Development of High Efficiency Swing Compressor for R32 Refrigerant

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高一英语建筑术语单选题50题

高一英语建筑术语单选题50题1.The walls of this building are made of _____.A.steelsB.steelC.stonesD.stone答案：B。

本题考查建筑材料的名词用法。

steel 表示“钢”，是不可数名词，A 选项steels 错误；stone 表示“石头”，通常用作可数名词复数stones 或者不可数名词“stone”表示材料，但是题干中说的是墙的材料，应该用steel，因为钢是一种常用的建筑材料，而且是不可数名词。

2.This bridge is constructed with _____.A.concretesB.concreteC.woodsD.wood答案：B。

concrete 表示“混凝土”，是不可数名词，A 选项concretes 错误；wood 表示“木材”，通常用作不可数名词，但是表示“树林”时是可数名词，题干中说的是桥的建筑材料，应该用concrete，混凝土是建造桥梁常用的材料。

3.The roof of this house is covered with _____.A.tileB.tilesC.glassD.glasses答案：B。

tile 表示“瓦片”，是可数名词，A 选项tile 应该用复数形式；glass 表示“玻璃”，是不可数名词，题干中说的是屋顶覆盖的材料，通常是瓦片，所以用tiles。

4.This building has a foundation made of _____.A.bricksB.brickC.steelsD.steel答案：B。

brick 表示“砖”，是可数名词，但是在这里表示材料，用单数形式；steel 表示“钢”，通常不用来做建筑的基础材料，所以用brick。

5.The walls of this ancient building are made of _____.A.stonesB.stoneC.woodsD.wood答案：A。

风能的发展潜力和优势英语作文

风能的发展潜力和优势英语作文The Untapped Potential and Advantages of Wind EnergyThe world is facing an unprecedented challenge in addressing the pressing issue of climate change. As the global community strives to transition towards a more sustainable future, the development of renewable energy sources has become a paramount priority. Among the various renewable energy options, wind power has emerged as a promising solution, offering a wealth of untapped potential and distinct advantages.Wind energy is a clean, abundant, and renewable resource that has the capacity to play a crucial role in the global energy landscape. Unlike fossil fuels, which contribute to the release of greenhouse gases and environmental degradation, wind power generation is entirely emission-free, making it a sustainable alternative that aligns with the pressing need to mitigate the effects of climate change.One of the primary advantages of wind energy is its scalability. Wind farms can be constructed on a wide range of scales, from small-scale installations for individual homes or businesses to large-scale utility-grade projects that can power entire communities or even regions.This flexibility allows wind energy to be tailored to the specific needs and resources of different geographical locations, ensuring that it can be effectively integrated into the energy mix.Moreover, the cost-effectiveness of wind power has become increasingly apparent in recent years. Technological advancements and economies of scale have driven down the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) from wind power, making it a highly competitive option compared to traditional fossil fuel-based generation. As the industry continues to mature and innovate, the cost of wind energy is expected to further decrease, making it an increasingly attractive investment for both public and private entities.Another significant advantage of wind energy is its reliability and predictability. Unlike other renewable energy sources, such as solar power, which are dependent on the availability of sunlight, wind energy can be generated around the clock, provided that the necessary wind conditions are present. This consistent and reliable power generation can help to stabilize the electrical grid and ensure a more consistent and dependable supply of electricity.Furthermore, the environmental benefits of wind energy cannot be overstated. By replacing fossil fuel-based power generation with wind power, the emissions of harmful pollutants, such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide, can be significantlyreduced. This not only contributes to the mitigation of climate change but also improves local air quality and public health outcomes.The development of wind energy also has the potential to create a significant number of high-quality jobs, both in the manufacturing and installation of wind turbines, as well as in the ongoing operation and maintenance of wind farms. This economic impact can be particularly beneficial in rural and remote areas, where wind resources are often abundant, providing employment opportunities and economic diversification.Despite these numerous advantages, the full potential of wind energy remains largely untapped. Barriers to the widespread adoption of wind power, such as regulatory hurdles, grid integration challenges, and public acceptance issues, must be addressed through a collaborative effort involving policymakers, industry stakeholders, and the general public.Governments around the world have a crucial role to play in facilitating the growth of the wind energy sector. By implementing supportive policies, such as renewable energy targets, tax incentives, and streamlined permitting processes, they can create a favorable environment for investment and innovation in wind power. Additionally, investments in grid infrastructure and energy storagetechnologies can help to overcome the challenges of integrating wind energy into the electrical grid.Furthermore, public education and community engagement efforts are essential to addressing concerns about the visual, noise, and environmental impacts of wind farms. By fostering a better understanding of the benefits of wind energy and addressing legitimate concerns, policymakers and industry leaders can build a stronger public consensus and support for the widespread adoption of this renewable energy source.In conclusion, the development of wind energy holds immense promise as a sustainable and cost-effective solution to the global energy challenge. With its scalability, reliability, and environmental benefits, wind power has the potential to play a pivotal role in the transition towards a low-carbon future. By overcoming the existing barriers and capitalizing on the untapped potential of this renewable resource, the world can harness the power of wind to create a more sustainable and resilient energy landscape for generations to come.。

Daikin FDMF系列隐藏天花板空调机型号说明书

inspired by local needsFDMF SeriesIndependently Tested byDAIKIN. Everything you ever wanted in air conditioningDaikin operates under the belief that customers are buying quality. With this in mind, Daikin strives to stay ahead of consumer needs by providing high-quality products with superior performance, energy efficiency, and comfort and by designing stylish solutions that conform to all interior spaces and lifestyles..At the forefront of energy efficiency, Daikin has designed a new inverter concealed ceiling unit, using the low G WP* and Zero ODP** refrigerant R-32, which allows owners to reduce their energy bill all year round. This new series combines the most advanced technologies. It has been specially developed to withstand the harsh conditions of the African market, such as unstable power supply, corrosive environment and severe transportation and handling conditions.Inverter technology helps to reduce energy bill substantially, while maintaining the highest level of comfort. Start-up time is reduced and temperature is maintained stable at all times, unlike non inverter air conditioners.Using efficient systems will result in lower electricity bills, but also in lesser load to be applied on the generator as power input is being minimized.Think Smart; Think Green; Think Daikin InverterBenefits of INVERTER at a glance»Energy saving all the year round, for a lower electricity bill and lower carbon footprint»Lower starting current and less load to be applied on the generator»Powerful cooling»Quieter operation»Longer lifetime2With Non InverterWithElectricity BillAugustOctoberDecemberAugustOctoberDecemberElectricity BillTOO HOTJUST PERFECT!TOO COLDNon Inverterwith Non InverterQuick Coolingwith InverterSetTemperature* Cooling modeRoom Temperature*TimeWith Daikin Inverter, comfortable temperature,all year roundDaikin’s FDMF series, by combining the best available technologies, runs quieter, cools faster and saves more than conventional air conditioner. It is designed to deliver a comfortable living environment for longer periods of time. This new series incorporates a lot of exceptional features for an unrivaled, efficient, and reliable comfort.The excellent cooling performance is the outcome of the combination of the extremely efficient Daikin-patented inverter swing compressor with the optimal heat transfer from the heat exchanger using R-32 refrigerant.Inverter technology helps to substantially reduce energy bill, while maintaining the highest level of comfort, with a reduced start-up time, and the ability of maintaining a stable temperature at all times. It makes the comfort delivered which makes the comfort delivered by the inverter unrivaled.With Daikin inverter, you will experience a new era of smart comfort .Inverter TechnologyDaikin units are conceived to offer powerful cooling to quickly cool down the room. The system has been designed for optimum nominal efficiency, with EER reaching up to 3.15 W/W, and seasonal energy efficiency, in line with real life operating conditions in Africa. Using efficient systems will result in lower electricity bills, but also in lesser load to be applied on generator as power input is minimized.R-32 RefrigerantUnlike R-22, R-32 has no ozone depletion potential for a reduced impact on the environment. This nextgeneration refrigerant has a heat transfer 1.5 times higher than R-410A and a GWP* 675 CO2 eq., which is about one third of R-410A. It can contribute to reduce eq. CO 2 emissions up to 72% against R-410A.Powerful and Efficient CoolingMain FeaturesOn small capacity units, most manufacturers use a standard rotary compressor but Daikin improved this technology system operates. The unique Daikin swing compressor prevents the leakage of gas refrigerant from the high pressure to the low pressure side, and effectively improves the compression efficiency. It will ensure less noise, less wear and tear, and above all, high energy efficiency.Exclusive Daikin Inverter Swing CompressorCertified PerformanceDaikin units offer excellent nominal and peak efficiency, exceeding the most stringent regulations. Itsperformances are certified for capacity and efficiency at 35/46/48 CDB!Main benefits at a glance. Less refrigerant leakage . Less noise. Less wear and tear for longer lifetime . Higher efficiency3A real economical and sustainable solutionThe inverter technology will lower the energy consumption of the air conditioner down to 50% compared with traditional systems. Usingefficient systems will result in lower consumption; therefore, lower electricity bills!Greatest flexibility for installationDaikin units are designed to offer the greatest flexibility for installation with guaranteed performances • Wide range of available static pressures, 30 to 100 Pa, in a compact design casing allows high flexibility in design, such as long ducting or multi-zone application.• Extended piping lengths allow high flexibility in design by covering long piping run applications, up to 30 meters height difference!• Bottom & rear suction allow installation both at low depth and low height ceiling voids• Compact yet powerful casing: unit height is only 300mm and can be installed in any locationPowerful and Flexible CoolingUnique auto-airflow adjustmentThis unique Daikin feature simplifies the commissioning as the fan curve will adjust automatically to suit the duct design; balancing of dampers is no longer required!* This function will compare the actual duct resistance to the calculated resistance at time of design, and check the actual airflow and then set a point close to the rated airflow (+/- 10%).* Please follow the instructions in the installation and operation manual.4Main FeaturesGreatest flexibility for controlIndividual or centralized control is possible on the new Daikin FDMF series using the latest advanced technologies.Perfect control over your individual climate with the elegant and award-winning Madoka controller.A minimalistic touch button controller with Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) connectivity, Madoka features three navigational buttons and a clutter-free display. Comfort is guaranteed in the most intuitive way imaginable. Advanced functions are available through the Madoka Assistant application. The controller comes with two color options designed to match any interior design.Integration to Daikin centralized control systemsThe new inverter range can be controlled with Daikin’s centralized control system such as the i-Touch Manager, viaoption, allowing high flexibility in control.Standard Built-In Drain PumpThe ducted unit has reinforced drainage protection thanks to the standard built-in drain pump wherein up to 1,125 mm of condensate water can be pumped.Reinforced Anti-Corrosion ProtectionAll the sensitive parts exposed to the environment are protected against corrosion:• The condenser has a hydrophilic blue fin coating.• The sensors of the electronic board (PCB) for both outdoor and indoor units have a special anti-corrosion coating.• The outdoor bottom frame and stop valve mounting plate are powder-coated.This will ensure a longer life span, even under corrosive environment, with cooling performance maintained optimal.Refrigerant-Cooled PCBRefrigerant cooled PCB guarantees reliable cooling, as it is not influenced by ambient temperature.This feature is available from 2.5TR and above.Madoka AssistantBRC1H81K(7) (Black)Easy setting of schedules Advanced user settings Installer settings FieldsettingsBRC1H81S(7) (Silver)BRC1H81W(7) (White)Reliable Cooling5Auto-RestartIn case of sudden power failure during operation, this feature ensures that air conditioners installed in the same building will resume operation automatically. The operation will be based on the previous settings.Self-Diagnosis FunctionThe machine auto-detects the errors and shows the related code on the remote controller screen. If an error occurs, you can easily self-diagnose it and report it to your Daikin authorized service provider for a quick resolution.SELFOther FeaturesDaikin FDMF series offers you a new era of smart, efficient, and reliable comfort. It incorporates a myriad of outstanding features that will enhance your end-user experience!Whisper Quiet OperationThe Daikin indoor unit is whisper quiet. The sound level can reach a quiet level down to 26 dB(A)*.High Indoor Air QualityThe FDMF series offers as standard a high level of indoor air quality..The washable antimicrobial filter eliminates various airborne dusts, for a cleaner and purified living environment..An anti-bacterial agent box is attached to the drain pan to maintain high indoor air quality wherein silver ions are used to prevent the growth of microorganisms.Anti-Bacterial BoxSilver ions to help prevent the growth of micro-organisms that cause clogging and unpleasant smells.*For FDMF18AVMK unit only.6Temperature conditions: (1) Outdoor: 35CDB - Indoor: 27CDB/19CWB (2) Outdoor: 48CDB - Indoor: 26.6CDB/19.4CWBR-32Zero ODP for a reduced impact to the environment.Inverter TechnologyInverter AC continuously adjusts the compressor speed, thus power input, to constantly meet the temperature requirements. So, energy is no longer wasted and considerable amount of money can be saved.Auto-RestartIn case of sudden power failure, the unit will restart randomly with previous settings. This will help preventing power surge after blackout.Tropical CompressorThe tropical compressor is able to handle and operate fully under extreme weather conditions.Powerful CoolingRapid cooling and powerful, even if outside temperature is very high*GWP: Global Warming Potential **ODP: Ozone Depletion PotentialDrain Pump KitFacilitates condensation draining from the indoor unit.Reinforced Anti CorrosionAll the sensitive parts such as condenser coil, PCB sensors, outdoor bottom frame or stop valve are protected against corrosion for a longer life span, even under corrosive environment, with cooling performance maintained optimal.SilenceDaikin indoor units are whisper quiet. Outdoor units are also guaranteed not to disturb the quietness of the neighbourhood.Automatic Airflow AdjustmentThis unique Daikin function selects the most appropriate fan curve to achieve the best comfort. Compared to traditional duct, it will make the installation shorter and easier as balancing of dampers is not required.7The present publication is drawn up by way of information only and does not constitute an oﬀer binding upon Daikin Middle East and Africa FZE has compiled the content of this publication to the best of its knowledge. No express or implied warranty is given for the completeness, accuracy, reliability or ﬁtness for particular purpose of its content and the products and services presented therein. Speciﬁcations are subject to change without prior notice. Daikin Middle East and Africa FZE explicitly rejects any liability for any direct or indirect damage, in the broadest sense, arising from or related to the use and/or interpretation of this publication. All content is copyrighted by Daikin Middle East and Africa FZE.Toll Free:800-DAIKIN (324546)The present publication is drawn up by way of information only and does not constitute an offer binding upon Daikin MEA. Daikin MEA has compiled the content of this publication to the best of its knowledge. No express or implied warranty is given for the completeness, accuracy, reliability or fitness for particular purpose of its content and the products and services presented therein. Specifications are subject to change without prior notice. Daikin MEA explicitly rejects any liability for any direct or indirect damage, in the broadest sense, arising from or related to the use and/or interpretation of this publication. All content is copyrighted by Daikin MEA.DMEA21-170 KUWAIT。

高二英语科技词汇单选题40题(带答案)

高二英语科技词汇单选题40题(带答案)1.The new smartphone has a large _____.A.screenB.keyboardC.mouseD.printer答案：A。

“screen”是屏幕，新智能手机有一个大屏幕，符合常理。

“keyboard”是键盘，“mouse”是鼠标，“printer”是打印机，都与智能手机不匹配。

2.We can use a _____ to take pictures.puterB.cameraC.televisionD.radio答案：B。

“camera”是相机，可以用来拍照。

“computer”是电脑，“television”是电视，“radio”是收音机，都不能用来拍照。

3.The _____ can play music and videos.ptopB.speakerC.projectorD.scanner答案：A。

“laptop”是笔记本电脑，可以播放音乐和视频。

“speaker”是扬声器，“projector”是投影仪，“scanner”是扫描仪，都不能播放音乐和视频。

4.My father bought a new _____.A.tabletB.bookC.penD.pencil答案：A。

“tablet”是平板电脑。

“book”是书，“pen”是钢笔，“pencil”是铅笔，只有平板电脑是科技设备。

5.The _____ is very useful for online meetings.A.headphoneB.microphoneC.speakerD.camera答案：D。

“camera”摄像头在在线会议中很有用。

“headphone”是耳机，“microphone”是麦克风，“speaker”是扬声器，都不如摄像头在在线会议中的作用直接。

6.We can store a lot of data in a _____.A.flash driveB.penC.pencilD.book答案：A。

小学上册第十五次英语第3单元全练全测

小学上册英语第3单元全练全测英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is the past tense of "go"?A. GoneB. WentC. GoD. Going2.What is the primary purpose of a compass?A. Measure distanceB. Show directionC. Indicate speedD. Calculate areaB3.What is the name of the phenomenon where light waves are stretched as an object moves away from us?A. Doppler EffectB. RedshiftC. BlueshiftD. Gravitational Lensing4.What is the capital of Cuba?A. HavanaB. SantiagoC. CamagueyD. HolguinA5.The __________ is a famous area known for its skin care products.6.I like _______ (尝试) new foods when I travel.7.I like to collect ________ (模型) of cars.8.The ancient Egyptians built the pyramids as _______ for their rulers.9.My school has many _______ (活动) that I enjoy participating in. They are very_______ (有趣).10.My favorite character is __________ (超级英雄) because he is very brave.11.The capital of Finland is __________.12.The first person to swim the English Channel was _______. (马修·韦本)13.Chemical reactions often involve a __________ (能量) change.14.My mom grows _______ in the garden (我妈妈在花园里种_______).15.What do you call a place where books are kept?A. SchoolB. LibraryC. StoreD. ParkB16.We should ________ (保护) the environment.17.Which animal is known for having a pouch?A. DogB. CatC. KangarooD. Elephant18. A ______ is a cold-blooded animal.19.What is the capital city of Canada?A. TorontoB. OttawaC. VancouverD. Montreal20. A ______ is an elevated area surrounded by lower land.21.Which month is Christmas celebrated?A. NovemberB. DecemberC. JanuaryD. OctoberB22.What color do you get by mixing blue and yellow?A. GreenB. PurpleC. OrangeD. RedA23.What is the name of the famous Canadian landmark?A. Sydney Opera HouseB. CN TowerC. Empire State BuildingD. Burj KhalifaB24.Which animal is known for its long neck?A. GiraffeB. ElephantC. ZebraD. KangarooA25. A __________ (果园) is filled with trees that bear fruit.26.What do we call the time when the sun rises?A. SunriseB. SunsetC. DuskD. DawnA27.The ______ (蜜蜂) help in pollination.28.I feed my cat ______ (鱼) every day.29.What is the capital of Italy?A. RomeB. MilanC. VeniceD. Florence30.Which of these is a winter sport?A. SwimmingB. SkiingC. SurfingD. RunningB31.What is 15 ÷ 3?A. 4B. 5C. 6D. 732.My brother is my silly _______ who always knows how to make me smile.33.What do we call a story that explains something about nature?A. LegendB. FableC. MythD. FairytaleC34.What do we call the time when the sun rises?A. NoonB. MorningC. EveningD. MidnightB35.The cake is on the ___ (table/counter).36.What is the term for a picture made by arranging colored pieces?A. MosaicB. CollageC. PortraitD. LandscapeA37. A __________ is a major geological feature of the earth.38.The ________ was a major cultural exchange between East and West.39.What is the largest rainforest in the world?A. Congo RainforestB. Amazon RainforestC. TaigaD. Temperate ForestB40.Which shape has three sides?A. SquareB. TriangleC. CircleD. Rectangle41. A ______ is a measure of how much solute can still be dissolved.42.The baby is _____ (crying/laughing) in the crib.43.The gecko climbs walls with its _________. (脚)44.My cousin is very __________ (适应力强).45.My dog loves to play fetch in the ______ (公园).46.What do we call a story that is passed down orally from generation to generation?A. MythB. LegendC. FolktaleD. FableC47.What is the term for the study of rocks and soil?A. BiologyB. GeologyC. AstronomyD. ChemistryB48.Who is the author of "Harry Potter"?A. J.R.R. TolkienB. J.K. RowlingC. Roald DahlD. C.S. LewisB49._____ (苔藓) grows in moist and shady areas.50.An object in space experiences ______ weightlessness.51. A jellyfish can drift with the ________________ (水流).52.What do we call the act of using resources wisely?A. ConservationB. EfficiencyC. SustainabilityD. All of the aboveD53.What is the capital city of Russia?A. MoscowB. St. PetersburgC. KazanD. Novosibirsk54.The cake is ________ (精致).55.What do we call the force that pulls objects toward the Earth?A. FrictionB. MagnetismC. GravityD. InertiaC56.I love to _______ (研究) new topics.57.What do you call a person who studies space?A. AstrophysicistB. AstronomerC. GeologistD. BiologistB58.What is the main purpose of a playground?A. To exerciseB. To relaxC. To playD. To socializeC59.What do we call the time it takes for the Earth to go around the sun?A. YearB. MonthC. DayD. HourA60.We have a ______ (大) garden.61. A ______ is a nocturnal animal.62.What do bees produce?A. MilkB. HoneyC. EggsD. Silk63.What is the smallest planet in our solar system?A. MercuryB. MarsC. VenusD. PlutoA64.The filmmaker produces amazing _____ (电影).65.What is the opposite of 'wet'?A. DryB. CleanC. MessyD. Neat66.What is the name of the first artificial satellite launched into orbit?A. Sputnik 1B. Explorer 1C. Vanguard 1D. Luna 167.We have a ______ (美丽的) garden full of flowers.68.Glaciers are large __________ of ice that move slowly.69. A molecule of oxygen consists of _______ atoms.70. I create stories about my ________ (玩具名称). Sometime71.The __________ (历史的深度) enriches insight.72.The pirate has a ___ (treasure) map.73.I enjoy going out with my ____.74.What is the name of the famous ship that sank on its maiden voyage?A. TitanicB. LusitaniaC. BritannicD. Andrea DoriaA75.Which planet is known as the "Giant Planet"?A. EarthB. SaturnC. JupiterD. UranusC76.My dad, ______ (我爸爸), loves to tell jokes.77. A chemical species can be positively or negatively charged as an ______.78.I enjoy ________ (做手工艺) in my free time.79.Which planet is known as the Red Planet?A. EarthB. VenusC. MarsD. Jupiter80.What is the capital of Indonesia?A. BaliB. JakartaC. BandungD. SurabayaB81.She wears a _____ (red) dress.82. A ______ (蝙蝠) is a nocturnal animal.83.What is the primary ingredient in chocolate cake?A. FlourB. SugarC. CocoaD. EggsC84. A __________ is a geological feature that influences the local landscape.85. A ______ (蜜蜂) moves from flower to flower gathering nectar.86. A pendulum's swing is an example of ______ motion.87.The _____ (蛋糕) is delicious.88.The _______ (小犀牛) has a thick skin and is very strong.89. A ______ is a geological feature that attracts scientists and researchers.90.My brother loves to __________ (参加) outdoor events.91. A ______ (生态学家) studies the relationships between plants and their environments.92.I enjoy going to ______ with my family.93.My sister draws _______ (画) very well.94.What is the opposite of full?A. EmptyB. HalfC. WholeD. Complete95.Which fruit is red and often used to make juice?A. BananaB. AppleC. GrapeD. OrangeB96.The ______ helps protect the inner organs of the body.97.The __________ (历史的共同体) foster connection.98.The _____ (squash) plant is prolific in summer.99.What is the name of the famous river in Egypt?A. NileB. AmazonC. MississippiD. YangtzeA 100.I have a toy _____ that glows at night.。

中考英语交通工具改进单选题50题

中考英语交通工具改进单选题50题1. We need to improve the ____ of our cars to reduce fuel consumption.A. speedB. performanceC. sizeD. color答案：B。

本题考查交通工具性能相关词汇。

选项A“speed”指速度；选项B“performance”有性能的意思，符合语境，强调汽车整体性能的提升以降低油耗；选项C“size”指尺寸；选项D“color”指颜色，均与降低油耗的性能改进无关。

2. The new technology can greatly enhance the ____ of the buses.A. safetyB. comfortC. beautyD. cost答案：A。

本题围绕交通工具性能改进。

选项A“safety”意为安全，新技术能提升公交车的安全性；选项B“comfort”指舒适；选项C“beauty”指美观；选项D“cost”指成本，而题干说的是新技术对公交车性能的提升，安全性能更符合。

