 力学。

3. Electricity - 电学。

4. Magnetism - 磁学。

5. Optics - 光学。

6. Thermodynamics - 热力学。

7. Atomic physics - 原子物理学。

8. Quantum mechanics - 量子力学。

9. Nuclear physics - 核物理学。

10. Astrophysics - 天体物理学。

11. Kinematics - 运动学。

12. Dynamics - 动力学。

13. Velocity - 速度。

14. Acceleration - 加速度。

15. Work - 功。

16. Energy - 能量。

17. Force - 力。

18. Gravitational force - 重力。

19. Electric field - 电场。

20. Magnetic field - 磁场。

21. Resistance - 电阻。

22. Capacitance - 电容。

23. Inductance - 电感。

24. Frequency - 频率。

25. Amplitude - 振幅。

26. Reflection - 反射。

27. Refraction - 折射。

28. Diffraction - 衍射。

29. Interference - 干涉。

30. Doppler effect - 多普勒效应。

31. Law of conservation of energy - 能量守恒定律。

32. Newton's laws of motion - 牛顿运动定律。

33. Coulomb's law - 库仑定律。

34. Ohm's law - 欧姆定律。

35. Faraday's law - 法拉第定律。

36. Kirchhoff's laws - 基尔霍夫定律。

电磁感应定律(双语)

When the induced electromotive force is generated in the coil, there is an electric field to push the charges to move in the coil, and this induced electric field is denoted as E.
The law of electromagnetic induction is one of basic laws for time-varying electromagnetic fields, and it is also one of Maxwell’s equations.
2. Inductances
1. Law of Electromagnetic Induction
From physics we know that when the magnetic flux through a
closed coil is changing, an induced electromotive force e will be
Considering SB dS , we have
lE
dl
t
SB
dS
eI
Which is called the law of electromagnetic induction, and it shows that when the magnetic field through a closed coil is changing, an induced electric field will be generated in the coil.
If the magnetic flux is increased with time, the direction of the induced electromotive force and that of the magnetic flux obey the left hand rule. if the magnetic flux is decreased with time, they will obey the right hand rule.

物理英语专业词汇

期末单词1.Thermal energy ['θɝml]热能2.The zeroth law of thermodynamics [,θɝmodaɪ'næmɪks]热力学第零定律3.Calorie 卡路里4.Heat transfer 热传tent heat 潜热6.An exact differential ['dɪfə'rɛnʃəl] 完整微分7.Measurable ['mɛʒərəbl] quantity 可测量的量8.Potential energ y 势能9.An ideal gas 理想气体10.Heat capacity [kə'pæsəti]热容11.Constant pressure 常压12.Initial temperatu re 初始温度13.Fermi-Dirac statistics 费米-狄拉克统计14.Phase change 相变15.Boiling point 沸点16.Water vapor ['vepɚ] 水蒸气17.Buoyancy ['bɔɪənsi] force 浮力18.The black bod y 黑体19.Greenhouse effect 温室效应20.Incandescent lightbulb ['ɪnkən'dɛsnt laɪt'bʌlb ]白炽灯21.Naturally occurring material 自然发生的材料22.Out-of-phase 反相23.Optical frequencies ['frikwənsiz]光频率24.Bandwidth 带宽25.Semiconductor [,sɛmɪkən'dʌktɚ]半导体26.Artificial [,ɑrtɪ'fɪʃl] material 人工材料27.Material parameters 材料参数28.Density of electrons 电子密度29.Metamaterial 超材料30.Megahertz ['mɛɡəhɝts]兆赫31.Capacitance [kə'pæsətns]电容32.Inductance 电感33.Refractive [rɪ'fræktɪv] index 折射率34.The square root 平方根35.Snell’s law 菲涅尔定律36.Transparent sample 透明样品37.Negative refraction 负折射38.Angle of refraction 折射角39.Photonic crystal [f o'tɑnɪks 'krɪstl ]光子晶体40.Periodicity [,pɪrɪə'dɪsəti]周期性41.Nuclear ['nuklɪɚ] bomb 原子弹42.Conservation of energy 能量守恒43.Energy levels 能级44.Chemical element 化学元素45.Periodic [,pɪrɪ'ɑdɪk] table 周期表46.Electron shell 电子壳层47.Atomic orbital model 原子轨道模型48.Fusion 聚变49.Subatomic [,sʌbə'tɑmɪk] particles 亚原子粒子50.Atomic Isotope ['aɪsə'top]原子同位素51.Nuclear reactor 核反应堆52.Radioactive ['redɪo'æktɪv] decay 放射性衰变53.Atomic nucleus ['nuklɪəs]原子核54.Half-life 半衰期55.Cobalt 60 钴6056.Alpha decay α衰变57.Nuclear explosion 核爆58.Positron ['pɑzɪtrɑn]正电子59.Excited state 激发态60.Spontaneous [spɑn'tenɪəs] fission 自发裂变61.Enthalpy [en'θælpɪ]焓62.Thermal equilibrium [,ikwɪ'lɪbrɪəm]热平衡63.An irreversible [,ɪrɪ'vɝsəbl] process 不可逆过程64.Calorie 卡路里65.Internal energy 内能66.Fuels 燃料67.Heat flow 热流68.Entropy ['ɛntrəpi]熵69.Measurable ['mɛʒərəbl] quantity 可测量的量70.Potential energ y 势能71.State function 状态函数72.Constant volume 常体积73.Internal degrees of freedom 内在自由度74.Monatomic [,mɒnə'tɒmɪk]单原子的75.Diatomic 双原子的76.Conduction 传导77.Convection 对流78.On a microscopic [,maɪkrə'skɑpɪk] scale 在微观尺度上79.Thermal radiation 热辐射80.Microwave oven 微波炉81.Index of refraction 折射率82.Applied electric field 施加的电场83.Resonance phenomena ['rɛznəns]共振现象84.In-phase 同相85.Frequency dispersion 频率色散86.Waveleng th 波长87.Miniature circuit ['mɪnətʃɚ 'sɝkɪt]微型电路88.Electromotive [ɪ,lɛktrə'motɪv] force 电动力plex number 复数90.Imaginary part 虚部91.Reversal [rɪ'vɝsl] of refraction 折射的反转92.The direction of incidence 入射方向93.Counterintuitive [,kaʊntərɪn'tʊɪtɪv; ,kaʊntərɪn'tjʊɪtɪv]发直觉的94.Boeing Phantom W orks 波音幻影工厂95.Detector 探测器96. A periodic structure 周期结构97.Electrical engineering电子工程98.Microwave circuit 微波电路99.Resonator 共振器100.Materials physics 材料物理101.Electronic configuration 电子排布102.Neutral atom 中性原子103.An experimental observation 实验观察104. A theoretical explanation 理论解释105.Bohr atom model 玻尔原子模型106.Spectroscopy [spɛk'trɑskəpi]波谱学107.Collision [kə'lɪʒən] process 碰撞过程108.Fission 裂变109.Electrical charge 电荷110.Optical microscope 光学显微镜111.Atomic number 原子数112.Interchangeable 可交换的113.Radioactivity 放射性114.Neutron ['nʊtrɑn]中子115.Proton ['protɑn]质子116.Radiation cancer therapy 放射癌症疗法117.Uranium [jʊ'renɪəm]镭118.Beta decay β衰变119.Gamma rays γ射线120.Genetic mu tation 基因变异期中单词1.Classical mechanics 经典力学2.Wave-particle duality 波粒二象性3.General relativity广义相对论4.Special relativity 狭义相对论5.Universal gravitation 万有引力6.Ellipse [ɪ'lɪps]椭圆7.An inclined plane 斜面8.The law of inertia [ɪ'nɝʃə]惯性定律9.The law of acceleration [ək'sɛlə'reʃən]加速度定律10.The law of action and reaction作用力反作用力定律11.Conservation of momentum [mo'mɛntəm]动量守恒12.Angular momentu m 角动量13.Theoretical explanation 理论解释14.Geometric optics 几何光学15.Corpuscular[kɔr'pʌskjəlɚ] theory 微粒说16.Forces applied 施力17.Degree of freed om 自由度18.Structure of space 空间结构19.Coordinate system 坐标系统20.Frame of reference 参照系21.Inertial frame 惯性系22.Non-inertial reference frame非惯性参考系23.Special position 特殊位置24.Relativistic mechanics 相对论力学25. A fundamental postulate 一个基本假设26.Ordinary differential equation 常微分方程27.Friction 摩擦力28.Initial velocity 初始速度29.Kinetic energy 动能30.Potential energ y 势能31.Conservation of energy 能量守恒32.Gravity force 重力33.Scalar ['skeilə; -lɑ:] product 标量积34.Line integral 线积分35.Conservative force 保守力36.Work-energy theorem 功能定理37.Current-carrying wire 载流线38.Statistical mechanics 统计力学39.Geometric optics 几何光学40.Direct current 直流41.Spring constant 弹簧常数42.Angular acceleration 角加速度43.Deceleration 减速44.Electromagnetism [i,lektrəu'mæɡniti zəm]电磁学45.Fundamental interaction 基本相互作用46.Electric field 电场47.Magnetic field 磁场48.Electrically charged particles 荷电粒子49.Electromagnetic induction 电磁感应50.Electric potential 电势51.Photon 光子52.Electricity and magnetism 电和磁53.Negative charges 负电荷54.Unlike charges 异性电荷55.Electrod ynamics 电动力学56.V isible light 可见光57.Gamma ray γ射线58.Attraction and repulsion 吸引和排斥59.Accurate theory 准确的理论60.Electromagnetic nature of light 光的电磁本性61.Maxwell’s equations 麦克斯韦方程62.Theoretical physics 理论物理63.Quantum effect 量子效应64.Speed of light 光速65.Electrical permittivity [,pɝmɪ'tɪvəti]介电常数66.Magnetic permeability 磁导率67.Photoelectric effect 光电效应68.Ultraviolet 紫外的69.Black b ody radiation 黑体辐射70.Quantum mechanics 量子力学71.Partial differential equation 偏微分方程72.Faraday’s law of induction 法拉第感应定律73.Magnetic [mæg'nɛtɪk] monopole ['mɑnə,pol]磁单极74.Dipole 偶极75.V ector field矢量场76.Electric generator 发电机77.Electromagnetic wave equation 电磁波动方程78.Electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射79.Interferometer [,ɪntɚfɪ'rɑmətɚ] 干涉仪80.Lorentz transformation 洛伦兹变换81.Absolute reference frame 绝对参考系82.Inertial frame of reference 惯性参考系83.The principle of relativity 相对性原理84.Stationary system 静止系统85.Isotropy [ai'sɔtrəpi] 各向同性86.Homogeneity [,hɑmədʒə'niəti]均匀，同质性87.Light-speed invariance 光速不变88.Limiting speed 极限速度89.Mass-energy equivalence 质能等价性90.Conservation law 守恒定律91.Massless 无质量的92.Problematic ['prɑblə'mætɪk] 有问题的93.Elastic[ɪ'læstɪk]弹性94.Absolute state of rest绝对静止的状态95.Time dilation [dɪ'leʃən]时间膨胀96.Relative speed 相对速度position of velocities [və'lɑsətiz]速度合成98.Relativity of simultaneity 同时的相对性99.Lorentz contraction 洛仑兹收缩100.Three dimensions 三维。

