第6周homework 答案

第6周homework 1答案
Have you ever felt lumps under the skin on the sides of your neck when you were sick? Those might be lymph nodes. 1.They can get swollen and painful but their job is to fight infection. Lymph nodes are part of the body's defenses known as the lymphatic system.
2.This complex system throughout the body makes and transports a protective fluid called lymph.
3.Lymph is made of white blood cells, proteins and fats.
In a patient with breast cancer, the cancer can spread to the large number of lymph nodes under the arm. 4. Doctors have traditionally removed many of these lymph nodes in the hope of removing all the cancer.
But the latest research finds nothing to gain by removing so many lymph nodes. Doctors have two choices when breast cancer starts to spread. They can do what is called a sentinel node biopsy. They remove the main growth and one or 2 lymph nodes nearest to it.
5.Or they can take more aggressive action and remove a lot of lymph notes.
6. But that can lead to shoulder pain and permanent swelling o f the arm.
第6周homework 2答案
Now the Earth Policy Institute in Washington has issued a bleak warning of the risk of environmental and economic 1. chaos. Its founder Lester Brown says a push towards sustainability could help. In fact, he says, it's essential. In this week's Global Business, Peter Day hears why.
Lester Brown started life as a farmer in New Jersey, the Garden State in the USA. He got some hefty degrees, worked at home and abroad for the US Department of Agriculture, and then in 1974, he founded the World Watch Institute. It became well-known for its 2. annual state of the world reports on the global environment. Years ago when I had one of our 3. periodic chats at the World Watch Institute in Washington D.C., I remember a room decked with satellite maps of the world's watershed areas. Water is still an 4.abiding theme for Lester Brown in his newer role as founder and head of the Earth Policy Institute. It's another Washington D.C. think tank designed to provide a road map for building a 5.sustainable economy.
But even after so many years on the environmental beach, there's a new urgency in what Lester Brown is saying in the book World on the Edge. As an agriculturist by training, he 6.focuses on food and the new threat of food scarcity caused by natural disasters,such as the Russian drought last summer, and 7.consequential flooding elsewhere, and increasing demand for many developing countries as well as the rich world.
Lester Brown thinks 8.the world has to mobilize to embrace sustainability in the way
that much of the western world mobilized to fight the Second World War.
第6周homework 3答案
National standards for US schools gain support
Americans have never had national education standards. Goals for what public schools should teach are set by state and local school boards. Their members are often elected. But some Americans say the lack of national standards is wrong in a competitive global economy. Former president Bill Clinton said it was as if somehow school boards "could legislate differences in algebra or math or reading."
President George W. Bush and Congress expanded federal intervention. His education law, still in effect, required states to show yearly progress in student learning as measured by the states' own tests.
1.Now, the Obama administration supports what are known as the Common Core State Standards. These were developed in a year-long process led by state governors and chief state school officers. Texas and Alaska were the only states not to take part.
2.The standards are in two subject areas, English-language arts and mathematics. They establish goals for each year from kindergarten through grade twelve. The aim is for students to finish high school fully prepared for college and careers.
The developers considered standards in other countries, along with almost one hundred thousand public comments.
3. One way the Education Department is trying to persuade states is with money. States are competing to share in almost three and a half billion dollars as part of a school reform competition. They will earn extra points in the race to the top if they approve the standards by August second.
States are trying to recover from the recession. There are concerns that some could accept the standards and then lack the money to follow them.
The final standards were released June second. A new report say about half the states have approved them already.
4. The Thomas B. Fordham Institute is an education group in Washington. It says the standards are clearer and stronger than those used in three-fourths of the states.But the comparison also found that existing English standards are "clearly stronger" in California, Indiana and the District of Columbia.
States that approve the new standards have a right to add up to fifteen percent of their own. In California, the State Board of Education plans to vote on August second to accept or reject a new set of standards. These are based largely on the common core, but also existing California standards.
第3, 4周homework 1译文
你生病时有没有感觉到脖子两侧的肿块？那或许就是淋巴结。

你可能会感到又肿又痛，但淋巴结的作用是抵抗感染。

淋巴结作为身体免疫系统的一部分，被称为淋巴系统。

这个遍及全身的复杂系统产生和传输一种有保护功能的液体，我们称之为淋巴液，它是由白细胞，蛋白质和脂肪构成的。

乳腺癌患者体内，癌细胞会扩散到手臂下方的大量淋巴结中。

传统的医疗手段，是寄希望于切除大量被感染的淋巴结来彻底移除癌细胞。

然而最新研究表明，切除如此多的淋巴结并不能起到治疗作用。

当癌细胞在病人体内开始扩散时，医生有两种治疗方案。

选项之一是前哨淋巴结活检，切除增大的部分及其周围一两个淋巴结。

或者更进一步，切除大量淋巴结。

但是这会使患者感到肩膀疼痛，导致手臂永久肿大。

第3, 4周homework 2译文
位于华盛顿的世界地球政策研究所目前发布了环境和经济混乱的警告，前景堪忧。

该研究所的创始人Lester Brown表示推动水资源可持续发展可能会有帮助。

事实上他说这是“至关重要的”。

在本周Global Business中，Peter Day知道原因。

Lester Brown是农民出生，在有美国花园之州美称的新泽西州生活。

他获得了很多有分量的学位，效力于美国农业部，在全球各地奔波工作。

他于1974年成立了世界展望机构。

该机构因其对全球环境的年度性世界报道而著名。

若干年前，当我在华盛顿特区和世界展望机构进行定期聊天时，我记得有一个房间，里面都是世界分水界域的卫星地图。

即使Lester Brown最新的身份是地球政策研究所的创始人和最高领导人，水仍是他所关注的永恒不变的主题。

地球政策研究所是又一个华盛顿特区专为发展可持续经济提供路线图的智囊团。

但是即便在环境领域研究多年，Lester Brown仍在《命悬一线的世界》一书中表示新的迫切感。

作为一名经过专业培训的农业学家，他关注食物以及由自然灾害导致的食物短缺所引发的新威胁。

这些自然灾害包括去年夏天的俄罗斯干旱、随后发生在其他地区的洪水以及很多发展中国家和发达国家不断增加的食物需求。

Lester Brown认为世界必须要以西方国家在二战中积极战斗的态度来对待可持续的问题。