3. To make the trains more efficient, we should focus on improving their ____.A. enginesC. seatsD. lights答案：A。

本题考查火车性能改进的重点。

选项A“engines”指引擎，改进引擎能使火车更高效；选项B“windows”指窗户；选项C“seats”指座位；选项D“lights”指灯光，这三个选项都不是影响火车效率的关键因素。

4. The improvement of the ____ can make the planes fly longer distances.A. wingsB. cabinsC. enginesD. pilots答案：C。

本题关于飞机性能改进。

选项A“wings”指机翼；选项B“cabin”指机舱；选项C“engines”指引擎，改进引擎能使飞机飞得更远；选项D“pilots”指飞行员，飞行员不是飞机能飞更远的直接改进因素。

弗里德里奇J系列无线拆分空调系列说明书

J SeriesDuctless Split SystemsThe Next Generation of Ductless Split SystemsAdvanced technology delivering quiet, energy efficientcomfort solutionsTHE EXPERTS IN ROOM AIR CONDITIONINGFRIEDRICH'S HIGHEST ENERGY EFFICIENCIES EVERENERGY STAR ® modelsZero duct lossS UP E R I O RE FF I C I E N CY25.0 SEERAll of the advantages of ductless systems and Friedrich qualityWALL-MOUNTEDFriedrich has 174 multizone configurations utilizingwall-mounted, ceiling cassette and concealed duct modelsZone Cooling and HeatingOccupants have the ability to set the temperature of each zone to their preferred comfort level. The system will run as needed to maintain desired temperature.Occupants may also turn off units in unoccupied rooms without affecting other zones.That’s the beauty and efficiency of a Friedrich multizone system.Enjoy the flexibility to mix and match systems to fit your application.CONCEALED DUCTCEILING CASSETTE 3The Next Generation of Ductless Split SystemsThe Advantages of Friedrich's Precision Inverter System Minimal temperature fluctuations. High energy efficiency.Precision Inverter technology varies the compressor, the outdoor and the indoor fan speeds, eliminating constant compressor start-ups/shut-downs that traditional systems require to maintain the set temperature.This is especially beneficial in multizone systems where room temperature set points vary and some indoor units may be turned off in unoccupied rooms.Each system can adjust capacity and cooling output to provide only the amount of cooling needed at a given time. The result is optimal comfort with low energy costs.4L E A S T E F F I C I E N T5M O S T E F F I C I E N TPRECISIONNo other system matches the efficiency and performance of Friedrich's Precision InverterIt achieves better energy efficiency by using 1Hz increments. This allows the unit to produce only the output necessary to reach the desired temperature. The result is optimal performance and increased energy efficiency.Attractive and high efficiency options for cooling and heating residential and light commercial spaces.Wall-mounted models mount high on the wall. The attractive, neutral finish blends well with just about anydecor.Residential Applications• Room additions/renovations • Homes without ductwork • Bedrooms and family rooms • Garage workshops • Sunrooms • Guest quartersThe Next Generation of Ductless Split Systems6Commercial Applications• Hotels and other lodging • Computer rooms and server rooms• Restaurant kitchen and prep areas• Offices in warehouse spaces • Storage facilities• Buildings where security concerns prevent the use of window units• Internal areas withoutexterior wall accessIndoor unitscan be usedindividuallyor as part of amultizone systemto conditionmultiple spaces ora large area.7Auto cleanIndoor blower runs to remove dust, dirt and moisturefrom the coil after system is shutdown.Surge cool/heatAllows quick cooling/heating. In this mode the unit will operate at 100% for 30 minutes to cool/heat the room rapidly.Built-in low ambient standardAllows wall-mounted unit’s operation down to 14ºF in cooling mode. Down to 5º F in concealed duct and cassette models.Auto changeover (Single zone only)Automatically changes over from cool to heat and heat to cool to maintain the set temperature.Auto restartAuto restart function allows system to resume with previous settings in the event of a power shutdown. (Power supply must be restored).Dry modeReduces the humidity when cooling needs are low.4-way auto swingLouvers will automatically move up/down and left /right to maintain a uniform room temperature.DiamonGold Advanced Corrosion Protection™Protects the outdoor coil against deterioration and extends the life of the unit especially in harsh coastal environments.Features you'll find with Friedrich Ductless Systems:The Next Generation of Ductless Split Systems8Ultra quiet cross-flow fanAn electronically controlled cross-flow fan creates an ultra quiet, yet powerful air flow into the room.Low vibration, twin-rotary compressorFriedrich's twin-rotary compressor has a unique design that reduces vibration for lower sound levels outdoors.BLDC fan motorBrushless, digitally commutated motor withaccurate speed control that makes the electrical and mechanical operation smoother, more reliable and more efficient.The indoor cross-flow fan and a low vibration compressor provide ultra quiet operation indoors and outdoors.9Wall Standoff BracketThe clip keeps sufficient space between the unit and the wall creating more room for installation.Spacious Tubing AreaAmple space was created to facilitate tubing installation and placement.Low Installation Access PanelBy lowering the access panel to eye-level we have created a hassle-free access to electrical connections.Secure Grip Screws*"Grip Screws" firmly secure wall-mounted unit to wall bracket providing a stable setup.* Not available on MW30Y3J and MW36Y3J.16" on CenterThe hanging bracket comes with a set of holes that are placed 16” apart from each other to help you attach the bracket securely to "16 on center" wall studs.Level-Line LedgesIncorporated “Level-Line Ledges” ensure a straight wall mount and frees both hands for an easy single-person installation.Tape Measure AssistThe integrated “blade grip” securely keeps measuring tape in place. The ”blade grip” gives you a helping hand when installing the bracket to the wall.UNIQUE MOUNTING BRACKETConvenient installation features that will get yourductless running in no time.A SET OF16 INCH ON CENTER HOLESModel MWH12Y3J indoor unit and hanging bracket shown. Hanging bracket appearance will vary by model.The Next Generation of Ductless Split Systems10Low Ambient Wind Baffle KitWind baffle allows operation down to O °FWB.(Available for Wall-Mounted Single Zone)OPTIONAL ACCESSORIESRefrigeration Line SetsThermostatDWC1-Wired, 7-day fully programmable wall thermostat. (Available for all models)Ceiling Cassette Grilles (Required accessory)Required decorative grille for ceiling cassette modelsFriedrich's Ductless Split systems are compatible with aftermarket drain pumps and condensate sensors.For more information visit the following sites:Condensate PumpsR ectorseal/Aspen Pumps: /pumpselector.Condensate SensorsRectorseal, Safe-T-Switch ® Aqua guard: /productAdapterAdapter is available through Friedrich parts distributors.All R410A models have 1/2”-20 UNF (5/16” SAE) X 1/4” SAE thread per inch charging and vacuuming ports.An adapter must be used for ¼” gauges.11SINGLE ZONE WALL-MOUNTED9000-24000 Btu. Cool only models with features for convenient operation, care-free comfort and years of dependability.Features• I nverter technology (variable speed compressor)• BLDC motors• H igh efficiency for low operating cost • D iamonGold Advanced Corrosion Protection™• A uto Clean indoor coil • C ooling/Fan mode • S urge cool • N atural air flow • 4-Way auto swing • U ltra quiet operation • S leep mode • D ry mode • A uto restart• B uilt-in low ambient standard, down to 14ºF (Cooling Mode)• 24-hour on/off timer • Built-in kick stand• M ultiple ease of installation features (see p.10)MR09C1J, MR12C1J MR18C3J MR24C3JMW09C1J, MW12C1JMW18C3J, MW24C3JPRECISIONWIRELESSREMOTE CONTROL12Your operating costs will depend on your utility rates and use. The estimated operating cost is based on a electricity cost of $ .115 per kWh. For more information, visit /energy.Due to continuing research in new energy-saving technology,specifications are subject to change without notice.SPECIFICATIONS13SINGLE ZONE25.0 SEER WALL-MOUNTED12000 Btu. Our most efficient unit ever! Features for comfort and convenience year 'round. In heating mode, unit efficiently heats by using approximately 1/4 of the energy required by electric heat.Features• I nverter technology (variable speed compressor)• B LDC motor• H igh efficiency for low operating cost • D iamonGold Advanced Corrosion Protection™•A uto Clean indoor coil • Cooling/Heating/Fan/Auto mode • S urge Cool/Heat • Natural air flow • U ltra quiet operation • S leep mode • A uto restart • A uto changeover• L ow ambient operation down to 14ºF (Cooling Mode)• 24-hour on/off timer• E NERGY STAR ® qualified model • H idden display (only visible during operation)• M ultiple ease of installation features (see p.10)PRECISIONMWH12Y3JMRH12Y3JS U P E R I O RE FF I C I E N CY25.0 SEERWIRELESSREMOTE CONTROL14Your operating costs will depend on your utility rates and use. The estimated operating cost is based on a electricity cost of $ .115 per kWh. For more information, visit /energy.Due to continuing research in new energy-saving technology,specifications are subject to change without notice.SPECIFICATIONS15SINGLE ZONE WALL-MOUNTED9000-18000 Btu. Features for comfort and convenience year 'round. In heating mode, units use approximately 1/4 of the energy required by electric heat.Features• I nverter technology (variable speed compressor)• BLDC motors• H igh efficiency for low operating cost • D iamonGold Advanced Corrosion Protection™• A uto Clean indoor coil • C ooling/Heating/Fan mode • S urge Cool/Heat • Natural air flow • 4-Way auto swing • U ltra quiet operation • S leep mode • D ry mode • A uto restart • A uto changeover• B uilt-in low ambient standard, down to 14ºF (Cooling Mode), down to 0ºF with wind baffle • 24-hour on/off timer• M ultiple ease of installation features (see p.10)MR09Y3J, MR12Y3J MR18Y3JMW09Y3J, MW12Y3JMW18Y3JPRECISIONWIRELESSREMOTE CONTROL16Your operating costs will depend on your utility rates and use. The estimated operating cost is based on a electricity cost of $ .115 per kWh. For more information, visit /energy.Due to continuing research in new energy-saving technology,specifications are subject to change without notice.SPECIFICATIONS17SINGLE ZONE WALL-MOUNTED24000-36000 Btu. Features for comfort and convenience year'round. In heating mode, units use approximately 1/4 of the energy required by electric heat.Features• I nverter technology (variable speed compressor)• H igh efficiency for low operating cost • D iamonGold Advanced Corrosion Protection™• A uto Clean indoor coil • C ooling/Heating/Fan mode • S urge Cool/Heat • Natural air flow • 4-Way auto swing • U ltra quiet operation • S leep mode • D ry mode • A uto restart • A uto changeover• B uilt-in low ambient standard, down to 14ºF (Cooling Mode)• 24-hour on/off timer• M ultiple ease of installation features (see p.10)MR24Y3J, MR30Y3J, MR36Y3JMW24Y3J, MW30Y3J, MW36Y3JPRECISIONWIRELESSREMOTE CONTROL18Your operating costs will depend on your utility rates and use. The estimated operating cost is based on a electricity cost of $ .115 per kWh. For more information, visit /energy.Due to continuing research in new energy-saving technology, specifications are subject to change without notice.SPECIFICATIONS19SINGLE ZONECEILING CASSETTE24000 and 36000 Btu. Indoor units are typically installed in a drop ceiling. The grille fits almost flush with the ceiling for a clean look and efficient installation.Low profile indoor unit isrecessed into the ceilingfor a clean look and greaterclearance.NOTE: Grilles are soldseparately.See optional accessories on page 11. Features• I nverter technology (variable speedcompressor)• I nternal condensate pump with27 1/2" lift* included• Natural air flow• 4-Way cooling• S urge Cool/Heat• Cooling/Heating/Fan mode• Dry mode• S leep mode• B uilt-in low ambient standard, downto 5ºF (Cooling mode)• I ndependent vane control• 3 Fan speeds• E vaporator frost control• 24-hour on/off timer• A uto restart• A uto changeover• T emperature display on remote• U ltra-quiet turbo fan• DiamonGold AdvancedCorrosion Protection™• Clean, modern look• Flexible installation• E NERGY STAR® qualified models• Precise air distributionMR24UY3J MR36UY3JMC24Y3JMC36Y3JPRECISIONWIRELESSREMOTE CONTROL* Lift from drain pan to the highest point. Use external drain pumpfor installations requiring condensate lift exceeding 27 1/2"20Your operating costs will depend on your utility rates and use. The estimated operating cost is based on a electricity cost of $ .115 per kWh. For more information, visit /energy.*System meets ENERGY STAR ® published minimums.**Models require grille. Sold separately.Due to continuing research in new energy-saving technology,specifications are subject to change without notice.SPECIFICATIONS21SINGLE ZONECONCEALED DUCT24000 and 36000 Btu. Indoor unit is installed in the ceiling or furr down for unobtrusive installation.Features• I nverter technology (variable speedcompressor)• B LDC motor• I nternal condensate pump with27 1/2" lift* included• Cooling/Heating/Fan mode• Dry mode• 3 Fan speeds• 24-hour on/off timer• A uto restart• A uto changeover• S leep mode• Control lock function on controller• External Static Pressure Range(ESP)- 24,000 (0.1 - 0.78) WC- 36,000 (0.15 - 0.6) WCMR24UY3J MR36UY3JMD24Y3J, MD36Y3JPRECISIONWIRED WALLCONTROLLER* Lift from drain pan to highest point. Use external drain pump forinstallations requiring condensate lift exceeding 27 1/2"22Your operating costs will depend on your utility rates and use. The estimated operating cost is based on a electricity cost of $ .115 per kWh. For more information, visit /energy.Due to continuing research in new energy-saving technology,specifications are subject to change without notice.SPECIFICATIONS23MULTIZONEWALL-MOUNTEDHigh efficiency heat pumps with features for comfort and convenience year 'round. In heating mode, units use approximately 1/4 of the energy required by electric heat.• I nverter technology (variable speedcompressor)• H igh efficiency for low operating cost• D iamonGold Advanced CorrosionProtection™• A uto Clean indoor coil• C ooling/Heating/Fan mode• S urge Cool/Heat• Natural air flow• 4-Way auto swing• U ltra quiet operation• S leep mode• D ry mode• A uto restart• B uilt-in low ambient standard, down to 14ºF(Cooling Mode)• 24-hour on/off timer• B uilt-in kick stand MW09Y3J, MW12Y3JMW18Y3JMR24DY3JM MR36TQY3JMPRECISION FeaturesWIRELESSREMOTE CONTROL24Your operating costs will depend on your utility rates and use. The estimated operating cost is based on a electricity cost of $ .115 per kWh. For more information, visit /energy.Due to continuing research in new energy-saving technology,specifications are subject to change without notice.SPECIFICATIONS25MULTIZONECEILING CASSETTEIndoor units are typically installed in a drop ceiling. The grille fits almost flush with the ceiling for a clean look and efficient installation.Features• I nverter technology (variable speedcompressor)• I nternal condensate pump with23" lift* included• Natural air flow• 4-Way cooling• Cooling/Heating/Fan mode• Dry mode• N ight Quiet Operation• B uilt-in low ambient standard, downto 14ºF (Cooling mode)• 3 Fan speeds• E vaporator frost control• 24-hour on/off timer• A uto restart• T emperature display on remote• U ltra-quiet turbo fan • DiamonGold Advanced Corrosion Protection™• Clean, modern look • Flexible installation • E NERGY STAR ® qualified models • Precise air distribution MR24DY3JM MR36TQY3JMMC12Y3JM, MC18Y3JMPRECISIONWIRELESSREMOTE CONTROLNOTE: Grilles are sold separately. See optional accessories on page 11.* Lift from drain pan to highest point. Use external drain pump forinstallations requiring condensate lift exceeding 23"26*Models require grille. Grille sold separately.Your operating costs will depend on your utility rates and use. The estimated operating cost is based on a electricity cost of $ .115 per kWh. For more information, visit /energy.SPECIFICATIONS27MULTIZONECONCEALED DUCTIndoor unit is installed in the ceiling or furr down for unobtrusive installation. Conditioned or non-conditioned air can be added to ducting to allow fresh air into the conditioned space whenever required.Features• I nverter technology (variable speedcompressor)• I nternal condensate pump with23" lift* included• Cooling/Heating/Fan mode• Dry mode• 3 Fan speeds• 24-hour on/off timer• A uto restart• S leep mode• Control lock function• External Static Pressure Range (ESP)- 12,000 ( 0.0 - 0.16) WC- 18,000 ( 0.0 - 0.16) WCMR24DY3JM MR36TQY3JMMD12Y3JM, MD18Y3JMPRECISIONWIRED WALLCONTROLLER* Lift from drain pan to the highest point. Use external drain pumpfor installations requiring condensate lift exceeding 23"28Your operating costs will depend on your utility rates and use. The estimated operating cost is based on a electricity cost of $ .115 per kWh. For more information, visit /energy.Due to continuing research in new energy-saving technology, specifications are subject to change without notice.SPECIFICATIONS29Wired and wireless controllers.Wired controllersWIRELESS REMOTECassette andAll Wall-mounted Models OPTIONAL WIRED REMOTE DWC1- Works with all Friedrich ductless modelsPROGRAMMABLE SETTINGSWIRED REMOTE Concealed Ducted D24YJ, D36YJMD12Y3JM, MD18Y3JM Wall control thermostats have an infrared sensor that allows the settings to be changed byusing the wireless remote control.1. Download FriedrichDiagnostic App fromGoogle Play or App Store2. Connect DWTST module tooutdoor unit3.Begin monitoring unit IMPORTANT*Friedrich DWTST works only with Friedrich Precision Inverter™ wall-mounted ductless split systems.Applications are subject to change without notice. Not for use with other Friedrich models or other brands of products.• Simple program ( 1 to 7hour) ON/OFF• Sleep program • ON/OFF at set time • 7 Day schedule • Holiday scheduleWireless diagnostic tool for Friedrich Precision Inverter Ductless Split SystemsMonitor and diagnosewall-mounted ductlesssystems* for quickservice responses3 EASY STEPS:Technicians can observe various data points, such as:• Thermistor temps • DC link voltage • Fan RPM • EEV pulse • Error codesDWTST30MULTIZONE SYSTEMS CAPACITIES AND RATINGSCassetteCassette3233NOMENCLATURERH36DY3JM1Series2Model Type34Application5Refrigeration Cycle6Voltage7Marketing Model 8Installation TypeMM i n i -s p l i t15678234W= Wall-mounted C= CassetteD= Concealed Ducted R= Outdoor componentWH= Wall-mounted High SEER RH= Outdoor high SEER9 = 9,000 BTU/h 12 = 12,000 BTU/h 18 = 18,000 BTU/h 24 = 24,000 BTU/h 30 = 30,000 BTU/h 36 = 36,000 BTU/hEmpty = Single D = Dual Zone T = Tri ‐Zone Q = Quad Zone U = UniversalC = Cool OnlyY = Heat Pump 1 = 115V/60hz/13 = 230V/60hz/1(Internal Use)M = Multi ZoneCapacityREFRIGERATION LINE SETS MINIMUM/MAXIMUM LENGTHS*The combined line lengths of the individual zones must equal the minimum line length for the selected multizone system.For a Dual Zone System: The combined lengths must equal at least 25 feet.For a Tri Zone or Quad Zone System: The combined lengths must equal at least 75 ft.TORQUE WRENCH SETTINGS34354 l l The Next Generation of Ductless Split Systems。

