8.1英语文学学习
《专八英美文学知识》课件
的作品，了解这个时期的文学革命。
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2 0世纪文学
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了解现代主义和后现代主义对英美文学 产生的影响，并研究20世纪的权威作家。
古代文学
从古代民间故事到史诗诗歌，探索英美 文学的根源和起源。
1 9世纪文学
探索浪漫主义、现实主义和自然主义等 19世纪文学的关键特点和作家。
重要作家与作品
威廉·莎士比亚
探索莎士比亚的戏剧作品，如《哈姆雷特》和《罗 密欧与朱丽叶》。
3 超自然和奇幻
欣赏奇幻文学和超自然元素在作品中的运用，从魔法到神话传说。
经典文学解读
通过深入解读经典文学作品，如《1984》和《傲慢与偏见》，探究其深层含 义和与现实世界的关联。
总结
总结各个部分的主要内容，并鼓励听众进一步探索英美文学的魅力和多样性。
《专八英美文学知识》 PPT课件
在这个PPT课件中，我们将深入探讨英美文学的各个方面，从概述到重要作家 与作品，再到文学主题与风格，以及经典文学的解读。
标题
在文学中，一个好的标题可以吸引读者的注意力，并传达出作品的主要思想和情感。融入创意和挑逗性元素， 将读者吸引到故事中。
导言
引言
通过一个引人入胜的故事或悲观的民谣，引导听众进入《傲慢与偏见》和 《理智与情感》。
欧内斯特·海明威
研究海明威的小说，如《老人与海》和《别了，武 器》。
托尼·莫里森
探索莫里森的作品，如《宠儿》和《云图》。
文学主题与风格
1 爱与悲伤
探索文学中关于爱情和失落的主题，以及不同作家对这些主题的表现方式。
2 社会批判
研究文学作品中对社会不公和不平等的批判，以及作家对这些问题的态度。
背景
简要介绍英美文学的背景和意义，以及与文化和历史的关联。
英语专八英美文学常识(EnglishLiterature)
英国文学(English Literature)450-1066 Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period 古英语（或盎格鲁—撒克逊）时期1066-1500 Middle English Period 中古英语时期1500-1660 1516-1578 1578-1625 1625-1660The Renaissance 文艺复兴1) The beginning of the Renaissance2) The flowering period3) The epilogue of the Renaissance1660-1785 The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义时期1785-1830 The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期1832-1901 The Victorian Period 维多利亚时期1901-1914 The Edwardian Period 爱德华时期1910-1936 The Georgian Period 乔治五世时期1914 - The Modern Period 现代时期1945 - Postmodernism 后现代主义一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066)a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报b. religious poetry: C aedmon(凯德蒙610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English songCynewulf(基涅武甫9C): The Christc. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901)2) The Medieval Period中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500):a. Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌无名诗人- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines~ 14th C,Age of Chaucer:* Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟1340-1400): 文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftnessthe father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“双韵体”；首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家The Canterbury Tales:pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日谈》启发The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作) * William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议b. 15th C, English ballads:Thomas Malory (1395-1471) :Morte d’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547)a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd CalendarThe Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗),and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.2) Prose 散文a. Thomas More(莫尔1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》: More与海员的对话b. John Lyly(黎里1553-160，剧作家&小说家)：EupheusEuphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means.The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon (培根1561-1626)：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期; 近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱: the first true English prose classic the trumpeter of a new age;Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty3) 戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe(马洛1564-1593): University Wits 大学才子派Edward II；The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》first made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English dramaThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。
专八人文知识总结(终)
11、E.M．Forster: 《通往印度之路》
12、George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳：Widowers' Houses《鳏夫的房产》，Heartbreak House《伤心之家》，Mrs. Warren's Profession《华伦夫人的职业》
4、Ballads 民谣：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale《罗宾汉和阿林代尔》。
三、 The Renaissance文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪）
1、 Thomas More托马斯·莫尔： Utopia《乌托邦》
2、 Thomas Wyatt 最先将sonnet引入英国文学。
2、 Coleridge柯勒律治：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》Christabel《克里斯特贝尔》, Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》
3、 Southey骚赛：桂冠诗人；
4、 George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦： Don Juan《唐璜》
悲观时期： David Copperfield《董贝父子》，David Copperfield《大卫科波菲尔》
后期：Bleak House《荒凉山庄》，Hard Times《艰难时世》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》，Great Expectations《远大前程》
14、Thackeray萨克雷：Vanity Fair《名利场》
2、Yeats叶芝：爱尔兰使人 《芦苇的风》《库尔的野天鹅》《驶向拜占庭》。
《英国文学选读》教案
《英国文学选读》教案第一章：概述1.1 课程目标让学生了解英国文学的基本概况和发展历程。
培养学生对英国文学的兴趣和阅读能力。
1.2 教学内容英国文学的起源和发展阶段。
英国文学的重要作家和作品。
1.3 教学方法采用讲座、讨论和阅读相结合的方式进行教学。
引导学生阅读经典英国文学作品，提升阅读理解能力。
1.4 教学评估课堂讨论和提问。
阅读作业和读书笔记。
第二章：文艺复兴时期2.1 课程目标让学生了解文艺复兴时期英国文学的特点和代表作品。
培养学生对文艺复兴时期英国文学的欣赏和理解能力。
2.2 教学内容文艺复兴时期英国文学的形成背景。
莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）的作品选读。
2.3 教学方法分析莎士比亚的作品，探讨其文学价值和历史意义。
引导学生进行角色扮演和剧本创作，体验文艺复兴时期的戏剧魅力。
2.4 教学评估剧本表演和创作。
相关作品的阅读报告。
第三章：启蒙时期3.1 课程目标让学生了解启蒙时期英国文学的特点和代表作品。
培养学生对启蒙时期英国文学的欣赏和理解能力。
3.2 教学内容启蒙时期英国文学的形成背景。
丹尼尔·笛福（Daniel Defoe）和乔纳森·斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift）的作品选读。
3.3 教学方法分析笛福和斯威夫特的作品，探讨其对社会和个人思想的启示。
引导学生进行写作练习，探讨启蒙时期的价值观和道德观念。
