2_Mapping
PSD4235G2-70U;PSD4235G2-90U;PSD4235G2-90UI;中文规格书,Datasheet资料
February 2009 Rev 41/129PSD4235G2Flash in-system programmable (ISP)for 16-bit MCUs (5 V supply)Features■Dual bank Flash memories– 4 Mbit of Primary Flash memory (8 uniform sectors, 32K x 16)–256 Kbit Secondary Flash memory with 4 sectors–Concurrent operation: read from onememory while erasing and writing the other ■64 Kbit SRAM■PLD with macrocells–Over 3000 gates of PLD: CPLD and DPLD –CPLD with 16 output macrocells (OMCs) and 24 input macrocells (IMCs)–DPLD - user defined internal chip select decoding ■7 L/O ports with 52 I/O pins–52 individually configurable I/O port pins that can be used for the following functions:–MCU I/Os –PLD I/Os–Latched MCU address output –Special function l/Os–l/O ports may be configured as open-drain outputs ■In-system programming (ISP) with JTAG –Built-in JTAG compliant serial port allows full-chip In-System Programmability–Efficient manufacturing allow easy product testing and programmingUse low cost FlashLINK cable with PC■Page register–Internal page register that can be used to expand the microcontroller address space by a factor of 256–Programmable power management ●High endurance–100,000 Erase/write c ycles of Flash memory–1,000 Erase/WRITE Cycles of PLD –15 Y ear Data Retention ■Single supply voltage –5V ±10%■Memory speed–70ns Flash memory and SRAM access time ■Packages are ECOPACK ®Contents PSD4235G2Contents1Summary description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.1In-system programming (ISP) via JTAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.1.1First time programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.1.2Inventory build-up of pre-programmed devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.1.3Expensive sockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.2In-application programming (IAP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.2.1Simultaneous READ and WRITE to Flash memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131.2.2Complex memory mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131.2.3Separate Program and Data space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131.3PSDsoft™ Express . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2Pin description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163PSD architectural overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.1Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.2PLDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.3I/O ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.4MCU bus interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.5ISP via JTAG port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.6In-System Programming (ISP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.7In-application programming (IAP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.8Page register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.9Power management unit (PMU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4Development system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5PSD register description and address offsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266Register bit definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286.1Data-In registers - port A, B, C, D, E, F, G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286.2Data-out registers - port A, B, C, D, E, F, G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286.3Direction registers - ports A, B, C, D, E, F, G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286.4Control registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2/129PSD4235G2Contents6.5Drive registers - Ports A, B, D, E, G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296.6Drive registers - Ports C and F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296.7Enable-Out registers - Ports A, B, C, F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296.8Input macrocells registers- ports A, B, C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296.9Output macrocells A/B registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306.10Mask macrocells A/B registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306.11Flash Memory Protection register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306.12Flash Boot Protection register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316.13JTAG Enable register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316.14Page register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316.15PMMR0 register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316.16PMMR2 register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326.17VM register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336.18Memory_ID0 registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346.19Memory_ID1 register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347Detailed operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357.1Memory blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357.2Primary Flash memory and Secondary Flash memory description . . . . . 367.2.1Memory block Select signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367.2.2Ready/Busy (PE4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367.3Memory operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398.1Power-up condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398.2Reading Flash memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408.3Read memory contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408.4Read Primary Flash identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408.5Read Memory Sector Protection status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408.6Reading the Erase/Program status bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408.7Data Polling (DQ7) - DQ15 for Motorola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418.8Toggle flag (DQ6) - DQ14 for Motorola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418.9Error flag (DQ5) - DQ13 for Motorola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428.10Erase timeout flag (DQ3) - DQ11 for Motorola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423/129Contents PSD4235G29Programming Flash memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439.1Data polling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439.2Data toggle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449.3Unlock Bypass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4510Erasing Flash memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4710.1Flash Bulk Erase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4710.2Suspend Sector Erase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4810.3Resume Sector Erase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4811Specific features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4911.1Flash Memory Sector Protect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4911.2Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4911.3Reset (RESET) pin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 12SRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5013Memory Select signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5113.1Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5113.2Memory Select configuration for MCUs with separateProgram and Data spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5113.3Separate space modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5213.4Combined space modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5213.580C51XA memory map example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 14Page register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 15Memory ID registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 16PLDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 17Decode PLD (DPLD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5918Complex PLD (CPLD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6118.1Output macrocell (OMC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6218.2Product Term Allocator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4/129PSD4235G2Contents18.3Loading and Reading the output macrocells (OMC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6418.4The OMC Mask register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6418.5The output Enable of the OMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6418.6Input macrocells (IMC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6518.7External