常用物理英语词汇(全)

常用物理英语词汇(全)力学（Mechanics）1. Force（力）2. Acceleration（加速度）3. Momentum（动量）4. Kinetic Energy（动能）5. Potential Energy（势能）6. Gravity（重力）7. Friction（摩擦力）8. Torque（扭矩）9. Angular Momentum（角动量）10. Work（功）热学（Thermodynamics）11. Temperature（温度）12. Heat（热量）13. Internal Energy（内能）14. Entropy（熵）15. Boyle's Law（波义耳定律）16. Charles's Law（查理定律）17. GayLussac's Law（盖吕萨克定律）18. Ideal Gas Law（理想气体定律）19. First Law of Thermodynamics（热力学第一定律）20. Second Law of Thermodynamics（热力学第二定律）电磁学（Electromagnetism）21. Electric Charge（电荷）22. Electric Field（电场）23. Magnetic Field（磁场）24. Current（电流）25. Voltage（电压）26. Resistance（电阻）27. Capacitance（电容）28. Inductance（电感）29. Ohm's Law（欧姆定律）30. Ampère's Law（安培定律）光学（Optics）31. Light（光）32. Refraction（折射）33. Reflection（反射）34. Diffraction（衍射）35. Interference（干涉）36. Polarization（偏振）37. Lens（透镜）38. Prism（棱镜）39. Spectrum（光谱）40. Wave Optics（波动光学）现代物理（Modern Physics）41. Quantum Mechanics（量子力学）42. Relativity（相对论）43. Photon（光子）44. Electron（电子）45. Proton（质子）46. Neutron（中子）47. Quark（夸克）48. Black Hole（黑洞）49. Higgs Boson（希格斯玻色子）50. String Theory（弦理论）这些词汇仅为物理学中常用术语的一小部分。

车辆工程专业英语词汇

车辆工程专业英语词汇摘要车辆工程是一门涉及机械、电子、控制、材料等多方面知识的综合性学科，主要研究车辆的设计、制造、试验、维修和管理等方面的理论和方法。

车辆工程专业的学生需要掌握一定的专业英语词汇，以便与国际同行进行交流和合作，以及阅读和撰写相关的文献和报告。

本文根据车辆工程专业的主要课程，给出了所涉及的专业英语词汇。

本文旨在为车辆工程专业的学生和教师提供一个参考和学习的资料。

1. 物理 Physics物理是一门研究自然界基本规律和现象的科学，是车辆工程专业的基础课程之一。

物理主要包括力学、热学、电磁学、光学、近代物理等分支。

以下是物理课程中常用的专业英语词汇：中文英文物理physics力学mechanics热学thermodynamics电磁学electromagnetism光学optics近代物理modern physics力force质量mass速度velocity加速度acceleration动量momentum功work能量energy功率power压强pressure温度temperature熵entropy热力学第一定律the first law of thermodynamics热力学第二定律the second law of thermodynamics电荷charge电流current电压voltage电阻resistance电容capacitance电感inductance欧姆定律Ohm's law基尔霍夫定律Kirchhoff's laws磁场magnetic field磁通量magnetic flux中文英文法拉第定律Faraday's law麦克斯韦方程组Maxwell's equations光源light source光线ray of light光强度intensity of light波长wavelength频率frequency折射率refractive index反射定律the law of reflection折射定律the law of refraction2. 高等数学 Advanced Mathematics高等数学是一门研究函数、极限、微积分、线性代数、微分方程等数学内容的科学，是车辆工程专业的基础课程之一。

物理英语词汇大全掌握物理原理物理实验和物理学家的英文表达

物理英语词汇大全掌握物理原理物理实验和物理学家的英文表达IntroductionPhysics is a fascinating subject that deals with the study of matter, energy, and their interactions. As with any subject, mastering the vocabulary and terminology is crucial for a comprehensive understanding. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive list of physics terms related to principles, experiments, and prominent physicists, along with their English translations. Let's delve into the world of physics and enhance our knowledge of the subject!1. Terms related to Physics Principles1.1. Force and Motion- Acceleration (加速度)- Velocity (速度)- Displacement (位移)- Friction (摩擦力)- Gravity (重力)- Inertia (惯性)- Kinetic Energy (动能)- Momentum (动量)- Work (功)- Power (功率)1.2. Energy- Potential Energy (势能)- Thermal Energy (热能)- Conservation of Energy (能量守恒)- Electromagnetic Energy (电磁能)- Nuclear Energy (核能)- Conservation of Momentum (动量守恒) 1.3. Waves and Optics- Amplitude (振幅)- Frequency (频率)- Wavelength (波长)- Reflection (反射)- Refraction (折射)- Diffraction (衍射)- Interference (干涉)- Polarization (偏振)- Optics (光学)1.4. Electricity and Magnetism- Current (电流)- Voltage (电压)- Resistance (电阻)- Capacitance (电容)- Inductance (电感)- Magnetic Field (磁场)- Electromagnetic Induction (电磁感应) - Ohm's Law (欧姆定律)2. Terms related to Physics Experiments 2.1. Instruments- Thermometer (温度计)- Barometer (气压计)- Spectroscope (分光镜)- Microscope (显微镜)- Telescope (望远镜)- Oscilloscope (示波器)- Geiger Counter (盖革计数器)- Spectrometer (光谱仪)- Electroscope (静电仪)2.2. Laboratory Techniques- Calibration (校准)- Observation (观察)- Measurement (测量)- Analytical Balance (分析天平)- Experiment (实验)- Data Analysis (数据分析)- Error Analysis (误差分析)- Hypothesis (假设)- Conclusion (结论)3. Prominent Physicists3.1. Classical Physicists- Isaac Newton (艾萨克·牛顿)- Galileo Galilei (伽利略·伽利雷)- Albert Einstein (阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦)- Nikola Tesla (尼古拉·特斯拉)- James Clerk Maxwell (詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦)- Michael Faraday (迈克尔·法拉第)- Thomas Edison (托马斯·爱迪生)3.2. Modern Physicists- Niels Bohr (尼尔斯·玻尔)- Albert Michelson (阿尔伯特·迈克尔逊)- Marie Curie (玛丽·居里)- Werner Heisenberg (维尔纳·海森堡)- Erwin Schrödinger (埃尔温·薛定谔)- Richard Feynman (理查德·费曼)- Stephen Hawking (斯蒂芬·霍金)ConclusionPhysics, as a scientific discipline, has its own unique vocabulary that is essential for understanding the principles, conducting experiments, and appreciating the contributions of prominent physicists. By familiarizing ourselves with the English translations of physics terms related to principles, experiments, and physicists, we can deepen our understanding of the subject and communicate effectively with others in the field. Remember to keepexploring and expanding your knowledge of physics, as it is a gateway to understanding the fundamental principles governing our universe.。