电力英语词汇

电力英语词汇attendant 值班员parameter 参数error 误差petrol 汽油axis 轴physics 物理regulation 调节cause, reason 原因sensitivity 灵敏度clockwise 顺时针tension 张力counter-clockwise 逆时针stress 应力fine 细timer 定时器daily inspection 日常检查shell 外壳data logger 数据自动记录器diameter 直径radius 半径，范围, 辐射光线grid 格栅, 电网heating surface 受热面magnetic field 磁场man-day 工日man-hour 工时minor repair 小修negative 负positive 正orifice 孔, 孔板cotton 棉纱outage 停机, 停运appendix 附录standard 标准inspector 检查员industry 工业buyer 买方seller 卖方consideration 考虑design 设计document 文件radio 对讲机，收音机bellow(s) 波纹管pedestal 轴承座gantry 龙门吊crane 吊车plus 加、正minus 负、减gas-fired 燃气administration building行政楼energy 能量emergency 紧急事故crude(raw) oil 原油panel 盘graphite 石墨tariff 关税choke，jam 阻塞first draft 初稿motor-driven hoist 电动葫芦gasket 密封垫install 安装employee，staff 职工, 雇员layout 平面图water head 水头negotiation 谈判sub-contractor 分包商ASMEC (American Society of Mechanical engineers)美国机械工程师协会IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)电气和电子工程师协会ISO (International Standards Organization) 国际标准化组织IEC(International Electromechanical Commission)国际电工委员会crack 裂纹certificate 合格证license 执照wire rope 钢丝绳civil work 土建hoist 吊装fax 传真minutes of meeting 会议纪要contractor 承包商customs 海关L/C (Letter of Credit) 信用证check 支票cast iron 铸铁gold 金illumination 照明度relative 相关的trigger 触发器valid (invalid) 有效（无效）specification 说明书，规范technical 技术的rapper 振打装置carbon 碳brake 制动器、刹车aluminum 铝temper 回火superintendent 监理人knife 小刀import 进口export 出口trade 贸易price 价格F.O.B. 离岸价C.I.F. 到岸价B/L (bill of lading) 提单commission 佣金, 调试specialist 专家supervisor 监理人，监护人work order 工作票operation order 操作票log sheet 报表scaffold 脚手架authorize 公认，授权back-up each other 相互备用requirement 要求commercial operation 商务运行tool 工具date of delivery 交货期design change 设计变更representative 代表，工代welding rod 焊条local fabrication 就地制造site service 现场服务meeting agenda 会议日程name-plate rating 铭牌定值tapping 攻丝drilling machine 钻床grinder 磨床day shift 白班night shift 夜班swing shift 中班three-shift workday system 三班制salary，wage 工资welfare 福利safety helmet 安全帽defect 缺陷off day 休息日gloves 手套pollution 污染operation manual 运行规程stainless steel 不锈钢chiller 冷冻机polish 磨光，抛光helper 帮工coolly (coolie) 苦力，劳工welding machine 电焊机blister 砂眼、水泡bidder 投标者project 工程elevator 电梯clause 条款report 报告construction 建设team 工程队international 国际的as-built drawing 竣工图tender 招标schedule 计划tool 工具consumable 消耗品date of delivery 交货期design basis 设计依据type 型号director 董事长manager 经理，厂长draft 草案trade 贸易company 公司develop 发展erection 安装material 材料foreign exchange 外汇weld 焊接total 总计guarantee 保证contract 合同service 服务inspection 检验，检查commissioning 调试test 试验loan 贷款agreement 协议operation 运行maintenance 检修，维护overhaul 大修equipment 设备shipment 船运meeting 会议name-plate 铭牌offer 报价quotation 报价supplier 供货商coordination 协调technical 技术的evaluation 评估calibration 校准acceptance 验收turn over 成交量，翻转turn key project 交钥匙工程visa 签证engineer 工程师site 现场，工地port, pier 码头price 物价storage 仓库dam 大坝beach 海滩hole 孔洞soil 土址rock 岩石clay 粘土earthquake 地震ecology 生态exploration 勘探farmland 农田flood 洪水plain 平原concrete 混凝土river 河lake 湖quartz 石英stake 标桩（杆）plastic 塑料sample 样品up stream 上游output power 输出功率down stream 下游power factor 功率因素peak 山峰frequency 频率valley 山谷efficiency 效率volcano 火山peak load 高峰负荷well 井horsepower 马力underground 地下ventilation 通风school, academy （专业）学校fax 传真management 管理telephone 电话order 定单scheme 计划，图表fee, cost 费用protocol 协议coal 煤collision 冲突insurance 保险power station 发电厂（站）left 左hydroelectric 水电right 右thermal power station 火力发电站rear 后installed capacity 装机容量DCS—distributed control system 分散控制系统total generation 总发电量unit capacity 单机容量A/D and D/A converter模/数,数/模转换器input power 输入功率output power 输出功率cabinet, cubicle, chamber 柜machine 机械, 机器cock, plug 堵头repair shop 修配车间one-way valve 单向阀assembly 装配hammer 手锤planer 刨工scraper 刮刀fitter 钳工pliers 手钳electrician 电工file 锉lathe 车床saw 钢锯burring 去毛刺steel rule 钢尺ream 铰孔tape measure 卷尺punch 打孔set square 三角板ultrasonic 超声波caliper(s) 卡尺spare part 备件outside caliper 外卡尺bolt 螺栓inside caliper 内卡钳washer 垫圈, 洗衣机micrometer 千分尺thread 螺纹compasses 圆规nut 螺母gap gauge 隙规stud 双头螺栓cement 水泥screw 螺钉lime 石灰rivet 铆钉brick 砖ball bearing 滚珠轴承wood 木头gear 齿轮plan 平面图butterfly valve 蝶阀cross-section 剖面图ladder 梯子radiation 辐射air conditioner 空调convection 对流oilstone 油石amplitude 振幅sandpaper 沙纸resonance 共振paint 油漆record 录音brush 刷子color 颜色porcelain 瓷器red 红container 集装箱yellow 黄canvas 帆布orange 橙friction 摩擦green 绿weight 重量black 黑gravity 重力violet 紫specific gravity 比重white 白direction 方向worker 工人speed 速度technician 技术员force 力chief engineer 总工torque 扭矩assistant engineer 助工engineer 工程师red powder 红丹粉density 密度senior engineer 高工pulley 滑轮shift engineer 值长lever 杠杆operator 运行人员cycle 循环operator attendant 助手foreman 班长refractory 耐火材料welder 焊工foundation 基础designer 设计人员special tool 专用工具passage way 走道operating mode 运行方式on, open 开load rejection 甩负荷off, close 关loss curve 损失曲线standby 备用on site 就地trip 跳闸normal 正常display 显示regular 正常test 试验retention 保持力，滞留金warranty 保证书mark 标记parallel operation 并列运行parallel in 并网glass cement 玻璃胶side view 侧视图dismantle 拆除spade 铲子vehicle 车辆electro mobile 电瓶车harden 淬火piling 打桩unit power output 单机出力guide slot 导槽anchor bolt 地脚螺丝grease 油脂shaft displacement 轴移longitudinal arrangement 纵向布置trouble shooting 事故诊断pressure drop 压降smoke 烟owner 业主phase 1 project 一期工程noise 噪音sleeve wrench 套筒板手core 铁芯flash point 闪点grinding wheel 砂轮redundant 冗余的creep 蠕变feeler 塞尺intake 取水口、进口freeze 凝固extension 扩建span 跨度rectangular 矩形shutdown 停机indicate 显示change over 切换inlet 入口start-up 启动outlet 出口run 运行input 输入output 输出peak load time 高峰负荷时间high 高intermediate 中circulation ration 循环倍率low 低flow diagram 流程图bypass 旁路dimension 尺寸spray 喷水throttle 节流isolation 隔离turbine island 汽机岛turbine 汽轮机turbine master 主控器instrument 仪表rotor 转子collection tank 联接水箱feed water valve 给水阀deaerator 除氧器bypass valve 旁路阀block valve 闭锁阀turbine driven boiler FW pump汽动给水泵control valve 控制阀outlet valve 出口阀motor driven water pump 电动给水泵pilot valve 错油门booster pump 前置泵speed indicator 转速表attemperating pipe 减温管jacking oil pump 顶轴油泵heat exchanger 热交换器oil cooler 冷却器shutdown pump 停机水泵filter, screen 滤网hydrant 水栓silencer 消音器stator 定子suction pump 抽吸泵shaft 轴throttle orifice 节流孔板bearing brass 轴瓦lube oil pump 润滑油泵condenser 凝结器oil purifier 净油器air ejector 抽气器oil tank 储油箱inter cooler 中间冷却器upper water tank 高位水箱after cooler 后冷却器flash tank 扩容器heater 加热器MSV (main steam valve)主汽阀worn out 磨损TSI (turbine supervising instrument)汽机监视仪表peak shaving 调峰idle run 空转babbit metal 巴氏合金differential expansion 胀差end shield 端盖（罩）lug 吊环HPC (high pressure cylinder)高压缸EHG（electric hydraulic governor）电液调thermal system 热力系统ECR (economic continuous rating)经济功率MCR (maximum continuous rating)最大连续功率BFPT (boiler feed water pump turbine)锅炉给水泵汽机condensate 凝结水run up 汽机冲转speed up 升速valve stem 阀杆guide blade 导向叶片alignment 找中心、找正header 联箱L.P.H (ＬP heater) 低加H.P.H 高加throat 喉部feed water pump 给水泵main stop valve 主汽阀drain tank 疏水箱casing (cylinder) 汽缸drain valve 疏水阀nozzle 喷咀gland steam 轴封bladed disc 轮盘attemperator 减温器journal bearing 径向轴承check valve 逆止阀water seal gland 水封extraction 抽汽governing valve 调节阀regulator 调节器overload valve 过载阀over speed governor 超速保安器speed governor 调速器vacuum trip device 真空跳闸装置synchronizer 同步器vacuum breaker 直空破坏器stop valve 截止阀oil gauge 油位器main oil pump 主油泵condenser leak 凝汽器检漏装置aux. oil pump 辅油泵impeller 叶轮emergency oil pump 事故油泵pneumatic operated valve 气动阀门oil ejector 注油泵radial bearing 径向轴承oil cooler 冷油器thrust bearing 上推轴子turning gear 盘车装置coupling 联轴节hot well 热井damper 档板blade, vane 叶片flange 法兰cascade 叶栅gland heater 轴加signal amplifier 信号放大器dead center 死点converter 交换器idle time 惰走时间unit 单元no load 空负荷gate valve 闸阀turbine follow mode 汽机跟随方式ball valve 球阀balance 平衡needle valve 针阀coordinate mode 协调solenoid valve 电磁阀sliding pressure 滑压back pressure 背压manual 手动critical 临界vibration 振动admission 进汽度expansion 膨胀main steam 主蒸汽measure 测量initial steam 新蒸汽record 记录reheat steam 再热蒸汽station compressed air 站用气exhaust steam 排汽instrument compressed air 仪用气warming-up 暖机vacuum pump 真空泵cooling shutdown 冷却停机fire fighting 消防start-up 启动condensate pump 凝结水泵cold starting 冷态启动circulating water pump循环水泵hot starting 热态启动back wash 反冲洗curve 曲线temperature difference 温差initial load 初负荷detect，inspect 监测rate of load-up 负荷上升率rated condition 额定工况steam consumption 汽耗量potable water 饮用水maximum 最大bar 巴(压力单位) minimum 最小moving blade 动叶片load test 带负荷试验stationary blade 静叶片load-dump test 甩负荷试验damp steam 湿蒸汽trip 跳闸saturated steam 饱和蒸汽stage 级dry steam 干蒸汽enthalpy 焓keep, maintain 维持superheat 过热negative pressure 负压active power 有效功率pneumatic 气动的lube oil 润滑油quality 质量monitor 监视quantity 数量increase 上升,增run away 飞车decrease 下降; 减running balance 动平衡remote control 远控stand by 备用slow, medium, fast 慢,中,快turbine oil 透平油interlock 联锁zero speed 零转速load pick-up 升负荷water to steam ratio 水, 汽比load rejection 甩负荷lacing wire 拉筋follow-up 跟踪diaphragm 隔板air blow 鼓风servomotor 油动机clearance 间隙load limiter 功率限制器lagging 罩壳multi-fuel firing 混烧transfer oil pump 输油泵back fire 回火eccentricity 偏心率vertical 垂直的sound detection 听音检查horizontal 水平的rigid shaft 刚性轴viscosity control 粘度控制oil flushing 油冲洗pipe joint 管接头efficiency 效率expansion joint 膨胀节water chamber 水室flange 法兰tube bundle 管束water hammer 水击relief valve 溢流阀dust 灰尘centrifugal pump 离心泵stabilizer 稳定器gland packing 盘根charging device 充电装置performance test 性能试验discharge electrode 晕化电极elbow 弯头centrifugal 离心manifold 母管,联箱scraper 刮刀,刮板boiler (BLR) 锅炉steam generator 汽发生器，锅炉steam purity 蒸汽纯度FD fan 送风机ID fan 引风机priming 汽水共腾PA fan 一次风机scale 水垢preheater 空预器loss 损失precipitator 除尘器cyclone 旋风分离器pulverizer (mill) 磨煤机steam converter 蒸汽发生器coal feeder 给煤机air duct 风道chimney 烟囱coal hopper 煤斗dumper 翻车机soot blower 吹灰器reclaimer 斗轮机conveyor 皮带机coal crusher 碎煤机lube oil pump 润滑油泵screen 筛网,屏幕flame scanner 火检dewatering bin 脱水仓boiler master 锅炉主控器economizer 省煤器grating 炉棚ash yard 灰场overhead crane 行车auxiliary boiler 小锅炉dryer 干燥器elevator 电梯analogue board 模拟屏furnace 炉膛sensor 传感器burner 燃烧器limit switch 限位开关waterwall 水冷壁display lamp 指示灯signal 信号platform 平台stair s 扶梯LTS 低温过热器LTR 低温再热器metal temperature 金属温度boiler blow out 炉冲管tube burst 爆管light off 点火air duct 风道primary 一次secondary 二次diesel 柴油residual oil 渣油air lock 锁气器down comer 下降管explosion vent 防爆门header 联箱sealing fan 密封风机drum 汽包annunciator window 报警窗air box 风箱ignitor 点火器,油枪air damper 空气档板oil gun 油枪simulator 仿真机fire damper 防火档板fire fighting 消防natural gas 天然气CCR (center control room) 集控室spark 点火, 火花local control panel 地控制盘gas coal 烟煤leak detector 检漏器coal stone 无烟煤main oil cooler 主冷油器combustion 燃烧nitrogen cylinder 氮气瓶pressure difference 压差oil conditioner 油净化器heavy oil 重油oil returning piping 回油母管light oil 轻油purge 吹扫swing valve 摆阀water gauge 水位计trip reset 跳闸复位thermocouple 热偶mill A A磨retractable 可伸缩式load set 负荷设定steam/water separator 汽水分离器blow down 排污nose 折焰角blow off 吹扫stroke 行程atomize 雾化slag 渣flash point 闪点catcher 捕集器hydraulic test 水压试验pendant pipe 悬吊管air side 空侧pressure-relief valve 减压阀gas side 烟侧insulation 绝缘,保温tee pipe T 形管flue gas 烟气three way 三通的throwing off 解列throwing on 并列overload 过负荷fly ash 飞灰type 型号bottom ash 底灰film, membrane 膜throttle orifice 节流孔板riser tube 上升管arch 拱packing 填料steam drum 上汽包quench 熄灭water drum 下汽包scorch 焦化shell 筒体ignition advance 点火提前end plate 封头miscellaneous 杂项manhole 人孔flame alignment 火焰调整reinforcement 加强件evaporation 蒸发量support tube 支承管slag 结渣platen 屏式back pass 尾部烟道finned tube 鳍片管weather-proof 全天候的buck stay 刚性梁weld groove 焊口heating surface 受热面tap pressure 抽头压力quick start 快速启动rated 额定的service factor 运行系数variable pressure operation 变压运行warm-up 暖机continuous blow down (CBD) 联排washing system 冲洗系统periodic blow down (PBD) 定排preservation 保护dry 干wet 温refractory belt 卫燃带dew point 露点electric island 电岛generator 发电机electrode 电极transformer 变压器anode 阳极battery 电池exciter 励磁机parallel 并联cathode 阴极voltage 电压photocell 光电管volt 伏特rectifier 整流器current 电流synchronize 同步DC 直流semi-conductor 半导体AC 交流nuclear reaction 核反应resistance 电阻substation 变电站reactance 电抗earth grounding 接地capacitance 电容charge 充电grid 高压电网ampere 安培power line 电线fuse 保险丝magnet 磁铁lightening rod 避雷针dielectric 电介质motor 电动机insulation 绝缘子phase 相potential 电位steel wire 钢线step-up (down) transformer升(降)压变压器series 串联on (off)-load tap change有(无)载调压开关starter 启动器generator transformer bank发电机变压器组spacer 垫片pad 垫板testing transformer 试验变压器unit transformer 高厂变field extinguishing cabinet 灭磁柜auto transformer 自耦变压器control console 控制台chamber 小室relay 继电器double busbars 双母线feeder 馈线bus bridge 母线桥SCR 硅整流circuit breaker 断路器line trap 阻波器differential relay protection差动继电保护surge arrester 避雷器3-section 三段3-phase 三相switch 开关tripping coil 跳闸线圈breaker 刀闸closing coil 合闸线圈truck, trolley 小车interlock 联锁switchgear cubicle 开关柜battery set 蓄电池组distribution board 配电盘selection switch 选择开关power box 动力箱changeover switch 转换开关accumulator 蓄电池kilowatt (kw) 千瓦megawatt (MW) 兆瓦isolated-phase bus 分相封闭母线AVR (auto voltage regulator)自动调压器diesel generator 柴油发电机MCC (motor control center)电动机控制中心PC (power center) 动力中心aux. power system 厂用电系统frequency 周波AC withstand voltage test 交流耐压试验transient 暂时、瞬时tapped bus 分接母线neutral bus 中性母线boost charge 快充float charge 浮充acoustic 音响PMG (permanent magnet generator)永磁发电机tie branch 联络分支dehydrating breather 吸湿器Buchholz relay 气体继电器radiator 散热器conservator 储油罐gas cell 气盒altitude 高度forced excitation 强励armature winding 定子绕组terminal box 终端盒lead bar 导电杆energize, power up 受电conduit 导管turn insulation 匝间绝缘spring 弹簧dome 冷却器包carbon brush 碳刷prime motor 原动机converter 逆变器sleeper 枕木tolerance 公差corona 电晕、放电shim 垫片alternator 同步发电机armature 电枢frame 支架blinker 吊牌selector switch 选择开关extension line 分机线trunk line 中继线network dispatching center网调中心paging system 对讲系统hose 软管station transformer 启备变OLD (one-line diagram) 单线图movable contact 动触头bush 套管tap changer 分接开关bore 孔、口径、内径field failure 失磁potentiometer 电位计engine 引擎, 发动机MCC (motor control center)电机控制中心weld box 电焊箱zero-sequence 零序active 有功contactor 接触器reactive 无功button 按钮span 间距shunt 分流器flag indicator 掉牌指示jumper 跳线symmetrical 对称delay 延期damper 阻尼器loss of excitation 失磁tester 试验器linking plate 联接片CT ( PT) 电流(压)互感器annunciator 光字牌field breaker 灭磁开关inductive phaser 感应移相器HP sodium lamp 高压钠灯power frequency oscillator 功频振荡器bulb 灯炮measuring instrument 测试仪fluorescent 荧光灯gas analyzer 气体分析仪lead-sheathed 铅皮bridge 电桥cable 电缆universal 万用的PVC cable 塑料绝缘电缆stabilizator 稳压电源oil-filled cable 充油电缆megger 兆欧表cable tray 电缆支架ammeter 安培表cable clamp 电缆卡voltmeter 伏特表shaft 竖井calibration desk 检验台watt-hour meter 电度表earthling rod 接地棒power factor 功率因素phase indicator 相位表phase sequence 相序conductor 导体multi-meter 万用表coil 线圈HF mill voltmeter 高频毫伏表circuit 电路DC galvanometer 直流检流计lamp 指示灯pincer-like galvanometer 钳形电表cell 电池power, supply 电源voltage divider 分压箱level 电平rheostat变阻器plant network厂用电系统ADS (auto dispatching system)自动调度系统gross power总功率turn匝outage停电key switch按键开关interrupter断路器service life使用寿命LED (light emitting diode)发光二极管dispatcher调度员arc电弧magnitude幅值，大小eddy current涡流communication 通讯indicator 显示器plug 插头transmitter 发射器socket 插座carrier 载波relay 继电器UHF(ultra high frequency) 超高频modulator 调制器VHF 甚高频monitor 监视器HF 高频scanner 扫描仪microwave 微波pulse 脉冲filter 滤波器test 测试oscillator 振荡器amplifier 放大器capacitor 电容antenna 天线resistor 电阻器computer 计算机diode 二极管hardware 硬件triode 三极管software 软件transistor 晶体管code 代码paper 纸张MMI (man-machine interface)人机接口gate 门redundancy 冗余byte 字节peripheral device 外设information 信息component 部件,成分block 字组virus 病毒menu 菜单OS (operator station) 操作员站normally open (closed) contact 常开（闭）接点instrument apparatus 仪器actuator 执行器I/O (input/output) 输入/输出vector 矢量floppy disc 软盘hard disc 硬盘resource 资源multiple 多个的information 信息exit 出口，退出access 进入destination 目的地source 源头documentation 文件identification 识别simulation 仿真detail 细节browse 浏览directory 目录implement 实行conversion 转化create 生成format 格式化optional 可选的solenoid 线圈legend 图例furnish 装备topology 拓扑repeater 中継器message 消息desktop 桌面modify 改reference 参考eliminate fault 消除错误replace 更换master (stand-by) 主机（从机）video 影像的audio 听觉的reverse 反相polarity 极性transfer 传送cycle 循环，周期menu bar 菜单条administration 管理feedback 反馈assignment 任务work station 工作站frame 边框scroll 卷轴button 按钮enlarge 扩大reduction 减小click 双击title 标题single loop control 单回路控制analog 模拟digital 数字AS (automation control) 自动系统OM (operation and monitoring system)操作监视系统PU (processing unit) 过程单元SU (server unit) 服务单元deviation 偏差inductive 感应SCS (sequence control system)顺控系统CCS (coordinate control system)协调系统BMS (burner management system)燃烧器管理系统EWS (engineering work station)工程师站card 卡件CRT 彩显PLC (programmable logic controller)可编程逻辑控制器database 数据库cursor 光标activation 激活automatic 自动的manual 手动equipment cubicle 主机柜time delay 延时MFT (main fuel trip) 主燃料跳闸fire protection 灭火保护discharge 放电clutch 离合器FSSS(furnace supervision and safety system 炉膛安全监视系统external 外部的internal 内部的elevation, layer 层ATC (auto turbine control)汽机自动控制signal 信号copy 复制, 拷贝module 模组demand 指令valid (invalid) 有效（无效）fiber optic 光纤preset 预设revise 修改optimum 最佳的tendency analysis 趋势分析program 程序dispose 布置,处理instruction 指令precaution 预防data 数据contract 接点on-line 联机standby 备用off-line 脱机operation 操作RTC (remote terminal control)远方终端控制circuit 电路screen 屏幕impact record 冲击记录器feedback 反馈thermal stress 热应力servomechanism 侍服机构FCB (fast cutback ) 快速切回装置numerical control 数字控制trend 趋势data processing 数据处理camera 相机sensor 传感器automation 自动化UPS (uninterruptible power supply)不停电电源remote control 控制化printer 打印机upper (lower) level system 上(下)级系统transmitter 变送器malfunction 故障vibrometer 振动表failure 故障photoelectric probe 光电探头accident 事故diagnose 诊断pulse signal generator 脉冲信号发生器auto tracing 自动跟踪down time 停机时间BTG panel BTG 盘intelligent alarm 智能报警hard copier 硬拷贝机CPU (central processing unit)中央处理装置graphical 图形的block diagram 方框图governing and protection调节和保护系统closed circuit TV 闭路电视fuse blown 保险熔断compiler 编译程序acoustic alarm 音响报警patrol 巡检DAS (data acquisition system)数据采集系统inspection 检查console 控制台interlock 联锁configuration 组态图phenomena 现象feature 特性; (性能)derivation 导数interface 接口integrate 积分mimic bus 模拟母线proportion 比例dotted recorder 打点记录器ether 以太(网络名)coaxial cable 同轴电缆environmental supervision环境监视encode 译码function 功能keyboard 键盘pulse 脉冲flow regulator 流量调节计regulating range 调节范围terminal 终端RB (run back) 自动减载装置logic 逻辑sampling frequency 采样频率microprocessor 微处理机self-diagnostic function自诊断功能mass storage device 大量存储装置reproducibility 再现性multiplexer 多路调制器start-up mode 启动方式dispatching center 调度中心air compressor 空压机network 网络sub-loop 子回路log of sequence of event 事故顺序记录number of input points 输入点resolution 分辨率SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) 监控和数据采集operation guide 操作指导peripheral equipment 外围设备Pneumatic local controller气动就地控制器preamplifier 前置放大器post-trip report 跳闸后报告printout 打印输出PI (proportional-integral) 比例—积分desalter 除盐装置pH value pH值silica 二氧化硅waste water disposal pump 废液泵regeneration tower 再生塔clarifier 除浊装置diluted 稀conductivity 导电率antiscale 防垢剂condensate polishing 精处理water washing 水洗methyl benzene 甲苯sediment 沉淀物sludge 污水、沉积物dissolve 溶解deoxidant 脱氧剂tray-spray 淋水盘dosing (dose) 剂量、加药coolant 冷却剂demi. water 除盐水relative 相对的lab (laboratory) 试验室copper 铜purified water 净水raw water tank 原水箱hardness 硬度oxide 氧化物turbidity 混浊度water treatment 水处理cation 阳离子analysis 分析anion 阴离子transparent 透明resin 树脂strainer 滤网sampler 取样器acid cleaning 酸洗sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠sewer manhole 下水道入孔aluminum oxide 氧化铝resin catcher 树脂捕捉器potassium hydroxide 氢氧化钾phosphate 磷酸盐injection pump 喷射泵mild steel 低碳钢screen 滤网mercury 水银ball catcher 胶球捕集器hydrogen generating unit氢发生装置oxygen 氧量hydrochloric acid 盐酸carbon dioxide (CO2) 二氧化碳distillation 蒸馏chlorine 氯absorption 吸收neutralization 中和funnel 漏斗separate 分离beaker 烧杯corrosion 腐蚀test tube 试管dilute 稀释ion exchanger 离子交换器solution 溶解mixed bed 混床concentration 浓度cation bed 阳床reagent 试剂anion bed 阴床electrolysis 电解abrasion, friction 磨擦reduction 还原humidity 湿度chemical change 化学变化absolute 绝对displacement 置换pressure 压力chemicals 化学temperature 温度spectrum 光谱water 水booster pump 前置泵steam 汽chemical dosing pump 加药泵acceptance 验收acid 酸aging 老化coagulant 凝聚剂methane 甲烷agitator 搅拌器ethane 乙烷air bottle (cylinder) 气瓶test paper 试纸alcohol 醇,酒精weight 砝码measuring cylinder 量筒alkali ( base ) 碱reaction 反应degasser 除气器alloy 合金demineralization 除盐alum 明矾dimension 尺寸ambient temperature 环境温度dropper 滴管ammonia 氨balance 天平curve 曲线electrolyte 电解液analyzer 分析仪epoxy resin 环氧树脂anticorrosion 防腐equivalent 当量appearance 表面application 应用asbestos 石棉backwash 反洗hardness 硬度bleach 漂白hazard 危险, 事故brass 黄铜buret 滴定管label 标签reason, cause 原因lining 内衬cistern 槽车live steam 新蒸汽cooling tower 凉水塔liquor 液体water treatment 水处理solid 固体water pretreatment 水预counter 计数器mesh 筛目,目数deep well 深井moisture 水分, 湿度deformation 变形neutralization 中和passivant 钝化剂parts per thousand (ppth) 千分率reductant 还原剂precipitant 再生剂soda 苏打rinse 漂洗velocity 速度rust 锈sponge 海绵rubber 橡胶taste 味道reservoir 水库，水池Orsat gas analyzer 奥气体分析仪purity 纯度mica 云母viscometer 粘度计bias 偏压benzene 苯colorimeter 比色表。

九年级英语经济发展趋势单选题40题

九年级英语经济发展趋势单选题40题1. In the economic development, the term "GDP" stands for _____.A. General Domestic ProductB. Gross Domestic ProductC. General Domestic PriceD. Gross Domestic Price答案：B。

本题主要考查经济术语“GDP”的全称。

选项A 表述错误，“GDP”的正确表述是“Gross Domestic Product”（国内生产总值），选项C 和D 也是错误表述。

2. The main goal of economic growth is to increase _____.A. production and consumptionB. prices and profitsC. unemployment and inflationD. taxes and debts答案：A。

经济增长的主要目标是增加生产和消费，选项B 价格和利润的增加并非经济增长的主要目标，选项C 失业和通货膨胀的增加不利于经济发展，选项D 税收和债务的增加通常不是经济增长的主要追求。