Chip Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6719MCU bus interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6919.1PSD interface to a multiplexed bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7019.2PSD interface to a non-multiplexed 8-bit bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7119.3Data Byte Enable reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7119.4MCU bus interface examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7219.580C196 and 80C186 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7319.6MC683xx and MC68HC16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7419.780C51XA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7519.8H8/300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7619.9MMC2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7719.10C16x family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7720I/O ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8020.1General port architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8020.2Port operating modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8120.3MCU I/O mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8220.4PLD I/O mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8220.5Address Out mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8220.6Address In mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8420.7Data Port mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8420.8Peripheral I/O mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8420.9JTAG in-system programming (ISP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8520.10MCU Reset mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8520.11Port Configuration registers (PCR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8620.12Control register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8620.13Direction register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8620.14Port Data registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8820.15Data In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885/129Contents PSD4235G26/12920.16Data Out register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 20.17Output macrocells (OMC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 20.18Mask macrocell register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 20.19Input macrocells (IMC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 20.20Enable Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 20.21Ports A, B and C - functionality and structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 20.22Port D - functionality and structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 20.23Port E - functionality and structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 20.24Port F - functionality and structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 20.25Port G - functionality and structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9221Power management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9421.1Automatic Power-down (APD) Unit and Power-down mode . . . . . . . . . . . 9521.2Power-down mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9521.3Other power saving options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9621.4PLD power management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9621.5PSD Chip Select input (CSI, PD2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9721.6Input clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9721.7Input control signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9822Power-on Reset, Warm Reset and Power-down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9922.1Power-on Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9922.2Warm Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9922.3I/O pin, register and PLD status at Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9922.4Reset of Flash Memory Erase and Program cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9923Programming in-circuit using the JTAG serial interface . . . . . . . . . . 10123.1Standard JTAG signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10123.2JTAG extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10223.3Security and Flash memory protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 24Initial delivery state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 25Maximum rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105PSD4235G2Contents 26DC and AC parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 27Package mechanical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 28Part numbering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Appendix A Pin assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 29Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1287/129List of tables PSD4235G2 List of tablesTable 1.Pin names. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Table 2.Pin description (for the LQFP package) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Table 3.PLD I/O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Table 4.JTAG signals on port E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Table 5.Methods of programming different functional blocks of the PSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Table 6.Register address offset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Table 7.Data-In registers - Ports A, B, C, D, E, F, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Table 8.Data-Out registers - Ports A, B, C, D, E, F, G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Table 9.Direction registers - Ports A, B, C, D, E, F, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Table 10.Control registers - Ports E, F, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Table 11.Drive registers - Ports A, B, D, E, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Table 12.Drive registers - Ports C, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Table 13.Enable-Out registers - Ports A, B, C, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Table 14.Input macrocell registers - Port A, B, C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Table 15.Output macrocells A register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Table 16.Output macrocells B register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Table 17.Mask macrocells A register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Table 18.Mask macrocells B register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Table 19.Flash Memory Protection register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Table 20.Flash Boot Protection register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Table 21.JTAG Enable register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Table 22.Page register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Table 23.PMMR0 register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Table 24.PMMR2 register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Table 25.VM register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Table 26.Memory_ID0 register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Table 27.Memory_ID1 register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Table 28.Memory block size and organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Table 29.Instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Table 30.Status bits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Table 31.Status bits for Motorola. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Table 32.DPLD and CPLD inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Table 33.Output macrocell Port and Data bit Assignments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Table 34.MCUs and their control signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Table 35.16-bit data bus with BHE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Table 36.16-bit data bus with WRH and WRL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Table 37.16-bit data bus with SIZ0, A0 (Motorola MCU). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Table 38.16-bit data bus with LDS, UDS (Motorola MCU). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Table 39.Port operating modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Table 40.Port operating mode settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Table 41.I/O port latched address output assignments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Table 42.Port Configuration registers (PCR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Table 43.Port Pin Direction Control, output Enable P.T. not defined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Table 44.Port Pin Direction Control, output Enable P.T. defined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Table 45.Port direction assignment example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Table 46.Drive register pin assignment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Table 47.Port Data registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Table 48.Effect of Power-down mode on ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 8/129PSD4235G2List of tables Table 49.PSD timing and standby current during Power-down mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Table 50.APD counter operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Table 51.Status During Power-On Reset, Warm Reset and Power-down mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Table 52.JTAG port signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Table 53.Absolute maximum ratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Table 54.Example of PSD typical power calculation at V CC = 5.0V (with Turbo mode on). . . . . . . 107 Table 55.Example of PSD typical power calculation at V CC = 5.0V (with Turbo mode off). . . . . . . 108 Table 56.Operating conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Table 57.AC signal letters for PLD timings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Table 58.AC signal behavior symbols for PLD timings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Table 59.AC measurement conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Table 60.Capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Table 61.DC characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Table 62.CPLD Combinatorial timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Table 63.CPLD macrocell Synchronous clock mode timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Table 64.CPLD macrocell Asynchronous clock mode timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Table 65.Input macrocell timing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Table 66.Program, WRITE and Erase times. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Table 67.READ timing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Table 68.WRITE timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Table 69.Port F Peripheral Data Mode Read timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Table 70.Port F Peripheral Data Mode Write timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Table 71.Reset (RESET) timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Table 72.Power-down timing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Table 73.ISC timing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Table 74.LQFP80 - 80-lead plastic thin, quad, flat package mechanical data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Table 75.Ordering information scheme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Table 76.PSD4235G2 LQFP80. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Table 77.Document revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1289/129。
T2-mapping定量评价2型糖尿病患者心功能的初步研究
００３放射学实践２０２１年３月第３６卷第３期㊀R a d i o l P r a c t i c e,M a r２０２１,V o l３６,N o．３心血管M R影像学专题 T２Ｇm a p p i n g定量评价２型糖尿病患者心功能的初步研究冯根义,张雷,王建刚,胡清,杨晨曦,李学义,赵志明,刘艳,李明琪,李欣源,郭艳,贺静,何超ʌ摘要ɔ㊀目的:探讨T２Ｇm a p p i n g成像技术定量评价２型糖尿病(T２D M)患者心功能的临床价值.方法:按纳入标准前瞻性搜集９２例T２M D患者为T２D M组,根据纽约心脏病协会(N Y H A)心功能分级将T２D M组分为N Y H AⅠ级组２６例,N Y H AⅡ级组２８例,N Y H AⅢ级组２５例,N Y H AⅣ级组１３例,选取年龄㊁性别㊁B M I匹配的健康成人３０例为对照组,所有受检者均行心脏T２Ｇm a p p i n g成像, T２D M组同期行钆对比剂延迟增强扫描(L G E),分别测量１７段心肌的T２值.对比T２D M组与对照组左心室心肌T２值的差异;分析T２D M组左心室非强化心肌T２值与心功能(N Y H A分级)㊁血清甘油三酯(T G)㊁空腹血糖(F P G)㊁糖化血红蛋白(H b A１c)及糖尿病病程的相关性.结果:T２D M组各组及对照组左心室各节段非强化心肌的平均T２值之间差异具有统计学意义(对照组＜N Y H AⅠ级组＜N YＧH AⅡ级组＜N Y H AⅢ级组＜N Y H AⅣ级组,P均＜０．０１).左心室延迟强化心肌的平均T２值与对照组无统计学差异(５７．８０ʃ３．８２m s v s．５６．６７ʃ３．０６m s,t＝－１．６７１,P＝０．０９５).T２D M组左心室各节段非强化心肌的平均T２值与心功能(N Y H A分级)呈正相关(P均＜０．０１),与T G含量呈弱相关(除３段T２值外,P均＜０．０５),与F P G㊁H b A１c的含量及糖尿病病程无相关性(P均＞０．０５),但F P G㊁H b A１c平均值均高于正常值.结论:T２Ｇm a p p i n g可以定量评价心功能(N Y H A分级),T２值越高, T２D M合并心功能不全的可能性越大.同时,T２Ｇm a p p i n g可以间接评估T２D M心肌损伤的程度,早期预测糖尿病心肌损害,为临床定量评价T２D M心功能提供了新的影像学方法.ʌ关键词ɔ㊀T２Ｇm a p p i n g成像;２型糖尿病;T２值;心功能;N Y H A分级;延迟增强扫描;心肌脂肪变性ʌ中图分类号ɔR４４５．２;R５４２．２㊀ʌ文献标志码ɔA㊀ʌ文章编号ɔ１０００Ｇ０３１３(２０２１)０３Ｇ０３００Ｇ０７D O I:１０．１３６０９/j．c n k i．１０００Ｇ０３１３．２０２１．０３．００４㊀㊀㊀开放科学(资源服务)标识码(O S I D):A p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d y o n q u a n t i t a t i v em e a s u r e m e n t o f l e f t v e n t r i c u l a rm y o c a r d i a l T２v a l u e t o e v a l u a t e c a r d iＧa c f u n c t i o n i n p a t i e n t sw i t h t y p e２d i a b e t e sm e l l i t u s㊀F E N G G e nＧy i,Z H A N GL e i,WA N GJ i a nＧg a n g,e t a l．D e p a r t m e n t o fR a d i o l o g y,X i a nG E M F l o w e rC h a n g q i n g H o s p i t a l,X i a n７１０２００,C h i n aʌA b s t r a c tɔ㊀O b j e c t i v e:T o e x p l o r e t h e c l i n i c a l v a l u eo fT２Ｇm a p p i n g i m a g i n g i n t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e eＧv a l u a t i o no f c a r d i a c f u n c t i o n i n p a t i e n t sw i t h t y p e２D i a b e t e sm e l l i t u s(T２D M)．M e t h o d s:A c c o r d i n g t o i n c l u s i o n c r i t e r i a,９２p a t i e n t sw i t hT２D M w e r e p r o s p e c t i v e l y c o l l e c t e d a s g r o u p T２D M．A l s o a c c o r d i n g t o t h eN Y H Ah e a r t f u n c t i o n c l a s s i f i c a t i o n,T２D M g r o u p c a nb ed i v i d e d i n t oN Y H AⅠg r o u p(２６c aＧs e s),N Y H AⅡg r o u p(２８c a s e s),N Y H AⅢg r o u p(２５c a s e s),a n dN Y H AⅣg r o u p(１３c a s e s)．T h i r t y h e a l t h y a d u l t sm a t c h e d i na g e,g e n d e r a n dB M Iw e r e s e l e c t e d a s t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p．A l l s u b j e c t s u n d e rＧw e n t h e a r tT２Ｇm a p p i n g s c a n,w h i l e t h eT２D M g r o u p a l s ou n d e r w e n t d e l a y e d g a d o l i n i u me n h a n c e m e n t (L G E)s c a n s i m u l t a n e o u s l y,a n d t h eT２v a l u e s o f１７m y o c a r d i a l s e g m e n t sw e r em e a s u r e d r e s p e c t i v e l y．T h ed i f f e r e n c e o fT２v a l u e s b e t w e e nT２D M g r o u p a n d c o n t r o l g r o u p w a s c o m p a r e d;t h e c o r r e l a t i o nb eＧt w e e nT２v a l u e o f l e f t v e n t r i c u l a rn o nＧe n h a n c e dm y o c a r d i u ma n dh e a r t f u n c t i o n(N Y H A g r a d e),s e rＧu mt r i g l y c e r i d e(T G),f a s t i n g b l o o d g l u c o s e(F P G),g l y c o s y l a t e dh e m o g l o b i n(H b A１c)a n d t h e c o u r s e o f d i a b e t e sm e l l i t u s i nT２D M g r o u p w a s a n a l y z e d．R e s u l t s:T h e r ew e r e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e sb e t w e e n T２D M g r o u p a n dc o n t r o l g r o u p i n m e a nT２v a l u e so fn o nＧe n h a n c e d m y o c a r d i u mi ne a c hs e g m e n to f l e f t v e n t r i c l e(c o n t r o l g r o u p＜N Y H AⅠg r o u p＜N Y H AⅡg r o u p＜N Y H AⅢg r o u p＜N Y H AⅣ作者单位:７１０２００㊀西安,西安宝石花长庆医院影像科(冯根义㊁李学义㊁刘艳㊁李明琪㊁李欣源),心血管内科(王建刚㊁胡清㊁赵志明㊁贺静)㊁内分泌科(杨晨曦㊁郭艳);７２１００６㊀陕西,宝鸡高新医院放射科(张雷);７１００６８㊀西安,陕西省交通医院影像科(何超)作者简介:冯根义(１９６９－),男,甘肃酒泉人,副主任医师,主要从事医学影像诊断㊁磁共振成像技术工作.通信作者:王建刚,EＧm a i l:w j g２０１１６＠s i n a．c o mg r o u p,P＜０．０１)．T h e r ew a s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i nm e a nT２v a l u e b e t w e e n t h e l e f t v e n t r i c u l a r d eＧl a y e d e n h a n c e dm y o c a r d i u ma n d t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p[L G E:(５７．８０ʃ３．８２)m s;c o n t r o l g r o u p:(５６．６７ʃ３．０６)m s;t＝－１．６７１,P＝０．０９５]．M e a nT２v a l u eo f n o nＧe n h a n c e dm y o c a r d i u mi ne a c hs e g m e n t o f l e f t v e n t r i c l e i nT２D M g r o u p w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l yp o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e dw i t hc a r d i a c f u n c t i o n(N Y H A g r a d e) (P＜０．０１),w a sw e a k l y c o r r e l a t e dw i t hT Gc o n t e n t(e x c e p t s e g m e n t３,P＜０．０５),w a sn oc o r r e l a t i o n w i t h t h e c o n t e n t o f F P Ga n dH b A１c a n d t h e c o u r s e o f d i a b e t e s m e l l i t u s(P＞０．０５)．H o w e v e r,t h em e a n v a l u e s o f F P Ga n dH b A１cw e r e b o t hh i g h e r t h a nn o r m a l．C o n c l u s i o n:T２Ｇm a p p i n g c a n q u a n t i t a t i v e l y eＧv a l u a t e c a r d i a c f u n c t i o n(N Y H Ac l a s s i f i c a t i o n)．T h eh i g h e r t h eT２v a l u e,t h e g r e a t e r t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f T２D Mc o m p l i c a t e dw i t h c a r d i a c i n s u f f i c i e n c y,a n d t h e h i g h e rN Y H A g r a d e,t h e h i g h e rT２v a l u e．