POWERSUPPLIES

10th ICALEPCS Int. Conf. on Accelerator & Large Expt. Physics Control Systems. Geneva, 10 - 14 Oct 2005, PO2.045-4 (2005) PLS FULLY DIGITAL CONTROLLED CORRECTORPOWER SUPPLIESK.M Ha, J.Y Huang, S.C Kim, J.H Suh, J.H Kim, S.H Jeong, H.S Kang, J. Choi and I.S KoPohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, 790-784, KoreaABSTRACTAs the beam-l i ne users requ i re more str i ngent beam stab i l i ty for the advanced synchrotron exper i ments, fully d i g i tal controlled 20-b i t magnet power suppl i es have been developed and successfully tested for closed orbit correction of Pohang Light Source (PLS). The new digital power supply has used fi ber opti cs for 25 kHz swi tchi ng of IGBT dri vers and i mplemented DSP, ADC, Interlock, DCCT cards i n a compact 3U-si zed 19" chassi s. Input-output low-pass fi lters suppress harmonics of 60Hz line frequency and switching frequency noise effectively. Overall performance of the power supplies has demonstrated 2 ppm short-term stability (< 1 min) and 15 ppm long-term stability (< 12 hours). All the existing 12-bit 70 power supplies for vertical correction magnets were successfully replaced with new digital power supplies during 2005 summer shutdown period (July 25 ~ September 10).In this paper, we will describe the hardware structure and control method of the digital power supply and the test results will be shown.INTRODUCTIONPohang Light Source (PLS) is a 2.5 GeV third generation synchrotron light source located at Pohang, Korea. The storage ri ng (SR) of PLS has i nstalled 70 hori zontal and 70 verti cal type correcti on magnets power supplies (PS). PLS has successfully installed and commissioned newly upgraded fully digital controlled 70 vertical corrector power supplies during 2005 summer shutdown period (July 25 ~ September 10). Storage ring PSs are requiring of very high output current performance for keeping the tune and orbi t very stable. Important PS consi derati ons i nclude reproduci bi li ty, long-term and short-term stabi li ty and resoluti on. Already some other faci li ty has developed hi ghly stable PS to increase orbit stability and development of new power electronics technology [1].In recent years, accelerator power supply technologies evolved from traditional analogue topology to digital topology because of this digital technology have many advantages and can improve machine flexibility.PLS commissioning started in 1994, and the beam has been served to users since September of 1995. As the construction of 6 insertion device (ID) beam line completed, users require more stable photon beam. The SR global orbi t feedback i s requi red to keep sub-mi cron order orbi t stabi li ty. Thi rd generation SR correction power supplies (CPS) must satisfy high confidence, stability ( 15 ppm) and resolution (> 19-bit, 2 ppm).Especially for fast control with single board computer (SBC) such as VME, reproducibility, stability and resolution are very important for implementation to sub-micron orbit stability.Since the first stage (1994) PLS CPS has chosen 12-bit reference digital to analogue converter (DAC) and hysteresi s current control methods wi thout any output fi lters, swi tchi ng harmoni cs are di rectly modulated to magnet field. 12-bit CPS has a biggest problem that 1-bit minimum kick value is 54 mA), Second stage upgrade (maximum current is 110 A) that makes a lot of orbit fluctuation (1.0rad). In the third stage (2003), 24-bit DAC card was chosen to 16-bit DAC is 3.35 mA per bit (0.06radfrom BESSY-II[3] and 22 straight section PS’s were replaced. In 2004, PLS made decision to develop new digital controlled CPS same as PSI digital technology [2].PLS has developed new correction PS that adopted full digital controlled technology according to requi res of orbi t feedback speci fi cati ons li sted i n Table 1. It i s developed i n collaborati on wi th PSI (Paul Scherrer Institut) EE group and DLS (Diamond Light Source) EE group.New developed CPS has used full di gital technology and fast communi cati on wi th SBC, control of current regulation loop and managements of analogue and digital signals, which are dc voltage, currentand status. The power supplies operate at 25 kHz PWM switching frequency and are rated for 110 Amps, 11 V olts, 2 ppm step resolution, 2 ppm shorter stability and 15 ppm long-term stabilities with vertical magnet loads.In th s paper, the PLS new CPS hardware and controller structure, exper mental results and commissioning results are presented.HARDWARE CONFIGURATION H-Bridge four-quadrant power converterProposed details hardware block diagram of the four-quadrant CPSs is shown Figure 1 (a). The full-bri dge structure IGBT swi tch state i s on and off by 25 kHz uni polar PWM Patten, (+)(-) current throws to magnet load. The power module i s IGBT (600 V / 300 A EUPEC), DCCT i s Danfysi k ULTRASTAB-867 and burden register is VHP-4 type 5ppm/ C at 45 from VISHAY . Output filter is 5th LC network and parallel damping capacitor cut-off frequency is 4.5 kHz. Fiber optics for 25 kHz pulse width modulation (PWM) signals delivered to IGBTs, a driver that used low cost EXB841 from Fuji Company. DC-li nk voltage and output voltage are di vi ded by voltage sensi ng module and connected to ADC input channels. DC-link voltage is used to feed-forward feedback signals, output voltages calculates load resistance and monitoring. DCCT output voltages (110 A / 5 V) for current measurement are directly connected with parallel four-channels ADC input for 1st order low-pass filter and over-sampli ng (200 kHz) that has achi eved over 18-bi t resoluti ons. Regulati on loops are two types: fi rst i s voltage feed-forward for fast compensati on DC-li nk voltage vari ati ons, second are proportional-integral (PI) with anti-windup for output current regulation that is used to guarantee null steady-state error with rise times of step response. More details of diagram are shown in Figure 1 (b).(a)i(b)Figure 1: Block diagram of the proposed hardware: (a) Power circuit diagram (b) the regulation loops block diagramHardware specificationTable 1 i llustrates the PLS verti cal correcti on PS speci fi cati ons. Di gi tal PS i s achi eved output current with resolution equivalent over 19-bit and stability is 15 ppm with digital control loops. Theswitching frequency depends on power semiconductor such as FET or IGBT. For our case, fast IGBTs used for low cost high reliability and operation frequency is 25 kHz at 110 Amps with LC filters.Parameters SpecificationsOutput voltage/current 11 V, 110 ALoad inductance 16 mH @1 kHzOperating quadrant 4 QStability (0 sec to 60 sec) 2.5 ppmStability (> 12 hours) 10 ppmResolution of output current > 19 bitReproducibility 5 ppmFilter cut-off frequency 4.5 kHzSwitching frequency 25 kHz PWMTable 1: The specifications of correction PSDIGITAL CONTROLLERFigure 2 shows 3U size DSP and AD/DA cards for implementation of digital control power supplies. The core processor is Analog Device SHARC ADSP-21065L 66 MIPS floating-point capabilities with 66 MHz clock. FPGA used for PWM generation and communication with 5 Mbps fiber channels and 115.2 Kbps serial as well as 16 digital inputs, 8 digital outputs. For the accelerator control system, 5 Mbaud applied with VME SBS for fast global control system as well as service mode support serial20(25 port (RS232) that is very easily testing and diagnostics. DSP internal tasks are running every skHz PWM frequency) for regulati on of loops whi ch perform calculati on of error compensati on and communication with AD/DA cards.Figure 2: Digital control cards from DIAMONDLeft: DSP card, right: ADC cardEXPERIMENTAL RESULTExperimental ResultFi gure 3 shows completed product of new di gi tal controlled CPS i n PLS storage ri ng. The four-quadrant converter is designed as a 4U module located in a 19” rack. Power stack is covered with 2 mm flat copper and cooling water is low conductivity water (LCW) 25 C. The measured points wereoutput step resolution, long-term stability and frequency characteristics that are important factors for determi ni ng PS performances. For the measurements of performance, HP3458A 2/18 digit digital multi-meter (DVM) from Agilent and SR780 dynamic analyzer from Stanford Company were used.Figure 3: Completed of Digital PSCurrent Stabilitystep reference and also (b) i s 12 Fi gure 4(a) has shown step response characteri sti cs for 100 Ahours stability at 55 Amps output current that is keeping 5 ppm during 12 hours.(a) (b)/Div) Figure 4: Output current measurement: (a) Step response at 55 Amps (200 A/Div)(b) Long term stability at 55 Amps (13 hours, 200 AOutput FilterThe output filter requires very low high-frequency noise ripple on the output. We designed 5th order low pass filter with parallel damp filter, which is very common approach to design.Figure 5 shows output filter characteristics at 25 Amps, (a) is frequency spectrum before filter. This centre frequency is same as switching frequency 25 kHz, 2nd and 3rd harmonics are also modulated.(b) Has shown frequency spectrum after filtering.According to this measured result of spectrum characteristic the most switching frequency 25 kHz and its harmonics were attenuated about –90 dB.Filt er Input Filt er out put(a) (b)Figure 5: Filter frequency response @ 25 Amps:(a) Before filtering (25 kHz, 50 kHz and 75 kHz) (b) After filteringSubsection HeadingsFigure 6 shows output currents of digital controlled vertical CPSs in operation. The biggest current is in ID sections such as U7, U10 and EPU6.Figure 6: Operating output currents of vertical correctorCONCLUSIONPLS successfully replaced and realized commissioning of high performance digital controlled power suppli es to PLS storage ri ng. It was possi ble for the second ti me to use di gi tal controller wi th real beam. It has clearly solved problems of old PSs: resolution, stability and high frequency noise. The operati on result was very sati sfi ed wi th fast control response, hi gh resoluti on and accuracy. DSP, FPGA and ADC based di gi tal control algori thm i s capable over 19-bi t resoluti on and 15 ppm stabi li ty. Also we desi gned 4.5 kHz cut-off frequency output fi lters for attenuati on of swi tchi ng harmonic with –90 dB attenuations. At present 70 corrector power supplies are in operation at the PLS storage ring for global orbit feedback operations and the performance is very excellent. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis work is supported by Ministry of Science and Technology, Korea. The authors gratefully thank to F. Jene, L. Tener in PSI and T. Dobbing in DIAMOND for the advice and support during the work. REFERENCES[1] F. Jenni, L. Tanner, M. Horvat, "A Novel Control Concept for Hi ghest Preci si on AcceleratorPower Supplies"[2] L. Tanner, F.Jenn, “DIGITAL CONTROL FOR HIGHEST PRECISION ACCELERATORPOWER SUPPLIES”, PAC2001[3] K. Burkmann, etl, “CORRECTOR POWER SUPPLIES WITH A DAC RESOLUTION UP TO24BITS BASED ON 16 BIT DAC DEVICES”, 8th ICALEPS 2001。