3. Which of the following is a characteristic of a developed economy?A. Low literacy rateB. High poverty rateC. Advanced technologyD. Limited infrastructure答案：C。

发达国家的特征通常包括先进的技术，选项A 低识字率不符合，选项B 高贫困率也不符合，选项D 有限的基础设施也不是发达国家的特点。

4. Economic indicators are used to measure _____.A. political stabilityB. cultural diversityC. economic performanceD. environmental quality答案：C。

Development Strategy of Agricultural Machinery Based on Energy-Saving in China

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY BASED ONENERGY-SAVING IN CHINAZ. Yang1, G .Chen2, J. Duan1, T. Peng3 and J. Wang11College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China2Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia 3Computing Centre of Gansu Provincial Department of Sci. & Tech., Lanzhou, P. R. China ABSTRACTAlthough the agricultural mechanization program in China has been greatly accelerated in recent years, its level of overall development is still relatively low. It often relies on extensive consumption of resources, resulting in some serious problems, including high energy consumption and high costs. In this paper, the development of agricultural machinery industry in China is described. The energy consumption data of farm machinery is then analysed. The reasons for high energy consumption of agricultural machinery are also discussed. Future development strategies for reducing energy consumption of agricultural machinery in China are also suggested. Keywords: agricultural machinery, energy-saving, mechanization, ChinaPRESENT STATE AND TREND OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY IN CHINA Present state of agricultural machinery in ChinaAgricultural machinery is one of the important carriers for modern agriculture, a tool for improving agricultural productivity and liberating agricultural labour. Since the 1950s, especially since the start of reform and open-door policies in 1978, agricultural engineering has made tremendous achievements in China (Zhou eta, 2003). In recent years, along with the rapid growth of national economy, the agricultural mechanization program in China enters into the fast track lane and has become an important component of the world agricultural mechanization development (Li, 2005). But the agricultural mechanization level is still relatively low in China. The quantity, types and technique of agricultural machinery and equipments are yet to be improved.(1) Shortage of agricultural machineryThe Chinese population is very large, with 1.3b people. Among them agricultural population is 58.7 percent in 2006 (World Bank, 2008). Because of small average farmland and labour surplus phenomenon, it is difficult to promote the use of agricultural machinery and raise the level of agricultural productivity. This leads to high cost of agricultural machinery and agricultural production, and poor investment returns. In comparison with other countries, agricultural and cultural traditions of Japan and South Korea may be similar to the Chinese (Group of Agriculture Ministry, 2008). However, from the comparison of the tractor number in Table 1, it is evident that the ownership of agricultural machinery is far less sufficient in China. This leads to the relatively low labour productivity.Table 1 China and Japan, South Korea tractor number comparisonCountry Year Rural farmland percapita (h m2/farmer)Tractor number(Unit/hundredh m2)Labour productivity ( industrial addedvalue of agricultural labour /U.S)China 2004 0.11 65 373 Japan 2004 0.03 4588 26557 Korea 2004 0.03 1239 9996(2) Low level of technology developmentAs in other developing countries, the purchasing power of Chinese peasants is limited, leading to a low level of machinery usage. There are also too many manufacturers of small tractors, small harvester and farm vehicles. This causes serious waste of limited resources in the country. At present, only a small number of farm machinery has reached the international standard in China. The level of mechanized production of agricultural products except wheat is still very low.(3) Equipment structure can not meet the needs of agricultural productionIt is important to realize that different regions and crops need to use different machinery and equipments. However, many agricultural productions lack the suitable mechanized equipments, particularly in the areas of vegetables, fruits, and soybean production. It has also been found that the sugarcane production machinery imported from abroad to China is not suitable for local conditions and therefore difficult to expand the market.Investments by the Chinese Government and FarmersAgricultural mechanization is one of the major features of agricultural modernization. Improving the quantity and quality of agricultural machinery is an important way to promote agricultural modernization. China's national economy as a whole has entered in a new period of accelerated development of industrialization since 2000. Chinese government has now been paying more attention to the development of agricultural mechanization to speed up the development of modern agriculture.Chinese government began to implement “Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Law” in 2004. The law established the status and role of agricultural mechanization in agriculture and rural economic development. Under the impetus of the National Policy, almost all provinces in China established various forms of local supporting policies, regulations and Agricultural Management Ordinance to provide a strong legal and institutional base for the development of agricultural mechanization. In particular, since 2004, a significant amount of government fund started to subsidize famers to purchase agricultural machinery. As shown in Figure 1, from 2004 to 2008, the central government has allocated 69.7 billion of CNY (1 Chinese Yuan is about 0.18Australian dollars at today’s exchange rate) to subsidize farmers to purchase agricultural machinery. This has driven farmers input 373 billion CNY and pulled the industrial sales of farm machinery to the value of 443 billion CNY. In 2009, the central government will again be spending some 100 billion CNY at farmer subsidies (Wang, 2008), which will directly drive farmers input to near 540 billion CNY. Driven by the policy of national farm machinery purchase subsidies, the development of agricultural mechanization has greatly been enhanced. The role of mechanization has now been recognized by the majority of farmers. The interest of purchasing and using agricultural machinery has also greatly increased, which makes the total power of agricultural machinery of the country continue to rise (Agricultural Mechanization Management Division in Ministry of Agriculture, etc., 2006). As shown in Figures 2 and 3, the total available power of agricultural machinery in China reached 800 million kilowatts in 2008. Among them, the number of large-medium sized tractors, small sized tractors and combine harvesters possessed is respectively 2,400,000, 16,600,000 and 710,000 Units. This is in comparison with the year of 1978, when the gross industrial output value of agricultural machinery in China was just over 50 billion CNY, which was equivalent to about 1800 billion CNY in 2008. This number has increased by 30 times in the past 30 years. In fact, China has now become the world's second agricultural machinery manufacturing country which is only behind the United States (Wang, 2008).Figure 1 National financial subsidies fund Figure 2 Total power of agricultural machineryAs shown in Figure 4, the greatly increased machinery power has significantly raised the mechanization level of major crops operations in China.Figure 3 Tractor numbers in China Figure 4 Degree of production mechanization for major crops ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY IN CHINAThe problem of higher energy consumption of agricultural machinery in China has not got sufficient attention. With the rapid development of agricultural machinery, energy consumption has increased significantly. As shown in Figure 5, diesel engines now consist of 79% of the total power of agricultural machinery, which is more than 30% of the total consumption in China. Correspondingly, as shown in Figure 6, diesel consumption of agricultural machinery also continues to rapidly increase and reached 34,543,900t in 2005 (Nanjing Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute, 2007). In 2006, it was reported that China's total energy consumption was higher than 15% of global total. Oil consumption reached 346,550,000 t. External dependence reached 47%. In global term, the total energy consumption in China is now only lower than the USA (Yu, 2008) The statistics of China Petroleum & Chemical Association (CPCA) show that China's diesel consumption achieved 138,800,000 t in 2008, an increase of 7.9% over the preceding year.Figure 5 Power structure of agricultural Figure 6 Diesel consumption of agricultural machinery in 2005 machineryOn one hand, oil consumption is continuously increasing, on the other hand, according to the forecast, the remaining reserve of exploitable petroleum in China is only 2,300,000,000 t, which is only available for exploration for another 14 years. Therefore, China must promote energy efficiency and develop its renewable energy source. Energy saving of agricultural machinery should also be an important component of this overall strategy. It is identified that the reasons for high energy consumption of agricultural machinery in China are mainly as follows.(1) Problems of equipmentsChinese manufacturing industry of agricultural machinery is underdeveloped and its technology shows considerable disparity with other developed countries. It is estimated that the average fuel consumption of China’s diesel engines is about 30% higher than that of the developed countries. Furthermore, from Figure 3, it can be seen that the number of small sized tractors is significantly higher than the large or middle sized tractors in China. The increasing rate of this type of machinery stock is also significantly higher than the latter, which is mainly because the low price of small-sized tractors is fit with the current farmland scale and production form in Chinese rural areas. Generally speaking, small sized tractors have lower efficiency, higher energy consumption and excessive emissions. The operating efficiency of small sized tractor, tricycles and four-wheel agricultural vehicles in China is lower 10 ~ 20% than large-sized high-speed vehicles' (Zhang & Gao, 2007). There is also an issue of the old age of agricultural machinery fleet in service. The lack of retrofitting measures causes a sharp increase in fuel and accessories consumption.(2) Problems in operationThe working scale of the farmland in China is smaller than those of Australia, America and many other countries. The difference in productivity and oil consumption may reach up to 50% between the large number of irregular small land and a small number of smooth regular large land. Moreover, the skills of Chinese agricultural machinery operators were not generally high, which have affected the machinery efficiency, and the working life of equipments.(3) Utilization efficiency of available equipmentThe poor matching between the tractors and implements is another reason for high energy consumption. This results in the inefficient utilization (field efficiency) of tractors. For many agricultural machinery in China, the function is unitary, the operational period is short and the utilization ratio is low. For instance, if the wheat seeders and the combine harvesters can work only in the local area, they may only work several to ten days one year, resulting poor capital return. 80% of farmers in China buy machine for themselves (Gao, 2007), considering the conveniences mostly, instead of utilization ratio. In addition, there is no uniform standard for agricultural production, so the crop planter's row spacing and ridge spacing may be inconsistent among different regions, which limits the applicability of available agricultural machinery.STRATEGY FOR REDUCING ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERYReduce power and energy demandIt is important to improve and optimize the agricultural technology and system, radically reduce energy demand through the implementation of new technologies such as conservation tillage to reduce the compaction level of farmland, the oil usage, and the agricultural production cost. Past experience has shown that the implementation of conservation tillage in north China can reduce the requirement of agricultural machinery power by 15 ~ 20% and fuel consumption 25 ~ 30% in comparison with the conventional method (Gao, 2007). If a farmer moves from conventional tillage to minimum tillage, there is a potential saving of around 10% of the fuel used on the farm in Australia (Chen & Baillies, 2009). According to the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE), many more saving methods are available to producers, including reduced tillage, precision farming system and efficient irrigation. The use of these new technology and equipments can not only save fuel, but also fertilizer, seed and water. Rational allocation of machinery use is also important.Improve the quality and reliability of agricultural machineryIt is also important to continue to increase the national and local financial support, through the implementation of preferential policies such as subsidies of purchasing machinery, to increase the application of advanced and applicable agricultural machinery. The support of agricultural machinery manufacturing industry will also need to be increased, for example, by encouraging the expansion and technology development of internationally-competitive large-scale industrial enterprises.Through the policy of purchasing subsidies, the government may encourage/guide farmers to purchase the agricultural machinery from large-scale reputable manufacturers. Large-medium sized tractors and machinery are also often more energy efficient than the small ones. The technical standards, maintenance standards of main lines of agricultural machinery such as tractor and combine harvester should be upgraded (Liu & Liu, 2006), in order to enhance the overall quality and safety of agricultural machinery in China.Research and development efforts of agricultural machinery should also be increased. Research and extension of energy-saving technologies and new agricultural equipments should be accelerated, by focusing on the development of high-performance, multi-purpose, new agricultural machinery and equipments.Improve the operating efficiency of agricultural machineryShaping the farmland and merging the block can provide basic conditions for the efficient operation of agricultural machinery. The development of agricultural mechanization in many countries in the world has proven that merging of small-scale farmlands into large ones is a necessary prerequisite for agricultural mechanization, especially in countries and regions whose per-capita arable land is low. This work is often implemented by the government. It mainly includes shaping the farmland, merging the block, arranging the rules, building road and irrigation infrastructure and so on.It is a good way of promoting the process of agricultural industrialization to expand the agricultural production scale. The implementation of large-scale production of the agricultural industrial production can significantly reduce the operating cost of agricultural machinery and increase economic efficiency. The agricultural industrial production requires large-scale agricultural machinery. Only in this way can high-performance and energy-saving agricultural machinery and equipments have development space and market.The training for agricultural machinery operators should be strengthened, by integrating a variety of educational resources. Training opportunities should be provided for agricultural machineryoperators so as to strengthen their operating skills, by all kinds of ways such as professional training, operating demonstrations and network media. In addition, the awareness of energy conservation education of agricultural machinery and equipment should be strengthened. CONCLUSIONThis paper has reviewed the recent development of agricultural machinery industry in China. It has been shown that the Chinese government has been investing heavily to the development of agricultural mechanization program in China. To achieve the best outcome, it has been shown that the quality of agricultural machinery should be significantly improved. The structure of agricultural machinery industry should also be optimized. The utilization efficiency of agricultural machinery should be improved.AcknowledgementsThe paper was supported by the Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment (South China Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, P. R. China. ReferencesAgricultural Mechanization Management Division in Ministry of Agriculture and China Agricultural Machinery Industry Association. (2006). The statistics on agricultural mechanization of China & foreign countries (1949-2004). Chinese Agricultural Science & Technology Publishing House, Beijing, ChinaChina Industry News Website, /show.asp?ClassID=130&id=53352, Accessed at 25 February 2009Gao, H. (2007). Establishing saving agricultural mechanization system. Chinese Agricultural Mechanization. (1): 7-10Chen, G. and Baillie, C. (2009). Development of a framework and tool to assess on-farm energy uses of cotton production, Energy Conversion & Management. 50(5): 1256-1263Liu, Q. and Liu, Y.(2006). Saving energy at agricultural machinery as in line with agricultural modernization. Tractor & Farm Transporter. 33(5): 1-2, 4Li, S. (2005). Agricultural mechanization promotion in China-Current situation and future. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Journal of Scientific Research and Development. Invited Overview Paper. Vol. VII. Presented at the Club of Bologna meeting, November 12, 2004 Ministry of Agriculture. (2008). Modern agriculture development strategy research. China Agricultural Pres, Beijing, ChinaNanjing Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute in Ministry of Agriculture. (2007). The yearbook of agricultural mechanization in China. (2006). Chinese Agricultural Science & Technology Publishing House, Beijing, ChinaThe World Bank. (2008). World Development Indicators 2008.Yu, L. (2008). Alternative energy resources for strategic studies. China Time Economic Press, Beijing, ChinaZhang, R. and Gao, H..(2007). Analysis of trend of diesel oil consumption of agricultural mechanization and energy-saving strategic measures in China. Transactions of the CSAE. 23(12): 280-284Zhou, X. Dong, R. Li, S, eta. (2003). Agricultural engineering in China. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Journal of Scientific Research and Development. Invited Overview Paper. August, 2003。

历年英语四级翻译真题及答案

2013年12月：段落翻译：试卷一：中餐【真题原文】很多人喜爱中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。

细心打算的中餐既可口又好看，烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差异很大。

但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和养分（nutrition）。

由于食物对安康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间获得平衡，所以中餐既味美又安康。

【翻译答案】Most people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is considered as not only a skill but also an art. The well-prepared Chinese food is both delicious and good-looking. Although cooking methods and food ingredient vary wildly in different places of China, it is common for good cuisine to take color, flavor, taste and nutrition into account. Since food is crucial to health, a good chef is insistently trying to seek balance between cereal, meat and vegetable, and accordingly Chinese food is delicious as well as healthy.试卷二：信息技术【真题原文】信息技术(Information Technology)，正在飞速开展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。

一局部人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应当学习传统的课程。

Cat 308E2 CR 微型挖掘机说明书

EngineEngine Model*Cat ®C3.3B Net Power (ISO 9249)48.5 kW65 hp*Engine meets U.S. EPA Tier 4 Final/EU Stage IIIB emission standards.WeightsOperating Weight with Cab 8400 kg 18,519 lb Operating Specifications Maximum Dig Depth4150 mm13'7"308E2 CRMini Hydraulic Excavator2Highperformance in a compact radius and swing boom design for greaterversatility and controllability.ContentsCompact Radius ..................................................4Operator Station ..................................................5COMPASS Control Panel ...................................6Performance and Controllability ......................8Variable Angle Boom ..........................................9Undercarriage ...................................................10Work Tools ..........................................................11Engine and Serviceability ................................12Specifi cations ....................................................14Standard Equipment .........................................17Optional Equipment...........................................18Notes . (19)The Cat 308E2 CR Mini Hydraulic Excavator delivers high performance with the versatility of a swing boomfront linkage in a durable Compact Radius design to help you work in the tightest applications. With the COMPASS display panel, Tier 4 Final/Stage IIIB engine and High Defi nition Hydraulic (HDH) system, the308E2 CR is more productive, versatile and cost effective.3Compact RadiusWork in the tightest spaces.Compact RadiusThe compact radius design gives greater machine versatility and the capability to work within confi ned areas. The radius of the upper body stays within 280 mm (11 in) of the undercarriage providing fl exibility for different work site applications with a reduced risk of damage and less stress for the operator.This allows the operator to concentrate on the work being done without having to worry about damaging the back of the machineor other job site obstacles.45Comfortable Working EnvironmentSpacious and comfortable operator station with excellent visibility and legroom keeps the operator comfortable and helps reduce fatigue. All hydraulic functions are fully pilot operated, lowering owning and operating costs and resulting in less downtime. The operator station also features:• Heated, air suspension seat • COMPASS display panel • Ergonomic joysticks• Dynamic operator sound pressure 70 dB(A) ISO 6396• Average exterior sound pressure 99 dB(A) ISO 6395 – dynamic testOperator StationSuperior comfort to keep you productive throughout the work day.The COMPASS control panel on the Cat E2 Series mini hydraulicexcavators was specifi cally designed by Caterpillar for compactexcavators. It adds several new features to the machines increasingthe amount of customer value. All of the following features arestandard on all E2 Series models.C omplete – All of the control panel features are standard on allE2 Series modelsO peration – Simple operation of the pattern changer, hydraulic quickcoupler and fuel gauge visibility all at the push of a buttonM aintenance – Maintenance intervals, diagnostics and work hoursP erformance – Maintain optimum performance levels with adjustablework tool fl ow featuresA ndS ecurity – Anti theft device with individual user and masterpasswordsS ystem – Ergonomically designed control panelPasscode Protected Security SystemA standard anti-theft device comes on every E2 Series compactexcavator. A fi ve digit alphanumeric password is required to start themachine when the anti-theft feature is enabled. There is a masterpassword and up to fi ve user passwords can be created by theowner if desired.Keep your machine safe on a busy job site by locking it when youare not around.Adjustable Auxiliary Work Tool Flow ControlThe E2 Series machines feature simple adjustability of the fl ow goingdown the boom and stick to the work tool. Both the standard mainline and optional secondary auxiliary hydraulics can be adjustedon a scale of 1–15 through a few buttons on the control panel.Adjust the fl ow to your different tools with a simple push of a button. COMPASS Control PanelComplete, Operational, Maintenance, Performance and Security System.6Rearview CameraIncrease operator productivity and effi ciency with enhanced visibility with the rear view camera.Work more confi dently with greater visibility.Continuous FlowOnce this feature is enabled through a button on the monitor, the E2 Series machines can run in continuous fl ow mode. With the auxiliary hydraulics on the right hand joystick, just hold the roller switch at the desired fl ow rate and direction for 2.5 seconds and the machine will maintain that fl ow rate until it is turned off.Maintain hydraulic fl ow to your tools at any fl ow and in any direction with the simple push of a button.Pattern ChangerChange the operating pattern between excavator and backhoe with a simple press of a button from the comfort of the cab. (Optional in Europe)Exclusive push button pattern changer is safe and easy.Maintenance and Performance InformationEasily keep track of various maintenance and performance parameters of your machine.Reset the maintenance intervals and ensure the machine is receiving proper care maximizing the life of the machine.Site Reference SystemOutput from pitch and roll sensors aid in grading and level trenching for improved effi ciency and job site fi nishing.Finish the job faster with site information.UNLOCK the new features and experience the value of the exclusive COMPASS control panel on the Cat E2 Series compact excavators7High digging forces that provide power through even the most compacted ground, coupled with direct, smooth control through responsive hydraulics, ensure that the Cat 308E2 CR delivers the high productivity that customers demand.ControllabilityThe Cat 308E2 CR front linkage has been perfectly balanced with the hydraulics to deliver the high level of control required for fi ne grading and landscaping applications.• Automatic two speed function improves job site maneuverability by balancing high speed travel requirements and control.• Joystick mounted auxiliary control enhances machine controllability. The intuitive controls give fi ne modulation.• Auxiliary lines including quick connectors are fi tted as standard, meaning the Cat 308E2 CR comes ready to work.• Optional boom and stick lowering check valve includes integral overload warning device.High Definition Hydraulic System• Delivers fuel savings, effi ciency, controllability and precision.• Industry leading variable displacement, load sensing, fl ow sharing system.Lift CapacityTo meet the diverse needs of today’s customer, the 308E2 CR has high level lift capacity and outstanding stability – all in a compact radius design to provide on site versatility to get the job done.CounterweightAn optional rear counterweight can be added to provideadditional lift capacity and stability.Performance and ControllabilityPowerful digging combined with smooth responsive control.8Variable Angle BoomIncreased fl exibility and versatility.Durable Front LinkageUptime and service intervals are increased with durable and reliable booms, sticks and linkage pins. Each boom and stick is builtto provide superior strength to withstand any tough application. The variable angle boom option offers fl exibility and versatilityin the working envelope.With full extension, the working range offers a maximum dig depth extending to 3980 mm (157 in). The maximum reach extends760 mm (30 in) beyond the standard boom and stick confi guration to 7780 mm (306 in). The working height reaches 1360 mm (54 in) beyond the standard boom and stick confi guration to 8000 mm (315 in). When retracted, the Cat 308E2 Variable Angle BoomMini Excavator can work closer to the blade and tracks, providing increased lifting capacity while working productively inconfi ned areas.910Depending on the customers application, the Cat 308E2 CR has three different track options to choose from, allowing the correct machine confi guration to suit the job.Rubber BeltProvides the lowest ground disturbance of all track options with excellent traction in conditions that are soft underfoot. The standard track offering is 450 mm (17.7 in) width.Steel TrackGood for demolition and heavy duty applications. A triple grouser track is available in two width options: 450 mm (17.7 in) and 600 mm (23.6 in).Steel Track with Rubber PadsThe 450 mm (17.7 in) wide shoe has four holes to attach the rubber pads to the steel track shoes. This option prevents damage to paved road surfaces and minimizes noise and vibration during travel while providing maximum stability.UndercarriageExcellent stability.Blade WidthsThe dozer blade is an important and useful tool for the Hydraulic Mini Excavator used for backfi lling trenches,levelling, landscaping and site clean up. There are two blade width options available to accommodate the differences in track widths.The blade comes standard with a replaceable weld-on dozer cutting edge constructed of hardened steel for longer life.Tie Down PointsLarge oval tie down points are located in two positions on the undercarriage for easy and safe machine tie down fortransportation.11Wide Range of Work ToolsA wide range of Cat Work Tools have been designed specifi cally to get the best out of your machine and deliver excellent value through high productivity and long life.Available work tools include:• Buckets (heavy duty and heavy duty capacity)• Tilting and Swing Ditch Cleaning Buckets • Hydraulic Hammers • Augers• Vibratory Compactors • Shears • Rippers• Dual Lock Mechanical Coupler • Dual Lock Hydraulic Coupler • Tilting CouplerTo maximize performance and productivity, Cat mechanical and hydraulic quick couplers are compatible with all standard work tools, enabling the operator to simply release one work tool and pick up another.One-way fl ow (hammer) and two-way fl ow (auger) auxiliary lines with quick connectors are fi tted as standard. This allows the machine to adapt to a wide variety of applications without re-confi guring the auxiliary lines. Versatility is further enhanced with the option of a second auxiliary supply(for a rotating grapple).Work ToolsMatched to meet your application needs.Customer SupportYour Cat dealer is ready to assist you with your purchase decision and everything after.• Financing packages are fl exible to meet your needs • Unmatched parts availability keeps you working• Make comparisons of machines, with estimates of component life, preventative maintenance and cost of production• For more information on Cat products, dealer services and industry solutions, visit 12Engine and ServiceabilitySuperior power with easy access and minimal maintenance requirements keep you working.EngineThe Cat C3.3B electronic engine delivers quiet operation with superior power and fuel effi ciency while meeting Tier 4 Final/Stage IIIB emission standards.Easy ServiceConvenient service features make maintenance easy, reducing your downtime:• Lifting side hood allows access to air fi lter, main implement valve,1-way/2-way auxiliary fl ow selector, accumulator, fuel fi lter and hydraulic tank. This eliminates the need to lift the cab when maintaining and servicing the machine.• Swing open door provides access to major components and service points including engine oil check and fi ll, vertically mounted engine oil fi lter, starter motor and alternator.• S·O·S SM oil sampling valve allows easy sampling of the hydraulic fl uid for preventative maintenance.• The 308E2 CR is Product Link™ ready and the Cat Product Link system simplifi es equipment fl eet tracking. Using satellite or cellular technology, the system automatically reports information such as location, machine hours, active and logged service codes and security alarms.Power on DemandAutomatic system ensures optimal fuel effi ciency through appropriate engine rating to meet all operational requirements as needed.Auto Engine ShutdownEngaging this feature allows the operator to save fuel by powering down the machine after a designated inactive period. The operator can adjust the range from 1-15 minutes to meet their needs. The system will only shut down after the set time, provided the hydraulic lever is up. Electronics will remain powered after shutdown.13308E2 CR Mini Hydraulic Excavator Specifications1415308E2 CR Mini Hydraulic Excavator SpecificationsDimensionsLift Capacities at Ground Level*Lift Point Radius 4000 mm (13'1")6050 mm (19'10")Front Side Front Side Blade Down kg 365017101880920lb 8,0463,7704,1442,028Blade Upkg 18401530970820lb4,0563,3732,1381,808* The above loads are consistent with hydraulic excavator lift capacity rating standard ISO 10567:2007 and they do not exceed 87% of hydraulic lifting capacity or 75% of tipping capacity. The excavator bucket weight is not included on this chart. Lifting capacities are for standard stick.Standard StickLong Stick mm ft/in mm ft/in 1Dig Depth 415013'7"469015'5" 2Vertical Wall29809'9"355011'8" 3Maximum Reach at Ground Level 682022'9"735024'1" 4Maximum Reach702023'0"754024'9" 5Maximum Dig Height664021'9"699022'11" 6Maximum Dump Clearance 467015'4"501016'5" 7Linkage In Minimum Radius 28009'2"328010'9" 8Tail SwingStandard Counterweight 14504'9"14504'9" 9Maximum Blade Height4201'5" 4201'5"10Maximum Blade Depth3201'1" 3201'1"11Boom Height in Shipping Position22807'6"22307'4"12O/A Shipping Height 25508'4"25508'4"13Swing Bearing Height 7352'5" 7352'5"14O/A Undercarriage Length 29039'6"29039'6"15O/A Shipping Length 638020'11"634020'10"16Boom Swing Right 10103'4"10103'4"17Boom Swing Left 6352'1" 6352'1"18Track Belt/Shoe Width 4501'6" 4501'6"19O/A Track Width23207'7"23207'7"1119308E2 CR Mini Hydraulic Excavator Specifications Dimensions with Variable Angle BoomStandard Stick with Angle Boom ExtendedStandard Stick with Angle Boom Retractedmm in mm in1Dig Depth398015737101462Vertical Wall382015036001423Maximum Reach at Ground Level763230063652514Maximum Reach778030665502585Maximum Dig Height800031552002056Maximum Dump Clearance608023933601327Linkage In Minimum Radius292511532351278Tail SwingStandard Counterweight1450 571450 57With Extra Counterweight1565621565629Maximum Blade Height 420 17 420 1710Maximum Blade Depth 320 13 320 1311Boom Height in Shipping Position22809022008712O/A Shipping Height2550100255010013Swing Bearing Height 735 29 735 2914O/A Undercarriage Length2903114290311415O/A Shipping Length7010276579522816Boom Swing Right10104010104017Boom Swing Left 635 25 635 2518Track Belt/Shoe Width 450 18 450 1819O/A Track Width232091232091Lift Capacities at Ground Level with Variable Angle BoomVariable Angle Boom Minimum*Variable Angle Boom Maximum*Lift Point Radius5000 mm (16'5")5500 mm (18'1")5000 mm (16'5")6800 mm (22'4")Front Side Front Side Front Side Front Side Blade Down kg2354107090290224799451451575lb5,1912,3591,9891,9895,4662,0843,1991,268 Blade Up kg129410709029021164945714575lb2,8532,3591,9891,9892,5672,0841,5741,268 * The above loads are in compliance with hydraulic excavator lift capacity rating standard ISO 10567:2007 and they do not exceed 87% of hydraulic lifting capacity or 75% of tipping capacity. The excavator bucket weight is not included on this chart. Lifting capacities are for standard stick.16308E2 CR Standard EquipmentENGINE• Cat C3.3B diesel engine (meets Tier 4 Final/ Stage IIIB emission standards)• Automatic engine idle• Automatic engine shut-off• Automatic two speed travel• Diesel Particulate Filter(North America only)• Diesel Oxidation Catalyst(North America only)• Fuel and water separator• Power on demandHYDRAULIC SYSTEM• 1-way and 2-way (combined function)• Accumulator• Automatic swing parking brake• Auxiliary hydraulic lines• Adjustable auxiliary relief• Auxiliary line quick disconnects• Cat interlock system: hydraulic lockout • Continuous auxiliary fl ow• Ecology drain• Hydraulic oil cooler• High defi nition hydraulics• Load sensing/fl ow sharing OPERATOR ENVIRONMENT• 100% pilot control ergonomic joysticks• Adjustable armrests• Air conditioning/heat• COMPASS: complete, operation,maintenance, performance andsecurity system–Multiple languages• Cup holder• High back suspension seat, heated• Hydraulic neutral lockout bar• Interior light• Literature holder• Pattern changer (optional in Europe)• Radio (optional in Europe)• Site reference system: leveling• Tool storage area• Travel control pedals with hand levers• Washable fl oor mat• Windshield wiperUNDERCARRIAGE• Dozer blade with fl oat function• Track, rubber belt, 450 mm (18 in) width• Tie down eyes on track frame• Towing eye on base frameFRONT LINKAGE• 180 degree bucket rotation• Certifi ed lifting eye on bucket linkage(optional in Europe)• Front shovel capable• Thumb ready stickELECTRICAL• 12 volt electrical system• 60 ampere alternator• 650 CCA maintenance free battery• Fuse box• Ignition key start/stop switch• Slow blow fuse• Warning hornLIGHTS AND MIRRORS• Cab and boom light with time delaycapability• Mirror, rear view, cab leftSAFETY AND SECURITY• Anti-theft system (COMPASS)• Caterpillar Corporate “One Key” System• Door locks• Lockable fuel cap• Rearview camera• Retractable seat belt• Roll Over Protective Structure (ROPS)(ISO 12117-2)• Tip Over Protective Structure (TOPS)(ISO 12117)• Top guard – ISO 10262 (Level II)• Travel alarm (optional in Europe)Standard EquipmentStandard equipment may vary. Consult your Cat dealer for details.17308E2 CR Optional EquipmentENGINE• Engine block heater HYDRAULIC SYSTEM• Quick coupler lines• Boom lowering check valve*• Stick lowering check valve*• Secondary auxiliary hydraulic lines* *Standard on V AB confi guration.UNDERCARRIAGE• Blade, weld on• Track, triple grouser (steel), 450 mm (18 in)• Track, triple grouser (steel) with rubber pad,450 mm (18 in)• Track, triple grouser (steel), 600 mm (24 in)FRONT LINKAGE• Quick coupler: manual or hydraulic• Thumb• Buckets• Full range of performance matchedwork tools–Auger, hammer, shear, ripperLIGHTS AND MIRRORS• Mirror, cab rearSAFETY AND SECURITY• Battery disconnect• Front wire mesh guard• Front steel plate guard• Rain guardTECHNOLOGY• Product LinkOTHER ATTACHMENTS• Counterweight, extra, 1121 kg (2,493 lb)*Optional EquipmentOptional equipment may vary. Consult your Cat dealer for details.18Notes19AEHQ7916 (08-2016) For more complete information on Cat products, dealer services, and industry solutions, visit us on the webat © 2016 CaterpillarAll rights reservedMaterials and specifi cations are subject to change without notice. Featured machines in photos may includeadditional equipment. See your Cat dealer for available options.CAT, CATERPILLAR, , their respective logos, “Caterpillar Yellow” and the “Power Edge”trade dress, as well as corporate and product identity used herein, are trademarks of Caterpillar and maynot be used without permission.。