A t t h e s a m e t i m e,T２Ｇm a p p i n g c a n i n d i r e c t l y e v a l u a t e t h ed e g r e eo fm y o c a r d i a l d a m a g e i n T２D M a n de a r l y p r e d i c t d i a b e t i cm y o c a r d i a l d a m a g e,w h i c h p r o v i d e s an e wi m a g i n g m e t h o d f o r c l i n i c a l q u a n t i t a t i v eeＧv a l u a t i o no f c a r d i a c f u n c t i o n i nT２D M．ʌK e y w o r d sɔ㊀T２Ｇm a p p i n g i m a g i n g;T y p e２d i a b e t e sm e l l i t u s;T２v a l u e s;C a r d i a c f u n c t i o n;N YＧH A g r a d e;L a t e g a d o l i n i u me n h a n c e m e n t;M y o c a r d i a l s t e s t o s i s㊀㊀糖尿病心肌病(d i a b e t i c m e l l i t u sc a r d i o m y oＧp a i h y,D M C M)是指排除冠心病和高血压,单纯由高血糖引起的心肌疾病,最早由R u b l e r及H a m b y等在１９７２年和１９７４年分别指出,其发病机制主要跟糖毒性㊁脂毒性㊁高胰岛素血症等因素有关[１].D M C M往往由于心肌损伤后心室重构导致心功能不全,严重者可引起心力衰竭,成为糖尿病死亡的主要原因,临床早期干预可有效逆转或改善预后[２Ｇ４].目前,临床主要依靠１９２８年纽约心脏病协会(N Y H A)提出的N Y H A 分级对２型糖尿病(t y p e２D i a b e t e sm e l l i t u s,T２D M)心功能进行评估,适用于单纯左心衰竭㊁收缩性心力衰竭患者的心功能分级.该分级虽然于２００５年和２００９年由美国心脏病学会(A C C)及美国心脏学会(A m e r iＧc a nH e a r tA s s o c i a t i o n,A H A)做了更新[５],但仍然缺乏对心功能进行具体的量化分析,且不能提前预测心脏结构的改变.T２D M心肌损伤易导致心肌结构异常,并最终引起心功能障碍.因此,如何有效检测心肌结构的改变,早期制定治疗干预措施,对预防T２D M 患者心功能异常至关重要.磁共振T２Ｇm a p p i n g成像能够测量人体组织中的横向弛豫时间(T２值),通过定量参数无创性评估心肌组织的病理学改变,检出病变极其灵敏[６],被广泛应用于各种心肌病变的研究中[７].在临床工作中,糖尿病患者左心室心肌的T２值高于正常心肌,并且与临床心功能(N Y H A分级)相关.本研究应用T２Ｇm a p p i n g 成像技术对T２D M心功能(N Y H A分级)进行定量分析,欲通过检测各节段心肌T２值,预测T２D M患者发生心功能异常的可能性.材料与方法１ 研究对象本研究为前瞻性研究,获得本院医学伦理委员会批准,所有参与者检查前签署知情同意书.T２D M患者纳入标准:符合１９９９年世界卫生组织(WHO)糖尿病的诊断标准,具有N Y H A心功能分级㊁血清甘油三酯(T G)㊁空腹血糖(F P G)㊁糖化血红蛋白(H b A１c)及糖尿病病程等临床信息.健康成人纳入标准:①既往体健,无长期抽烟及酗酒史,无先天性心脏病㊁继发性心脏病病史及家族史;②心电图正常,胸部C T无冠脉及主动脉钙化;③检查前未服用β阻滞剂;④磁共振检查射血分数正常范围(６０％~７８％).所有受检者无磁共振检查禁忌症,完成T２Ｇm a p p i n g扫描,图像心肌显示清楚,轮廓清晰锐利,或图像中出现少许伪影,但不影响此区域心肌各种参数值测量的准确度.根据上述纳入标准,选取２０１６年３月－２０２０年４月在本院临床确诊的９２例T２D M患者为T２D M组,男７３例,女１９例,年龄５２~８０岁,平均６４．８５ʃ７．５１岁,糖尿病病程２~２２年,平均１２．６６ʃ５．０７年,临床主要表现为胸闷㊁心悸㊁气短等.根据N Y H A分级将T２D M组分为N Y H AⅠ级组２６例,N Y H AⅡ级组２８例,N Y H AⅢ级组２５例,N Y H AⅣ级组１３例.另外选取与T２D M患者年龄㊁性别㊁B M I匹配的健康成人３０例为对照组.２ M R I检查方法心脏磁共振扫描采用P h i l i p sA c h i e v a１．５T双梯度MR扫描仪,S E N S E X L T O R S O C O I L１６通道线圈.检查前连接好心电门控与呼吸门控,并对受检者进行呼吸训练.T２Ｇm a p p i n g应用m G r a S E技术于舒张末期扫描,扫描方位包括短轴位基底段㊁中段㊁远段和四腔心各一层.扫描参数如下:F O V３００mmˑ３００mm,矩阵１５２ˑ１４０,激励次数１,触发时间窗１０％~２０％R R,翻转角９０ʎ,T R１０００m s,T E值依次１０３放射学实践２０２１年３月第３６卷第３期㊀R a d i o l P r a c t i c e,M a r２０２１,V o l３６,N o．３㊀图１㊀男,５３岁,健康成人,R O I 内１~１７分别表示左心室相应节段心肌.a )短轴位左心室近段T ２Ｇm a p p i n g 图,测量１~６节段心肌T ２值;b )短轴位左心室中段T ２Ｇm a p p i n g 图,测量７~１２节段心肌T ２值;c )短轴位左心室远段T ２Ｇm a p p i n g 图,测量１３~１６节段心肌T ２值;d )四腔心T ２Ｇm a p Ｇp i n g 图,测量左心室１７节段心肌T ２值.为８．８m s ㊁１７．６m s ㊁２６．４m s㊁３５．２m s ㊁４４．０m s ㊁５２．８m s ㊁６１．６m s ㊁７０．４m s ㊁７９．２m s 共９个回波.完成一次扫描屏气时间１０~１６s,屏气时间与心率有关.增强扫描经肘静脉注入０．２mm o l /k g 钆贝葡胺,注射流率为２m L /s ,延迟１０m i n 后扫描,扫描序列为P S I R T F E ,T R ５．０m s ,T I ２．４m s ,翻转角２５ʎ,矩阵２５６ˑ２５６.３ 图像分析将所扫描T ２Ｇm a p p i n g 图像在线重建后传至P h i l i psI n t e l l i S pa c eP o r t a l (星云)工作站进行图像分析,T ２D M 患者首先观察L G E 图像,判断L G E 的有无㊁形态和节段分布.根据A H A２００２年提出的标准化心肌分段法,由２名影像科副主任医师分别测量左心室１７节段心肌T ２值,其中短轴位测量第１~１６节段(图１a ~c ),四腔心测量第１７节段(图１d ).测量时避开血液㊁心外膜脂肪㊁肌小梁.心肌节段内无L G E 为非强化心肌,有L G E 为强化心肌,分别按心肌节段测量非强化心肌和强化心肌的T ２值.４ 统计学分析采用I B M S P S S２５．０统计学软件进行数据分析,所有计数资料采用例数表示,组间对比采用χ２检验.所有计量资料以K o l m o g o r o v ＧS m i r n o v 法进行正态性检验,若服从正态分布则以均值ʃ标准差(x ʃs )表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t 检验;多组间比较采用O n e Ｇw a y A N O V A 分析,方差齐性采用F 检验,方差齐时组间比较采用L S D 检验.T ２D M 组左心室各节段非强化心肌T ２值与心功能(N Y H A 分级)㊁血清甘油三酯(T G )㊁空腹血糖(F P G )㊁糖化血红蛋白(H b A １c )㊁糖尿病病程之间的关系采用P e a r s o n 相关分析.以P ＜０．０５差异具有统计学意义.结㊀果１．各组一般临床资料比较各组一般临床资料比较无显著性差异(P 均＞０．０５),但T ２D M 组T G 含量随N Y H A 分级升高而增加,N Y H A Ⅲ级㊁N Y H A Ⅳ级组T G 的平均含量高于正常值(０．５~１．７mm o l /L ),见表１.１２２例受试者共计２０７４节段左心室心肌的T ２值被成功测量,其中T ２D M 组非强化心肌１５４２节段,强化心肌２２节段,对照组心肌５１０节段(图２~４).所有计量资料符合正态性分布(P 均＞０．０５)并满足方差齐性(P 均＞０．０５).２ T ２D M 组与对照组左心室各节段心肌T ２值比较T ２D M 组各组与对照组左心室各节段非强化心肌平均T ２值的统计结果见表２.T ２D M 组左心室各节段非强化心肌的平均T ２值均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(对照组＜N Y H A Ⅰ级组＜N Y H A Ⅱ级组＜N Y H A Ⅲ级组＜N Y H A Ⅳ级组,P 均＜０．０１).N Y H A Ⅰ级组与对照组之间差异有统计学意义(除第４㊁８㊁１６㊁１７节段外,P 均＜０．０５);N Y H A Ⅱ级组㊁N Y H A Ⅲ级组㊁N Y H A Ⅳ级组与对照组差异均具有统计学意义(P 均＜０．０１).N Y H AⅠ级组与２０３放射学实践２０２１年３月第３６卷第３期㊀R a d i o l P r a c t i c e ,M a r ２０２１,V o l ３６,N o ．３表１㊀各组一般临床资料比较(P均＞０．０５)组别T２D M组N Y HAⅠ组N Y HAⅡ组N Y HAⅢ组N Y HAⅣ组对照组χ２/F值P值例数(n)２６２８２５１３３０性别(n)０．９９６０．９１０㊀男２１２３２０９２４㊀女５５５４６年龄(岁)６４．８５ʃ８．０９６４．９３ʃ８．０３６４．９２ʃ７．９０６４．５４ʃ４．６３６４．３０ʃ９．２６０．０３２０．９９８B M I(k g/m２)２３．９７ʃ１．９７２３．６０ʃ１．６０２４．３４ʃ２．０２２４．６９ʃ２．１９２３．９２ʃ１．７６０．９７２０．４２５糖尿病病程(年)１１．６２ʃ４．３６１３．１１ʃ５．５５１２．６０ʃ５．６９１３．９２ʃ４．０７/０．７０４０．５５２F P G(mm o l/L)８．９２ʃ２．４３８．４８ʃ３．０４９．８７ʃ４．４７９．５８ʃ２．４３/０．９０５０．４４２H b A１c(％)８．４６ʃ１．５９７．８４ʃ２．０６８．３４ʃ１．６６８．８７ʃ２．２４/１．０５１０．３７４T G(mm o l/L)１．３７ʃ０．８７１．５８ʃ０．７２１．８１ʃ０．９６１．９５ʃ０．６８/１．９１００．１３４图２㊀男,５９岁,确诊为T２D M１１年,N Y H AⅡ级.a)L G E图,左心室中段心肌未见延迟强化;b)T２Ｇm a pＧp i n g图,７~１２节段心肌T２值轻度升高(５８．５４~６３．５５m s).㊀图３㊀男,５９岁,确诊为T２D M１６年,N Y H A Ⅲ级.a)L G E图,左心室８~９节段及１０节段部分心肌壁间延迟强化(箭);b)T２Ｇm a p p i n g图,８㊁９节段心肌的T２值未见升高(５１．０３９~５２．５４m s),１０节段心肌的T２值轻度升高(６１．０４m s),７㊁１１㊁１２节段非强化心肌T２值明显升高(６７．５４~７５．０４m s).㊀图４㊀男,６２岁,确诊为T２D M１３年,N Y H AⅣ级.a)L G E图,左心室８㊁９节段心肌壁间及外膜下可见斑片状不均匀强化(红箭);心包积液(白箭);b)T２Ｇm a p p i n g图,８㊁９节段强化心肌的T２值轻Ｇ中度升高(５５．５４~６８．５５m s),７㊁１０㊁１１㊁１２节段非强化心肌T２值明显升高(７７．０６~８６．５７m s);心包积液(箭).N Y H AⅡ级组之间差异有统计学意义(除第２节段外,P均＜０．０５);N Y H AⅠ级组与N Y HAⅢ级组㊁N Y H AⅣ级组差异均有统计学意义(P均＜０．０１); N Y H AⅡ级组㊁N Y H AⅢ级组㊁N Y H AⅣ级组各组间差异均具有统计学意义(P均＜０．０１).左心室延迟强化心肌的平均T２值与对照组差异无统计学意义(５７．８０ʃ３．８２m sv s．５６．６７ʃ３．０６m s, t＝－１．６７１,P＝０．０９５).３ T２D M组左心室心肌T２值与临床资料的相关性分析３０３放射学实践２０２１年３月第３６卷第３期㊀R a d i o l P r a c t i c e,M a r２０２１,V o l３６,N o．３表２㊀T ２DM 组各亚组与对照组左心室非延迟强化心肌T ２值比较分段T ２D M 组N Y HA Ⅰ级(n ＝２６)N Y HA Ⅱ级(n ＝２８)N Y HA Ⅲ级(n ＝x)N Y HA Ⅳ级(n ＝x)对照组(n ＝３０)F 值P 值L S D １５６．７３ʃ２．０７５８．７１ʃ２．１９６９．３９ʃ１．６４(２４)７８．５７ʃ１．２０(１２)５５．２４ʃ１．７６４９６．８９３０．０００５＜１＜２＜３＜４２５４．７９ʃ１．６３５４．４２ʃ１．５５６８．３７ʃ１．６１(２４)７７．７６ʃ２．３８(１２)５３．３５ʃ２．０１６４６．６９００．０００５＜１,２＜３＜４３５４．０４ʃ１．５０５５．４８ʃ２．３２６７．４９ʃ１．６４(２４)７６．６８ʃ０．９７(１１)５３．０９ʃ１．６０５９１．５８９０．０００５＜１＜２＜３＜４４５５．９１ʃ２．３６５９．０２ʃ１．６１７１．４５ʃ１．８９(２５)７７．８７ʃ１．１５(１２)５５．００ʃ１．６４５９３．２３１０．０００５,１＜２＜３＜４５５５．６２ʃ２．２７５７．７３ʃ１．９８６７．５３ʃ１．９７(２４)７５．８８ʃ０．９６(２１)５４．０２ʃ２．４０３４９．８５５０．０００５＜１＜２＜３＜４６５７．７４ʃ１．８９６１．５６ʃ１．８６７１．５４ʃ２．０４(２５)７８．１５ʃ０．９３(１３)５６．６２ʃ１．９５４９２．８７２０．０００５＜１＜２＜３＜４７５８．５６ʃ２．２７６３．７０ʃ２．９２７２．０３ʃ２．０８(２５)７９．８４ʃ１．０４(１０)５６．６５ʃ２．３９２９０．８５００．０００５＜１＜２＜３＜４８５５．７５ʃ２．８７５８．６８ʃ２．８２６５．１３ʃ２．９２(２３)７７．０９ʃ１．１９(１０)５５．００ʃ２．０４１９０．８４００．０００５,１＜２＜３＜４９５６．９３ʃ２．１９５９．３５ʃ１．８９７１．２６ʃ２．１５(２５)７７．５３ʃ０．９４(１２)５５．５５ʃ１．７１４９０．９２２０．０００５＜１＜２＜３＜４１０５９．２０ʃ１．４２６４．９８ʃ１．６９７２．５５ʃ１．８６(２４)８０．１３ʃ０．９３(１３)５７．１６ʃ１．６１６９７．９３８０．０００５＜１＜２＜３＜４１１５８．１８ʃ１．８８６２．１５ʃ１．７６７２．１８ʃ２．２６(２５)７９．４８ʃ０．６３(１３)５６．７９ʃ１．９３５２５．１４８０．０００５＜１＜２＜３＜４１２６１．１６ʃ１．７５６７．２８ʃ１．６２７４．１１ʃ１．８４(２５)８１．４３ʃ１．４７(１３)５９．１６ʃ２．３６４７１．３０４０．０００５＜１＜２＜３＜４１３６０．８２ʃ１．８９６２．６３ʃ１．８６７２．３９ʃ２．０７(２４)８１．６４ʃ０．９３(１３)５９．０６ʃ１．９５４７３．５５３０．０００５＜１＜２＜３＜４１４５９．１２ʃ１．７６６１．９２ʃ１．５８７２．８９ʃ１．６７(２４)７９．８７ʃ１．０８(１３)５６．３３ʃ２．１９６１４．５３５０．０００５＜１＜２＜３＜４１５６０．５０ʃ１．４４６６．５０ʃ１．６９７５．２０ʃ１．６８(２５)８１．２７ʃ１．０７(１３)５８．８２ʃ１．８６７００．９３８０．０００５＜１＜２＜３＜４１６６０．３５ʃ１．６４６６．３６ʃ１．９２７４．６２ʃ１．５９(２５)８２．２７ʃ１．３２(１３)５９．７８ʃ１．８２６１０．７８００．０００５,１＜２＜３＜４１７６１．９９ʃ２．１７６５．６３ʃ２．９２７８．４５ʃ２．０８(２５)８３．７７ʃ０．９８(１３)６１．８４ʃ２．３９３７９．５５２０．０００５,１＜２＜３＜４注:L S D 事后检验１㊁２㊁３㊁４㊁５分别表示N Y HA Ⅰ级㊁Ⅱ级㊁Ⅲ级㊁Ⅳ级㊁对照组;n 为非强化心肌数量表３㊀T ２DM 组左心室非延迟强化心肌T ２值与心功能㊁T G ㊁F P G ㊁H b A １c ㊁糖尿病病程的相关性节段(n)心功能rPT GrPF P GrPH b A １crP糖尿病病程rP１(９０)０．９３０∗∗０．０００．２６２∗０．０１３０．１５３０．１５００．１７５０．０９８０．０９００．３９７２(９０)０．９０１∗∗０．０００．２２９∗０．０３００．１３２０．２１５０．１０８０．３１１０．０８８０．４１０３(８９)０．９２５∗∗０．０００．１９２０．０７２０．１７７０．０９７０．１２４０．２４６０．１０２０．３４０４(９１)０．９４３∗∗０．０００．２３６∗０．０２４０．１３９０．１８８０．０９６０．３６４０．０７１０．５０４５(９０)０．９２８∗∗０．０００．２８１∗∗０．００７０．１２１０．２５７０．１１２０．２９１０．０９８０．３５９６(９２)０．９５５∗∗０．０００．２２３∗０．０３２０．１４８０．１６００．１０３０．３２７０．０８４０．４２４７(８９)０．９４４∗∗０．０００．２１６∗０．０４２０．１２４０．２４５０．１４２０．１８５０．０９１０．３９９８(８７)０．８９２∗∗０．０００．２５０∗０．０２００．１２００．２６７０．０４８０．６５８０．０７６０．４８４９(９１)０．９３３∗∗０．０００．２１２∗０．０４３０．１３８０．１９００．１２００．２５７０．１３７０．１９７１０(９１)０．９７５∗∗０．０００．２３９∗０．０２２０．０６９０．５１５０．０６４０．５４６０．１１３０．２８７１１(９２)０．９５７∗∗０．０００．２６７∗０．０１００．１２２０．２４８０．０８３０．４３００．１４１０．１７９１２(９２)０．９７１∗∗０．０００．２３８∗０．０２３０．１０００．３４３０．０６４０．５４５０．１６７０．１１１１３(９１)０．９２９∗∗０．０００．２２１∗０．０３６０．１５６０．１３９０．１３３０．２１００．０８５０．４２４１４(９１)０．９５０∗∗０．０００．２４３∗０．０２００．１３９０．１９００．０８４０．４２９０．０８００．４５０１５(９２)０．９７６∗∗０．０００．２２１∗０．０３４０．１０５０．３２１０．１０２０．３３２０．１５１０．１５１１６(９２)０．９７４∗∗０．０００．２５４∗０．０１５０．１０００．３４４０．０７８０．４５８０．１７９０．０８８１７(９２)０．９３６∗∗０．０００．２４３∗０．０１９０．１３９０．１８８０．１１１０．２９２０．０８１０．４４５注:r 为P e a r s o n 相关系数,∗∗P ＜０．０１,∗P ＜０．０５,n 为非强化心肌数量㊀㊀T ２D M 组左心室各节段非强化心肌T ２值与心功能(N Y H A 分级)㊁T G ㊁F P G ㊁H b A １c㊁糖尿病病程的P e a r s o n 相关性分析见表３.T ２D M 组左心室各节段非强化心肌的平均T ２值与N Y H A 分级呈正相关(P 均＜０．０１),与T G 含量呈轻度相关(０．２０＜r ＜０．４０,除３段T ２值外P 均＜０．０５),与糖尿病病程无相关性(P 均＞０．０５).T ２D M 组F P G ㊁H b A １c 含量的平均值均高于正常值,但左心室各节段非强化心肌的平均T ２值与F P G ㊁H b A １c 含量的多少无相关性.讨㊀论１ T ２D M 心功能不全的发病机制左心室舒张功能不全是D M C M 的特点,可单独存在或早于收缩功能不全出现[１],特别是在T ２D M中,舒张性心力衰竭的患病率较高[４].