chap19(西尔斯当代大学物理)

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index
• Part A Mechanism • Part B Electricity • Part C Magnetism
0 FB 0
B
maximum sideway force when

2
( FB ) max B qv
q
Fm 0
22
V
2. Hall effect:
B
Hall potential differenl l
BI n＝ VH el
可以证明上式不仅对矩形线圈成立对于均匀磁场中的任意形状的平面线圈也成立对于带电粒子在平面内沿闭合回路运动以及带电粒子自旋所具有的磁矩在磁场中受到的力矩都适用
Welcome you here for
University Physics
Meng Da Min HeFei University of Technology 2013 fall
B
20
Fast-Reading: example 19.12
21
Review:
1. Magnetic Fields:
FB qv B
FB Magnitude: B qv sin
direction: right-hand rule
F
B
q
v
zero-force axis (the direction of B )
Chap23 Electromagnetic waves
Chap 19 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces

应用物理学专业英语词汇

应用物理学专业英语词汇摘要：本文介绍了应用物理学专业需要用到的一些英语词汇，包括基本概念、常用术语、物理学分支、物理学家、物理单位、物理符号等。

本文旨在帮助应用物理学专业的学生和教师掌握和使用这些词汇，提高专业英语水平和交流能力。

1. 基本概念应用物理学（Applied Physics）是指将物理学的基本原理和方法应用于解决实际问题的科学。

应用物理学与纯物理学（Pure Physics）的区别在于，前者更强调实验和技术，后者更强调理论和规律。

应用物理学涉及到许多领域，如材料科学（Material Science）、光学（Optics）、电子学（Electronics）、声学（Acoustics）、核技术（Nuclear Technology）、生物物理（Biophysics）等。

应用物理学专业的学生和教师需要掌握一些基本的物理概念，如力（Force）、能量（Energy）、功（Work）、动量（Momentum）、角动量（Angular Momentum）、质量（Mass）、电荷（Charge）、电流（Current）、电压（Voltage）、电阻（Resistance）、电容（Capacitance）、电感（Inductance）、磁场（Magnetic Field）、电磁波（Electromagnetic Wave）、光子（Photon）、波长（Wavelength）、频率（Frequency）、振幅（Amplitude）、相位（Phase）、干涉（Interference）、衍射（Diffraction）、偏振（Polarization）、折射（Refraction）、反射（Reflection）、透镜（Lens）、镜像（Image）等。

下表列出了一些基本概念的中英文对照：中文英文力Force能量Energy功Work动量Momentum角动量Angular Momentum质量Mass电荷Charge电流Current电压Voltage电阻Resistance电容Capacitance电感Inductance磁场Magnetic Field电磁波Electromagnetic Wave光子Photon波长Wavelength频率Frequency振幅Amplitude相位Phase干涉Interference衍射Diffraction偏振Polarization折射Refraction反射Reflection中文英文透镜Lens镜像Image2. 常用术语在应用物理学的研究和教学中，经常会遇到一些专业术语，如实验设计（Experimental Design）、数据分析（Data Analysis）、误差估计（Error Estimation）、模型建立（Model Building）、数值模拟（Numerical Simulation）、算法优化（Algorithm Optimization）、仪器校准（Instrument Calibration）、信号处理（Signal Processing）等。