Alsanfan HVLS 大气流扇产品介绍说明书

HVLS FAN INDUSTRY6BLADESIndustrial Ceiling FansHVLS FAN INDUSTRYHigh Volume Low Speed Fan (6 Blades)Fancy Fan (8 Blades)Mobil Pivot Fancy Fan (6 Blades)Pivot Farm HVLS Fan (6 Blades)15913 HVLS FAN INDUSTRYWith the aerodynamic fan blade design that our company developed and designed in the early 2000s, our company has become one of the few companies in the world. Alsanfan works with the leading university in our country in terms of product development and fan performance. We have also added ceiling fans that we have completed R & D activities to our production portfolio. The constant principle of our company has always been quality service, on time delivery and reasonable price.What are Industrial Ceiling Fans (HVLS Fan) ?Alsanfan HVLS ceiling fans offers an innovative product that reduces heating-cooling costs in large-volume, high-ce-ilinged spaces. Alsanfan is capable of activating a high volume of air with low speed. With this feature, homogenous tempreture is obtained from floor to ceiling distribution of air stratification in high ceiling areas.At the same time, air is sent to the employees at a low speed to provide evoparative cooling (fan effect) without dis-turbing them, comfort and working hours are increased.HVLS fans are used in various industrial areas, commercial spaces, social spaces, factories, logistics warehouses, automotive service buildings, sports halls and residential areas by working in coordination with HVAC systems where energy saving is required with developing technology.12357647654321Double Angle Adjustable BracketSafety RopesEngine Housing And Protection Covers Belt Safety Hooks Steel Ring Seat BeltsFan Hub and Bottom Cover Aerodynamic Aluminum Blades1Fan Control Board:•Standard Speed C ontroller (Inverter).• External Touch Screen (HMI).• Inboard Ventilation And Temperature Control.•Add-on Fan Control Options ..Benefits of Celling Fans:Offer silent operation. Supply winter destratification and summer cooling.Offer multi-fan control and adjustable fan speed.Help reduce condensation on floors and equipments.Work coordinated with high velocity fans and other air conditioning systems.Assist in the removal of contaminant and heat.Cut energy consumption for heating. Provide eco-friendly and economic solutions.Require lower cost for investment, installation and maintenance than traditional cooling methods.Product Details :Fans are tested and simulated for best results.Safety Cable secures the fan to the mounting structure. Fan can be mounted to different construction profiles.Custom mounting systems for customersDesigned best for users safety and comfort.Body conducts heat into the air layer Summer CoolingBefore ProfanAfter ProfanHeated air collects at ceilingHVLS Fans Supply warm air destratificationBefore ProfanAfter ProfanCooling by air movementIE SUPERPremiumE ciencyIE5IE4IE3IE2Motor Efficiency ClassFan Diameterbetween Ø 8.2ft - 24ft(2.5m - 7.3m)• Saving up to 30% in summer.• Comfortable Coolness in Outdoor• 7.3m diameter fan sizes.•3m-6m Pole Fan Length Size3INVERTERCONTROLMOTORGEARREDUCER55d BA<45d BA<PERMANENTMAGNET6BLADESFan Control Board:Inboard Ventilation And Temperature Control.*Weight of fans change depending on the lenght and design of ceiling mounting brackets.*Coverage area is affected by objects such as obstructing the airflow. (columns, walls, machines, furnitures...)5Benefits of Celling Fans:Offer silent operation. Supply winter destratification and summer cooling.Offer multi-fan control and adjustable fan speed.Help reduce condensation on floors and equipments.Work coordinated with high velocity fans and other air conditioning systems.Assist in the removal of contaminant and heat.Cut energy consumption for heating. Provide eco-friendly and economic solutions.Require lower cost for investment, installation and maintenance than traditional cooling methods.8BLADESINVERTERCONTROLMOTOR123456123Double Angle Ceiling Mount Apparatus Engine Housing And Protection Cover Steel Safety Ropes456Belt Safety HooksSteel Ring Safety ConnectionsAerodynamic Aluminum BladesTechnical Details :6Benefits of Jumbo Fans:•Offers Easy and Safe Use.• Economical with Low Energy Consumption.• Enables Coolness in Wide Area with High Diameter.• Long And Healthy Engine Life With Reducer Design.•Wide Range of Color Options. (Colors with RAL Code)Product Details :• Designed best for users safety and comfort.• Protective wire grating is available as standard.• The most suitable materials were used in the tests.• Body length can be manufactured specially for the user.•Fan angle can be adjustable at certain limits to the enviroment which used.7INVERTERCONTROLMOTOR6BLADESFan Control Board:• Standard Speed C ontroller (Inverter).• External Touch Screen (HMI).• Inboard Ventilation And Temperature Control.•Add-on Fan Control Options ..Technical data :• Two different types of motors are available.• Water and Dust Resistant in Outdoor Areas.• 3 Year Warranty Period.•Powder Coating Painted Body.8Order Code Fan Diameter Ø (mm)Motor Power (KW)Covarage Area (m²)Maximum Speed (Rpm)Weight (kg)Maksimum Speed P.Consumption(KWh)Maximum SpeedCurrent (Amps)Airflow (m³/s)*Coverage area is affected by objects such as obstructing the airflow. (columns, walls, machines, furnitures...)T echnicial SpecificationsJfan16ft (1.83m)1501,51,323818414,56• Easy to use & Cycle Controlled • 6 Blades, 6 ft (1.80m) Fan Diameter • High Performance & Durability • Easy PortabilityBenefits of Mobile Pivot Fans :• Offers Easy and Safe Use.• Economical with Low Energy Consumption.• Provides Wide Area Cooling with 160 ° Swing Function.• Long And Healthy Engine Life With Reducer Design.•Convenient than current cooling systems in point of cost and usage.9INVERTERCONTROLMOTORProduct Details :Fans are tested and simulated for best results.Safety cage standardly available.Fan can be mounted to different construction profiles.Custom mounting solutionsDesigned best for users safety and comfort.6BLADESP�vot Soc�al FanMobile Pivot Fans1234510Fan Control Board:• Standard Speed C ontroller (Inverter).• External Touch Screen (HMI).• Inboard Ventilation And Temperature Control.•Add-on Fan Control Options ..Flexible Solutions for Ventilation at Every Place Flexible Pivoting Joints Allow Head Angle Adjustments Up to 160° of Airflow, Wide Coverage Area High Performance & Heavy Duty8 Blades, Fan Sizes up to 5ft (1.52m)P�vot Soc�al Fans11Benefits of Pivot Social FansOffer multi-fan control and adjustable fan speed.With oscillating head option, up to 160 degrees of airflow covers wide area.It offers high performance, heavy duty and affordable solutions.Assist in the removal of contaminant and heat. Help reduce condensation on floors and equipments.The fan can be easily pivoted up or down to aim in one direction for optimal air flow.Require lower cost for investment, installation and maintenance than traditional cooling methods.It is recommended for places where ceiling heigh is low. It offers flexible solutions for ventilation at every place.Product Details :Fans are tested and simulated for best results.Safety cage standardly available.Fan can be mounted to different construction profiles.Custom mounting solutionsDesigned best for users safety and comfort.• Up to 160° of Airflow, Wide Coverage Area • 8 Blades, Fan sizes up to 5ft (1.52m)• High Performance & Durability• Flexible Solutions for Ventilation at Every Place• Flexible Pivoting Joints Allow Head Angle Adjustments12INVERTERCONTROLMOTORAdjustable Ceiling or Column Mounting Bracket160° Oscillating FunctionInventer Control AC MotorHorizontal Pivot Adjustable HeadAerodynamic Aluminium Blades Galvanized Fan CageFan Control Board:• Standard Speed C ontroller (Inverter).• External Touch Screen (HMI).• Inboard Ventilation And Temperature Control.•Add-on Fan Control Options ..6BLADES123456• Cow Farms..• Chicken Farms..• Up to 25 % Increase on Milk Production of Dairy Cows.• Offers Cooling and Comfort for Dairy Cows.• Up to 160° of Airflow, Wide Coverage Area.• High Performance & Durability.•Reliable & Quiet Operation.13Pivot Farm FansBenefits of Pivot Farm FansOffer multi-fan control and adjustable fan speed.(Optionally required)With oscillating head option, up to 160 degrees of airflow covers wide area.It offers eco-friendly and affordable solutions.Assist in the removal of contaminant and heat. Help reduce condensation on floors and equipments.The fan can be easily pivoted up or down to aim in one direction for optimal air flow.15 °C is ideal ambient temperature for dairy cows’ milk production. Inconvenient conditions and hot weather effects negatively.Layer of warm air on body and blow flies annoy cows. However, Pivot Farm Fans distract them with maximum air movement andoffers cooling and comfort for dairy cows. Also Pivot Farm Fans sustain to increase productivity of them.• Ideal ambient tempreture for cows is 15 degrees. Hot ambient stress is a problem which causes low milk efficiency for cows. Heat layer and flies disturbs animals. Pivot Farm Fans moves away the heat layer and flies with air flow which is cause coolness and increase efficiency.14INVERTERCONTROLMOTOR6BLADESEye Bolts for Suspended MountingSteel FrameCeiling or Column Mounting Bracket 160° Oscillating Function Horizontal Pivot Adjustable Head Aerodynamic Aluminium BladesVee Belt Drive Motor or Gear Reducer AC MotorOrder Code Fan Diameter Ø (mm)Motor Power (KW)Coverage Area (m²)Maximum Speed (Rpm)Weight (kg)Maximum Speed P. Consumption(KWh)Maximum Speed System Current(Amps)Airflow (m³/s)*Weight of fans change depending on the lenght and design of mounting brackets.*Coverage area is affected by objects such as obstructing the airflow. (columns, walls, machines, furnitures...)T echnical SpecificationÇİFTLİK66ft (1.83m)2942.22150 -350110218•Our 6 Blade HVLS fans can be used in cow and chicken farms.• In summer you can relax in a more comfortable area as it provi-des coolness and relaxation on animals.• It plays an effective role in the fertilizer and soil ventilation.Remote ControllerOf FansHome Type Fans Of Alsanfan’s15Profan IstanbulModel: 93PRF-7046-A Light: Available/Led Diameter: 235 cmTimer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-RightMotor Power: 100 W Meteryal: Aluminyum Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 50m2PProfan ModernModel: 52PRF-3092-ALight: Available/Led Diameter: 132 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 38 W Meteryal: Wood Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2Profan HisarModel: 52PRF-7063Light: Available/Led Diameter: 132 cmTimer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-RightMotor Power: 35 W Meteryal: Plastic Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2PPProfan HardwoodModel: 52PRF-3092Light: -Diameter: 132 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 38 W Meteryal: Wood Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2PProfan Hisar WhiteModel: 52PRF-7063-W Light: Available/Led Diameter: 132 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 HoursSupply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 35 W Meteryal: Plastic Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2PProfan Istanbul Brown MiniModel: 60PRF-7025-KALight: Available/Led Diameter: 152 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 96 W Meteryal: Aluminyum Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2Profan Istanbul - Without LampModel: 93PRF-7046Light: -Diameter: 235 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 100 W Meteryal: Aluminyum Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 50m2Profan Istanbul BrownModel: 93PRF-7046-B Light: Available/Led Diameter: 235 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 100 W Meteryal: Aluminyum Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 50m2Profan Modern DarkModel: 52PRF-3092-DA Light: Available/Led Diameter: 132 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 38 W Meteryal: Wood Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2Profan Istanbul OutdoorModel: 93PRF-7046-W Light: -Diameter: 235 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 100 W Meteryal: Aluminyum Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 50m2PrProfan Istanbul MiniModel: 60PRF-7025-A Light: Available/Led Diameter: 152 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 100 W Meteryal: Aluminyum Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 35m2PHVLS FAN INDUSTRY16Profan ChichtWe C.2m2htWe C.2m2Profan BosphorusModel: 52PRF-7062-B Light: Available/Led Diameter: 132 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 35 W Meteryal: Plastic Controller: Remote C.Coverage Area: 32m2Profan StormModel: 56PRF-820 Light: Available/Led Diameter: 142cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 40W Meteryal: PlasticController: Remote C. Coverage Area: 42m2Profan GalataModel: 52PRF-002-B Light: -Diameter: 135 cm Timer: -Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 80 W Meteryal: WoodController: Manual Coverage Area: 30m2Profan RetroModel: 52PRF-002Light: -Diameter: 132 cm Timer: -Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 70 W Meteryal: WoodController: Manual Coverage Area: 32m2Profan FrostyModel: 52PRF-1008Light: Available/Led Diameter: 132 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 35 W Meteryal: Plastic Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2htWe C.2m2Profan FunnyModel: 52PRF-1060Light: Available Diameter: 107 cm Timer: -Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 100 W Meteryal: Wood Controller: ManualCoverage Area: 30m2Profan SunnyModel: 52PRF-1060-A Light: Available Diameter: 107 cm Timer: -Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 35 W Meteryal: Wood Controller: Manual Coverage Area: 30m2htWe C.2m2Profan Bosphorus SteelModel: 52PRF-7062-MS Light: Available/Led Diameter: 132 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 35 W Meteryal: PlasticController: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2Profan DaisyModel: 65PRF-801-DC Light: Available/Led Diameter: 165 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 38 W Meteryal: Wood Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 42m2Model: 52PRF-811Light: Available/Led Diameter: 132 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 32 W Meteryal: Plastic Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2htWe C.2m2Profan ActiveModel: 52PRF-868Light: Available/Led Diameter: 132 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 35 W Meteryal: PlasticController: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2Profan DarkModel: 56PRF-821-B Light: -Diameter: 140 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 22 W Meteryal: PlasticController: Remote C. Coverage Area: 35m2Profan WhiteModel: 56PRF-821-W Light: -Diameter: 140 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 22 W Meteryal: Plastic Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 35m2Profan Bosphorus WhiteModel: 52PRF-7062-W Light: Available/Led Diameter: 132 cm Timer: 1/2/4/8 Hours Supply: AC100-250VRotation: Letf-Right Motor Power: 35 W Meteryal: Aluminyum Controller: Remote C. Coverage Area: 32m2Ikitelli Atatürk Mah. Marmara San. Sit. S Blok No:8 Küçükçekmece - Istanbul / TURKEY Tel: (0212) 494 25 25 Fax: (0212) 494 45 97*****************//alsanfanHVLS FAN INDUSTRY。

Doherty功率放大器(英文)