然而,导致T ２D M 左室舒张功能不全的病理生理机制尚不完全清楚.T ２D M 心肌损伤后主要出现心肌脂肪浸润㊁左心室肥大㊁心肌胶原间质纤维化增加等结构变化,且主要以心肌细胞内脂肪浸润增加为特征[１].心肌脂肪沉积是T ２D M 体质代谢异常的一种结果,并产生应激㊁炎症等一系列毒性反应,导致心肌细胞凋亡㊁心室重构㊁心功能受损[８].黄琴等[９]对S D 大鼠的动物实验证明,T ２D M 心肌损伤表现为心肌细胞轻度肿胀㊁间质水肿㊁炎性细胞浸润㊁心肌中脂肪颗粒出现等.４０３放射学实践２０２１年３月第３６卷第３期㊀R a d i o l P r a c t i c e ,M a r ２０２１,V o l ３６,N o ．３G u z z a r d i等[１０]认为T２D M心肌损伤主要为心肌脂肪变性和慢性炎症.S h a r m a等[２]对大鼠的动物实验发现,衰竭心脏心肌间质有颇高的脂肪沉积,而D M C M 更为明显.N a k a n i s h i等[３]的尸检结果证明,糖尿病患者的心脏脂肪浸润要比非糖尿病患者的严重.R i j z eＧw i j k等[４]认为,心肌脂肪变性是T２D M舒张功能不全的独立预测因子.K o r o s o g l o u等[１１]认为,T２D M左室舒张功能与心肌甘油三酯含量有关,但与心肌灌注储备受损无关.谢林均等[８]应用１HＧM R S对T２D M 心肌的测量结果显示,T２D M心肌脂肪储积早于左心室功能障碍,同时发现,心肌水含量与三酰甘油含量之间不存在相关性.因此认为,T２D M心肌损伤后心肌出现脂肪变性㊁慢性炎症㊁间质水肿㊁心肌纤维化等结构变化,而导致心功能不全的主要原因是心肌脂肪变性.２ T２Ｇm a p p i n g成像技术对T２D M心功能(N YＧH A分级)的初步观察近年来,在心脏疾病方面,T２Ｇm a p p i n g主要应用在缺血性心肌病㊁病毒性心肌炎的研究中[７,１２Ｇ１６],一些系统性疾病所致的继发性心肌病变也被纳入研究[６,１７Ｇ１８].研究认为,T２Ｇm a p p i n g对疾病的病理变化非常敏感,除水肿外,炎症㊁脂肪浸润等均能导致T２值升高.汪苍等[１９]应用T１Ｇm a p p i n g㊁T２Ｇm a p p i n g对大鼠的肝纤维化和肝脂肪变性进行了评估,结果显示, T１Ｇm a p p i n g可无创评估大鼠肝纤维化,与肝纤维化程度呈正相关;T２Ｇm a p p i n g可无创评估大鼠肝脂肪变性,与肝脂肪变性呈正相关.本研究发现,T２D M左心室各节段非强化心肌的平均T２值均高于健康成人,并且与心功能(N Y H A分级)呈正相关,N Y H AⅠ级和N Y H AⅡ级T２D M的T２值轻度升高,N Y H AⅢ级㊁N Y H AⅣ级的T２值显著升高,但N Y H AⅠ级组与对照组第４㊁８㊁１６㊁１７节段左心室非强化心肌的T２值无统计学差异,N Y H A Ⅰ级组与N Y H AⅡ级组第２节段左心室非强化心肌的T２值差异无统计学意义.笔者认为,心肌脂肪变性㊁慢性炎症㊁间质水肿是导致T２D M心肌损伤后非强化心肌T２值升高的主要原因,并且T２值升高的程度取决于心肌损伤的程度,同时,T２D M左心室各节段心肌损害的分布并不均匀,其原因有待于进一步研究.本研究中,N Y H AⅢ级组和N Y H AⅣ级的T２D M左心室部分(２２节段)心肌出现延迟强化,主要表现为心肌壁间或心外膜下的条状㊁斑片状非缺血性强化,强化心肌的平均T２值轻度升高,但与健康成人左心室心肌的T２值之间差异无统计学意义,这一结果与文献[１９]的结果较一致,原因可能是由于病变心肌虽然以纤维化为主,但同时存在慢性炎症㊁间质水肿和脂肪浸润,因此其T２值轻度升高.另外,本研究中,T２D M左心室非强化心肌的T２值与T G含量之间呈低度相关,与F P G㊁H b A１c含量及糖尿病病程不存在相关性,但T２D M心功能(N YＧH A分级)异常者中,仅显示N Y H AⅢ级㊁N Y H AⅣ级T G含量的平均值高于正常范围,而F P G㊁H b A１c 含量的平均值均高于正常范围,证明血清甘油三酯含量高低不能反映T２D M心肌脂肪含量的程度,F P G㊁H b A１c含量升高可以反映心肌损伤,但不能判断心肌损伤的程度,这一结果与谢林均等[８]应用１HＧM R S对T２D M心肌测量的研究结果基本一致.３ 本研究的局限性与展望本研究没有对正常成人不同年龄㊁性别和B M I的左心室各节段心肌T２值差异进行统计分析,这将是笔者下一步的重点研究方向.目前,虽然C M R图像后处理功能非常强大,但T２值的测量主要依靠人工,其人为因素较多,且测量较为繁琐,如果能将人工智能技术植入,实现自动或半自动测量,对增加临床的应用价值将十分显著.综上所述,T２Ｇm a p p i n g可以定量评价心功能(N Y H A分级),N Y H A分级越高,T２值越高,T２D M 合并心功能不全的可能性越大.同时,T２Ｇm a p p i n g可以间接评估D M C M心肌损伤的程度,早期预测糖尿病心肌损害,为临床定量评价T２D M心功能提供了新的影像学方法.参考文献:[１]㊀赵雨,吕家顺,刘向东,等．糖尿病心肌病引起的心脏结构和功能改变的研究进展[J]．医学研究杂志,２０１９,４８(６):１６５Ｇ１６７．[２]㊀S h a r m aS,A d r o g u e J V,G o l f m a nL,e t a l．I n t r a m y o c a r d i a l l i p i da cＧc u m u l a t i o n i n t h e f a i l i n g h u m a nh e a r t r e s e m b l e s t h e l i p o t o x i c r a th e a r t[J]．F a s e b J,２００４,１８(１４):１６９２Ｇ１７００．[３]㊀N a k a n i s h iT,K a t oS．I m p a c to fd i a b e t e s m e l l i t u so n m y o c a r d i a l l i p i dd e p o s i t i o n:a na u t o p s y s t u d y[J]．P a t h o lR e sP r a c t,２０１４,２１０(１２):１０１８Ｇ１０２５．[４]㊀R i j z e w i j kL J,v a nd e rM e e rRW,S m i t J W,e t a l．M y o c a r d i a l s t e a t oＧs i s i s a n i n d e p e n d e n t p r e d i c t o r o f d i a s t o l i c d y s f u n c t i o n i n t y p e２d iＧa b e t e sm e l l i t u s[J]．J A m C o l l C a r d i o l,２００８,５２(２２):１７９３Ｇ１７９９．[５]㊀J e s s u p M,A b r a h a m WT,C a s e y D E,e ta l．２００９f o c u s e du p d a t e:A C C F/A H A g u i d e l i n e sf o rt h e d i a g n o s i s a n d m a n a g e m e n t o fh e a r t f a i l u r e i na d u l t s:a r e p o r t o f t h eA m e r i c a nC o l l e g e o fC a r d iＧo l o g y F o u n d a t i o n/A m e r i c a n H e a r t A s s o c i a t i o n T a s k F o r c e o n P r a c t i c eG u i d e l i n e s:d e v e l o p e di nc o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t ht h eI n t e r n aＧt i o n a l S o c i e t y f o rH e a r t a n dL u n g T r a n s p l a n t a t i o n[J]．C i r c u l a t i o n,２００９,１１９:１９７７Ｇ２０１６．[６]㊀杨帆,张璋,任雯,等．评估心肌组织特征的磁共振成像技术及临床应用[J]．第二军医大学学报,２０１９,４０(３):２４３Ｇ２４９．[７]㊀王淑荔,赵世华,陆敏杰．心脏T１Ｇm a p p i n g和T２Ｇm a p p i n g技术及其在心肌梗死中的应用[J]．放射学实践,２０１９,３(６):６９４Ｇ６９７．[８]㊀谢林均,李俊茹,夏春潮,等．磁共振氢谱定量评价２型糖尿病合并５０３放射学实践２０２１年３月第３６卷第３期㊀R a d i o l P r a c t i c e,M a r２０２１,V o l３６,N o．３非酒精性脂肪肝病患者心肌三酰甘油含量[J]．第二军医大学学报,２０１９,４０(３):２９０Ｇ２９６．[９]㊀黄琴,夏中元,雷少青,等．糖尿病心肌损伤与酪蛋白激酶C K１ɛ参与调控的时钟基因P e r２的关系[J]．中华糖尿病杂志,２０１９,１１(４):２７６Ｇ２８１．[１０]㊀G u z z a r d iMA,I o z z oP．F a t t y h e a r t,c a r d i a cd a m a g e,a n d i n f l a mＧm a t i o n[J]．R e vD i a b e t S t u d,２０１１,８:４０３Ｇ４１７．[１１]㊀K o r o s o g l o uG,H u m p e r t P M,A h r e n s J,e t a l．L e f t v e n t r i c u l a r d iＧa s t o l i c f u n c t i o n i n t y p e２d i ab e t e sm e l l i t u s i s a s s oc i a t e dw i t hm yＧo c a r d i a l t r i g l y c e r i d ec o n t e n tb u tn o t w i t hi m p a i r e d m y o c a r d i a l p e r f u s i o n r e s e r v e[J]．J M a g nR e s o n I m a g i n g,２０１２,３５:８０４Ｇ８１１．[１２]㊀B o h n e nS,R a d u n s k iU K,L u n dG K,e t a l．P e r f o r m a n c eo fT１a n d T２m a p p i n g c a r d i o v a s c u l a r m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c et od e t e c ta c t i v em y o c a r d i t i s i n p a t i e n t sw i t hr e c e n tＧo n s e th e a r t f a i l u r e[J]．C i r cC a r d i o v a s c I m a g i n g,２０１５,８(６):e００３０７３．[１３]㊀T h a v e n d i r a n a t h a nP,W a l l sM,G i r i S,e t a l．I m p r o v e d d e t e c t i o n o f m y o c a r d i a l i n v o l v e m e n t i na c u t e i n f l a mm a t o r y c a r d i o m y o p a t h i e su s i n g T２m a p p i n g[J]．C i r cC a r d i o v a s c I m a g i n g,２０１２,５(１):１０２Ｇ１１０．[１４]㊀赵世华．迎接心脏磁共振成像新技术挑战[J]．中国医学影像技术,２０１７,３３(８):１１２５Ｇ１１２８．[１５]㊀李浩杰,夏黎明．C M R在急性心肌炎的研究进展[J]．放射学实践,２０２０,３５(７):９２３Ｇ９２７．[１６]㊀牟俊,王頔,刘新峰,等．心脏磁共振T２Ｇm a p p i n g技术在急性心肌炎中的应用价值[J]．放射学实践,２０２０,３５(１１):１４２４Ｇ１４２８．[１７]㊀张琰,马岩,王翠艳．心脏M R定量成像对系统性红斑狼疮亚临床心肌损害的应用价值[J]．医学影像学杂志,２０１８,２８(６):９２５Ｇ９３２．[１８]㊀刘慧,杨志刚,郭应坤,等．心脏M R I诊断肌营养不良心肌病研究进展[J]．中国医学影像技术,２０１９,３５(１０):１５７８Ｇ１５８１．[１９]㊀汪苍,张香梅,王俊萍．磁共振T１Ｇm a p p i n g㊁T２m a p p i n g评估大鼠肝纤维化和肝脂肪变性[J]．中国医学影像技术,２０２０,３６(２):２１０Ｇ２１４．(收稿日期:２０２０Ｇ０８Ｇ２２㊀修回日期:２０２１Ｇ０１Ｇ１２)下期要目头部非增强光谱C T虚拟单能量成像的图像质量对比胸部C T结合n o m o g r a m鉴别磨玻璃结节的侵袭性影像组学纹理在肺结节良恶性分类中的应用基于腋窝淋巴结C T影像组学评估乳腺癌淋巴结转移大转子疼痛综合征的磁共振表现儿童肌纤维瘤的影像学表现双能量C T定量参数在乳腺浸润性导管癌病理分级中的价值肩关节磁共振喙肱距离与喙突下撞击的临床相关性研究R２∗值在肝细胞癌射频消融术后病灶边缘异常强化诊断中的应用钆塞酸二钠增强M R肝细胞分数定量评估肝功能的价值研究无认知功能障碍帕金森病患者脑皮层体积变化及运动功能相关性的研究基于解剖图谱的扩散张量成像定量评估脊髓型颈椎病白质纤维束损伤的研究首发早发性抑郁症患者脑自发活动改变与临床特征的相关性６０３放射学实践２０２１年３月第３６卷第３期㊀R a d i o l P r a c t i c e,M a r２０２１,V o l３６,N o．３。
磁共振PDWI和T_(2) Mapping在长爪沙鼠腰椎间盘退变中的价值比较
雄性沙鼠，按照3、6、9月龄和12月龄分为4组，每组5只&通过腰椎MRI PDWI和T2 mapping检查，测量4组沙鼠L/L2 -
LL共140个椎间盘信号强度/脂肪信号平均值(SSduc/SSe)和 ' 值&结果显示：随着月龄的增加,SSduc/SSe和 ' 值均出
现不同程度的下降，以3月龄为参照,SSduc/SSe在12月龄时出现显著性差异(D<0.05)，而 '值在9月龄时即出现显著性
脑脊液信号
为
来定量分析 1
间盘退变的 ⑺。
沙鼠脑脊液量 ，在
MRI影像检查中几乎没
的
，为了避
免环境和 等方面的因素 结果误差,使研究
结果更严谨,本试验引入了腹腔内 的信号
为 ，计算椎间盘信号
信号 平
的
(SSdcc/SSfc)。 试验结果
，随 月
的增加'SSdcc/SSfai 应的缓慢降低，到12月龄
7. 0 T 超
导 MRI 小动物磁共
(Bruker, Switzerland ),
大鼠体部线圈，俯卧&结
T2_Turbv-
Rco 扫描序列(TR: 1 175 ms, TE: 30 ms, image size:
320 x320)，质子
PD_T2_MSME(TR：
2 000 ms, TE： 12/60 ms,image size：256 X256)，层厚
腰椎间盘退行性改变是一种多重因素导致的、
退变引起的 列疾病，
为见，其
为髓核组织脱水、蛋 多糖缺失、 环 列
等，MRI1 直接反
的含水量变
[1]。传统的MRI检 列是目前评估
NAU_2-3_Mapping populations
Gametes of F1 (after recombination)
BC1 generation
BC1 mapping
P1
P2
F1
BC1 BC1 BC1 BC1 BC1 BC1 BC1 BC1
Parents homozygous Back cross on one of the parents (here P2) Mapping is less complex compared to an F2 Often a more fertile progeny than in an F2
● in tomato not yet possible ● maybe in future
Very fast method to get a stable, immortal mapping
population
Only one round of recombination Barley, tobacco, rye, onion, …….
heterozygosity
● Some examples: potato, lily, tulips, apples,
grapes, pears
For replicates individual plants have to be clonally
multiplied
● Reliable phenotyping ● Introduction on market
BB 1
BB
SNP marker genotyping analysis
b) Only one parent is heterozygous <ABxAA> or <ABxBB>
新标准大学英语综合教程4U6Activereading2
Active reading 2: Embarkation Historical fact and historian
• 1. What is a historical fact?
•
(a) Anything that happened in the past.
•
(b) Something significant that happened in
•
(b) Something significant that happened in the past.
•
2. What does a historian do?
•
(a) Establish accurately what happened in the past.
•
(b) Decide which facts are important and interpret their significance.
•
2. Which is more powerful in portraying historical events, the camera or the
pen?
•
3. How accurately do you think films represent historical events?
•
4. Does it matter if a historical film is not factually accurate
Back
Active reading 2: Embarkation
Historical fact and historian
Work in pairs. Choose the best answer to the questions.
新标准大学英语综合教程2课件ppt
•病原体侵 入机体 ，消弱 机体防 御机能 ，破坏 机体内 环境的 相对稳 定性， 且在一 定部位 生长繁 殖，引 起不同 程度的 病理生 理过程
Active reading 2: embarkation
Making prediction
Read the first and last lines of each paragraphs and decide whether the statement is true or false.