物理学专业英语词汇

物理学专业英语词汇摘要：物理学是一门研究自然界最基本的规律和现象的科学，它涉及到许多专业的英语词汇，对于物理学专业的学习者来说，掌握这些词汇是非常重要的。

本文根据物理学的不同分支，整理了一些常用的物理学专业英语词汇，并用表格的形式给出了中文和英文的对照，以便于读者查阅和记忆。

本文旨在为物理学专业的学习者提供一个参考资料，帮助他们提高英语水平和物理知识。

1. 基础物理 Basic Physics中文英文物理量physical quantity物理单位physical unit标准单位standard unit国际单位制International System of Units (SI)基本量base quantity导出量derived quantity标量scalar矢量vector位移displacement速度velocity加速度acceleration力force动量momentum动能kinetic energy势能potential energy能量守恒conservation of energy功work功率power压强pressure浮力buoyancy摩擦力friction force弹力elastic force重力gravity force引力常数gravitational constant圆周运动circular motion向心力centripetal force简谐振动simple harmonic motion振幅amplitude频率frequency周期period2. 热学 Thermodynamics中文英文温度temperature热力学温标thermodynamic temperature scale 开尔文温标Kelvin temperature scale摄氏温标Celsius temperature scale华氏温标Fahrenheit temperature scale热平衡thermal equilibrium热力学第零定律zeroth law of thermodynamics热量heat热容量heat capacity比热容specific heat capacity理想气体定律ideal gas law普适气体常数universal gas constant3. 光学 Optics中文英文光light光源light source光线light ray光束light beam光波light wave波长wavelength频率frequency振幅amplitude相位phase干涉interference衍射diffraction偏振polarization光速speed of light折射率refractive index折射定律law of refraction反射定律law of reflection全反射total reflection透镜lens镜头lens焦距focal length焦点focus物镜objective lens可见光visible light紫外光ultraviolet light红外光infrared light4. 电学 Electricity中文英文电荷electric charge电流electric current电压electric voltage电阻electric resistance电阻率resistivity电容electric capacitance电容率permittivity5. 原子物理 Atomic Physics中文英文原子atom原子核atomic nucleus原子序数atomic number原子量atomic mass原子半径atomic radius原子轨道atomic orbit电子electron质子proton中子neutron电子云electron cloud电子壳层electron shell价电子valence electron离子ion同位素isotope同素异形体allotrope核裂变nuclear fission核聚变nuclear fusion核反应堆nuclear reactor核武器nuclear weapon6. 量子物理 Quantum Physics中文英文量子quantum量子力学quantum mechanics量子场论quantum field theory量子数quantum number量子态quantum state量子纠缠quantum entanglement量子隧穿quantum tunneling测不准原理uncertainty principle薛定谔方程Schrödinger equation海森堡矩阵力学Heisenberg matrix mechanics 7. 固体物理 Solid State Physics中文英文固体solid晶体crystal晶格lattice晶胞unit cell晶面指数Miller index点阵常数lattice constant点缺陷point defect线缺陷line defect8. 电磁学 Electromagnetism中文英文电荷electric charge电流electric current电场electric field电势electric potential电压electric voltage电阻electric resistance电阻率resistivity电容electric capacitance电容率permittivity电感electric inductance电磁感应electromagnetic induction电磁波electromagnetic wave磁场magnetic field磁通量magnetic flux磁感应强度magnetic induction intensity磁化率magnetic susceptibility磁导率magnetic permeability9. 光子学 Photonics中文英文光子photon光源light source光纤optical fiber光波导optical waveguide光谱spectrum光谱仪spectrometer激光器laser半导体激光器semiconductor laser激光二极管laser diode发光二极管light-emitting diode (LED)光探测器photodetector光电倍增管photomultiplier tube (PMT) 10. 流体力学 Fluid Mechanics中文英文流体fluid气体gas液体liquid粘性viscosity粘滞力viscous force流速flow velocity流量flow rate流线streamline管流pipe flow层流laminar flow湍流turbulent flow雷诺数Reynolds number伯努利方程Bernoulli's equation压力差pressure difference水头head水锤现象water hammer11. 波动光学 Wave Optics中文英文光波light wave波前wavefront光程差optical path difference干涉条纹interference fringe干涉仪interferometer杨氏双缝实验Young's double-slit experiment 迈克尔逊干涉仪Michelson interferometer法布里-珀罗干涉仪Fabry-Perot interferometer衍射现象diffraction phenomenon衍射级数diffraction order中文英文衍射极限diffraction limit单缝衍射single-slit diffraction双缝衍射double-slit diffraction12. 相对论 Relativity中文英文相对论relativity狭义相对论special relativity广义相对论general relativity惯性系inertial frame参考系reference frame洛伦兹变换Lorentz transformation洛伦兹收缩Lorentz contraction时间膨胀time dilation质能方程mass-energy equation光速不变原理principle of constancy of light speed 相对性原理principle of relativity引力场gravitational field引力波gravitational wave弯曲的时空curved spacetime13. 核物理 Nuclear Physics中文英文核物理nuclear physics原子核atomic nucleus核子nucleon质子proton中子neutron核力nuclear force核结合能nuclear binding energy核裂变nuclear fission核聚变nuclear fusion放射性元素radioactive element放射性衰变radioactive decay半衰期half-lifeα衰变alpha decayβ衰变beta decay。

线圈的英语单词

线圈的英语单词CoilA coil, in the context of physics and engineering, refers to a helical structure made of wire or tubing that is woundin a circular pattern. Coils are used in a variety of applications, ranging from electrical transformers and inductors to heat exchangers and even in the design of mechanical springs.In electrical engineering, a coil is essentially an inductor, which is a passive component that resists changesin current through its inductance. When an electric current passes through a coil, it generates a magnetic field aroundit. The strength of this magnetic field is proportional tothe number of turns in the coil and the current flowing through it.Coils can be made from a variety of materials, including copper, aluminum, and other conductive metals. The choice of material depends on the specific application and the desired properties, such as electrical conductivity, heat dissipation, and mechanical strength.There are different types of coils, including:1. Air-Core Coils: These have no magnetic core and are used when a magnetic field is not desired or when theinductance needs to be variable.2. Iron-Core Coils: These are wound around a soft iron core to increase the magnetic field and inductance.3. Torque Coils: Specifically designed to produce a torque when current flows through them, these are used in applications like electric motors.4. Solenoid Coils: A type of iron-core coil that when energized, produces a strong magnetic field that can move a plunger to operate a mechanical device, such as a valve or a latch.5. Resonator Coils: Used in radio and telecommunications to select or filter specific frequencies.The design and construction of a coil can greatly affect its performance. Factors such as the number of turns, the diameter of the wire, and the core material all play a role in determining the coil's inductance and its ability to store energy in a magnetic field.In summary, a coil is a fundamental component in many electrical and mechanical systems, providing the necessary inductance for energy storage and magnetic field generation. Its versatility and importance make it a staple in the field of engineering.。