3.4 教学评估写作练习和讨论。
阅读报告和读书笔记。
第四章：浪漫主义时期4.1 课程目标让学生了解浪漫主义时期英国文学的特点和代表作品。
培养学生对浪漫主义时期英国文学的欣赏和理解能力。
4.2 教学内容浪漫主义时期英国文学的形成背景。
威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）和乔治·戈登（Lord Byron）的作品选读。
4.3 教学方法分析华兹华斯和戈登的作品，探讨其对自然、人和情感的描绘。
引导学生进行诗歌创作和朗诵，体验浪漫主义时期的艺术表达。
英语专业八级英国文学知识总结
英语专业八级英国文学知识总结1 Old and Medieval Period1-1 the Anglo-Saxon PeriodBeowulfCaedmon –Caedmon’s HymnCynewulf – The Fates of the Apostles, Juliana, Elene1-2 the Middle English PeriodSir Gawain and the Green KnightThomas Marlory –Le Morte D’Arthur (The Death of King Arthur)William Langland – Piers the PlowmanGeoffrey Chaucer –The Canterbury T ales1-3 the 15th CenturyThe Robin Hood Ballads2 The Renaissance Period2-1 poemThomas WyattHenry HowardSir Philip Sidney – Astrophel and Stella, Apology for Poetry Edmund Spencer –The Shephearde’s Calendar, Epithalamion, The Faerie Queene 2-2 proseThomas More – UtopiaFrancis Bacon – A History of the Life and Reign of King Henry Ⅶ, The Advancement of Learning, Essays(Of Studies, Of Travel, Of Wisdom), The New AtlantisJohn Lyly—Eupheus2-3 dramaChristopher Marlowe –Tamburlaine, The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus, The Jew of MaltaWilliam Shakespeare – Comedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dr eam, As You Like It, Merchant ofVenice, The Twelfth NightTragedies:Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, The TempestHistorical plays:Henry Ⅳ, HenryⅤLong narrative poems:Venus and Adonis, The Rape of LucreceBen Johnson – V olpone3 The Period of Revolution and Restoration3-1 poets in Revolutionary PeriodJohn Milton –Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson AgonistesJohn Donne – The Sun Rising, The Songs and Sonnets, Holy Sonnets, A Hymn to God the Father, Death, Be not Proud, A Valediction: ForbiddingMourningGeorge Herbert – The Altar, Easter Wings3-2 prose writers in Revolutionary PeriodJohn Bunyan –The Pilgrim’s Progress, Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, The Life and Death of Mr. Badman, The Holy War3-3 writers in RestorationJeremy Collier – A Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English StageJohn Dryden –The Hind and the Panther, All for Love, Absalom and Achitophel, An Essay of Dramatic Poesy4 The Age of Enlightenment4-1 writers of Neo-ClassicismAlexander Pope – An Essay on Criticism, The Rape of the Lock, Essay on Man Richard SteeleJoseph Addison – The Tattler, The SpectatorSamuel Johnson – The Dictionary of the English Language, The Lives of English Poets4-2 writers of Realistic TraditionDaniel Defoe –Robinson Crusoe, Captain Singleton, Colonel Jacque, Moll FlandersJonathan Swift – A Tale of a Tub, Predictions for the Year 1708, Vindication ofIsaac Bickerstaff, Gulliver’s Travels, The Drapier’s Letters, A Modest ProposalHenry Fielding – Plays:The Welsh Opera, Don Quixote in England, Pasqin, The HistoricalRegister for the Year 1736Novels:Joseph Andrew, Jonathan Wild and Great, The History of Tom Jones, a Founding, Amelia4-3 writers of Sentimental TraditionSamuel Richardson –Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded, Clarissa Harlowe, SirRichardson’s GrandisonLaurence Sterne – Tristram Shandy, A Sentimental JourneyOliver Goldsmith –The Traveler, The Deserted Village, The Vicar of Wakefield Thomas Gray –Elegy Written in a Country Church YardEdward Young – From Night Thoughts4-4 English dramaJohn Gay –The Beggar’s OperaRichard Brinsley Sheridan –The Rivals, The School for Scandal5 The Age of Romanticism5-1 Pre-Romantic poetsJames Thomas – The SeasonsWilliam Collins – Ode to EveningWilliam Blake –Songs of Innocence, Songs of Experience, The Marriage ofHeaven and HellRobert Burns –My Heart’s in the Highlands, A Red, Red Rose, Auld Lang Syne 5-2 Lake poets (or the first generation) William Wordsworth –Lyrical Ballads (Lines Composed a Few Miles aboveTintern Abbey, Lines Written in Early Spring), AnEvening Walk, Lucy Poems, I Wandered Lonely as aCloud, The Excursion, To the Cuckoo, The SolitaryReaper, She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways, To aHighland Girl, The PreludeSamuel Taylor Coleridge – The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Christable, KublaKhan, The Fall of the BastilleRobert Southey –Joan of Arc, Wat Tyler, The Inchcape Rock, The Battle ofBlenheim5-3 Romantic poets of the second generationGeorge Gordon Byron – Lyrical poems:She Walks in Beauty, When We Two Parted, HebrewMelodiesLong Poems:Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Don JuanPercy Bysshe Shelley – Prometheus Unbound, The Cenci, Ode to the West Wind,Ode to a Skylark, A Defense of Poetry, The Necessity OfAtheismJohn Keats –When I have a Fear, On Melancholy, On a Grecian Urn, To Psyche,To Autumn, Ode to a Nightingale5-4 prose writers of the Romantic AgeCharles Lamb – Tales from Shakespeare, Essays of Elia, Old ChinaWilliam Hazlitt – Literary critics:The Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays, Lectures on the EnglishPoets, Lectures on the English Comic Writers, Lectureson the Dramatic Literature of the Age of Elizabeth, TheSpirit of the AgeEssays:Table