Destination index
Summarising
Inventing stories
•病原体侵 入机体 ，消弱 机体防 御机能 ，破坏 机体内 环境的 相对稳 定性， 且在一 定部位 生长繁 殖，引 起不同 程度的 病理生 理过程
Active reading 2 :Destination
Summarising
Situation 2: introduce yourself to a new person online
Situation 3: sell yourself at a job interview
Situation 4: introduce yourself to a family friend (older generation)
•病原体侵 入机体 ，消弱 机体防 御机能 ，破坏 机体内 环境的 相对稳 定性， 且在一 定部位 生长繁 殖，引 起不同 程度的 病理生 理过程
Active reading 2: Mapping
• Interpreting underlining meanings
• Developing story telling ability with the use of time adverbials
第二部分 接口配置命令参考
RGNOS™ 命令参考手册接口配置目录RGNOS™ 命令参考手册 (1)第一章接口配置命令 (3)1.1 接口配置命令 (3)1.1.1 async mode (4)1.1.2 bandwidth (5)1.1.3 carrier-delay (6)1.1.4 channel-group (6)1.1.5 clear controller e1 (7)1.1.6 clear counters (8)1.1.7 clear interface (8)1.1.8 clear vlan (9)1.1.9 clock source (10)1.1.10 clock rate (10)1.1.11 controller e1 (11)1.1.12 debug vlan (12)1.1.13 description (12)1.1.14 duplex (13)1.1.15 encapsulation (13)1.1.16 encapsulation dot1q (14)1.1.17 framing (15)1.1.18 hold-queue (16)1.1.19 ignore-dcd (17)1.1.20 interface (17)1.1.21 interface group-async (18)1.1.22 invert txclock (19)1.1.23 ip address (20)1.1.24 ip unnumbered (21)1.1.25 keepalive (22)1.1.26 linecode (23)1.1.27 load-interval (24)1.1.28 loopback (25)1.1.29 loopback local (25)1.1.30 mac-address (26)1.1.31 media-type (27)1.1.32 mtu (27)1.1.33 nrzi-encoding (28)1.1.34 ratecontrol (29)1.1.35 shutdown (29)1.1.36 speed (30)1.1.37 using (31)1.1.38 vlan port (32)1.1.39 tunnel checksum (33)1.1.40 tunnel destination (34)1.1.41 tunnel key (34)1.1.42 tunnel mode (35)1.1.43 tunnel sequence-datagrams (36)1.1.44 tunnel source (36)1.2 显示相关命令 (37)1.2.1 show controller e1 (37)1.2.2 show interface (41)1.2.3 show vlans (43)第二章 CE1接口配置命令 (45)2.1 接口配置命令 (45)2.1.1 channel-group (45)2.1.2 clear controller e1 (46)2.1.3 clock source (47)2.1.4 controller e1 (47)2.1.5 framing (48)2.1.6 linecode (49)2.1.7 loopback local (49)2.1.8 show controller e1 (50)2.1.9 using (54)第三章 CPOS接口配置命令 (56)3.1 CPOS接口配置相关命令 (56)3.1.1 au-4 tug-3 (56)3.1.2 aug mapping (57)3.1.3 clear controller sonet (58)3.1.4 clock source (controller) (59)3.1.5 controller sonet (60)3.1.6 cpos delay triggers line (61)3.1.7 crc (62)3.1.8 framing (controller) (63)3.1.9 loopback (controller) (64)3.1.10 overhead c2 (65)3.1.11 overhead j0 (66)3.1.12 overhead j1 (67)3.1.13 report (68)3.1.14 threshold (69)3.1.15 tug-2 e1 channel-group timeslots (70)3.1.16 tug-2 e1 framing (71)3.1.17 tug-2 e1 loopback (72)3.1.18 tug-2 e1 national bits (73)3.1.19 tug-2 e1 using-e1 (74)3.2 显示相关命令 (75)3.2.1 show controllers sonet (75)第一章 接口配置命令本章的命令是所以有关于接口命令部分，包括所以端口都适用的接口管理命令，以及LAN以太网接口、同步串口Serial接口、异步串口Async接口、隧道虚拟Tunnel接口。
新标准大学英语,综合教程3,第二版,U1Active Reading 2
Active reading 2: Embarkation
Reflecting
Work in pairs. Look at the comments and say what they have in common. They all look at the past with a choice that was not taken in order to express regret. They all express the idea of not doing sth. then but wishing it had been done now.
Vocabulary related to death
Active reading 2: Navigation
Conveying messages througage (“life is short; act now”) is repeated over and over again, in different ways, sometimes directly.
Talking about regrets
Work in pairs and talk about your biggest regret in life.
Active reading 2: Embarkation
Cherishing the rest of your life
Work in groups and discuss what would you do if you only had a short time to live?
Active reading 2: Navigation
Text organisation
Text exploration
六年级英语上册第二单元思维导
六年级英语上册第二单元思维导般Unit 2 Mind Mapping - Exploring the WorldIn today's fast-paced and interconnected world, it's becoming increasingly important for students to develop critical thinking skills. One effective method to stimulate and organize our thoughts is through mind mapping. This article aims to discuss the significance of mind mapping in enhancing students' learning experience, and provide practical tips on how to create effective mind maps.I. IntroductionMind mapping is a visual technique that allows individuals to connect and organize ideas using diagrams. It helps stimulate both the left and right hemispheres of the brain, promoting creativity, critical thinking, and effective learning. By utilizing this technique, students can enhance their study habits and gain a deeper understanding of various subjects.II. Benefits of Mind Mapping1. Enhances Comprehension and RetentionMind mapping helps students understand complex topics by simplifying them into smaller, interconnected ideas. It enables them to see the bigger picture while understanding the relationships among different concepts. This holistic approach to learning enhances comprehension and improves long-term retention.2. Boosts Memory RecallCreating a mind map involves actively engaging with the information, which enhances memory recall. The visual and spatial representation of ideas in a mind map triggers the brain to remember information more effectively than traditional note-taking methods. As a result, students can recall information more easily during exams or when discussing the topic.3. Encourages Creativity and ExplorationMind mapping allows students to think outside the box and explore different perspectives. It encourages creativity by providing a platform for students to express their ideas visually. The freedom to branch out and connect ideas from various sources promotes a deeper understanding of the subject matter.III. How to Create an Effective Mind Map1. Start with a Central IdeaBegin your mind map by placing the central idea or topic in the center of the page. Use a bold font or color to emphasize its significance. This central idea acts as the anchor from which all other ideas branch out.2. Add Branches for SubtopicsNext, create branches radiating out from the central idea. Each branch represents a subtopic related to the central idea. Use short phrases or keywords to label each branch. This allows for easy organization and quick comprehension of the mind map.3. Connect Ideas and SubtopicsConnect the subtopics to the central idea using lines or arrows. This visually demonstrates the relationship between the central idea and its branches. Use different colors or line thickness to indicate the strength or relevance of the connection.4. Add Supporting DetailsExpand each subtopic by adding supporting details or examples. Use small branches or bubbles to represent these details. Remember to keep the information concise and easy to understand.5. Utilize Visual ElementsEnhance the visual appeal of your mind map by incorporating symbols, images, or icons. Visual elements help in memory retention and make the mind map more engaging. However, ensure that the visuals are relevant and complement the ideas being represented.6. Review and RevisePeriodically review and revise your mind map to refine and expand your understanding of the topic. As new information or connections emerge, add them to your existing map to keep it up to date.IV. ConclusionMind mapping is a valuable tool for students to organize their thoughts and enhance their learning experience. By visualizing interconnected ideas, students can better comprehend, retain, and recall information. Incorporating mind mapping into their study routine can significantly improve their criticalthinking skills and overall academic performance. So, start mind mapping today and unlock the potential of your learning journey.。
ES建立索引步骤,1,index2.mapping3,别名
ES建⽴索引步骤,1,index2.mapping3,别名1.建⽴索引PUT /index_trans_detail2.建⽴mappingPOST /index_trans_detail/type_trans_detail/_mapping{"type_trans_detail": {"properties": {"id": {"type": "long"},"entId": {"type": "long"},"orgId": {"type": "long"},"seqno": {"type": "text","fielddata": true},"transDate": {"type": "date","format": "yyyy-MM-dd"},"postTatus": {"type": "integer"},"ioFlag": {"type": "integer"},"depotId": {"type": "long"},"depotCode": {"type": "keyword"},"depotName": {"type": "text"},"depotClassId": {"type": "long"},"depotClassCode": {"type": "keyword"},"depotClassName": {"type": "text"},"orgOrgId": {"type": "long"},"orgOrgCode": {"type": "keyword"},"orgOrgName": {"type": "text"},"orgOrgClassId": {"type": "long"},"orgOrgClassCode": {"orgOrgClassName": { "type": "text"},"balOrgId": { "type": "long"}, "balOrgCode": { "type": "keyword"}, "balOrgName": { "type": "text"}, "transOrgId": { "type": "long"}, "transOrgCode": { "type": "keyword"}, "transOrgName": { "type": "text"}, "transOrgClassId": { "type": "long"}, "transOrgClassCode": { "type": "keyword"}, "transOrgClassName": { "type": "text"}, "transBalOrgId": { "type": "long"}, "transBalOrgCode": { "type": "keyword"}, "transBalOrgName": { "type": "text"}, "transTypeId": { "type": "long"},"transType": { "type": "keyword"}, "transName": { "type": "text"},"dutyBillId": { "type": "long"}, "dutyBillType": { "type": "integer"},"dutyBillNo": { "type": "text", "fielddata": true},"sourceId": { "type": "long"}, "sourceType": { "type": "integer"},"sourceNo": { "type": "keyword""type": "integer"}, "headRemark": { "type": "text"}, "isAllowDel": { "type": "integer"}, "useOrgId": { "type": "long"}, "headIoQty": { "type": "double"}, "headIoAmt": { "type": "double"}, "headIoCostAmt": { "type": "double"}, "periodNo": { "type": "text"}, "externalBillNo": { "type": "text"}, "externalSysType": { "type": "integer"}, "useDepId": { "type": "long"}, "useDepCode": { "type": "keyword" }, "useDepName": { "type": "text"}, "usePurpose": { "type": "integer"},"transId": { "type": "long"},"goodsId": { "type": "long"}, "goodsCode": { "type": "keyword" }, "goodsName": { "type": "text"}, "goodsClassId": { "type": "long"}, "goodsClassCode": { "type": "keyword" }, "goodsClassName": { "type": "text"}, "goodsSpec": { "type": "keyword" }, "goodsOrigin": {"goodsWeight": {"type": "double"},"ioQty": {"type": "double"},"ioPrice": {"type": "double"},"ioAmt": {"type": "double"},"unitId": {"type": "long"},"unitName": {"type": "text"},"unitRate": {"type": "double"},"iocostPrice": {"type": "double"},"ioCostAmt": {"type": "long"},"feeAmt": {"type": "long"},"lotId": {"type": "long"},"dutyBillDetailId": {"type": "long"},"sourceDetailId": {"type": "long"},"dutyOrgId": {"type": "long"},"postUserId": {"type": "long"},"postDateTime": {"type": "date","format": "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss" },"postReturnId": {"type": "long"},"errMsg": {"type": "text"},"firstPostDatetime": { "type": "date","format": "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss" },"balanceFlag": {"type": "integer"},"remark": {"baseUnitId": {"type": "long"},"baseUnitName": {"type": "text"},"baseUnitPrice": {"type": "double"},"createType": {"type": "integer"},"createHeadId": {"type": "long"},"invUnitId": {"type": "long"},"invUnitCode": {"type": "keyword"},"invUnitName": {"type": "text"},"invUnitRate": {"type": "double"},"invQty": {"type": "double"},"invCostPrice": {"type": "double"},"discountRate": {"type": "double"},"discountTaxRate": { "type": "double"},"taxRate": {"type": "double"},"taxAmt": {"type": "double"},"ioBillStatus": {"type": "integer"},"ioBillTime": {"type": "date","format": "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss" },"ioBillQty": {"type": "double"},"taxType": {"type": "integer"},"isStoBackPrice": {"type": "integer"},"stoCostPrice": {"type": "double"},"version": {"type": "integer"},"deleted": {"type": "long"},"creatorCode": {"type": "keyword"},"creatorName": {"type": "text","fielddata": true},"createdAt": {"type": "date","format": "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss" },"creatorOrgCode": { "type": "keyword", "index": false},"modifierCode": {"type": "keyword", "index": false},"modifierName": {"type": "text"},"lastModifiedAt": {"type": "date","format": "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss" },"modifierOrgCode": { "type": "keyword", "index": false},"invTransHeadId": { "type": "long"},"handledOrgCode": { "type": "keyword"}, "handledOrgName": { "type": "text"}, "createdAtTimestamp": { "type": "date","format": "epoch_millis"}, "transDateTimestamp": { "type": "date","format": "epoch_millis"}, "lastModifiedTimestamp": { "type": "date","format": "epoch_millis"}, "postDateTimeTimestamp": { "type": "date","format": "epoch_millis"}, "ioBillTimeTimestamp": { "type": "date","format": "epoch_millis""format": "epoch_millis"}}}}3.建⽴别名PUT /index_trans_detail/_alias/index_trans_detail_alias。
1.2.2_映射的概念
a
b
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（２） A
a
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（１） A
2 2
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（4）
2 3
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说出下图所示的对应中，哪些是Ｂ到Ａ的映射？ 变式练习：
A B A B
a
b
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1
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（２） A
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（１） A
2 2
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已知集合Ａ＝Ｒ，Ｂ＝｛(x,y)|x,y∈Ｒ｝，f是 例3： 从Ａ到Ｂ的映射f:x→(x+1,x2) . （１）求 2 在B中的对应元素 （２）(2,1)在Ａ中的对应元素
②“存在性”：对于集合A中的任何一个元素， 集合B中都存在元素和它对应；
③“唯一性”：对于集合A中的任何一个元 素，在集合B中和它对应的元素是唯一的.