AP Physics C 物理词汇

Chapter 1 Background基础知识vector/ˈvektər/矢量scalar/ˈskeɪlər/标量magnitude/ˈmæɡnɪtuːd/数值，大小polar/ˈpoʊlər/极坐标Cartesian Coordinates/kɑːrˈtiːziən/直角坐标, 笛卡尔坐标algebraic/ˌældʒɪˈbreɪɪk/代数的dot product点乘cross product叉乘unit analysis单位分析，量纲分析base units基本单位derived units/dɪ'raɪvd 'juːnɪts/导出单位qualitative/ˈkwɑːlɪteɪtɪv/定性的Chapter 2 One-DimensionalKinematics 个维运动学One-Dimensional/'wʌndɪ'mɛnʃənəl/一维的kinematics/,kɪnɪ'mætɪks/运动学Instantaneous speed/ˌɪnstənˈteɪniəs spi:d/瞬时速率velocity/vəˈlɑːsəti/速度speed/spiːd/速率acceleration/əkˌseləˈreɪʃn/加速度Uniformly accelerated motion匀加速运动displacement/dɪsˈpleɪsmənt/位移distance/ˈdɪstəns/距离derivation/ˌderɪˈveɪʃn/导数integrate/ˈɪntɪɡreɪt/积分Separating variables变量分离法parabola/pəˈræbələ/抛物线trajectory/trəˈdʒektəri/轨道, 轨迹Chapter 3 Two-DimensionalKinematics 二维运动学two-dimensional二维的synchronize/ˈsɪŋkrənaɪz/同步collide/kəˈlaɪd/碰撞collision/kəˈlɪʒn/碰撞rest/rest/静止inertial reference frame惯性参考系counterclockwise/ˌkaʊntərˈklɑːkwaɪz/反时针方向的anticlockwise clockwise/ˈklɑːkwaɪz/顺时针方向的phase/feɪz/相位，相Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)匀速圆周运动UCMcentripetal acceleration/senˈtrɪpɪtl əkˌseləˈreɪʃn/向心加速度nonuniform circular motion非匀速圆周运动tangential component/tænˈdʒenʃl kəmˈpoʊnənt/切向分量tether/ˈteðər/n. 系链；拴绳 v. （用绳或链）拴elevation/ˌelɪˈveɪʃn/海拔, 高度angle of elevation仰角angle of depression俯角simultaneously/ˌsaɪmlˈteɪniəsli/adv. 同时地phase shift angle相移角Chapter 04 Newton’s Laws 牛顿定律static equilibrium/ˈstætɪk ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbriəm/静力平衡dynamic equilibrium/daɪˈnæmɪk ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbriəm/动态平衡inertial reference frames/ɪˈnɜːrʃl ˈrefrəns freɪmz/惯性系mass/mæs/质量weight/weɪt/重量gravitational force/ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənl fɔːrs/万有引力normal force/ˈnɔːrml fɔːrs/正压力, 法向力frictional force/ˈfrɪkʃənə fɔːrs/摩擦力static friction/ˈstætɪk ˈfrɪkʃn/静摩擦kinetic friction/kɪˈnetɪk ˈfrɪkʃn/动摩擦incipient motion of the object/ɪnˈsɪpiənt/物体的运动趋势tension force/ˈtenʃn fɔːrs/弹力, 张力external forces/ɪkˈstɜːrnl fɔːrs/外力massless and taut/ˈmæsləs ənd tɔːt/(指在考虑绳的弹力时)无质量且张紧的incline/ɪnˈklaɪn/斜面Inclined Plane Static Friction on an Incline斜面上的静摩擦Atwood machine阿特伍德机pulley/ˈpʊli/滑轮pendulum bob/ˈpendʒələm bɑːb/摆锤banked curve problem倾斜跑道问题Chapter 05 Work, Energy; andPower 功、能量和功率work功joule/dʒuːl/焦耳dot product点积；标量积kinetic energy动能The Law of Conservation of Energy能量守恒定律Potential energy/pəˈtenʃl ˈenərdʒi/势能gravity/ˈɡrævəti/重力gravitational force/ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənl fɔːrs/万有引力,重力spring force弹力HOOKE’S LAW胡克定律elastic potential energy/ɪˈlæstɪk pəˈtenʃl ˈenərdʒi/弹性势能Chapter 06 Linear Momentum andCenter of Mass 线性动量和质心momentum/moʊˈmentəm/动量elastic/ɪˈlæstɪk/弹性的elastic collision/ɪˈlæstɪk kəˈlɪʒn/弹性碰撞impulse/ˈɪmpʌls/冲量center of mass质心weighted average加权平均The Ballistic Pendulum/bəˈlɪstɪk ˈpendʒələm/冲击摆，弹道摆Chapter 07 Rotation I: Kinematics,Force, Work, and Energy 转动1：运动学、力学、功和能量rotation/roʊˈteɪʃn/旋转torque/tɔːrk/n. 转矩，力矩rigid body/ˈrɪdʒɪd ˈbɑːdi/刚体radian/ˈreɪdiən/弧度revolution/ˌrevəˈluːʃn/旋转angular position/ˈæŋɡjələr pəˈzɪʃn/角位置angular velocity/ˈæŋɡjələr vəˈlɑːsəti/角速度angular acceleration/ˈæŋɡjələr əkˌseləˈreɪʃn/角加速度rotational inertia/roʊˈteɪʃənl ɪˈnɜːrʃə/转动惯量Chapter 08 Rotation Ⅱ: InertiaEquilibrium, and CombinedRotation/Translation 转动Ⅱ：惯量、平衡和转动/ 平移的结合angular momentum/ˈæŋɡjələr moʊˈmentəm/角动量top/tɑːp/陀螺Chapter 09 Simple HarmonicMotion 简谐运动simple harmonic motion/ˈsɪmpl hɑːrˈmɑːnɪk ˈmoʊʃn/简谐运动(SHM) amplitude/ˈæmplɪtuːd/振幅frequency/ˈfriːkwənsi/频率period/ˈpɪriəd/周期oscillation/ˌɑːsɪˈleɪʃn/振荡periodic motion/ˌpɪriˈɑːdɪk ˈmoʊʃn/周期运动phase/feɪz/相位phase shift相移phase shift angle相移角cycle/ˈsaɪkl/周期hertz/hɜːrts/赫兹pendulum/ˈpendʒələm/摆Chapter 10 Universal Gravitation万有引力universal gravitation/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsl ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃn/万有引力principle of superposition/ˈprɪnsəpl əv ˌsuːpərpəˈzɪʃn/叠加原理spherically symmetric mass球形对称质量分布Kepler's laws开普勒定律trajectory/trəˈdʒektəri/轨道foci/ˈfəʊsaɪ, ˈfəʊkaɪ/焦点；焦距 focus的复数asteroid/ˈæstərɔɪd/小行星slingshot/ˈslɪŋʃɑːt/弹弓Chapter 11 Coulomb’s Law andElectric Fields Due to PointCharges 库仑定律和点电荷产生的电场Coulomb’s Law库仑定律Electric fields and field lines电场和电场线permittivity/,pɝmɪ'tɪvəti/介电常数εfree space真空empty space electrostatic constant/ɪˌlektroʊˈstætɪk ˈkɑːnstənt/静电常数kcharge/tʃɑːrdʒ/电荷volt/voʊlt/伏特（电压单位）electronvolt/ɪˈlektrɑːn voʊlt/电子伏特electrostatic force/ɪˌlektroʊˈstætɪk fɔːrs/静电力conservative force/kənˈsɜːrvətɪv fɔːrs/守恒力potential/pəˈtenʃl/电势，电位equipotential line/,iːkwɪpə'tenʃ(ə)l laɪn/等势线, 等位线, 等电位线Chapter 12 Calculating ElectricFields and Potentials Due toContinuous Charge Distributions 由连续电荷分布产生的电场和电势的计算Chapter 13 Gauss’s Law 高斯定律flux/flʌks/通量electric flux电通量，电通GAUSS’S LAW高斯定律Chapter 14 Analysis of CircuitsContaining Batteries and Resistors包含电池和电阻的电路分析current/ˈkɜːrənt/电流amp/æmp/安培nuclei/'njʊklɪ,ai/原子核（nucleus的复数形式）current density/ˈkɜːrənt ˈdensəti/电流密度drift velocity/drɪft vəˈlɑːsəti/(电子)漂移速度Ohm’s law/oʊm/欧姆定律resistance/rɪˈzɪstəns/电阻resistor/rɪˈzɪstər/电阻器resistivity/ˌriːzɪˈstɪvəti/电阻率conductivity/ˌkɑːndʌkˈtɪvəti/电导率voltage/ˈvoʊltɪdʒ/电压Resistors in Parallel并联电阻Equivalent Resistance等效电阻Resistors in Series串联电阻voltmeter/ˈvoʊltmiːtər/电压表ammeter/ˈæmiːtər/电流表Kirchhoff’s laws/ˈkɜrkhɔf/基尔霍夫定律loop equations/luːp ɪˈkweɪʒn/环路方程battery/ˈbætəri/电池node/noʊd/节点internal resistance内电阻, 内阻electromotive force/ɪˌlektrəˈmoʊtɪv fɔːrs/电动势(EMF)Chapter 15 Capacitors 电容器capacitor/kəˈpæsɪtər/电容器capacitance/kəˈpæsɪtəns/电容,电容量conductor/kənˈdʌktər/导体farad/ˈfæræd/法拉(电容单位), 法microfarad/ˌmaɪkroʊˈfærəd/微法拉(电容量的实用单位) nanofarad/ˈneɪnəˈfærəd/纳法picofarad/ˈpaɪkoʊˌfærəd/皮法edge effects边缘效应vacuum/ˈvækjuːm/真空, 真空的equivalent capacitance/ɪˈkwɪvələnt kəˈpæsɪtəns/等效电容array/əˈreɪ/数组，阵列Complicated Capacitor Arrays复杂电容器阵列dielectric/ˌdaɪɪˈlektrɪk/adj. 非传导性的；诱电性的 n. 电介质；绝缘体dielectric material介电材料dielectric constant介电常数Chapter 16 RC Circuits RC电路RC circuit RC电路discharge/dɪsˈtʃɑːrdʒ/放电charge/tʃɑːrdʒ/vi. 充电Chapter 17 Magnetic Fields 磁场magnetic/mæɡˈnetɪk/磁性magnetic field磁场tesla/'teslə; 'tezlə/特斯拉（磁通量单位）intrinsic spin/ɪnˈtrɪnzɪk spɪn/固有自旋；内蕴自旋，特征自旋permanent magnet/ˈpɜːrmənənt ˈmæɡnət/永磁体, 永磁铁the right-hand rule右手定则magnetic field line/mæɡˈnetɪk fiːld laɪn/磁场线, 磁力线magnetic pole/mæɡˈnetɪk poʊl/磁极current-carrying wire载流导线Biot-Savart’s law/ˈbaɪət 'sɑ:vɑ:t lɔː/毕奥萨伐尔定律mass spectrometer/mæs spekˈtrɑːmɪtər/质谱仪point charge点电荷permeability/ˌpɜːrmiəˈbɪləti/磁导率(μ0the permeability offree space)Ampere’s law/æm'pɪr/安培定律Amperian path安培路径Amperian loop安培环路solenoid/ˈsɑːlənɔɪd,ˈsoʊlənɔɪd/螺线管toroid/ˈtoʊrɔɪd/环形线圈；圆环面；螺旋管coil/kɔɪl/线圈current density/ˈkɜːrənt ˈdensəti/电流密度Chapter 18 Faraday's and Lenz'sLaw 法拉第定律和楞次定律magnetic flux/mæɡˈnetɪk flʌks/磁通量Faraday’s law/ˈfærədeɪ/法拉第定律Faraday/ˈfærədeɪ/法拉第（电量单位）Weber/ˈveɪbər/韦伯（磁通单位）electromotive force/ɪˌlektrəˈmoʊtɪv fɔːrs/电动势(EMF)uniform magnetic field均匀磁场nonuniform magnetic field不均匀磁场Lenz’s law/lentsiz 'lɔː/楞次定律Motional EMF动生电动势Chapter 19 Inductors 电感器mutual inductance/ˈmjuːtʃuəl ɪnˈdʌktəns/互感；互感系数self-inductance/self ɪnˈdʌktəns/自感inductor/ɪnˈdʌktər/（电路、电子电路的）电感器concentric solenoid/kənˈsentrɪk ˈsɑːlənɔɪd/同轴螺线管henry亨利(电感单位)LR circuits LR电路decay/dɪˈkeɪ/衰减LC circuits LC电路coaxial cable/ko'æksɪəl ˈkeɪbl/同轴电缆Chapter 20 Maxwell’s Equations 麦克斯韦方程组magnetism/ˈmæɡnətɪzəm/磁性，磁力；磁学maxwell's law麦克斯韦定律electric monopole/ɪˈlektrɪk ˈmɑːnəˌpoʊl/电单极电偶极子dipole/ˈdaɪpoʊl/偶极；双极子bar magnet/bɑːr ˈmæɡnət/磁棒, 条形磁铁displacement current位移电流。