The Doherty Power AmplifierThe current wireless communication systems have made significant progress toward increased bandwidth and number of carriers for high-data-rate applications. Memory effects, however, make it very difficult to design a high-power amplifier with a wide instantaneous bandwidth. In addition to bandwidth concerns, the instantaneous transmit powers of the wireless communication systems, such as CDMA-2000, wide-band code division multiple access (WCDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiplexity (OFDM) and so on, vary widely and rapidly, carrying high peak-to-average ratio (PAR) signals. The base station power amplifiers for the systems require a high linearity to amplify the high PAR signal source without distortion. To satisfy linearity requirements, the power amplifiers are usually biased at class A or AB mode and must operate at a large amount of back-off from the peak output power. Another requirement of the base station power amplifier for the modern wireless communication systems is high efficiency. As the communication systems are reduced in both size and cost, the cooling system should be simple and small, requiring a power amplifier with high efficiency. Because the base station power amplifiers have a low efficiency due to the back-off operation, efficiency enhancement techniques become very important. The design technique of the base station power amplifiers with high efficiency and linearity across a wide instantaneous bandwidth has become a hot issue.In this article, we show that the Doherty amplifier is capable of delivering the stringent requirements of the base station power amplifiers. We explain the operation principles, including both linearity and efficiency improvements, and the basic circuit configuration of the amplifier. Advanceddesign methods to operate across wide bandwidth and improve the linearity are also described. For verification, the Doherty amplifier is implemented using laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) transistors and measured using a WCDMA 4FA signal. These results show that the Doherty amplifier is a promising candidate for base station power amplifiers with wide bandwidth, high efficiency, and linearity.Doherty Amplifier OperationFigure1. (a) Operational diagram of the Doherty amplifier. (b)Fundamental currents. (c) Load impedances.The Doherty amplifier was first proposed by W.H. Doherty in 1936. The original Doherty amplifier consisted of two tube amplifiers and an impedance inverting network. The efficiency of an RF power amplifier isincreased using the RF Doherty amplifier technique, as described in detailin . This amplifier consisted of a carrier amplifier and a peaking amplifier. The output load is connected to the carrier amplifier through an impedance inverter (a quarter-wave transmission line) and directly to the peaking amplifier. Figure 1(a) shows an operational diagram to analyze the Doherty amplifier circuit. Two current sources represent the amplifiers. It is assumed that each current source is linearly proportionalto the input voltage signal, operating as a class AB or class B amplifier with harmonic short circuits after it is turned on, and the efficiency analysis can be carried out using the fundamental and dc components only. As shown in Figure 1(b), the peaking amplifier turns on at one-half the maximum input voltage.The Doherty amplifier technique is based on the load impedance change of each amplifier, referred to as load modulation, according to the input power level. Figure 1(b) shows the fundamental currents from the amplifiers. The load impedances of two amplifiers are given bywhere ZL is the load impedance of the Doherty amplifier; IC and IP represent the fundamental currents of the carrier and peaking amplifiers, respectively; and ZC and ZP are the output load impedances of the carrier and peaking amplifiers, respectively, and are depicted in Figure 1(c).In the low-power region (0 ∼Vin, max/2), the peaking amplifier remains in the cut-off state, and the load impedance of the carrier amplifier is two times larger than that of the conventional amplifier. Thus, the carrier amplifier reaches the saturation state at the input voltage(Vin, max)/2 since the maximum fundamental current swing is half and the maximum voltage swing reaches Vdc. As a result, the maximum power level is half of the carrier amplifier’s allowable power level (a quarter of the total maximumpower or 6 dB down from the total maximum power), and the efficiency of the amplifier is equal to the maximum efficiency of the carrier amplifier as shown in Figure 2.In the high-power region (Vin, max/2 ∼Vin, max), where the peaking amplifier is conducting, the current level of the peaking amplifier plays an important role in determining the load modulation of the Doherty amplifier[see (1) and (2)]. Assuming that gm of the peaking amplifier is twice as large as that of the carrier amplifier, the current and voltage swings of the peaking amplifier increase in proportion to the input voltage level and the voltage swing reaches the maximum voltage swing of Vdc only at the maximum input voltage. The load impedance of the carrier amplifier varies from 2Zopt to Zopt, and the peaking amplifier varies from ∞ to Zopt according to the input voltage level as shown in Figure 1(c). The efficiency of the Doherty amplifier at the maximum input voltage is equal to the maximum efficiency of the amplifiers. When the peaking amplifier is the same size as the carrier amplifier, which is normally the case, gm of the two amplifiers are identical and the peaking amplifier can not be fully turned on, so the power performance is degraded [4]. From the basic operation principle, we have explored the Doherty amplifier, which provides higher efficiency over whole power ranges compared to the conventional class AB amplifiers. The resulting Doherty amplifier can solve the problem of maintaining a high efficiency for a large PAR signal.Linearity of the Doherty AmplifierThe linearity of the Doherty amplifier is more complicated than that of a class AB amplifier. The class AB biased carrier amplifier has a load impedance at the low power level that is twice as large and the high impedance of the carrier amplifier compensates the low gain characteristicdue to the input power division. At high power levels, the two amplifiers generate full power using normal load impedances, equalizing the power gain. Additionally, in the low-power region, the linearity of the amplifier is entirely determined by the carrieramplifier. Therefore, the carrier amplifier should be highly linear even though the load impedance is highAt a high power level, linearity of the amplifier is improved by the harmonic cancellation from the two amplifiers using appropriate gate biases. Figure 3 shows the third-order harmonic generation coefficient gm3 of an LDMOS transistor and the bias points of the two amplifiers. In terms of gain characteristics of each amplifier, a late gain expansion of the class C biased peaking amplifier compensates the gain compression of the class AB carrier amplifier. Thus, the Doherty amplifier, which is based on the load modulation technique, is capable of delivering more linear output power than a conventional class AB power amplifier. The third-order intermodulation (IM3) level from the carrier amplifier increases and the phase of the IM3 decreases because the gain of the carrier amplifier is compressed. In contrast, when the gain of the peaking amplifier is expanded, both the IM3 level and phase increase. To cancel out the IM3s from the two amplifiers, th e components must be 180◦ out of phase with the same amplitudes. Therefore, the peaking amplifier should be designed appropriately to cancel the harmonics of the carrier amplifier..The Circuit Configuration of Doherty AmplifierFigure 4 shows a schematic diagram of the fully matched microwave Doherty amplifier with offset transmission lines at the output circuits [5]. The carrier and peaking amplifiers have input/output matching circuits, which transform from the input impedances of the devices to 50 and from the optimum load impedance Zopt of the devices to 50 , respectively. Theadditional offset transmission lines with characteristic impedance of 50 are connected after the matching circuits of the carrier and peaking amplifiers. In the low-power region, the phase adjustments of the offset lines cause the peaking amplifier to be open-circuited and the characteristic load impedance of the carrier amplifier is doubled to2Ro by a quarterwave impedance transformer. This is illustrated in Figure 5(a) and (b). The offset line of the carrier amplifier varies from Zopt to 2Zopt for the proper load modulation as shown in Figure 5(a). Figure 5(b) illustrates that the offset line of the peaking amplifier adjusts to the high impedance so that it prevents power leakage. Figure 5(c) shows the appropriate transformations on a Smith chart to determine the offset line length of each amplifier. The lines do not affect the overall matching condition and load modulation because they are matched to the characteristic impedance of 50 . The Doherty output combining circuit consists of a quarter-wave transmission line with the characteristic impedance of 50 and a quarter-wave transmission line that transforms from 50 to 25 to determine the load impedance of theoutput combining circuit. A phase delay line is needed at the input of the peaking amplifier to adjust the same delay between the carrier and peaking amplifiers [6].The Doherty amplifier consists of a class AB biased carrier amplifier and a class C biased peaking amplifier. Due to the different biasing, the RF current from the amplifiers are different depending on the input drive level. The asymmetric powers are combined by the Doherty operation through a quarter-wave impedance converter. Advanced Design Methods for the Doherty AmplifierThe fundamental operation principles of a Doherty amplifier were described in the previous section. We have seen that the advantages of themicrowave Doherty amplifier are the simple circuit configuration and improved efficiency and linearity. In this section, we explain some typical issues with Doherty amplifiers and present proposed methods to address them.The Doherty amplifier for the base station system usually has two amplifiers with identical size devices, matching circuits, and input drives. Because the peaking amplifier is biased lower than the carrier amplifier, the current level of the peaking amplifier at the maximum input drive cannot reach the maximum allowable current level. Thus, the load impedances of both amplifiers can not be fully modulated to the optimized impedance, Zopt, and they are larger than the optimum values. As a result, the conventional Doherty amplifier is heavily saturated, and both linearity and power are degraded. It is difficult to improve the linearity of the Doherty amplifier across a wide bandwidth due to the memory effect. We propose the following three design methods for wide bandwidth, high linearity, and high power applications: 1) Uneven power drive, applying more power to the peaking amplifier, can open the peaking amplifier fully and modulate the load impedances optimally. Therefore, the amplifiers with uneven power drive operate more linear and produce more power than those with an identical input power drive. 2) Because of the improper load modulation, power matching circuits of both amplifiers should be appropriately designed to have low load impedances for better linearity. Due to the low bias point of the peaking amplifier, the power matching circuit of the peaking amplifier should be designed to have lower load impedance than that of the carrier amplifier. Moreover, the matching circuits of both amplifiers should be individually optimized to enhance the IM cancellation over power ranges across the wide bandwidth. 3) The bias circuit should be designed to minimize the memory effects. The linearizing techniques focused on harmonic cancellation such as Doherty amplifier and PD are restricted to a low cancellation limit because the memory effect brings about the different lower and upper spuriousemissions. The bias circuit should not have any frequency dispersion of envelope impedance to minimize the memory effect. To reduce the memory effect, the bias circuit is optimized using a quarter-wave bias line and decoupling capacitors for each frequency. The tantalum capacitors are inserted within a quarterwave bias line for the short at the envelope frequencies. Additionally, the biases of both amplifiers are properly adjusted to maintain optimized linearity and efficiency.Bias Circuit Test to Reduce the Memory EffectsThe effects on the memory effect for different bandwidthsare ACLR or intermodulation distortion (IMD) asymmetry and bandwidth dependent adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) or IMD characteristics. To reduce these effects or the memory effects, the load impedances of the bias circuit should be reduced to short the envelope frequency voltage component or maintained at the same value.We have tested several bias circuits to reduce the memory effect as shown in Figure 6. Figures 7 and 8 represent measurement results of load impedances corresponding to the bias circuit. Unfortunately, we cannot measure the envelope frequency load impedance (dc–20 MHz), but we have tested the load impedances at 100 MHz–5 GHz. We can analogize the envelope frequency load impedance of the bias circuit from these test results.The general bias circuit scheme of RF power amplifier is shown in Figure 6(b). From Figures 7 and 8, we have analogized that the envelope load impedances of the RF decoupling capacitor (10 pF) and envelopefrequency decoupling capacitor (22 uF and 10 uF) were very small. Even though the envelope load impedances of this case are very small, the power amplifier has the serious memory effect. A cause of this result is that it is very difficult to short the envelope frequency voltage component because the load impedance of the high-power amplifier is very small. To minimize the memory effect, the load impedance of the bias circuit should be further reduced. Thus, we have proposed the bias circuit optimization method of the RF decoupling capacitor (10 pF) and envelope frequency decoupling capacitor [22 uF, 10 uF, and the tantalum capacitor (1 uF) located within a quarter-wave bias circuit], and Figures 7(c) and 8(c) show more small envelope load impedances and lower load impedance variation than the general bias scheme at the low frequency. However, the impedance at RF is reduced by tantalum capacitor located within a quarter-wave bias line as shown in Figure 7(c). Thus, we need to optimize the bias circuit along with the matching circuit considering these effects. As a result, the proposed bias circuit optimization method can reduce the memory effect more efficiently than the conventional bias circuit method, and ACLR asymmetry is reduced.Implementation of the Doherty Amplifier and Measurement Results In the previous section, we explained the basic Doherty operation and advanced design methods with uneven power drive, individually optimized matching, and bias circuit optimization.A2.14-GHz Doherty amplifier for the base station power amplifier is implemented using Freescale’s MRF5P21180 LDMOSFET. Figure 9 shows a photograph of the implemented Doherty amplifier applying the advanced methods. The uneven power drive is implemented using an Anaren’s 1A1305-5 (5 dB directional coupler) which delivers 4 dB more input power to the peaking amplifier than the carrier amplifier. The individual matching of the Doherty amplifier isfurther optimized to achieve high efficiency and linearity at 25 W (44 dBm) average output power. In the experiments, the suitable offset line is 80.4◦, and the transformed output impedance of the peaking amplifier in the off state is 502 .Quiescent biases for the carrier amplifier and peaking amplifier are set to Vc = 3.938 V (1.1 A) and Vp = 1.713 V at Vdd = 27 V, respectively. We optimize the bias circuit to minimize the memory effect and improve the linearity and efficiency. For performance comparison, we also fabricated a class AB amplifier and Doherty amplifier with even power drive. The class AB amplifier represents a conventional base station power amplifier of the push-pull type. For specific comparison corresponding to uneven power drive, the Doherty amplifier with even drive is optimized using the individual matching and bias circuit to achieve linearity and efficiency as high as possible.Figure 10 shows the measured adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) of the Doherty amplifier with uneven drive and class AB amplifier at offset 5 MHz for a 2.14-GHz forward link wideband code-division multiple-access (WCDMA) 4FA signal. The ACLR is improved by about 7 dB compared to the class AB amplifier at an output power of 44 dBm.Figure 11 shows the measured ACLR of the Doherty amplifiers for both even and uneven drives. In comparison with the even case, the Doherty amplifier with uneven power drive delivers significantly improved ACLR performance, by 3 dB at the average output power of 44 dBm.Figure 12 shows the measured ACLR performance of the uneven case as a function of the bias circuit optimization. The drain bias circuit incorporates a quarterwave line and several decoupling capacitors which consist of 10 pF for the RF and 22 uF, 10 uF, 1 uF, 1 nF, 150 nF for the envelope frequency. The tantalum capacitors (22 uF, 1 uF) located within aquarter-wave bias line are especially important to minimize the memory effect, even though the impedance at RF is reduced by these capacitors. Thus, we have optimized the bias circuit along with the matching circuit considering these effects. As a result, the bias circuit becomes an active matching circuit, and the difference in ACLR with the bias circuit optimization between lower and upper ACLR is reduced below 2 dB over all average output powers. Figure 13 shows the spectrum of the Doherty amplifier with uneven power drive at an average output power of 44 dBm according to the bias circuit optimization.Figure 14 shows the measured IMD3 of the Doherty amplifier with both even and uneven power drives for a two-tone signal. We measure a peak envelope power (PEP) using a two-tone signal with 1-MHz tone spacing. The PEP of the amplifier with uneven drive is improved by 15 W, from 165 to 180 W, compared to the even case. This result implies that the Doherty amplifier with uneven power drive generates full power from both amplifiers.Figure 15 shows drain efficiencies of the Doherty amplifier with both even and uneven power drive and the class AB power amplifier for WCDMA 4 FA signal. The drain efficiency of the Doherty amplifier is significantly improved over the class AB amplifier.These results show clearly that the Doherty amplifier is far superior to the class AB amplifier. The Doherty amplifier with uneven power drive, based on the individually optimized matching circuit and the bias optimization, provides highly efficient and linear operation compared to the normal Doherty amplifier. We can also see that the proposed design method is very helpful in achieving the Doherty amplifier with high performance over a wide bandwidth.ConclusionsIn this article, we explained the basic Doherty operation principle, including both efficiency and linearity improvements, and the circuit configuration of the normal Doherty amplifier. We proposed advanced design methods for highly efficient and linear Doherty amplifier operation across a wide bandwidth. The Doherty amplifier is implemented using Freescale LDMOS MRF5P21180. The amplifier utilizes uneven power drive, individually optimized matching, and bias circuit optimization.For a 2.14-GHz WCDMA 4 FA signal, the Doherty amplifier has ACLR of −41 dBc and a drain efficiency of 33% at an average output power of 44 dBm. These experimental results clearly demonstrate the superior performance of the Doherty amplifier compared to class AB amplifiers and conventional Doherty amplifiers. Theproposed design methods are well suited for the design of the Doherty amplifier for wide-bandwidth and high-power operation.。