例1 试判断下面给出的对应是否为从集合A到集合 B的映射？ （1）集合A={P|P是数轴上的点}，集合B=R，对应 关系f：数轴上的点与它所代表的实数对应；
例1 说出下图所示的对应中，哪些是Ａ到Ｂ的映射？
A 9 4 开平方 B 3 －3 2 －2 1 －1 B 1 4 9 A 30° 求正弦 B
1 2
2 2 3 2
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60° 90° A 乘以2 1 2 3
1
1
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A 1 －1 2 －2 3 －3
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例2
说出下图所示的对应中，哪些是Ａ到Ｂ的映射？
2006年考研英语二阅读精讲
2006年考研英语二阅读精讲2006年考研英语二阅读部分共有四篇文章，分别是：1. Passage 1: The "Quick Study" Brain2. Passage 2: Mapping the Arctic3. Passage 3: Music Improves your Health4. Passage 4: The Global Oxygen Cycle下面将对这四篇文章进行精讲。
Passage 1: The "Quick Study" Brain这篇文章主要介绍了大脑的可塑性和学习的关系。
大脑的可塑性指的是大脑能够通过学习和适应环境来改变其结构和功能。
作者提到了脑损伤患者的研究，这些患者通过重新学习某些技能来恢复大脑功能。
作者还指出，大脑在学习过程中能够产生新的神经连接，并且可以通过改变神经元之间的连接方式来适应新的学习任务。
Passage 2: Mapping the Arctic这篇文章主要介绍了科学家们是如何利用卫星和其他技术来对北极地区进行地图绘制的。
北极地区的冰层覆盖面积正在变化，科学家们希望能够了解其变化的原因和影响。
通过卫星遥感技术，科学家们可以观测到冰层的厚度、分布和变化情况。
同时，他们还利用地面测量、水下探测器和气象观测站等技术来获得更详细的数据。
Passage 3: Music Improves your Health这篇文章主要介绍了音乐对健康的益处。
研究表明，音乐能够降低个体的压力水平、改善心理健康、提高免疫功能以及促进身体康复。
音乐对健康的影响与其产生的情绪和生理反应有关。
例如，动感的音乐可以激发心情，从而减少压力；而平静的音乐可以帮助放松和降低焦虑。
Passage 4: The Global Oxygen Cycle这篇文章主要介绍了全球氧气循环的过程和重要性。
全球氧气循环是指地球上氧气的产生和消耗过程。
植物通过光合作用产生氧气，而动物和微生物通过呼吸消耗氧气。
人教版·数学Ⅰ_§1.2.2 映射教学设计
课题：§1.2.2映射教学目的：（1）了解映射的概念及表示方法，了解象、原象的概念；（2）结合简单的对应图示，了解一一映射的概念．教学重点：映射的概念．教学难点：映射的概念．教学过程：一、引入课题复习初中已经遇到过的对应：1．对于任何一个实数a，数轴上都有唯一的点P和它对应；2．对于坐标平面内任何一个点A，都有唯一的有序实数对(x,y)和它对应；3．对于任意一个三角形，都有唯一确定的面积和它对应；4．某影院的某场电影的每一张电影票有唯一确定的座位与它对应；5．函数的概念．二、新课教学1．我们已经知道，函数是建立在两个非空数集间的一种对应，若将其中的条件“非空数集”弱化为“任意两个非空集合”，按照某种法则可以建立起更为普通的元素之间的对应关系，这种的对应就叫映射（mapping）（板书课题）．2．先看几个例子，两个集合A、B的元素之间的一些对应关系（1）开平方；（2）求正弦（3）求平方；（4）乘以2；3．什么叫做映射？一般地，设A、B是两个非空的集合，如果按某一个确定的对应法则f，使对于集合A中的任意一个元素x，在集合B中都有唯一确定的元素y与之对应，那么就称对应f：A→B为从集合A到集合B的一个映射（mapping）．记作“f：A→B”说明：（1）这两个集合有先后顺序，A到B的射与B到A的映射是截然不同的．其——————————————第 1 页（共2页）——————————————中f表示具体的对应法则，可以用汉字叙述．（2）“都有唯一”什么意思？包含两层意思：一是必有一个；二是只有一个，也就是说有且只有一个的意思。
4．例题分析：下列哪些对应是从集合A到集合B的映射？（1）A={P | P是数轴上的点}，B=R，对应关系f：数轴上的点与它所代表的实数对应；（2）A={ P | P是平面直角体系中的点}，B={（x，y）| x∈R，y∈R}，对应关系f：平面直角体系中的点与它的坐标对应；（3）A={三角形}，B={x | x是圆}，对应关系f：每一个三角形都对应它的内切圆；（4）A={x | x是新华中学的班级}，B={x | x是新华中学的学生}，对应关系f：每一个班级都对应班里的学生．思考：将（3）中的对应关系f改为：每一个圆都对应它的内接三角形；（4）中的对应关系f改为：每一个学生都对应他的班级，那么对应f：B A是从集合B到集合A的映射吗？5．完成课本练习三、作业布置补充习题——————————————第 2 页（共2页）——————————————。
The Advantages of Mind Mapping Techniques
The Advantages of Mind MappingTechniquesMind mapping is a powerful technique that can be used to organize thoughts, ideas, and information in a visual and creative way. There are several advantagesto using mind mapping techniques, including improved memory, enhanced creativity, better problem-solving skills, and increased productivity. One of the main advantages of mind mapping is its ability to improve memory. When information is presented in a visual and organized manner, it becomes easier for the brain to process and retain. This can be especially helpful when studying for exams ortrying to remember complex concepts. By creating a mind map, individuals canvisually connect related ideas, making it easier to recall information when needed. In addition to improving memory, mind mapping can also enhance creativity. Thevisual and non-linear nature of mind maps allows for the exploration of different ideas and connections, which can lead to new and innovative solutions. By using colors, images, and keywords, individuals can stimulate their creative thinkingand come up with unique approaches to problem-solving. Furthermore, mind mapping can also improve problem-solving skills. By visually representing a problem andits potential solutions, individuals can gain a better understanding of the issueat hand and identify possible ways to address it. This can be particularly usefulin brainstorming sessions or when working on complex projects, as it allows for a more holistic and structured approach to problem-solving. Another advantage of mind mapping is its ability to increase productivity. By organizing thoughts and ideas in a visual format, individuals can quickly see the big picture andprioritize tasks more effectively. This can help in managing time and resources more efficiently, leading to improved productivity and better outcomes. Moreover, mind mapping can also aid in communication and collaboration. When working in a team, a mind map can serve as a shared visual representation of ideas and goals, making it easier for team members to understand each other's perspectives and work together towards a common objective. This can lead to more effective communication and collaboration, ultimately resulting in better outcomes for the team. Lastly, mind mapping can also be a valuable tool for personal development. By using mindmaps to set goals, track progress, and plan activities, individuals can gain a clearer sense of direction and purpose. This can help in personal growth and self-improvement, as it allows individuals to visualize their aspirations and take concrete steps towards achieving them. In conclusion, mind mapping techniques offer several advantages, including improved memory, enhanced creativity, better problem-solving skills, increased productivity, improved communication and collaboration, and personal development. By utilizing mind mapping, individuals can organize their thoughts and ideas in a visual and creative way, leading to better outcomes in various aspects of their personal and professional lives.。
英语六牢年经第二单元 思维导图包括作文
英语六牢年经第二单元思维导图包括作文UNIT 2: Mind Mapping and Essay WritingMind Mapping is a powerful technique that can help you organize and generate ideas for writing essays. In this unit, we will learn how to create a mind map and use it to write awell-structured essay. We will also discuss the importance of planning and outlining before starting your essay.1. Introduction to Mind MappingMind Mapping is a visual tool that helps you brainstorm ideas and organize your thoughts in a structured way. The main idea is to start with a central topic and then branch out into subtopics and key points. This process allows you to see the relationships between different ideas and helps you develop a clear and logical argument.To create a mind map, start by writing your main topic in the center of a piece of paper or digital document. Then, draw branches out from the center to represent different subtopics or key points related to the main topic. You can use keywords, images, or diagrams to represent each idea. As you brainstorm, continue to add branches and connections to create a comprehensive map of your ideas.2. Essay Writing with Mind MappingOnce you have created a mind map, you can use it as a guide to write your essay. Start by arranging your ideas in a logical order based on the relationships between different subtopics. This will help you create a clear and coherent argument that flows smoothly from one point to the next.When writing your essay, refer back to your mind map to ensure that you address all the key points and stay on track. Use the connections between ideas to guide your transitions and develop a well-structured argument. Remember to include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion to provide a cohesive framework for your essay.3. Planning and OutliningBefore you start writing your essay, it is essential to plan and outline your ideas to ensure that you have a clear direction. Begin by analyzing the essay prompt and identifying the main topic and key points you need to address. Then, create a detailed outline that organizes your ideas into a logical structure.Your outline should include an introduction with a thesis statement, body paragraphs that support your thesis with evidence and analysis, and a conclusion that summarizes yourmain points and provides a final thought. Use your mind map to guide your outline and ensure that you include all relevant information in your essay.In conclusion, Mind Mapping is a valuable tool for generating and organizing ideas for essay writing. By creating a visual representation of your thoughts, you can develop awell-structured argument and ensure that your essay flows smoothly from one point to the next. Remember to plan and outline your essay before you start writing to provide a clear direction and stay focused on your main topic. With these strategies, you can improve your writing skills and create compelling essays that engage and persuade your readers.。
ros2 map service 用法
ROS2（Robot Operating System 2）是一个用于构建机器人应用程序的开放源代码框架。
在ROS2中，map service是一个非常重要的功能，它可以让机器人获取和使用地图信息。
本文将介绍ROS2 map service的用法，包括地图的加载和保存，以及在机器人程序中如何使用地图信息。
一、地图的加载在ROS2中，地图可以通过map server来加载。