Spontaneous synchrony in power-grid networks

T
˙1 = δ ˙2 = ··· = δ ˙n δ
(1)
where δi = δi (t ) represents the rotational phase of the ith generator and the dot represents the time derivative. This synchronization frequency is assumed to be close (albeit not necessarily equal) to a reference frequency. That coupled power generators can synchronize spontaneously is well known, as popularized in ref. 19, and this has generated recent interest in the physics community20,21 . However, the governing factors and hence the extent to which this phenomenon may occur in real power grids remain essentially unaddressed. Among the other studies that have
An imperative condition for the functioning of a power-grid network is that its power generators remain synchronized. Disturbances can prompt desynchronization, which is a process that has been involved in large power outages. Here we derive a condition under which the desired synchronous state of a power grid is stable, and use this condition to identify tunable parameters of the generators that are determinants of spontaneous synchronization. Our analysis gives rise to an approach to specify parameter assignments that can enhance synchronization of any given network, which we demonstrate for a selection of both test systems and real power grids. These ﬁndings may be used to optimize stability and help devise new control schemes, thus offering an additional layer of protection and contributing to the development of smart grids that can recover from failures in real time.

高中物理电感器和电感典型例题解析

高中物理电感器和电感典型例题解析电感器是物理中重要的电学器件之一，它在电路中起到了很关键的作用。

本文将解析几个典型的例题，以帮助读者更好地理解电感器和电感的原理。

例题一题目：一个电感为$L$的线圈通过电源接通时，线圈中的电流随时间的变化关系如下：$I(t)=I_0(1-e^{-\alpha t})$，其中$I_0$和$\alpha$为常数。

求线圈中的感应电动势表达式。

解析：根据电感器的电压-电流关系式$V=L\frac{{dI}}{{dt}}$，我们可以求得线圈中的感应电动势表达式为$E(t)=-L\alpha I_0e^{-\alpha t}$。

例题二题目：一个电感为$L$的线圈在通过电源接通后，线圈中的电流随时间的变化关系如下：$I(t)=I_0e^{-\alpha t}$，其中$I_0$和$\alpha$为常数。

求线圈中的能量流表达式。

解析：线圈中的能量流可以通过电流的功率$P(t)=I(t)V(t)$计算，其中$V(t)$为线圈中的电压。

由于电感器上没有电阻，所以线圈中的电压为$V(t)=L\frac{{dI}}{{dt}}$。

将$I(t)$代入上式并整理得到$V(t)=-L\alpha I_0e^{-\alpha t}$。

代入功率公式，我们可以得到线圈中的能量流表达式为$P(t)=-L\alpha I_0^2e^{-2\alpha t}$。

例题三题目：一个电感为$L$的线圈在通过电源接通后，线圈中的电流随时间的变化关系如下：$I(t)=I_0\sin(\omega t)$，其中$I_0$和$\omega$为常数。

求线圈中的感应电动势和能量流表达式。

解析：根据电感器的电压-电流关系式$V=L\frac{{dI}}{{dt}}$，我们可以求得线圈中的感应电动势表达式为$E(t)=L\omegaI_0\cos(\omega t)$。