Talk, The Plan Speaker, Sketches and Essays Thomas De Quincey –The Confession of an English Opium-Eater, On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth5-5 English fiction in the Romantic AgeWalter Scott –The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, Marmion, The Lady of theLake, Waverley, Rob Roy, The Heart of Midlothian,IvanhoeJane Austen –Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility, Emma, Mansfield Park,Persuasion, Northanger Abbey6 The Victorian Period6-1 Critical Realist novelists in Victorian AgeCharles Dickens – The Pickwick Paper, Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, The OldCuriosity Shop, American Notes, A Christmas Carol,Dombey and Son, David Copperfield, Bleak House, HardTimes, Little Dorrit, A Tale of Two Cities, GreatExpectations, Our Mutual FriendWilliam Makepeace Thackeray – The Book of Snobs, Vanity Fair, The Newcomes,The VirginiansCharlotte Bronte – Professor, Jane Eyre, Shirley, VilletteEmily Bronte – Wuthering HeightsAnne Bronte – Agnes Grey, The Tenant of the Wildfell HallMrs. Gaskell – Life of Charlotte Bronte, Mary BartonGeorge Eliot – Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss, Silas Marner Thomas Hardy –Under the Greenwood Tree, The Return of the Native, TheMayor of Casterbridge, Tess of D’Urbervilles, Jude theObscure, Far from the Madding Growd6-2 Victorian poetryAlfred Tennyson –In Memoriam, Idylls of the King, Break, Break, Break,Crossing the Bar, Ulysses, Poems by Two Brothers, ThePrincessRobert Browning –Men and Women, My Last Duchess, Parting at Morning,Meeting at NightMatthew Arnold –On Translating Homer, Dover Beach, Essays in Criticism,Culture and Anarchy, Literature and Dogma7 The Modern Period7-1 novelistsJohn Galsworthy – The Forsyte Saga: The Man of Property, The Indian Summerof a Forsyte (interlude), In Chancery, Awakening(interlude), To LetA Modern Comedy: The White Monkey, The Silver Spoon,Swan SongKatherine Mansfield – In a German Pension, Bliss, The Garden Party, The Dove’sNest, Something Childish, Life of Ma Parker7-2 playwrightsOscar Wilde –An Ideal Husband, The Important of Being Earnest, The Picture ofDorain Gray, A Women of No Importance, LadyWindermere’s Fan, The Happy Prince and Other T ales Bernard Shaw –Widower’s Houses, Mrs. Warren’s Profession, Man andSuperman, Major Barbara, Heartbreak House, Pygmalion John James Osborne – Look Back in AngerSamuel Beckett – Waiting for Godot7-3 poetsW. B. Yeats – Sailing to Byzantium, Leda and the Swan, The Second Coming, TheCountess Cathleen, The Land of Heart’s Desire, TheTower, Down by the Sally GardensT. S. Eliot –The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, Gerontion, The Waste Land,Hollow Man, Ash Wednesday, Four Quartets, SweeneyAmong the Nightingales, Murder in the Cathedral, TheCocktail Party, The Confidential Clerk, The Sacred Wood,Essays on Style and Order, After Strange Gods7-4 the psychological fictionsD. H. Lawrence –Sons and Lovers, The Rainbow, Women in Love, LadyChatterley’s Lover, The White Peapock, The Daughter ofthe Vicar, The Horse Dealer’s DaughterJames Joyce –Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Ulysses,Finnegans Wake, AradyVirginia Woolf – Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, The Waves, Orlando。
8.1创意方案
创意大挑战-聚敛（Convergent）
• 第一轮：筛除完全不可行的创意（3分钟） • 第二轮：对剩下的创意进行归类（5分钟） • 第三轮：投票选出最喜欢的1类创意（3分钟）
可能的 分类标准
• 最有趣的 • 最容易实现的 • 最具突破性的
• 最环保的 • 最节约成本的 • ……
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创意大挑战-创意再发展
学习反思
学了什么
有什么收获
如何行动
谢谢观看！
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M8.2 用户测试
纸飞机竞赛
1. 材料：每组2张A4纸 2. 时间：3分钟 3. 成果：制作一架纸飞机 4. 目标：飞行距离（直线）最远
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反思
• 刚才你经历了什么？观察到了什么？ • 你在活动中的有什么样的感受？ • 飞行距离意味着什么？A4纸意味着什么？3分钟意味着什么？ • 折了几架飞机？试飞了几次？在哪儿试飞？ • 通过试飞获得了什么反馈？你如何利用这些反馈？ • 为了更好地获得反馈，你还可以做什么？
• 围绕选定的创意方向进行再创意，获得更多创意 的细节（10分钟）
• 成果物：将创意整合成一个完整的解决方案（6 分钟）
成果物 （选择一种）
• 产品（硬、软件，或二者组合） • 服务 • 平台
• 系统 • 制度/流程 • ……
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课程回顾与总结
• 高质量创意需要跳出格子来思考 • 团队解决复杂问题的基本方法：发散-聚敛 • 团队解决复杂问题的基本原则：相互肯定（Yes and )
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用户测试就是向用户展示你 的产品原型，获取用户反馈 的过程。本质是向用户学习。
练习
• 载体：产品原型 • 时间：45分钟 • 地点：校内 • 方式：访谈（至少5个人） • 成果物：填写用户测试表
英语文学入门
英语文学入门摘要：一、英语文学简介1.发展历史2.主要流派二、英国文学简史1.古英语时期2.中世纪时期3.文艺复兴时期4.17 世纪时期5.18 世纪时期6.19 世纪时期7.20 世纪及以后三、美国文学简史1.殖民时期2.独立战争至19 世纪3.20 世纪及以后四、英语文学的影响与意义1.对世界文学的影响2.对英语语言的影响3.对我国英语学习者的启示正文：英语文学入门英语文学是世界上最丰富、最具影响力的文学之一。
它拥有悠久的历史，经历了多个阶段的发展，产生了许多杰出的作家和作品。
了解英语文学的发展历程和主要成就，不仅有助于提高英语水平，还能丰富我们的文化素养。
一、英语文学简介英语文学起源于古英语时期，大约公元5 世纪。
经过中世纪、文艺复兴、17 世纪、18 世纪、19 世纪等阶段的发展，形成了现代英语文学的格局。
20 世纪以后，英语文学不断创新，涌现出一批又一批优秀的作家和作品。
二、英国文学简史1.古英语时期（Old English）：这一时期的文学以史诗和诗歌为主，代表作品有《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）和《埃达》（Elder Edda）。
2.中世纪时期（Medieval）：这一时期以教会文学和骑士文学为主，著名作品有《亚瑟王传奇》（Le Morte d"Arthur）和《罗宾逊·克鲁索》（Robinson Crusoe）。
3.文艺复兴时期（Renaissance）：这一时期以人文主义文学为主，代表作家有莎士比亚、培根、斯宾塞等。
4.17 世纪时期（17th century）：这一时期以清教徒文学和骑士文学为主，代表作品有约翰·弥尔顿的《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）。
5.18 世纪时期（18th century）：这一时期以启蒙运动文学为主，代表作家有丹尼尔·笛福、乔纳森·斯威夫特、塞缪尔·约翰逊等。