map server是一个ROS节点，它可以读取保存在ROS bag文件中的地图数据，并将地图数据转化为ROS消息格式。
要加载地图，可以通过以下步骤操作：1. 安装map server需要安装map server。
在终端中输入以下命令可以安装map server：```sudo apt-get install ros-<distro>-map-server```其中，"<distro>"是ROS2的发行版本，比如"foxy"或"galactic"。
2. 读取地图数据一旦安装了map server，就可以通过以下命令来读取地图数据：```ros2 launch map_server map_server <map_file>```其中，"<map_file>"是地图文件的路径。
3. 显示地图加载地图数据后，可以通过RViz等工具来显示地图。
二、地图的保存除了加载地图数据，map server还可以用来保存地图数据。
要保存地图数据，可以通过以下步骤操作：1. 启动map server首先需要启动map server。
在终端中输入以下命令：```ros2 run map_server map_saver -f <map_name>```其中，"<map_name>"是地图文件的名称。
2、MapStruct深入理解
2、MapStruct深⼊理解在深⼊学习MapStruct之前，我们先设想下实体转换场景，在⼀般的实体转换的场景下，我们需要考虑⼀下的问题：1、字段名称之间的映射，⽐如：Person实体中的name属性需要映射到PersonDto实体中的name属性2、属性值之间的映射，⽐如：Person实体中age属性为short，PersonDto实体中的age属性为int。
两个类型之间的转换存在数据的缺失3、空值问题4、类的聚合问题。
⽐如Person中还有country实体，两个实体间的country怎么映射5、部分属性之间不想被映射：⽐如deptName不需要转换@Datapublic class Person{String name ;short age ;String deptName ;Country country;}@Datapublic class PersonDto{String name ;int age ;Country country;}MapStruct具有强⼤的注解，我们通过注解均可以解决上述问题。
@Mapperpublic interface SourceTargetMapper {@Mapping(source = "name",target = "name")@Mapping(source = "age",target = "age")@Mapping(target = "deptName" , ignore = true)PersonDto toDto(Person person);}编译完成后，MapStruct会⾃动⽣成代码，⽅便我们调试程序，我们在target中可以找到相应的程序代码。
Mapper注解：表⽰这个接⼝做为⼀个转换器，Mapping：表⽰字段之间的映射关系。
健康人膝关节股骨内侧髁软骨的T_(2) mapping研究
健康人膝关节股骨内侧髁软骨的T_(2) mapping研究曹娜娜;王莉;万业达;郭林;胡鹏;何岸苇【期刊名称】《国际医学放射学杂志》【年(卷),期】2024(47)2【摘要】目的应用T_(2) mapping技术测量健康人膝关节股骨内侧髁负重区与非负重区各层软骨T_(2)值并分析其差异,探讨膝关节软骨分层、分区域MRI定量研究的价值。
方法前瞻性纳入22名健康志愿者,其中男、女各11名,平均年龄(27.05±1.05)岁。
共纳入38个膝关节,左膝20个,右膝18个。
对志愿者行膝关节MRI矢状面T_(2) mapping检查,选取膝关节股骨内侧髁负重区35个、非负重区37个,并测量完整关节软骨上最厚处的T_(2)值。
采用独立样本t检验和方差分析分别比较股骨内侧髁负重区与非负重区各层软骨的T_(2)值及各区域内关节软骨浅、中、深层的T_(2)值。
结果股骨内侧髁负重区及非负重区的软骨各层T_(2)值由大到小依次为浅层、中层、深层,除非负重区软骨浅层与中层间的T_(2)值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),余各2层间T_(2)值差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);负重区软骨中层、深层T_(2)值均小于非负重区(均P<0.05),负重区与非负重区软骨浅层的T_(2)值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
结论健康人膝关节软骨依据T_(2)值差异可分为3层且负重区软骨T_(2)值更低,对膝关节软骨分层、分区域研究具有可行性。
【总页数】5页(P185-189)【作者】曹娜娜;王莉;万业达;郭林;胡鹏;何岸苇【作者单位】天津市天津医院放射一科;天津大学海河医院放射科【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R445.2【相关文献】1.健康成年人膝关节髁间窝宽度与高度的MRI研究及临床意义2.核磁共振T2 mapping成像评估前交叉韧带重建术后股骨髁软骨对吻损伤的定量研究3.关节镜下微骨折手术联合OAT治疗膝关节股骨髁大面积软骨损伤的效果研究4.3.0T MR T1ρ及T2 mapping评估兔股骨内侧髁关节软骨退变因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
T_(2)-mapping技术评估前交叉韧带术后半月板变性的定量研究
T_(2)-mapping技术评估前交叉韧带术后半月板变性的定量研究钟鉴;易雪冰【期刊名称】《实用医院临床杂志》【年(卷),期】2023(20)1【摘要】目的应用T_(2)-mapping定量技术探究单纯前交叉韧带重建术及合并不同半月板手术方式两年内半月板变性情况。
方法四川省骨科医院行前交叉韧带重建(ACLR)术后患者157例,根据手术方式不同分为A组53例(单纯ACLR术)、B 组57例(ACLR合并半月板缝合术)、C组47例(ACLR合并半月板成形术),对所有患者行T_(2)mapping扫描及术后lyssholm评分,对比三组手术前后半月板T_(2)值及术后Lyssholm评分的差异。
结果术前三组间内外侧半月板T_(2)值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后1年及2年测量三组半月板T_(2)值较术前均升高,内侧半月板T_(2)值均值较外侧半月板大,三组间及组内比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);术后随访三组膝关节lyssholm评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
结论 ACLR 术后患者临床症状逐渐减轻,但半月板完整度差的患者总体呈现加速退变趋势;T_(2)-mapping可以早期诊断ACLR术后半月板变性,为临床尽早实施干预提供直观可靠的影像学依据。
【总页数】4页(P107-110)【作者】钟鉴;易雪冰【作者单位】四川省骨科医院医学影像科【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R445.2【相关文献】1.核磁共振 T2 mapping成像评估前交叉韧带重建术后股骨髁软骨对吻损伤的定量研究2.T2-mapping评估前交叉韧带重建术后膝关节软骨变性的定量研究3.MR Dixon、T_(2)mapping、T_(2)^(*)mapping技术定量评估腰椎原发性骨质疏松症的可行性研究4.磁共振T_(2) mapping成像对关节镜下肩袖修补术后疗效的评估5.T_(2) mapping及IDEAL技术在腰椎间盘退变定量评估中的应用因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
T_2 mapping与PDWI显示髌软骨退变病灶价值比较
T_2 mapping与PDWI显示髌软骨退变病灶价值比较王鹤翔;崔久法;郝大鹏;刘学军;徐文坚;王湘达【期刊名称】《青岛大学医学院学报》【年(卷),期】2015(0)3【摘要】目的比较3.0T MRI T2mapping与质子密度加权像(PDWI)显示髌软骨退变病灶的价值。
方法对31个膝关节行MRI扫描,用肉眼按T2值将病灶分为一级(20~40 ms)、二级(41~60 ms)、三级(61~80 ms)3个等级。
在T2mapping与PDWI上评估并测量病灶的深度、宽度。
结果共发现39个髌软骨退变病灶,15个病灶仅在T2mapping中发现。
两者显示三级退变病灶的深度差异无显著性(P>0.05),T2mapping显示其余退变病灶的深度和宽度大于PDWI(Z=-5.44^-3.21,P<0.01)。
结论 T2mapping是一种实用的临床序列,可发现PDWI无法发现的关节软骨退变病灶。
【总页数】3页(P311-312)【关键词】关节软骨;膝关节;骨关节炎;T2图;诊断【作者】王鹤翔;崔久法;郝大鹏;刘学军;徐文坚;王湘达【作者单位】青岛大学附属医院放射科;青岛大学附属医院骨科【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R445.2【相关文献】1.探讨MR T2 mapping对OA关节软骨退变的早期诊断价值 [J], 舒茂松2.髌股关节软骨退变的3D-Volume-FFE MRI:与标准序列及关节镜比较 [J], 查云飞;陆之安;沈钧康;王灌忠;易壁星;钱铭辉3.MRI T2-Mapping成像对膝关节髌软骨\r早期退变的诊断价值 [J], 于秀英;何勇;赵蕾;刘松国;韩广4.磁共振We DESS及T2-mapping序列对膝骨性关节炎早期软骨退变的诊断价值 [J], 毕文忠;王磊;张炜;汪海玉;宋瑛5.磁共振PDWI和T2 Mapping在长爪沙鼠腰椎间盘退变中的价值比较 [J], 阎国强;舒雄;赵丹慧因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
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Taking Pictures
Full battery Flash option set to ON. Ready/Test light ON Empty CF card Digital mode is set to M for manual Exposure time is set to 250 The Lens Cap is off
Wrong acquisition angle.
Wrong acquisition distance. Movement of a target. Extremely overexposed or underexposed targets. Lack of acquisition angles (might be revealed by viewing the 3D image of the targets. Targets outside the desired area (might be revealed by viewing the 3D image of the targets.
Mapping Methods
WLS400 M uses two methods to obtain mapping data: 1. External target coordinates from external mapping camera, which produce a MAPPING file – Non-Integrated.
Before setting up the part for mapping, make sure you understand what is the purpose of measurement-for example - how will the part be aligned, what reports are required, etc. Refer to these aspects when setting up the part.
Scale Bars and Coded Targets
In order to allow good “connection” between the different views,
place enough coded targets.
Each picture should contain at least 6 coded targets. Make sure the coded targets are not placed in a co-linear position. Use both scale bars per scene to obtain dimensional scale indication.
Mapping
Objectives
Learn the basic flow of the Mapping procedure.
Project Preparations Mapping Measurement Alignment
Get familiar with the accessories and software
Scale Bars and Coded Targets
The 3D location file of all targets on the object is automatically generated by a software called CogniTens Mapping Application. In order to run the process, it is required to include the following accessories in the photography session: 1. Scale Bars - sets the size of the measured part. Used for scaling the measurement results to a master. 2. Coded Targets - used for correlating the different pictures one to another for automatic extraction of the coordinate system.
2. Using integrated mapping - a mapping procedure embedded in the
measurement process. Performed when small parts are measured.
In this lesson we will review the Non-integrated Mapping method
Icons and Colors
Targets icons:
Coded target -
Magnetic target -
Icon color description:
Green – Good target statistics.
Yellow – Weak target statistics. Red – Bad target statistics.
Planning (Cont.)
Target Placement
The field of view is an imaginary box, in which the WLS400 M
acquires data.
Minimum of four targets should appear in the field of view (tile). Six targets are recommended.
seen.
How Many Pictures should you Take?
For small project (one side door, small parts) - about 50 pictures.
For medium project (2 sided door, 1.5 meter part) - about 120 pictures.
Basic Flow
Planning Targets Placement Placement of Scale Bars and Coded Targets Taking Pictures Running CogniTens Mapping Working with CogniTens from CoreView Measure Mapping Application Export Mapping
Planning
If exists, the math data (CAD) and project definition should be read
into the system.
Understand the areas to be measured with Surface Points, edge points etc.
Take every image holding camera in both
horizontal and vertical position.
For targets with difficult views, locate a specific set of views which will enable multiple images of these targets. Make sure each target is seen from at least 6 views with the largest possible coverage. Make sure the views can be connected by taking extra pictures in the connection areas. For each scale bar, you need minimum of 10 images, in which the entire scale bar is
When mapping process finishes, results window will appear.
Analysing Mapping
Upon completion, verify that all of the requirement numbers have
been met:
For complex project (complex geometry, accessibility problem, large die) –
about 180 picturesBiblioteka Taking Pictures
Loading Mapping Images into WLS400 M
Insert the CF (PCMCIA) card into the system's computer. Running CogniTens Mapping from Measurement
RMS of Scales < 0.040 mm
Max RMS for targets < 0.045 mm
Bad points = None
Correcting Mapping
Possible causes of weak and bad points:
A dirty target A damaged target
The WLS400 M system will recognize the targets, if they are in the
field of view at a maximum of 45 degrees from the measurement direction.