瑞格电器应用有限公司高效无缝冷暖潜空暖气系统技术产品指南说明书

Technical Product GuideCompact & Quiet SolutionTable of Contents1.0PRODUCT OVERVIEW 32.0FEATURES AND BENEFITS 33.0PRODUCT NOMENCLATURE 64.0AHRI CERTIFICATION 65.0SYSTEM FEATURES 76.0USER CONTROL FUNCTIONS 87.0SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 98.0SOUND DATA 129.0ELECTRICAL DATA 1310.0MAJOR COMPONETS & WEIGHTS 1411.0DIMENSIONAL SPECIFICATIONS 1512.0CLEARANCE SPECIFICATIONS 2113.0EXTENDED PERFORMANCE RATINGS 2214.0ELECTRICAL WIRING 2815.0CONDENSATE REMOVAL 2916.0PRODUCT LIMITED WARRANTY 30PRODUCT OVERVIEWCompact, quiet and provides unmatched comfort in any room.The Gree Rio High-Efficiency Duct-free Mini-Split Heat Pump system is compact, quiet & provides unmatched comfort in any room. This system includes an indoor cabinet, outdoor compressor, wireless remote and remote cradle. Without needing duct work, installation is simple, fast & cost effective. In addition The Gree Rio provides quiet comfort & improved efficiency by eliminating heat loss inefficiencies of conventional central air conditioning systems.FEATURES AND BENEFITSHIGH EFFICIENCY G-10 INVERTER - The G10 Inverter uses a broad rangeof variable frequencies to drive the compressor, marking the highest level ofinverter control technology available today. Unlike conventional technologythat generally regulates room temperature by running at maximum capacity andthen shutting off completely, G10 Inverter technology eliminates these harshstarts/stops. This cutting edge functionality results in quicker arrival at desired temperatures and superior maintenance of consistent comfort levels. Higher efficiency and significant energy savings? Yes, it yields those too.HEAT PUMP ADVANTAGE – Gree heat pumps, powered by the G10 Inverter, provide the same heating capacity as electric heat, while using as little as 1/3 the electricity.WHISPER QUIET - Not only is the Rio systems energy efficient, it’s quiet too. Wall mounted units operate with sound levels starting as low as 32 dB(A).INTELLIGENT DEFROST - The Intelligent Defrost function increases room comfort and saves energy by eliminating unnecessary defrost cycles. In heating mode, the control system monitors the outdoor coil for frost buildup, and the system switches to defrost mode only when frost buildup is actually detected. This avoids unnecessary and wasteful defrosts.LOW VOLTAGE START UP – Having stable electrical power is not always an option. The Gree system will operate from 170v to 253v (230v model) and 104v to 127v (115v models) which is suitable for unstable power supply areas.SUBTLE APPEARANCE -Designed for a comfortable fit in virtually any living space. This slim compact cabinet sits inconspicuously on the wall, and blends into most interior designsUNIT DISPLAY – Rio wall mounted units have a large easy-to-read display and indicator lights giving instead feedback on room setpoint, operating mode and much more. The display can also be turned off based on your personal preference.MULTI-SPEED FAN – The indoor fan can run at up to four different speeds (Low, Medium, High or Turbo) for either COOLING or HEATING mode for maximum comfort and quiet operation.TIME GUARD - Among the system’s many safeties is a Time Guard function to prevent rapid cycling of the compressor. A protective five-minute time delay restricts compressor restarts after shutoff.POWER FAILURE MODE - Power interruptions are no problem. User selections and system parameters are stored in non-volatile memory. These parameters are retained during a power failure. When power is returned, the system will automatically return to the last operating mode.INTELLIGENT PRE-HEATING - The system guards against the annoying COLD BLOW in heating mode, and constantly monitors the discharge air temperature. It will delay the indoor fan until the indoor coil has warmed up to prevent blowing uncomfortable cool air into the room.WIRELESS IR REMOTE CONTROLLER - The Gree multi-functional infrared hand held wireless controller is sleek, ergonomically designed, easy to use and has a large backlit LCD display.MODE BUTTON - The units can be set to five different operating modes: HEAT, COOL, DRY, FAN ONLY and AUTO.Note: AUTO MODE has fixed setpoints of 68° F heating and 78° F cooling, which are notchangeable. The system will automatically select heating or cooling to maintain roomtemperature within this temperature band.TIMER MODE – The unit can be programmed to turned ON or OFF after a specific amount time. The time period is adjustable between one half and 24 hours.SWING LOUVER –The unit has adjustable swing louvers which can be controlled from the wired tether or wireless controllers. Vertical swing louver allows five different vertical (up & down) air discharge directions including Continuous Sweep. Maximize comfort by adjusting the direction of airflow in the room by moving the louvers up or down.PRIVACY LOCK MODE –Both wired tether and wireless controllers have a Privacy Lock to avert unauthorized access and stop tampering with system settings.SLEEP MODE –The unit will automatically adjust room temperature during sleep time. This slight change in temperature will not affect your comfort level due to the natural effects that sleeping has on the body, but it will save on energy consumption and will lower electric bills.FAHRENHEIT ° F / CELSIUS ° C - The wired tether and wireless controllers can be set to display in either °F or °C.POLYMERIC AIR FILTERS –Two-piece removable polymeric air filters easily slide in and out from the front of the indoor unit and are interchangeable. The front panel does not need to be removed to access or change the filters. The filters are washable and permanent.SELF-DIAGNOSIS –With an on-board computer using real-time diagnostics, the Gree system helps to prolong its own life. The automatic diagnosis feature continuously scans for unacceptable operating conditions or malfunctions. If such conditions occur, the system takes corrective action or stops. Fault codes are shown on the unit display to facilitate easy troubleshooting and repair. AGENCY LISTINGS - All systems are listed withAHRI (Air conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute) and are ETL Certified per UL Standards.5/7 YEAR LIMITED WARRANTY - Enjoy one of the most comprehensive warranties in the industry. Seven (7) years on compressor and Five (5) years on all parts.NOMENCLATUREAHRI CERTIFICATIONMODEL NUMBER BRAND AHRI CERTIFICATIONRIO09HP115V1A GREE 7077793RIO12HP115V1A GREE 7084752RIO09HP230V1A GREE 7077585RIO12HP230V1A GREE 7077586RIO18HP230V1A GREE 7077587RIO24HP230V1A GREE 7077588SYSTEM FEATURESModelRIO09HP115V1ARIO12HP115V1ARIO09HP230V1ARIO12HP230V1ARIO18HP230V1ARIO24HP230V1ANominal Cooling Capacity (Btu/H 9,000 12,000 9,000 12,000 18,000 24,000 Operating Voltage 115V 115V 208/230V 208/230V 208/230V 208/230V System TypeHeat Pump Heat Pump Heat Pump Heat Pump Heat Pump Heat Pump SYSTEM FEATURES Auxiliary Electrical HeaterNO NO NO NO NO NO Basepan With Electric HeaterNO NO NO NO NO NO Compressor With Electric HeaterNO NO YES YES NO NO Corrosion Protection Blue Fin Blue Fin Blue Fin Blue Fin Blue Fin Blue Fin Inverter TypeG10 G10 G10 G10 G10 G10 Intelligent Defrosting YES YES YES YES YES YES Intelligent Preheating YES YES YES YES YES YES LED Display Indoor UnitYES YES YES YES YES YES Low Ambient Cooling NO NO YES YES YES YES Low Ambient Heating YES YES YES YES YES NO Low Voltage Startup YES YES YES YES YES YES Memory/Power Failure RecoveryYES YES YES YES YES YES Multi Fan Speeds 4 Speeds 4 Speeds 4 Speeds 4 Speeds 4 Speeds 4 Speeds Self-DiagnosisYES YES YES YES YES YES PhotoCatalytic Filter NO NO NO NO NO NO Ventilation (Outdoor Air) NO NO NO NO NO NOAmbient Cooling Operating Range 64～113 F 64～113 F 5～109 F5～109 F5～109 F5～109 FAmbient Heating Operating Range5ºF ～75ºF5ºF ～75ºF5ºF ～75ºF 5ºF ～75ºF 5ºF ～75ºF 19～75 FUSER CONTROL FUNCTIONS Model RIO09HP115V1A RIO12HP115V1A RIO09HP230V1A RIO12HP230V1A RIO18HP230V1A RIO24HP230V1ANominal Cooling Capacity (Btu/H 9,000 12,000 9,000 12,000 18,000 24,000 Operating Voltage 115V 115V 208/230V 208/230V 208/230V 208/230V REMOTE CONTROLLER FUNCTIONSAuto Mode YES YES YES YES YES YES Auto Fan NO NO NO NO NO NO Auto Swing (Horizontal Auto Swing) NO NO NO NO NO NO Auto Swing (Vertical Auto Swing) YES YES YES YES YES YES Clock on Remote Controller NO NO NO NO NO NO Dry Mode YES YES YES YES YES YES Dry Anti-Mildew (X-Fan) Mode YES YES YES YES YES YES Energy Saving Mode NO NO NO NO NO NO Dirty Filter Alert NO NO NO NO NO NOI Feel Function NO NO NO NO NO NO Wired Controller Interface NO NO NO NO NO NO Lock on Remote Controller YES YES YES YES YES YES Room Temperature Display YES YES YES YES YES YES Sleep Mode YES YES YES YES YES YES Multi Sleep Modes Options NO NO NO NO NO NO Timer Mode YES YES YES YES YES YES Turbo Mode YES YES YES YES YES YESSYSTEM PERFORMANCEModel Numbers SEER EERCooling Capacity Dehumid-ification(Pts./Hr.)OutdoorTemperatureOperating Range Rated(BtuH)Range(BtuH)Min MaxRIO09HP115V1A 16 12.0 9,000 (3,500-11,000) 64 °F 113 °F RIO12HP115V1A 16 9.4 11,800 (3,300-12,500) 64 °F 113 °F RIO09HP230V1A 16 10.2 9,000 (3,800-11,500) 5 °F 109 °F RIO12HP230V1A 16 9.8 12,000 (3,300-12,500) 5 °F 109 °F RIO18HP230V1A 16 11.1 18,000 (4,500-21,000) 5 °F 109 °F RIO24HP230V1A 16 10.0 22,000 (6,400-24,000) 5 °F 109 °FModel Numbers HSPF COPHeating CapacityOutdoor TemperatureOperating Range Rated(BtuH)Range (BtuH) Min MaxRIO09HP115V1A 8.6 3.5 9,800 (2,500-11,000) 5 °F 75 °F RIO12HP115V1A 8.6 2.9 13,000 (3,400-13,500) 5 °F 75 °F RIO09HP230V1A 8.5 3.4 9,000 (3,300-11,500) 5 °F 75 °F RIO12HP230V1A 8.5 3.4 12,000 (3,400-12,500) 5 °F 75 °F RIO18HP230V1A 8.5 2.8 19,200 (4,000-23,000) 5 °F 75 °F RIO24HP230V1A 9.5 3.0 24,200 (4,100-26,600) 19 °F 75 °FNOTES:1.Ratings are based on: Cooling Standard: 80 F (26.7 C) db, 67 F (19.4 C) wb air entering indoor unit and 95F (35 C) db air entering outdoor unit. Heating Standard: 70 F (21.1 C) db air entering indoor unit and 47 F(8.3 C) db, 43 F (6.1 C) wb air entering outdoor unit.2.Ratings are based on 25 ft. (7.62 m) of interconnecting refrigerant lines.3.All system ratings are based on fan coil units operating at high fan speed. Consult Physical Data tables forair flows at selected fan speeds.LegendEER - Energy Efficiency RatioHSPF - Heating Seasonal Performance RatioSEER - Seasonal Energy Efficiency RatioCOP - Coefficient of PerformanceAIR FLOW PERFORMANCE Indoor UnitModel NumbersCooling (CFM) Heating (CFM)LowFanMediumFanHighFanTurboFanLowFanMediumFanHighFanTurboFanRIO09HP115V1AH 188 223 276 329 188 223 276 329 RIO12HP115V1AH 200 235 288 341 200 235 288 341 RIO09HP230V1AH 141 194 282 330 141 194 282 330 RIO12HP230V1AH 153 206 294 341 153 206 294 341 RIO18HP230V1AH 271 330 400 471 271 330 400 471 RIO24HP230V1AH 206 306 441 589 206 306 441 589Outdoor UnitModel Numbers Air Flow (CFM)RIO09HP115V1AO 1057RIO12HP115V1AO 1057RIO09HP230V1AO 942RIO12HP230V1AO 942RIO18HP230V1AO 1882RIO24HP230V1AO 1883Indoor Air ThrowModel Numbers Approximate Air Throw (ft.)Low Medium High TurboRIO09HP115V1AH NA NA 26 33RIO12HP115V1AH NA NA 26 33RIO09HP230V1AH NA NA 26 33RIO12HP230V1AH NA NA 26 33RIO18HP230V1AH NA NA 21 24RIO24HP230V1AH NA NA 21 31REFRIGERATION& PIPING SPECIFICATIONS REFRIGERANT CHARGEModel Number RefrigerantTypeFactory SystemCharge (oz.)Max Total PipeLength Without AddingRefrigerant (ft.)AdditionalCharge Level(oz./ft.)RIO09HP115V1AO R-410A 37.5 25 0.2 RIO12HP115V1AO R-410A 41.1 25 0.2 RIO09HP230V1AO R-410A 26.1 25 0.2 RIO12HP230V1AO R-410A 35.3 25 0.2RIO18HP230V1AO R-410A 45.9 250.2RIO24HP230V1AO R-410A 54.7 25 0.2 REFRIGERANT PIPING LENGTHSModel Number Min. Pipe Lengthfor System (ft.) Max Pipe Length forSystem (ft.)Max Elevation betweenOutdoor & Indoor Units (ft.)RIO09HP115V1AO 10 66 33 RIO12HP115V1AO 10 66 33 RIO09HP230V1AO 10 50 33 RIO12HP230V1AO 10 50 33 RIO18HP230V1AO 10 82 33 RIO24HP230V1AO 10 82 33SOUND DATA Indoor High Wall UnitsModel NumbersLow Fan Medium Fan High Fan Turbo Fan SoundPower(dBA)SoundPressure(dBA)SoundPower(dBA)SoundPressure(dBA)SoundPower(dBA)SoundPressure(dBA)SoundPower(dBA)SoundPressure(dBA)RIO09HP115V1AH 42 32 45 35 47 37 50 40 RIO12HP115V1AH 42 32 45 35 47 37 50 40 RIO09HP230V1AH 36 26 42 32 48 38 53 43 RIO12HP230V1AH 38 28 43 33 49 39 54 44 RIO18HP230V1AH 44 34 48 38 53 43 58 48 RIO24HP230V1AH 44 34 49 39 53 43 59 49Outdoor UnitModel Numbers Sound Power(dBA)Sound Pressure(dBA)RIO09HP115V1AO 63 53RIO12HP115V1AO 65 55RIO09HP230V1AO 59 49RIO12HP230V1AO 62 52RIO18HP230V1AO 66 56RIO24HP230V1AO 63 53Note:1.Sound pressure ratings are estimated sound pressure measurements, 3 feet from unit.2.Sound power ratings are per AHRI 270 and AHRI 350ELECTRICAL DATA Outdoor UnitModel Numbers Rated Power Supply(volt-phase-hz)Voltage Range(volts)Rated Input Power (watts)Cooling HeatingRIO09HP115V1AO 115v-1ph-60hz 104-127 750 830 RIO12HP115V1AO 115v-1ph-60hz 104-127 1260 1320 RIO09HP230V1AO 208/230v-1ph-60hz 187-253 880 770 RIO12HP230V1AO 208/230v-1ph-60hz 187-253 1620 1050 RIO18HP230V1AO 208/230v-1ph-60hz 187-253 1620 2400 RIO24HP230V1AO 208/230v-1ph-60hz 187-253 2200 2800Outdoor UnitModel NumbersRated Input Current (amps) Min. CircuitAmp. (MCA)Max FuseSize (Amps) Cooling HeatingRIO09HP115V1AO 9.0 9.5 13 20 RIO12HP115V1AO 15.0 15.5 15 25 RIO09HP230V1AO 3.9 3.4 10 15 RIO12HP230V1AO 5.4 4.7 10 15 RIO18HP230V1AO 7.9 11.8 15 25 RIO24HP230V1AO 11.5 13.0 16 25Model NumbersCompressor Outdoor Fan Indoor FanRLA(amps)LRA(amps)RLA(amps)Input Power(Watts)RLA(amps)Input Power(Watts)RIO09HP115V1AO 9.8 25.0 0.2 30 0.4 10 RIO12HP115V1AO 11.2 25.0 0.3 30 0.4 10 RIO09HP230V1AO 7.3 16.5 0.3 21 0.2 15 RIO12HP230V1AO 7.3 16.5 0.3 21 0.2 15 RIO18HP230V1AO 10.9 27.0 0.6 60 0.3 20 RIO24HP230V1AO 12.4 41.0 0.6 60 0.4 35Legend:RLA – Rated Load AmpsFLA – Full Load AmpsLRA – Locked Rotor AmpsMCA – Min. Circuit AmpsINDOOR UNIT MAJOR COMPONETS Model Numbers Air Filter Fan Motor Fan TypeRIO09HP115V1AH Polymeric Mesh AC Sync Cross flow RIO12HP115V1AH Polymeric Mesh AC Sync Cross flow RIO09HP230V1AH Polymeric Mesh AC Sync Cross flow RIO12HP230V1AH Polymeric Mesh AC Sync Cross flow RIO18HP230V1AH Polymeric Mesh AC Sync Cross flow RIO24HP230V1AH Polymeric Mesh AC Sync Cross flowOUTDOOR UNIT MAJOR COMPONETSModel Numbers Compressor MeteringDeviceInverterRIO09HP115VA1O Rotary EXV G10 RIO12HP115VA1O Rotary EXV G10 RIO09HP230VA1O Rotary EXV G10 RIO12HP230VA1O Rotary EXV G10 RIO18HP230VA1O Rotary EXV G10 RIO24HP230VA1O Rotary EXV G10PRODUCT WEIGHTModel NumbersOutdoor Unit Indoor UnitNet Operating(lbs.)Gross Shipping(lbs.)Net Operating(lbs.)Gross Shipping(lbs.)RIO09HP115V1A 75 84 19 26 RIO12HP115V1A 75 84 19 26 RIO09HP230V1A 64 73 19 25 RIO12HP230V1A 68 77 20 27 RIO18HP230V1A 106 117 27 35 RIO24HP230V1A 115 126 33 44Model No: RIO09HP115V1A 9,000 BtuH 115VLiquid Line Valve 1/4-in OD FlaredGas Line Valve 3/8-in OD FlaredDrain Connector 5/8-in ODLiquid Line Valve 1/4-in OD FlaredGas Line Valve 3/8-in OD FlaredModel No: RIO12HP115V1A 12,000 BtuH 115VLiquid Line Valve 1/4-in OD FlaredGas Line Valve 3/8-in OD FlaredDrain Connector 5/8-in ODLiquid Line Valve 1/4-in OD FlaredGas Line Valve 3/8-in OD FlaredModel No: RIO09HP230V1A 9,000 BtuH 230VLiquid Line Valve 1/4-in OD FlaredGas Line Valve 3/8-in OD FlaredDrain Connector 5/8-in ODLiquid Line Valve 1/4-in OD FlaredGas Line Valve 3/8-in OD FlaredModel No: RIO12HP230V1A 12,000 BtuH 230VLiquid Line Valve 1/4-in OD FlaredGas Line Valve 3/8-in OD FlaredDrain Connector 5/8-in ODLiquid Line Valve 1/4-in OD FlaredGas Line Valve 3/8-in OD FlaredModel No: RIO18HP230V1A 18,000 BtuH 230VLiquid Line Valve 1/4-in OD FlaredGas Line Valve 1/2-in OD FlaredDrain Connector 5/8-in ODLiquid Line Valve 1/4-in OD FlaredGas Line Valve 1/2-in OD FlaredModel No: RIO24HP230V1A 24,000 BtuH 230VLiquid Line Valve 1/4-in OD FlaredGas Line Valve 1/2-in OD FlaredDrain Connector 5/8-in ODLiquid Line Valve 1/4-in OD FlaredGas Line Valve 1/2-in OD FlaredCLEARANCE SPECIFICATIONSIndoor Minimum Clearance*Inch (mm)Outdoor Unit Minimum Clearance*OutdoorMinimum DistanceUnitA 20 in 508 mmB 20in 508 mmC 78 in 1,981 mmD 12 in 305 mmE 12in 305 mm*All ModelsModel No: RIO09HP115V1A 9,000 BtuH 115VCOOLING PERFORMANCEOutdoor Ambient Temperature (DB)Indoor Entering Air Temperatures (DB) 50% RH62 F 67 F 72 FTC SHC TC SHC TC SHC25 F NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 F NA NA NA NA NA NA 45 F NA NA NA NA NA NA 55 F NA NA NA NA NA NA 65F 9,569 7,434 10,520 7,985 11,165 8,152 75F 9,179 7,176 9,910 7,614 10,642 7,859 85F 8,810 7,013 9,445 7,289 10,266 7,666 95F 8,370 6,688 9,000 7,191 9,846 7,394 105F 7,912 6,436 8,532 6,809 9,274 7,115 115F 7,458 6,166 7,911 6,423 8,450 6,629HEATING PERFORMANCEOutdoor Ambient Temperature (DB) (80% RH)Indoor Entering Air Temperatures (DB)65 F 70 F 75 FTC SHC TC SHC TC SHC5F 8,239 8,239 7,881 7,881 7,629 7,62915F 8,926 8,926 8,239 8,239 8,231 8,23125F 9,439 9,439 9,631 9,631 9,559 9,55935F 10,911 10,911 11,392 11,392 10,889 10,88945F 12,357 12,357 12,243 12,943 12,386 12,38655F 13,368 13,368 13,116 13,116 12,596 12,59665F 13,350 13,350 13,203 13,203 12,856 12,856 TC- Total Capacity (BtuH) SHC- Sensible Capacity (BtuH)Capacity data is based on the following conditions:Cooling Nominal Test Conditions Heating Normal Test Conditions Indoor: 80°F DB/67°F WB Indoor: 70°F DB/60°F WBOutdoor: 95°F DB/75°F WB Outdoor: 47°F DB/43°F WModel No: RIO12HP115V1A 12,000 BtuH 115VCOOLING PERFORMANCEOutdoor Ambient Temperature (DB)Indoor Entering Air Temperatures (DB) 50% RH62 F 67 F 72 FTC SHC TC SHC TC SHC25F NA NA NA NA NA NA 35F NA NA NA NA NA NA 45F NA NA NA NA NA NA 55F NA NA NA NA NA NA 65F 12,754 9,920 14,043 10,641 14,890 10,887 75F 12,262 9,571 13,210 10,141 14,187 10,487 85F 11,764 9,347 12,602 9,737 13,650 10,259 95F 11,162 8,916 12,005 9,581 13,125 9,855 105F 10,556 8,571 11,370 9,079 12,361 9,496 115F 9,957 8,204 10,556 8,563 11,289 8,822HEATING PERFORMANCEOutdoor Ambient Temperature (DB) (80% RH)Indoor Entering Air Temperatures (DB)65 F 70 F 75 FTC SHC TC SHC TC SHC5F 9,221 9,221 8,663 8,663 8,436 8,43615F 11,598 11,598 10,968 10,968 10,619 10,61925F 11,845 11,845 11,683 11,683 11,476 11,47635F 12,876 12,876 12,642 12,642 12,535 12,53545F 14,195 14,195 13,989 13,989 13,546 13,54655F 14,513 14,513 14,245 14,245 14,128 14,12865F 14,459 14,459 14,375 14,375 14,274 14,274 TC- Total Capacity (BtuH) SHC- Sensible Capacity (BtuH)Capacity data is based on the following conditions:Cooling Nominal Test Conditions Heating Normal Test Conditions Indoor: 80°F DB/67°F WB Indoor: 70°F DB/60°F WBOutdoor: 95°F DB/75°F WB Outdoor: 47°F DB/43°F WModel No: RIO09HP230V1A 9,000 BtuH 230VCOOLING PERFORMANCEOutdoor Ambient Temperature (DB)Indoor Entering Air Temperatures (DB) 50% RH62 F 67 F 72 FTC SHC TC SHC TC SHC25F 11,073 8,222 11,968 8,665 12,794 9,211 35F 10,821 8,212 11,524 8,412 12,083 8,736 45F 10,286 7,900 11,000 8,162 11,786 8,544 55F 9,903 7,665 10,560 7,920 11,320 8,264 65F 9,565 7,432 10,525 7,988 11,160 8,158 75F 9,189 7,186 9,900 7,613 10,648 7,858 85F 8,820 7,003 9,450 7,295 10,260 7,664 95F 8,370 6,688 9,000 7,191 9,846 7,394 105F 7,920 6,431 8,530 6,807 9,270 7,119 115F 7,469 6,155 7,919 6,415 8,459 6,624HEATING PERFORMANCEOutdoor Ambient Temperature (DB) (80% RH)Indoor Entering Air Temperatures (DB)65 F 70 F 75 FTC SHC TC SHC TC SHC5F 7,435 7,435 7,017 7,017 6,845 6,84515F 7,947 7,947 7,250 7,250 7,206 7,20625F 8,432 8,432 8,003 8,003 7,548 7,54835F 8,903 8,903 8,240 8,240 7,894 7,89445F 9,368 9,368 9,050 9,050 8,502 8,50255F 9,380 9,380 9,109 9,109 8,710 8,71065F 9,336 9,336 9,199 9,199 8,916 8,916 TC- Total Capacity (BtuH) SHC- Sensible Capacity (BtuH)Capacity data is based on the following conditions:Cooling Nominal Test Conditions Heating Normal Test Conditions Indoor: 80°F DB/67°F WB Indoor: 70°F DB/60°F WBOutdoor: 95°F DB/75°F WB Outdoor: 47°F DB/43°F WModel No: RIO12HP230V1A 12,000 BtuH 230VCOOLING PERFORMANCEOutdoor Ambient Temperature (DB)Indoor Entering Air Temperatures (DB) 50% RH62 F 67 F 72 FTC SHC TC SHC TC SHC25F 14,764 10,962 15,958 11,553 17,058 12,282 35F 14,428 10,949 15,365 11,216 16,111 11,648 45F 13,715 10,533 14,666 10,883 15,714 11,393 55F 13,204 10,219 14,080 10,560 15,094 11,018 65F 12,754 9,910 14,033 10,651 14,880 10,877 75F 12,252 9,581 13,200 10,151 14,197 10,477 85F 11,760 9,337 12,600 9,727 13,680 10,219 95F 11,160 8,917 12,000 9,588 13,128 9,859 105F 10,560 8,575 11,374 9,076 12,360 9,492 115F 9,959 8,206 10,559 8,553 11,279 8,832HEATING PERFORMANCEOutdoor Ambient Temperature (DB) (80% RH)Indoor Entering Air Temperatures (DB)65 F 70 F 75 FTC SHC TC SHC TC SHC5F 9,907 9,907 9,350 9,350 9,121 9,12115F 10,590 10,590 9,661 9,661 9,603 9,60325F 11,236 11,236 10,665 10,665 10,058 10,05835F 11,864 11,864 10,981 10,981 10,520 10,52045F 12,483 12,483 12,060 12,060 11,329 11,32955F 12,500 12,500 12,139 12,139 11,608 11,60865F 12,441 12,441 12,259 12,259 11,881 11,881 TC- Total Capacity (BtuH) SHC- Sensible Capacity (BtuH)Capacity data is based on the following conditions:Cooling Nominal Test Conditions Heating Normal Test Conditions Indoor: 80°F DB/67°F WB Indoor: 70°F DB/60°F WBOutdoor: 95°F DB/75°F WB Outdoor: 47°F DB/43°F WModel No: RIO18HP230V1A 18,000 BtuH 230VCOOLING PERFORMANCEOutdoor Ambient Temperature (DB)Indoor Entering Air Temperatures (DB) 50% RH62 F 67 F 72 FTC SHC TC SHC TC SHC25F 22,145 16,443 23,936 17,330 25,587 18,422 35F 21,641 16,423 23,047 16,825 24,167 17,473 45F 20,572 15,799 22,000 16,324 23,571 17,089 55F 19,805 15,329 21,119 15,839 22,640 16,528 65F 19,130 14,864 21,049 15,977 22,320 16,316 75F 18,378 14,371 19,800 15,226 21,296 15,716 85F 17,640 14,006 18,900 14,591 20,520 15,329 95F 16,740 13,375 18,000 14,382 19,692 14,789 105F 15,840 12,862 17,060 13,614 18,540 14,239 115F 14,939 12,309 15,839 12,829 16,919 13,248HEATING PERFORMANCEOutdoor Ambient Temperature (DB) (80% RH)Indoor Entering Air Temperatures (DB)65 F 70 F 75 FTC SHC TC SHC TC SHC5F 15,978 15,978 15,080 15,080 14,710 14,71015F 17,079 17,079 15,581 15,581 15,488 15,48825F 18,121 18,121 17,200 17,200 16,221 16,22135F 19,133 19,133 17,709 17,709 16,966 16,96645F 20,133 20,133 19,450 19,450 18,272 18,27255F 20,160 20,160 19,577 19,577 18,720 18,72065F 20,064 20,064 19,771 19,771 19,162 19,162 TC- Total Capacity (BtuH) SHC- Sensible Capacity (BtuH)Capacity data is based on the following conditions:Cooling Nominal Test Conditions Heating Normal Test Conditions Indoor: 80°F DB/67°F WB Indoor: 70°F DB/60°F WBOutdoor: 95°F DB/75°F WB Outdoor: 47°F DB/43°F WModel No: RIO24HP230V1A 24,000 BtuH 230VCOOLING PERFORMANCEOutdoor Ambient Temperature (DB)Indoor Entering Air Temperatures (DB) 50% RH62 F 67 F 72 FTC SHC TC SHC TC SHC25F 27,066 20,097 29,255 21,181 31,273 22,516 35F 26,450 20,073 28,169 20,564 29,537 21,356 45F 25,144 19,310 26,889 19,951 28,809 20,886 55F 24,206 18,736 25,812 19,359 27,671 20,201 65F 23,381 18,167 25,727 19,527 27,280 19,942 75F 22,462 17,565 24,200 18,610 26,028 19,209 85F 21,560 17,119 23,100 17,833 25,080 18,735 95F 20,460 16,347 22,000 17,578 24,068 18,075 105F 19,360 15,720 20,851 16,640 22,660 17,403 115F 18,259 15,045 19,359 15,680 20,678 16,191HEATING PERFORMANCEOutdoor Ambient Temperature (DB) (80% RH)Indoor Entering Air Temperatures (DB)65 F 70 F 75 FTC SHC TC SHC TC SHC5F 20,004 20,004 18,880 18,880 18,417 18,41715F 21,383 21,383 19,508 19,508 19,390 19,39025F 22,688 22,688 21,534 21,534 20,309 20,30935F 23,954 23,954 22,172 22,172 21,242 21,24245F 25,206 25,206 24,351 24,351 22,876 22,87655F 25,240 25,240 24,510 24,510 23,437 23,43765F 25,120 25,120 24,753 24,753 23,990 23,990 TC- Total Capacity (BtuH) SHC- Sensible Capacity (BtuH)Capacity data is based on the following conditions:Cooling Nominal Test Conditions Heating Normal Test Conditions Indoor: 80°F DB/67°F WB Indoor: 70°F DB/60°F WBOutdoor: 95°F DB/75°F WB Outdoor: 47°F DB/43°F WELECTRICAL WIRINGThe main power is supplied to the outdoor unit. System must be on a single dedicated circuit. Use appropriate wire size and circuit breaker (or fuse) size for proper system overcurrent protection. Follow all local building codes and NEC (National Electrical Code) regulations.Interconnecting Cable Wiring DiagramThe indoor unit is powered by the outdoor unit. The interconnecting cable between the outdoor and indoor unit must be a 14/4 AWG stranded copper conductors THHN 600V unshielded wire. The interconnecting cable should not be buried underground and must be recognized by UL or ETL and CSA certified.Note: Use shield cable if installation is in close proximity of RF and EMI transmitting devices.Local codes may require a disconnect switch within sight of the indoor unit. For these installations, use a DFS Disconnect Switch Accessory Kit (Part No: DFS-SWITCH-A) to break wires going to the N(1), 2, 3 terminals on the indoor unit, as shown in the wiring diagram below:CONDENSATE REMOVALInstall condensate drain to safely and effectively route condensate water to a safe location. Use a flexible condensate drain hose to fit over the factory 5/8-inch (16mm) drainage port. The high wall indoor units have an internal condensate trap. Adding an external trap is not required.All condensate drains must meet local codes and regulations. If adequate gravity drainage cannot be provided, a field-installed condensate pump must be used. Refer to manufacturer’s installation instructions, specifications and operating details supplied with condensate pump.Typical Condensate Pump Wiring DiagramLIMITED WARRANTY STATEMENTEffective on new GREE Ductless purchases on or after March 1, 2013Ductless Heat Pump Mini-Split SystemsRIO09HP115V1A RIO12HP115V1ARIO09HP230V1A RIO12HP230V1ARIO18HP230V1A RIO24HP230V1AGREE distributor (hereinafter “Company”) warrants this product against failure due to defect in materials or workmanship under normal use and maintenance as follows. All warranty periods begin on the date of original installation. If the date cannot be verified, the warranty period begins one hundred twenty (120) days from date of manufacture. If a part fails due to defect during the applicable warranty period Company will provide a new or remanufactured part, at Company’s option, to replace the failed defective part at no charge for the part. This limited warranty is subject to all provisions, conditions, limitations and exclusions listed below.• A warranty period of Seven (7) years on compressor to the original registered end-user.• A warranty period of Five (5) years on all parts to the original registered end user.• A warranty period of One (1) year on the remote control provided with the original unit.•Limited warranty applies only to systems that are properly installed by a state certified or licensed HVAC contractor, under applicable local and state law in accordance with all applicable building codes and permits; GREE installation and operation instructions and good trade practices.•Warranty applies only to products remaining in their original installation location.•Defective parts must be returned to the distributor through a registered servicing dealer for credit.。