线圈中的能量流可以通过电流的功率$P(t)=I(t)V(t)$计算，其中$V(t)$为线圈中的电压。

Grade 12 国外物理词汇

Chapter 21 Electric Fields electric field [ɪˈlektrɪk fi ːl d]电场electric field line[ɪˈlektrɪk fiːld laɪn]电场线electric potential difference [ɪˈlektrɪk pəˈtenʃl ˈdɪfrəns]电位差volt[voʊlt]伏特equipotential [,iːkwɪpə'tenʃ(ə)l ]等电位capacitor [kəˈpæsɪtər]电容器capacitance[kəˈpæsɪtəns]n.电容，电容量(系统贮存电荷的能力);电容率(电荷和电位变化之比值)Chapter 22 Current and electric current [ɪˈlektrɪk ˈkɜːrənt]电流conventional current [kənˈvenʃənl ˈkɜːrənt]常规电流;约定电流;电流方向battery[ˈbætəri]电池electric circuit [ɪˈlektrɪk ˈsɜːrkɪt]电路ampere [ˈæmpeə]安培resistance [rɪˈzɪstəns]电阻resistor[rɪˈzɪstər]电阻器parallel connection [ˈpærəlel kəˈnekʃn]并联series connection [ˈsɪriːz kəˈnekʃn]串联superconductor [ˈsuːpərkəndʌktər]超导体kilowatt-hour[ˌkɪləwɑːt ˈaʊər]千瓦时;一度(电)Chapter 23 Series and Parallel Circuits series circuit[ˈsɪriːz ˈsɜːrkɪt]串联电路equivalent resistance [ɪˈkwɪvələnt rɪˈzɪstəns]等效电阻voltage divider [ˈvoʊltɪdʒ dɪˈvaɪdər]分压器parallel circuit [ˈpærəlel ˈsɜːrkɪt]并联电路short circuit [ˌʃɔːrt ˈsɜːrkɪt]短路fuse[fjuːz]保险丝;熔断器;v.融合,熔接circuit breaker[ˈsɜːrkɪt breɪkər]断路器ground-fault interrupter[ɡraʊnd fɔːlt ˌɪntəˈrʌptər]接地故障断路器combination seriesparallel circuit 组合串联并联电路ammeter [ˈæmiːtər]安培计;电流表voltmeter[ˈvoʊltmiːtər]伏特计;电压表Chapter 24 Magnetic Fields polarized[ˈpoʊləraɪzd]使(光波等)偏振;使(物体)极化magnetic field [mæɡˌnetɪk ˈfiːld]磁场magnetic flux[mæɡˌnetɪk ˈflʌks]磁通量first right-hand rule 右手第一定则solenoid[ˈsɑːlənɔɪd]螺线管(通电时产生磁场)electromagnet[ɪˈlektroʊmæɡnət]电磁体, 电磁铁second right-hand rule 右手第二定则domain[doʊˈmeɪn]域third right-hand rule 右手第三定则galvanometer [,gælvə'nɑmətɚ]检流计，[电] 电流计electric motor [ɪˈlektrɪk ˈmoʊtər]电动机armature[ˈɑːrmətʃər]电枢(电机的部件), 衔铁Chapter 25 Electromagnetic Inductionelectromagnetic induction [ɪˌlektroʊmæɡˈnetɪk 电磁感应fourth right-hand rule 右手第四定则electromotive force [ɪ,lɛktrə'motɪv fɔːr s]电动势electric generator [ɪˈlektrɪk ˈdʒenəreɪtər]发电机average power [ˈævərɪdʒ ˈpaʊər]平均功率Lenz’s law [lɛnz]楞次定律eddy current [ˈedi ˈkɜːrənt]涡流inductance [ɪnˈdʌktəns]电感self-inductance [self ɪnˈdʌktəns]自感;电感含有自感应;自感系数;自感现象;自感量transformer [trænsˈfɔːrmər]变压器coil[kɔɪl]线圈;绕组primary coil [ˈpraɪmeri kɔɪl]初级线圈secondary coil [ˈsekənderi kɔɪl]次级线圈mutual inductance [ˈmjuːtʃuəl ɪnˈdʌktəns]互感mutual相互的step-up transformer 升压变压器step-down transformer 降压变压器；降压器Chapter 26 Electromagnetism electromagnetism [ɪˌlektroʊˈmæɡnətɪzəm]电磁学isotope[ˈaɪsətoʊp]同位素mass spectrometer [mæs spekˈtrɑːmɪtər]质谱仪electromagnetic wave [ɪˌlektroʊmæɡˈnetɪk weɪv]电磁波dielectrics [daii'lektriks]电介质;绝缘体;介电层antenna[ænˈtenə]天线electromagnetic spectrum [ɪˌlektroʊmæɡˈnetɪk ˈspektrəm]电磁频谱electromagnetic radiation [ɪˌlektroʊmæɡˈnetɪk ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃn]电磁辐射piezoelectricity [paɪ'izoɪ,lɛktrɪsɪti ]压电效应receiver[rɪˈsiːvər]听筒;受话器;无线电接收机;收音机Chapter 27 Quantum Theory quantum[ˈkwɑːntəm]量子emission spectrum [iˈmɪʃn ˈspektrəm]发射光谱quantized ['kwɒntaɪzd ]adj.量子化的 v. 使量子化photoelectric effect [ˌfoʊtoʊɪˈlektrɪk ɪˈfekt]光电效应threshold frequency[ˈθreʃhoʊld ˈfriːkwənsi]截止频率;极限频率;阈频率;门限频率photon[ˈfoʊtɑːn]光子;光量子work function [wɜːrk ˈfʌŋkʃn]逸出功(电子的)Compton effect[ˈkɑmptən ɪˈfekt]康普顿效应de Broglie wavelength德布罗意波长Heisenberg uncertainty principle 海森堡测不准原理Chapter 28 The Atom alpha particles [ˈælfə ˈpɑrtəkəlz]α粒子nucleus[ˈnuːkliəs]原子核absorption spectrum [əbˈzɔːrpʃn ˈspektrəm]吸收光谱energy level[ˈenərdʒi ˈlevl]能级ground state[ɡraʊnd steɪt]基态excited state[ɪkˈsaɪtɪd steɪt]激发态principal quantum number[ˈprɪnsəpl ˈkwɑːntəm主量子数quantum mode量子模型electron cloud[ɪˈlektrɑːn klaʊd]电子云quantum mechanics[ˌkwɑːntəm məˈkænɪks]量子力学coherent light[koʊˈhɪrənt laɪt]相干光incoherent light[ˌɪnkoʊˈhɪrənt laɪt]非相干光stimulated emission[ˈstɪmjuleɪtɪd iˈmɪʃn]受激辐射;受激发射;受激发光;laser[ˈleɪzər]激光Chapter 29 Solid-StateElectronicssemiconductors[ˌsɛmikənˈdʌktərz]半导体band theory[bænd ˈθiːəri]能带理论intrinsic semiconductors[ɪnˈtrɪnzɪk ˌsɛmikənˈdʌktərz]本征半导体dopants掺杂剂extrinsic semiconductors[eksˈtrɪnzɪk非本征半导体diode[ˈdaɪoʊd]二极管depletion layer[dɪˈpliʃən ler]耗尽层；过渡层；空乏transistor[trænˈzɪstər]晶体管microchip[ˈmaɪkroʊtʃɪp]芯片Chapter 30 Nuclear Physicsatomic number[əˌtɑːmɪk ˈnʌmbər]原子序数atomic mass unit[əˈtɑːmɪk mæs ˈjuːnɪt]原子质量单位mass number[ˈmæs nʌmbər]质量数nuclide['njuːklaɪd]核素strong nuclear force[strɔːŋ ˈnuːkliər fɔːrs]强核力nucleon['nʊklɪɑn]核子binding energy[ˈbaɪndɪŋ ˈenərdʒi](原子能)结合能mass defect[mæs ˈdiːfekt][核] 质量亏损radioactive[ˌreɪdioʊˈæktɪv]放射性的;有辐射的alpha decay[ˈælfə dɪˈkeɪ]α衰变beta decay[ˈbeɪtə dɪkeɪ]β衰变gamma decay[ˈɡæmə dɪˈkeɪ]γ衰变nuclear reaction[ˈnuːkliər riˈækʃn]核反应half-life[ˈhæf laɪf]半衰期activity[ækˈtɪvəti]fission[ˈfɪʃn]裂变chain reaction[ˌtʃeɪn riˈækʃn]链式反应fusion[ˈfjuːʒn]核聚变;热核反应quarks[kwɑrks]夸克leptons['leptɒn s]轻子Standard Model[ˈstændərd ˈmɑːdl]粒子物理标准模型force carriers[fɔːrs ˈkæriərz]pair production[per prəˈdʌkʃn](电子)偶形成；电子对生成weak nuclear force[wiːk ˈnuːkliər fɔːrs]弱核力。

多物理场耦合研究电感线圈电镀铜

多物理场耦合研究电感线圈电镀铜苏世栋;冀林仙【摘要】采用多物理场耦合方法构建了电感线圈电镀铜模型,通过有限元分析获得了电感线圈电镀铜过程中铜离子浓度分布、线圈表面电流密度与镀层分布状况,探讨了象形阳极与阴阳极距离对镀层厚度分布的影响.数值模拟结果表明,采用象形阳极与绝缘挡板有助于提高线圈表面镀层的均匀性.当阴阳极距离较小时,采用象形阳极电镀铜,镀层极差降低为0.21μm,COV减小为0.5%.随着阴阳极距离的增加,镀层极差增大到9.5%,需要增加绝缘挡板来提高镀层均匀性.此时,镀层极差为0.14μm,标准偏差COV值为0.4%.%A model for copper electroplating on inductance coil was established based on multi-physics coupling technology. The characteristics of Cu2+ concentration distribution, current density of coil surface and thickness of copper electrodeposition were obtained by finite element analysis. The effects of pictographic anode and distance between anode and cathode on coating thickness distribution were discussed. The numerical simulation results show that it is helpful to improve the uniformity of copper electrodeposition on coil surface by adding pictographic anode and insulating baffle. When the distance between cathode and anode is small, the range of plating thickness is 0.21μm, the value of COV (Coefficient of Variance) is 0.5% under the condition of electroplating copper with pictographic anode. With the increase of the distance between the anode and cathode, coating thickness increased to 9.5%, and an insulating baffle was needed to improve the uniformity ofcoating. Then, the range of plating thickness is0.14 μm, the value of COVis 0.4%.【期刊名称】《电子元件与材料》【年(卷),期】2017(036)010【总页数】7页(P46-52)【关键词】印制电路;电感线圈;电镀铜;多物理场耦合;象形阳极;有限元分析【作者】苏世栋;冀林仙【作者单位】运城学院物理与电子工程系,山西运城 044000;运城学院物理与电子工程系,山西运城 044000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O441.4信息、通讯、消费性电子产品制造业的快速发展，使电子产品日新月异，并朝着体积小、质量小、多功能的方向不断发展[1-2]。