6.19 世纪时期（19th century）：这一时期是英国文学的黄金时代，包括浪漫主义、现实主义和维多利亚时期。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题详解(第8单元 马克
第8单元马克•吐温8.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（生平）Mark Twain(1835-1910)is the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens.He was an American novelist and humorist.Twain grew up in Missouri,which would later provide the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer.He apprenticed with a printer.He also worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to his older brother Orion’s newspaper.After toiling as a printer in various cities,he became a master riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion.He was a failure at gold mining, so he next turned to journalism.While a reporter,he wrote a humorous story,"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,"which became very popular and brought nationwide attention.His travelogues were also well received.He achieved great success as a writer and public speaker.His wit and satire earned praise from critics and peers,and he was a friend to presidents,artists, industrialists,and European royalty.马克·吐温(1835—1910)是萨缪尔·朗赫恩·克莱门斯的笔名。
2024年中考英语新课标话题综合突破—文学、艺术与体育-(B卷)
2024年中考英语新课标话题综合突破—文学、艺术与体育(B卷)一、完形填空A(2024·安徽铜陵·一模)Named after the ancient city of Xi’an in Shaanxi Province,which served as the capital of the Tang Dynasty for over280years.The Chinese movie brings to life some of the most famous1in Chinese literary(文学) history.2July8,the movie has garnered a rating(斩获)of8.1out of ten on Douban,receiving the highest 3from the public and being one of the most popular animated(动画的)movies of the summer season.Despite Li Bai and Du Fu having been4in many movies and TV shows in past years,the movie make it shown from an unusual perspective(角度),starting with the memories of Gao Shi and his good friend Li Bai,to tell Li’s life.5Li Bai and Gao Shi,the movie features(刻画)some of the most famous poets and artists of the Tang Dynasty,including Wang Changling,Zhang Xu and Li Guinian.The film also shows the amazing scenes(场景)of the Tang Dynasty,such as the6streets of ancient Chang’an and the city of Yangzhou,7the windy and8borderlands(塞外之地)in northwestern China.9this work,director hopes we can know about these historical poets and classic works by the way of animation(动画片),and to10more foreigners to understand Chinese poets such as Li Bai. 1．A．poets B．paintings C．songs D．books2．A．Before B．After C．Since D．As3．A．pride B．price C．prize D．praise4．A．described B．talked C．explained D．told5．A．Beyond B．Besides C．Between D．Because6．A．narrow B．clean C．untidy D．dirty7．A．as well as B．as soon as C．as long as D．as good as8．A．cloudy B．rainy C．sandy D．sunny9．A．As B．For C．By D．Through10．A．ask B．attract C．let D．increase【答案】1-5A C D A B6-10B A C D B【解析】本文主要介绍了一部以唐朝为背景的动画电影。
《英美文学教案》
《英美文学教案》第一章：英国文学概述1.1 英国文学的历史背景介绍英国文学的发展历程，包括中世纪、文艺复兴、启蒙时期、维多利亚时期等主要阶段。
强调英国文学在全球文学中的重要地位和影响力。
1.2 英国文学的重要作家和作品介绍几位具有代表性的英国作家，如莎士比亚、简·奥斯汀、查尔斯·狄更斯等。
分析他们的代表作品，如《哈姆雷特》、《傲慢与偏见》、《双城记》等。
1.3 英国文学的特点和风格探讨英国文学的特点，如现实主义、浪漫主义、象征主义等。
分析英国作家的写作风格，如细腻的描写、丰富的心理描写、幽默与讽刺等。
第二章：美国文学概述2.1 美国文学的历史背景介绍美国文学的发展历程，包括殖民时期、浪漫主义时期、现实主义时期等主要阶段。
强调美国文学在全球文学中的重要地位和影响力。
2.2 美国文学的重要作家和作品介绍几位具有代表性的美国作家，如马克·吐温、欧内斯特·海明威、弗朗茨·卡夫卡等。
分析他们的代表作品，如《汤姆·索亚历险记》、《老人与海》、《美国》等。
2.3 美国文学的特点和风格探讨美国文学的特点，如多元文化、创新性、社会批判等。
分析美国作家的写作风格，如直接叙述、对话丰富、寓言与象征等。
第三章：文学作品的主题与形式3.1 文学作品的主题介绍文学作品的主题概念，包括情节、人物、背景等。
分析文学作品主题的多样性，如爱情、友情、权力、成长等。
3.2 文学作品的形式介绍文学作品的常见形式，如小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等。
探讨不同形式对文学作品表达效果的影响。
3.3 文学作品的象征与隐喻解释象征与隐喻的概念，其在文学作品中的应用。
分析象征与隐喻对文学作品深层意义的贡献。
第四章：文学作品的分析方法4.1 文本分析法介绍文本分析法的基本概念和步骤。
强调文本分析法对文学作品主题、形式、语言等方面的深入探究。
4.2 历史文化分析法介绍历史文化分析法的基本概念和步骤。
TEM8 英语专八英美文学培训资料
T E M8英语专八英美文学英国文学(English Literature)一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期 (449-1066)A. Pagan poetry(异教诗歌):Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报B. Religious poetry:Caedmon(凯德蒙 610-680): 《赞美诗》（Anthem）,大多取材余《圣经》（Bible）故事。
Cynewulf(基涅武甫 9C): 《十字架之梦》（Dream of the Rood）C. Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735)《英吉利人教会史》（Historian Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum）Alfred the Great(848-901)Father of English Prose《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》（Anglo-Saxon Chronicle）2) The Medieval Period中世纪 (1066-ca.1485 / 1500):Cavalier literature骑士文学A.Romance中世纪传奇故事 (1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 linesGeoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400): the father of English poetry; Heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)The Canterbury Tales; The Parliament of Fowls；The Book of the DuchessThe House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》William Langland(朗兰 1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》B.English ballads（15th C）Thomas Malory(1395-1471) :Morte d’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴 (1500-1660):人文主义humanism; 十四行诗Sonnets; 无韵诗Blank verse; 戏剧Drama; 斯宾塞诗体Spenserian；University Wits 大学才子派1) 诗歌a. Thomas Wyatt(怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士 1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想 - “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星》;Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc. Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poetThe Shepherd Calendar《牧人日历》；Amoretti《爱情小唱》The Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗),and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.2) 散文a. Thomas More(莫尔 1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》: More与海员的对话b. John Lyly (黎里 1553-160，散文家，剧作家&小说家)：Eupheus《尤菲绮斯》Euphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means.The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon (培根 1561-1626)：Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classicPhilosophical: New Instrument《新工具》New Atlantis《新大溪岛》Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》Professionals: Maxims of the Law《法律格言》3) 戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe: University Wits 大学才子派First made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English dramaThe Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。
专八英美文学和语言学知识总结
一．古英语时期（Old English Literature 公元499—1066 年）古英语时期（—英国文学开山之作：头韵体诗歌（《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）头韵体诗歌（alliteration））开德蒙（Caedmon）：《赞美诗》（Anthem）琴涅武甫（Cynewulf）：《十字架之梦》（Dream of the Rood）比德（Bede）：《英吉利人教会史》（Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum）阿尔弗雷德大帝（King Alfred）：《盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史》（Anglo-Saxon Chronicle），被誉为“英国散文之父”Father “英国散文之父”（of English Prose））世纪）二．中古英语时期（Medieval English Literature 公元1066 年—15 世纪）中古英语时期（头韵体诗歌：《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight）英国名谣：《罗宾汉名谣集》（The Robin Hood Ballads）威廉·兰格伦（William Langland）：《农夫皮尔斯的幻想》（The Vision Concerning piers the Plowman）杰弗里·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）：英国中世纪最伟大的诗人诗人，享有“英国诗歌之父英国诗歌之父”的美誉（Father of English Poetry）。
诗人英国诗歌之父（）代表作：八音节（octosyllabic）英雄双韵体（heroic couplet）诗歌八音节（（The 八音节）英雄双韵体（）诗歌《坎特布雷故事集》Canterbury Tales）。
托马斯·马洛礼（Sir Thomas Malory）：英国15 世纪优秀的散文家，代表作为《亚瑟王之死》散文家（Le Morte d’Arthur）散文世纪末—世纪）三．文艺复兴时期（Renaissance 15 世纪末—17 世纪）文艺复兴时期（托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More）：伟大的人文主义者人文主义者，代表作：《乌托邦》（Utopia）《国王爱德华五世悲戚的一生》，（The 人文主义者painful Life of Edward Ⅴ）. 托马斯·魏厄特（Thomas Wyatt）和亨利·霍华德（Henry Howard）的十四行诗（Sonnet）。
英专八级人文重要考点总结——英美文学
. 英语专业八级人文知识——英国文学Part one Old and Medieval English Literature1. Old English P oetry and “Beowulf ”(贝奥武浦)• “Beowulf ” → the national epic of the Anglo-Saxon and English people →Alliteration( 头韵）national epic: 国家史诗（赞颂一个国家的丰功伟绩 ）2.Middle English Literature and the Canterbury T ales①The R omance ( describing the life and adventures of a noble hero) 浪漫传奇• King Arthur and His Knights o f the R ound T able 《亚瑟王与他的圆桌骑士》②Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟→ the “_ father of English poetry__________________”,→“The Canterbury T ales ” is Chaucer’s masterpiece (stories narrated by Pilgrims 朝圣者)→ he introduced rhymed couplet to English poetry , instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.• (Couplet: A stanza of two lines, usually rhyming. ) couplet: 对句，对联 stanza:诗的一节Renaissance (1485—1660) 文艺复兴→ The Background: the society was in its transition from the feudalism to capitalism.→ Revival or rebirth of classical arts, culture and philosophy after the dark ag e s of medieval → The key word for it is _ humanism _, emphasized secular concerns , express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.→ Shakespeare, Spenser , and Marlowe are all famous literary figures in this periodThomas More (1478-1535)Utopia (socialism ) The definition of Utopia is "no place." Edmund Spenser(1552-1599) “A poet’s poet” The Faerie Queen 《仙后》Francis Bacon 培根 (1561-1626)1 “Adv an cemen t o f Learning ” 学术的推进:2 “New Instrument ” :新工具 the inductive method of reasoning3. “New Atlantics ” : an ideal society 新大西岛4. “Essays ” / 58 essays 论说文集A wide variety of subjects: love, truth, friendship, beauty, studies, riches…His style: clearness, brevity, force of expression☆ his essays is an important landmark in the development of English pr oseChristopher Marlowe (1564-1593)1.University wits, the greatest pioneer of English d rama2. blank verse V erse consisting of unrhymed lines, usually of iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格). 无韵诗，素体诗3. Doctor Faustus 《浮士德》William Shakespeare：the greatest English poet and dramatist①154sonnets（十四行诗）（商籁体）,②37plays,including14comedies,12tragedies,and11historical plays,③2long poems.☆But for such a great writer,we have very little definite knowledge about his life. Shakespeare’s T ragedies(1)Hamlet(2)Othello(3)King Lear(4)Macbeth Shakespeare’s Comedies(1)The Merchant o f V enice(2)A Mi d summer Night's Dream(3)As Y ou Like It《皆大欢喜》(4)T welfth nightThe Merchant of Venice to praise the friendship be tw e en Antonio and Bassanio,to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty,wit and loyalty,to expose the insatiable greed and brutality (Shylock)Hamlet hesitate betw een fact and fiction,language and action→T o be,or not to be-to live on in this world or to die;to suffer or to tak e action Soliloquy or monologue-fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters（独白）Poetry1.Narrative poetry①the epic②the r omance③popular ballads2.Lyric poetry①the elegy:a lyric poem lamenting the death of an individual.