关于交通工具的手抄报英语

关于交通工具的手抄报英语Transportation is an essential part of our daily lives, allowing us to travel from one place to another efficiently. There are various modes of transportation, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. In this handout, we will explore different types of transportation and their impact on our lives.1. What are the different types of transportation?There are several types of transportation, including cars, buses, trains, airplanes, bicycles, and walking.2. What are the advantages of using a car as a mode of transportation?Using a car allows for convenience and flexibility in travel. Cars provide privacy and the ability to travel to remote locations not accessible by public transportation.3. What are the disadvantages of using a car as a modeof transportation?Cars contribute to air pollution and traffic congestion. They also require maintenance and are expensive to own and operate.4. What are the benefits of using public transportation?Public transportation is cost-effective and environmentally friendly. It reduces traffic congestion and offers a safe and reliable mode of travel.5. What are the drawbacks of using public transportation?Public transportation schedules may not always alignwith individual travel needs. It can also be crowded andless convenient for reaching certain destinations.6. How does air travel benefit society?Air travel allows for rapid long-distance travel and facilitates international trade and tourism. It connects people and cultures across the globe.7. What are the environmental impacts of air travel?Air travel contributes to carbon emissions and air pollution. The growth of the aviation industry raises concerns about its impact on climate change.8. Why is walking and cycling considered sustainable transportation?Walking and cycling are environmentally friendly modesof transportation that promote physical activity and reduce carbon emissions. They also contribute to a healthier lifestyle.9. How does the development of high-speed trains impact transportation?High-speed trains provide a fast, efficient, and comfortable mode of travel for both short and long distances. They reduce the reliance on automobiles and airplanes for intercity travel.10. What are the challenges of implementing high-speed train systems?The construction and maintenance of high-speed train infrastructure require significant investment. There may also be challenges in integrating high-speed trains with existing transportation networks.11. How does technology influence transportation?Advancements in technology have led to the development of electric and autonomous vehicles, as well as improvements in transportation infrastructure and traffic management systems.12. What is the future of transportation?The future of transportation is likely to involve a shift towards sustainable and interconnected modes of travel, including electric and autonomous vehicles, integrated public transportation systems, and smart city initiatives.交通工具是我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分，它使我们能够高效地从一个地方去往另一个地方。

小学上册第7次英语第5单元测验试卷

小学上册英语第5单元测验试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The chemical formula for cerium(IV) oxide is _____.2.What is the capital of Liberia?A. MonroviaB. GbarngaC. BuchananD. RobertsportA3.What do we call a group of stars?A. GalaxyB. UniverseC. ConstellationD. NebulaC4.What do we call the force that pulls objects toward each other?A. FrictionB. GravityC. MagnetismD. InertiaB5.What is the name of the famous clock tower in London?A. Big BenB. Eiffel TowerC. Leaning Tower of PisaD. ColosseumA6. A walrus has long ________________ (象牙).7.The process of a solid turning directly into a gas is called __________.8.What is the opposite of "high"?A. LowB. TallC. ShortD. DeepA9.Atom economy refers to the efficiency of a reaction in converting reactants into_____ products.10.What do we call a sweet drink made from fermented grapes?A. WineB. CiderC. MeadD. Ale11.The giraffe is known for its long ________________ (脖子).12.I call my mom’s brothe r __________. (舅舅)13.My mom is a ________.14.The _____ (生态系统) is balanced when all plants and animals coexist.15.My friend enjoys playing ____ (hockey) with his team.16.ens have __________ (美丽的风景) that attract visitors. Some gar17.The ________ is a friendly animal that likes to play.18.The __________ was a social and political movement in the 1960s.19. A chemical reaction can change color, produce gas, or form a ______.20.What do you call a baby goat?A. CalfB. KidC. PupD. Cub21.What is the name of the famous landmark in Brazil?A. Christ the RedeemerB. Statues of Easter IslandC. Great WallD. Eiffel TowerA22. A __________ is a bird that is often associated with peace.23.I like to _______ (收集) stamps.24.Which of these is a cold-blooded animal?A. HumanB. SharkC. SnakeD. BirdC25.The discovery of ________ has had a lasting impact on society.26.What tool do astronomers use to observe distant stars?A. MicroscopeB. TelescopeC. BinocularsD. Camera27. A _____ is an area with many trees and animals.28.My grandma loves to _______ (动词) with her friends. 她觉得这个活动很_______ (形容词).29.My brother loves _______ (玩电子游戏).30.I have a ________ that helps me build things.31.The __________ of a toy car can be increased by pushing it harder.32.The _____ (海豚) loves to surf the waves.33.The __________ (历史的精髓) lies in its lessons.34.I love to ___ (cook/eat) with friends.35.What do we call a group of owls?A. ParliamentB. FlockC. GaggleD. SchoolA Parliament36.What do we call a young female cow?A. CalfB. HeiferC. KidD. LambB37.What do we call a person who studies plants?A. BotanistB. BiologistC. EcologistD. AgronomistA Botanist38.What do you call a group of stars?A. GalaxyB. PlanetC. CometD. Asteroid39.The chameleon can change its _______.40.What do you wear on your feet?A. HatB. GlovesC. ShoesD. BeltC41.The chemical symbol for iodine is _______.42. A __________ is an animal that mostly eats fruit.43.The __________ River is the longest river in the world. (尼罗河)44.What is the name of the famous artist known for his paintings of sunflowers?A. Van GoghB. PicassoC. MonetD. Da Vinci45.The _______ can help brighten up your home.46. A solar cell converts sunlight into ______ energy.47.I like to _______ (参加) art exhibitions.48.I love to go ______ (露营) in the forest with my friends.49.What is the first letter of the alphabet?A. AB. BC. CD. DA50.I have a ________ (玩具名称) that glows in the dark.51.The garden has many _______ that blossom beautifully all year long.52.What do we wear on our feet?A. HatB. SocksC. GlovesD. ScarfB53. A rock can change into another type through the ______ cycle.54.My dad takes me to . (我爸爸带我去。

小学上册第九次英语第1单元真题

小学上册英语第1单元真题英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What do we call a person who repairs cars?A. MechanicB. EngineerC. TechnicianD. DriverA2.The light is very ___ (bright).3. A ____(partner organization) collaborates on initiatives.4.What is the term for a young eagle?A. ChickB. EagletC. HatchlingD. FledglingB5.Which food is made from milk?A. BreadB. CheeseC. RiceD. Vegetables6.Which of these animals can fly?A. ElephantB. DogC. ParrotD. Frog7.I like to see ________ in the garden.8.The _____ (种类) of plants is vast and varied.9.ers are known for their ability to attract ______ and pollinators. (某些花因其吸引昆虫和授粉者的能力而闻名。

) Some flo10.I can ______ (利用) online tools effectively.11.What is the name of the sweet treat made from flour and sugar?A. CakeB. CandyC. CookieD. BrownieC12.The capital city of Australia is ________ (澳大利亚的首都城市是________).13.The ancient city of Rome was built on ________ hills.14.I can ______ (完成) my homework on time.15.My sister studies _______ (科目). 她觉得这个科目很 _______ (形容词).16.The _______ of an object can be determined by its interaction with other objects.17.The ________ is a little friend that likes to explore.18.I like to ___ (play/watch) games.19.What is the capital of Iceland?A. ReykjavikB. AkureyriC. KeflavikD. Selfoss20. A ______ is a representation of a chemical process.21.What color is a ripe banana?A. GreenB. YellowC. RedD. BlueB22.My sister loves _______ (跳舞).23.My friend is a ______. He likes to build models.24.The __________ (历史的沉淀) enriches our culture.25.The pizza is _____ (hot/cold).26.The kitten is ___. (curious)27.The main component of steel is __________.28.I can ___ (swing) high on the swing set.29.What is the name of the holiday celebrated on February 14?A. New YearB. Valentine's DayC. ThanksgivingD. Christmas30.根据图片把下列单词补充完整。

Doherty功率放大器(英文)

The Doherty Power Amplifier The current wireless communication systems have made significant progress toward increased bandwidth and number of carriers for high-data-rate applications. Memory effects, however, make it very difficult to design a high-power amplifier with a wide instantaneous bandwidth. In addition to bandwidth concerns, the instantaneous transmit powers of the wireless communication systems, such as CDMA-2000, wide-band code division multiple access (WCDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiplexity (OFDM) and so on, vary widely and rapidly, carrying high peak-to-average ratio (PAR) signals. The base station power amplifiers for the systems require a high linearity to amplify the high PAR signal source without distortion. To satisfy linearity requirements, the power amplifiers are usually biased at class A or AB mode and must operate at a large amount of back-off from the peak output power. Another requirement of the base station power amplifier for the modern wireless communication systems is high efficiency. As the communication systems are reduced in both size and cost, the cooling system should be simple and small, requiring a power amplifier with high efficiency. Because the base station power amplifiers have a low efficiency due to the back-off operation, efficiency enhancement techniques become very important. The design technique of the base station power amplifiers with high efficiency and linearity across a wide instantaneous bandwidth has become a hot issue.In this article, we show that the Doherty amplifier is capable of delivering the stringent requirements of the base station power amplifiers. We explain the operation principles, including both linearity and efficiency improvements, and the basic circuit configuration of the amplifier. Advanceddesign methods to operate across wide bandwidth and improve the linearity are also described. For verification, the Doherty amplifier is implemented using laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) transistors and measured using a WCDMA 4FA signal. These results show that the Doherty amplifier is a promising candidate for base station power amplifiers with wide bandwidth, high efficiency, and linearity.Doherty Amplifier OperationFigure1. (a) Operational diagram of the Doherty amplifier. (b)Fundamental currents. (c) Load impedances.The Doherty amplifier was first proposed by W.H. Doherty in 1936. The original Doherty amplifier consisted of two tube amplifiers and an impedance inverting network. The efficiency of an RF power amplifier is increased using the RF Doherty amplifier technique, as described in detailin . This amplifier consisted of a carrier amplifier and a peaking amplifier. The output load is connected to the carrier amplifier through an impedance inverter (a quarter-wave transmission line) and directly to the peaking amplifier. Figure 1(a) shows an operational diagram to analyze the Doherty amplifier circuit. Two current sources represent the amplifiers. It is assumed that each current source is linearly proportional to the input voltage signal, operating as a class AB or class B amplifier with harmonic short circuits after it is turned on, and the efficiency analysis can be carried out using the fundamental and dc components only. As shown in Figure 1(b), the peaking amplifier turns on at one-half the maximum input voltage.The Doherty amplifier technique is based on the load impedance change of each amplifier, referred to as load modulation, according to the input power level. Figure 1(b) shows the fundamental currents from the amplifiers. The load impedances of two amplifiers are given bywhere ZL is the load impedance of the Doherty amplifier; IC and IP represent the fundamental currents of the carrier and peaking amplifiers, respectively; and ZC and ZP are the output load impedances of the carrier and peaking amplifiers, respectively, and are depicted in Figure 1(c).In the low-power region (0 ∼Vin, max/2), the peaking amplifier remains in the cut-off state, and the load impedance of the carrier amplifier is two times larger than that of the conventional amplifier. Thus, the carrier amplifier reaches the saturation state at the input voltage(Vin, max)/2 since the maximum fundamental current swing is half and the maximum voltage swing reaches Vdc. As a result, the maximum power level is half of the carrier amplifier’s allowable power level (a quarter of the total maximumpower or 6 dB down from the total maximum power), and the efficiency of the amplifier is equal to the maximum efficiency of the carrier amplifier as shown in Figure 2.In the high-power region (Vin, max/2 ∼Vin, max), where the peaking amplifier is conducting, the current level of the peaking amplifier plays an important role in determining the load modulation of the Doherty amplifier [see (1) and (2)]. Assuming that gm of the peaking amplifier is twice as large as that of the carrier amplifier, the current and voltage swings of the peaking amplifier increase in proportion to the input voltage level and the voltage swing reaches the maximum voltage swing of Vdc only at the maximum input voltage. The load impedance of the carrier amplifier varies from 2Zopt to Zopt, and the peaking amplifier varies from ∞ to Zopt according to the input voltage level as shown in Figure 1(c). The efficiency of the Doherty amplifier at the maximum input voltage is equal to the maximum efficiency of the amplifiers. When the peaking amplifier is the same size as the carrier amplifier, which is normally the case, gm of the two amplifiers are identical and the peaking amplifier can not be fully turned on, so the power performance is degraded [4]. From the basic operation principle, we have explored the Doherty amplifier, which provides higher efficiency over whole power ranges compared to the conventional class AB amplifiers. The resulting Doherty amplifier can solve the problem of maintaining a high efficiency for a large PAR signal.Linearity of the Doherty AmplifierThe linearity of the Doherty amplifier is more complicated than that of a class AB amplifier. The class AB biased carrier amplifier has a load impedance at the low power level that is twice as large and the high impedance of the carrier amplifier compensates the low gain characteristicdue to the input power division. At high power levels, the two amplifiers generate full power using normal load impedances, equalizing the power gain. Additionally, in the low-power region, the linearity of the amplifier is entirely determined by the carrier amplifier. Therefore, the carrier amplifier should be highly linear even though the load impedance is high At a high power level, linearity of the amplifier is improved by the harmonic cancellation from the two amplifiers using appropriate gate biases. Figure 3 shows the third-order harmonic generation coefficient gm3 of an LDMOS transistor and the bias points of the two amplifiers. In terms of gain characteristics of each amplifier, a late gain expansion of the class C biased peaking amplifier compensates the gain compression of the class AB carrier amplifier. Thus, the Doherty amplifier, which is based on the load modulation technique, is capable of delivering more linear output power than a conventional class AB power amplifier. The third-order intermodulation (IM3) level from the carrier amplifier increases and the phase of the IM3 decreases because the gain of the carrier amplifier is compressed. In contrast, when the gain of the peaking amplifier is expanded, both the IM3 level and phase increase. To cancel out the IM3s from the two amplifiers, the components must be 180◦ out of phase with the same amplitudes. Therefore, the peaking amplifier should be designed appropriately to cancel the harmonics of the carrier amplifier..The Circuit Configuration of Doherty AmplifierFigure 4 shows a schematic diagram of the fully matched microwave Doherty amplifier with offset transmission lines at the output circuits [5]. The carrier and peaking amplifiers have input/output matching circuits, which transform from the input impedances of the devices to 50 and from the optimum load impedance Zopt of the devices to 50 , respectively. Theadditional offset transmission lines with characteristic impedance of 50 are connected after the matching circuits of the carrier and peaking amplifiers. In the low-power region, the phase adjustments of the offset lines cause the peaking amplifier to be open-circuited and the characteristic load impedance of the carrier amplifier is doubled to 2Ro by a quarterwave impedance transformer. This is illustrated in Figure 5(a) and (b). The offset line of the carrier amplifier varies from Zopt to 2Zopt for the proper load modulation as shown in Figure 5(a). Figure 5(b) illustrates that the offset line of the peaking amplifier adjusts to the high impedance so that it prevents power leakage. Figure 5(c) shows the appropriate transformations on a Smith chart to determine the offset line length of each amplifier. The lines do not affect the overall matching condition and load modulation because they are matched to the characteristic impedance of 50 . The Doherty output combining circuit consists of a quarter-wave transmission line with the characteristic impedance of 50 and a quarter-wave transmission line that transforms from 50 to 25 to determine the load impedance of the output combining circuit. A phase delay line is needed at the input of the peaking amplifier to adjust the same delay between the carrier and peaking amplifiers [6].The Doherty amplifier consists of a class AB biased carrier amplifier and a class C biased peaking amplifier. Due to the different biasing, the RF current from the amplifiers are different depending on the input drive level. The asymmetric powers are combined by the Doherty operation through a quarter-wave impedance converter.Advanced Design Methods for the Doherty AmplifierThe fundamental operation principles of a Doherty amplifier were described in the previous section. We have seen that the advantages of themicrowave Doherty amplifier are the simple circuit configuration and improved efficiency and linearity. In this section, we explain some typical issues with Doherty amplifiers and present proposed methods to address them.The Doherty amplifier for the base station system usually has two amplifiers with identical size devices, matching circuits, and input drives. Because the peaking amplifier is biased lower than the carrier amplifier, the current level of the peaking amplifier at the maximum input drive cannot reach the maximum allowable current level. Thus, the load impedances of both amplifiers can not be fully modulated to the optimized impedance, Zopt, and they are larger than the optimum values. As a result, the conventional Doherty amplifier is heavily saturated, and both linearity and power are degraded. It is difficult to improve the linearity of the Doherty amplifier across a wide bandwidth due to the memory effect. We propose the following three design methods for wide bandwidth, high linearity, and high power applications: 1) Uneven power drive, applying more power to the peaking amplifier, can open the peaking amplifier fully and modulate the load impedances optimally. Therefore, the amplifiers with uneven power drive operate more linear and produce more power than those with an identical input power drive. 2) Because of the improper load modulation, power matching circuits of both amplifiers should be appropriately designed to have low load impedances for better linearity. Due to the low bias point of the peaking amplifier, the power matching circuit of the peaking amplifier should be designed to have lower load impedance than that of the carrier amplifier. Moreover, the matching circuits of both amplifiers should be individually optimized to enhance the IM cancellation over power ranges across the wide bandwidth. 3) The bias circuit should be designed tominimize the memory effects. The linearizing techniques focused on harmonic cancellation such as Doherty amplifier and PD are restricted to a low cancellation limit because the memory effect brings about the different lower and upper spurious emissions. The bias circuit should not have any frequency dispersion of envelope impedance to minimize the memory effect. To reduce the memory effect, the bias circuit is optimized using a quarter-wave bias line and decoupling capacitors for each frequency. The tantalum capacitors are inserted within a quarterwave bias line for the short at the envelope frequencies. Additionally, the biases of both amplifiers are properly adjusted to maintain optimized linearity and efficiency.Bias Circuit Test to Reduce the Memory EffectsThe effects on the memory effect for different bandwidthsare ACLR or intermodulation distortion (IMD) asymmetry and bandwidth dependent adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) or IMD characteristics. To reduce these effects or the memory effects, the load impedances of the bias circuit should be reduced to short the envelope frequency voltage component or maintained at the same value.We have tested several bias circuits to reduce the memory effect as shown in Figure 6. Figures 7 and 8 represent measurement results of load impedances corresponding to the bias circuit. Unfortunately, we cannot measure the envelope frequency load impedance (dc–20 MHz), but we have tested the load impedances at 100 MHz–5 GHz. We can analogize the envelope frequency load impedance of the bias circuit from these test results.The general bias circuit scheme of RF power amplifier is shown in Figure 6(b). From Figures 7 and 8, we have analogized that the envelope load impedances of the RF decoupling capacitor (10 pF) and envelopefrequency decoupling capacitor (22 uF and 10 uF) were very small. Even though the envelope load impedances of this case are very small, the power amplifier has the serious memory effect. A cause of this result is that it is very difficult to short the envelope frequency voltage component because the load impedance of the high-power amplifier is very small. To minimize the memory effect, the load impedance of the bias circuit should be further reduced. Thus, we have proposed the bias circuit optimization method of the RF decoupling capacitor (10 pF) and envelope frequency decoupling capacitor [22 uF, 10 uF, and the tantalum capacitor (1 uF) located within a quarter-wave bias circuit], and Figures 7(c) and 8(c) show more small envelope load impedances and lower load impedance variation than the general bias scheme at the low frequency. However, the impedance at RF is reduced by tantalum capacitor located within a quarter-wave bias line as shown in Figure 7(c). Thus, we need to optimize the bias circuit along with the matching circuit considering these effects. As a result, the proposed bias circuit optimization method can reduce the memory effect more efficiently than the conventional bias circuit method, and ACLR asymmetry is reduced.Implementation of the Doherty Amplifier and Measurement ResultsIn the previous section, we explained the basic Doherty operation and advanced design methods with uneven power drive, individually optimized matching, and bias circuit optimization. A2.14-GHz Doherty amplifier for the base station power amplifier is implemented using Freescale’s MRF5P21180 LDMOSFET. Figure 9 shows a photograph of the implemented Doherty amplifier applying the advanced methods. The uneven power drive is implemented using an Anaren’s 1A1305-5 (5 dB directional coupler) which delivers 4 dB more input power to the peaking amplifier than the carrier amplifier. The individual matching of the Doherty amplifier isfurther optimized to achieve high efficiency and linearity at 25 W (44 dBm) average output power. In the experiments, the suitable offset line is 80.4◦, and the transformed output impedance of the peaking amplifier in the off state is 502 .Quiescent biases for the carrier amplifier and peaking amplifier are set to Vc = 3.938 V (1.1 A) and Vp = 1.713 V at Vdd = 27 V, respectively. We optimize the bias circuit to minimize the memory effect and improve the linearity and efficiency. For performance comparison, we also fabricated a class AB amplifier and Doherty amplifier with even power drive. The class AB amplifier represents a conventional base station power amplifier of the push-pull type. For specific comparison corresponding to uneven power drive, the Doherty amplifier with even drive is optimized using the individual matching and bias circuit to achieve linearity and efficiency as high as possible.Figure 10 shows the measured adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) of the Doherty amplifier with uneven drive and class AB amplifier at offset 5 MHz for a 2.14-GHz forward link wideband code-division multiple-access (WCDMA) 4FA signal. The ACLR is improved by about 7 dB compared to the class AB amplifier at an output power of 44 dBm.Figure 11 shows the measured ACLR of the Doherty amplifiers for both even and uneven drives. In comparison with the even case, the Doherty amplifier with uneven power drive delivers significantly improved ACLR performance, by 3 dB at the average output power of 44 dBm.Figure 12 shows the measured ACLR performance of the uneven case as a function of the bias circuit optimization. The drain bias circuit incorporates a quarterwave line and several decoupling capacitors which consist of 10 pF for the RF and 22 uF, 10 uF, 1 uF, 1 nF, 150 nF for the envelope frequency. The tantalum capacitors (22 uF, 1 uF) located within aquarter-wave bias line are especially important to minimize the memory effect, even though the impedance at RF is reduced by these capacitors. Thus, we have optimized the bias circuit along with the matching circuit considering these effects. As a result, the bias circuit becomes an active matching circuit, and the difference in ACLR with the bias circuit optimization between lower and upper ACLR is reduced below 2 dB over all average output powers. Figure 13 shows the spectrum of the Doherty amplifier with uneven power drive at an average output power of 44 dBm according to the bias circuit optimization.Figure 14 shows the measured IMD3 of the Doherty amplifier with both even and uneven power drives for a two-tone signal. We measure a peak envelope power (PEP) using a two-tone signal with 1-MHz tone spacing. The PEP of the amplifier with uneven drive is improved by 15 W, from 165 to 180 W, compared to the even case. This result implies that the Doherty amplifier with uneven power drive generates full power from both amplifiers.Figure 15 shows drain efficiencies of the Doherty amplifier with both even and uneven power drive and the class AB power amplifier for WCDMA 4 FA signal. The drain efficiency of the Doherty amplifier is significantly improved over the class AB amplifier.These results show clearly that the Doherty amplifier is far superior to the class AB amplifier. The Doherty amplifier with uneven power drive, based on the individually optimized matching circuit and the bias optimization, provides highly efficient and linear operation compared to the normal Doherty amplifier. We can also see that the proposed design method is very helpful in achieving the Doherty amplifier with high performance over a wide bandwidth.ConclusionsIn this article, we explained the basic Doherty operation principle, including both efficiency and linearity improvements, and the circuit configuration of the normal Doherty amplifier. We proposed advanced design methods for highly efficient and linear Doherty amplifier operation across a wide bandwidth. The Doherty amplifier is implemented using Freescale LDMOS MRF5P21180. The amplifier utilizes uneven power drive, individually optimized matching, and bias circuit optimization.For a 2.14-GHz WCDMA 4 FA signal, the Doherty amplifier has ACLR of −41 dBc and a drain efficiency of 33% at an average output power of 44 dBm. These experimental results clearly demonstrate the superior performance of the Doherty amplifier compared to class AB amplifiers and conventional Doherty amplifiers. The proposed design methods are well suited for the design of the Doherty amplifier for wide-bandwidth and high-power operation.。

杰弗里高效DC逆变技术壁挂型空调热泵系统说明书

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