挽歌②the ode:a lyric poem of considerable length to sing in honor a person or a thing.It is seriousin subject and formal in style.颂歌3.Dramatic poetry:dialogue in the d ramaSonnetA14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes.Rhyme:abab cdcd efef gg☆3quatrains(3four-line stanza)+1couplet(2lines)quatrains:四行诗The period of the English Bourgeois Revolution→Historical background:two revolutions:puritan revolution and glorious revolutionthe transition from the absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy→1.two literary schools of poets①the school of Metaphysical玄学②the school of Cavaliers.骑士2.the most important poet:John Milton Metaphysical Poetry（玄学派诗歌)It is the poetry of John Donne and other seventeenth-century poe ts who wrote in a similar style.dislike traditional poem Scholar,Highly abstract or theoretical;John Milton约翰·弥尔顿the last great poemsParadise Lost失乐园Paradise Regained复乐园Samson Agonistes力士参孙.→The two most essential things:Puritanism and his republicanism.Paradise Lost→the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf.→the main idea of the poem is a revolt against God’s authority→Satan is the real her o of the poem.Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.John Bunyan(1628-1688)班扬Puritan author His best known work,The Pilgrim‘s Progress天路历程a religious allegory（宗教预言）18世纪英国文学Cultural Background1.Enlightenment Movemen t启蒙运动⑴A progressive intellectual movement⑵E nlighteners considered“Enlightenment”or“education”of the people to be their chief objective.⑶They believed in the power of reason(the age of reason)⑷two groups:①the moderate(Pope,Defoe,Addison)（温和派）→support the principles of the existing social order②the radical(Swift,Fielding,Sheridan)（激进派）→crisis→Sentimentalism（感伤主义）18世纪英国文学Complex:An age of pr ose(Addison’s essay\Swift’s satire\Fielding’s novel)1.Neo-classicism新古典A revival interest in old classic works,order,logic→(P ope\Addison\S teel:model themselves after Greek and Latin authors)2.Sentimentalism(Gray\Goldsmith\Richardson\Sterne:discontent with the social reality “Heart”)3.The beginning of modern novel→Major novelists:Defoe\Swift\Fielding\Richardson,4.Pre-romanticism in English poetry5.English Drama(Sheridan:the school for Scandal) Neo-classicism新古典A revival interest in old classic works,order,logic→(model themselves after Greek andLatin authors)1.Alexander P ope蒲伯:Heroic couplet英雄双韵体2.Joseph Addison艾迪生Sir Richard Steele斯梯尔:The Spectator旁观者3.Samuel Johnson:DictionaryAlexander P ope蒲柏Neo-classicism新古典Heroic couplet英雄双韵体Lines of ia mbic pentameter rhyme in pairs；P ope carried this to its last stage of perfection；An Essay on CriticismSentimentalism格列 n i discontent with the social realityThomas Gray 格雷 (poem) Laurence Sterne (novel)Thomas Gray (1716 -1771)Sentimentalism The graveyard school 墓园派Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》The beginning of modern novelSmollett: First important sea novelist Laurence Sterne 斯泰恩 : SentimentalismSamuel Richardson 理查生: Pamela, or Virtue R ewarded 《帕美拉》Clarissa Harlowe, or Virtue T riumphant 《克拉丽莎》1.Daniel Defoe 迪福 : R obinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记R obinson is the very prototype of the empire builder , the pioneer colonist.2.Jonathan Swift 斯威夫特 ： a master satirist Gulliver‘s Travels 佛游记3.Henry Fielding ：Father of English novel 、The founder of English realistic novel T om Jones 汤姆· 琼斯Romanticism in Britain The New Literary T rend (1798---1832)1.Dissatisfaction with the society (1) A revolt against it (2) An escape from it2. An introspection into one ’s inner world ( attention on spiritual and emotional life)3. The passions of man and the beauties of nature4. A period of poetical revival(1) The Romantic period is an age of poetry . (Blake , Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley , Keats)(2) The Romantic period is a great age of prose. Coleridge , Hazlitt, Lamb (3) This period is also a great age of novels.Walter ScottScott ’s historical novels combine a romantic atmospher e with a realistic depiction of historical b ack ground and common people ’s life. Scott mark ed the transition from romanticism to the period realism.William Blake 布莱克 Symbolism: 象征主义1.The earliest poems: Poetical sk etches 素描诗集2.Songs o f Innocence 天真之歌3.Songs o f experience 经验之歌_4.famous poem: The tiger\London\The Chimney SweeperRobert Burns (1759-1796)1.Written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjectsP oems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect 苏格兰方言诗集2. Songs of love and friendship —a new spirit of romanticism“A Red, Red Rose ”一朵红红的玫瑰3 The rural theme / Beauties of nature“My Heart’s the Highlands ”我的心呀在高原1.Samuel T aylor Coleridge(1772-1834)柯勒律治P oetic and critic “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” 1798 《古舟子咏》“Kubla Khan” 1816 《忽必烈汗》•W ordsworth and Coleridge 's Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》William Wordsworth 威廉· 华兹华斯“Lucy ”---《露西组诗》(She Dwelt Among the Untr odden Ways ） ☆harmony be tw ee n humanity and nature2. “The Solitary Reaper ”---《孤寂的刈麦人》 ☆pathetic pictures of the labouring people3. “I wondered lonely as a cloud ”—《我孤独如云》☆ deep love for natureGeorge Gordon“Childe Harold ’s Pilgrimage ” 1812《恰罗德· 哈罗德游记》“Don Juan ” 1812-1823 masterpiece 《唐· 璜》 a great comic epic of the early 19th century . The “ Byronic hero ” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin• 名诗：She W alks in Beauty The Isles o f GreecePercy Bysshe Shelly 雪莱 (1792-1822)1. “Queen Mab ”:麦布女王 His first long poem expresses almost all his major political ideas.2. “Prometheus Unbound ”:《解放了的普罗米修斯 》His masterpiece; a lyrical drama.3. Lyrics on nature and love: e.g. “Ode to the West Wind”; “To a Skylark”《西风/云雀颂 》 ☆“If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”John Keats(1795-1821) Not noble Died of TB Died at 25Ode on MelancholyOde on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂It reveals the contrast between the permanence o f art and the transience o f human passion. Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂It reveals the contrast between the happy world o f natural loveliness and human world o f agonyOde to Psyche Ode to Autumn 秋颂The Development of Victorian Literature→ Victorian Literature, as a pr oduct of its age, naturally had its quality of magnitude and diversity .It was many-sided and complex, and reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in people ’s life and thought.→the great period of the novel in Britain Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common peopleThe Genres of Victorian Literature1)The novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought.Charles Dickens,William Makepeace Thackeray,Charlotte Bronte,Emily Bronte,Elizabeth Gaskell,George EliotRobert Browning勃朗宁(1812-1889)the most original poet,who improve and matur e the dramatic monologue戏剧独白Wrote an admiring letter to Elizabeth Barret(an invalid,a poet,six years elder)→famous r omance→secretely wedded,eloped to Italy in1846→Sonnets From the P ortuguese(love poems to her husband)葡萄牙十四行诗The ring and book(poetic drama)My last Duchess(dramatic monologue)→A poem in which a single character,addressing a silent listener,explains his actions at an important moment or crisis in his lifeHome Thoughts From AbroadAlfred T ennyson(1809-1892)P oet Laureate A real artistinvents dramatic monologueJane Austen简·奥斯丁1775-18171.Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺2.Sense and Sensibility理智与情感3.Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见4.Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德庄园5.Emma爱玛6.P ersuasion劝导Austen’s writing style1.The founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middle-class people.2.Vivid pictures of everyday life of simple country society,the small world she lived in3.Delicate description of the daily talks and doings of y oung people4.Quiet irony and analysis of characterCharles Dickens(1812-1870)→one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age→famous for his forceful social criticism→urb an poor(Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people)→Character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his works→A mingling of humor and p ath os悲伤The P osth umou s Papers o f the Pickwick Club匹克威克外传Oliver T wist奥利弗·退斯特/雾都孤儿American Notes美国札记The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店Dombey and Son董贝父子David Copperfield大卫·科波菲尔Hard Times艰难时世A T ale o f T wo Cities双城记Great Expectation远大前程”·Thackeray (1811-63)萨克雷 Representative of critical realism→different from Dickens, Less interested in direct social criticism→ Showing people ’s vanity and their deluded efforts to achieve wealth and social statusThe book o f Snobs (1846-47)势利者集 V anity Fair (1847-48)名利场P endennis (1848)潘登尼斯 Henry Esmond (1852)亨利爱德芒德The Newcomes (1853)纽卡姆一家 The Virginians (1857)弗吉尼亚人V anity Fair 名利场★V anity Fair is Thackeray ’s masterpiece.★ The term "vanity fair" originates from the allegorical story The Pilgrim's Progress, by John Bunyan.★ The sub-title of the book, “A Novel Without a Hero (the characters are all flawed to a greater or lesser degree )★ The novel satirizes society in early 19th-century England (characterised by hypocrisy and opportunism).George Eliot (1819-1880)insightful psychological novels （心理小说 ）Writing about life in small rural towns,《亚当· 比德》 Adam Bede (1859) 《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》 The Mill on the Floss (1860)《织工马南》 Silas Marner (1861) 《米德尔玛契》Middlemarch (1871-1872) ----a portrait of life in a provincial town, is considered her masterpiece.As a woman of exceptional (特有的)intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of womenThe Bronte SistersCharlotte Bronte (1816-1855) Jane Eyre Shirley ProfessorEmily Bronte 爱米丽 · 勃郎特 1818-1848 Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄 （Heathcliff ） Anne Bronte 安妮· 勃郎特 Agnes Grey 艾格尼斯格雷简· 爱 Jane Eyre (1847) Jane Eyre Mr. Rochester★ The center theme : women should have equal rights with man. （The position of woman in society ）★ The problem of the bourgeois system of education;★ The problem of orphan;Thomas HardyUnder the Greenwood T ree(1872) 绿茵下 Far fr om the Madding Crowd(1874) 远离尘嚣 The Return o f the Native(1878) 还乡 The Mayor o f Casterbridge(1886) 卡斯特桥市长 T ess of the D ’Urbervilles(1891) 德伯家的苔丝Jude the Obscure(1896) 无名的裘德His principal works are the Wessex novelsi.e.novels describing the characters and environment of his native countryside.He truthfully depicts the impoverishment and decay of small farmers威塞克斯小说His pessimistic philosophy seems to show that mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile and mysterious fate,which brings misfortune to human life.English literature at the turn of the century→The turn of the century→Oscar Wilde(1854-1900),John Galsworthy George Bernard Shaw(1856-1950)Oscar Wilde(1854-1900),→Irish poet and dramatist→The literary school of decadence→apostle of Aestheticism “art for art’s sake”.→The Picture o f Dorian Gray(1891)道林·格雷的画像剧作→his comic masterpieces The Importance o f Being Earnest(1895)埃耐斯特的重要性. Lady Windermere's Fan(1892)温德米尔夫人的扇子An ideal Husband理想丈夫童话→"The Happy Prince."(his fairy tales especially)快乐王子John Galsworthy(1867-1933高尔斯华绥①The first trilogy“The Forsyte Saga”福尔塞世家:The Man o f Property(1906)有产业的人（It was a landmark in the development of Galsworthy’s art.It established his place in literature as a representative of bourgeois realism in the20th century English novel.）In Chancery(1920)骑虎难下T o let(1921)出租;②The second trilogy,“A Modern Comedy”:现代喜剧The White Monkey(1924)白猿The Silver Spoon(1926)银匙Swan Song(1928)天鹅曲Bernard ShawShaw was an essay-writer，language scholar and critic，but is best-remembered as a playwright.pr oblem plays.Widowers’Houses鳏夫的房产Mrs.W arren’s Profession华伦夫人的职业The Devil’s Disciple魔鬼的门徒Man and Superman人与超人Major Barbara巴巴拉少校Heartbroken House伤心之家The Apple Cart苹果车H.G.Wells（1866-1946）威尔斯•Wells is celebrated as a popularizer of science，but his best novels explore serious social and cultural themes，•科幻小说：The Time Machine时间机器E.M.Forster福斯特（1879-1970）A P assage to India印度之行Howards End霍华德庄园The Longest Journey最漫长的旅程The Room With A View可以远眺的房间Wher e Angels Fear to T read天使们忘而却步的地方,William Somerset Maugham (1874-1965)毛姆1915—Of Hu man Bandage 人性 枷锁 1919 — The Moon and Sixpence 月亮 与六 便士 1930—Cakes and Ale 寻欢作乐 1944—The Razor ’s Edge 刀锋 1951—short storiesArnold Bennett ， 1867-1931Naturalism Old Wives' T ale 《老妇谭》Joseph Conrad 康拉德 (1857-1924)☆by birth a P ole ☆ His experience as a sailor made the sea his favorite theme.☆ Conrad's narratives may resemble adventure stories in incident and setting ， but his real concern is with issues of character and morality .Heart o f Darkness 黑暗的心灵 Lord Jim 吉姆老爷An Outcast o f progress 文明的前哨 The Chance 机缘The Nostromo 诺斯特罗莫 The secret Age n t 间谍“The Nigger o f the Narcissus ”(1899) is a magnificent and symbolic story of a ship in a storm. 水 仙号上的黑鬼Modernism(1)A reaction against realism(2)Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.(3)The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships b e tw e en man and nature,man and society, man and man, and man and himself .(4) The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public, more on the subjective th an on the objective.They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. In their writings, th e past, the present and the future are mingled toge ther and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.James Joyce (1882-1941)乔伊斯 Irish novelistSecond only to Shak espeare in his mastery of the English language• definitely established “ stream of consciousness ” as a valid way of writing fiction.• 1914—Dubliners 短篇小说集（都柏林人）short stories about the hard life of poor peoplein Dublin• 1916– A Portrait of the Artist as a Y oung Man 青年艺术家的画像, a novel which islargely autobiographical, about a boy growing up in Dublin.• 1922– Ulysses 尤利西斯, a novel about three main characters in Dublin, told entirelythr oug h “stream of consciousness ”• 1939— Finnegan ’s Wake 芬尼根的觉醒, a long , extremely difficult book, written inmany languages, with many layers of symbolism, full of puns, linguistic gymnastics anddeep complicated philosophy• ☆stream-of -consciousness, or interior -monologue: a literary device that renders all theth ough ts ， feelings and sensations of a character with scrupulous psychological realism.• ☆ epiphany Joyce employ ed symbols to create what he called an “epiphany ，” the; revelation of an emotional or personal truthVirginia Woolf (1882-1941) Novelist and critic Leader of the “Bloomsbury Group ” 1922 — J acob ’ s R oom 1925 Mrs. Dalloway 达洛威夫人 1927 – T o the Lighthouse 到灯塔去1929—A R oom of O ne ’s Own 1931—The W aves 浪 1937—The Y ears 1939—Between the Acts 幕间散文集D wrence(1885-1930) 劳伦斯 O ne of the most original and controversial writers of the early 20th century• 1910---- The white P eacock 白孔雀 1913—Sons and Lovers 儿子与情人 • 1915—The Rainbow 虹 1921—Women In Love 恋爱中的妇女 •1923—Kangaroo 1926—The Plumed Serpent •1928—Lady Chatterly ’s Lover 查泰莱夫人的情人P oem of 20th centuryWilliam Butler Y eats 叶芝Irish writer who is considered among the greatest poe ts of the 20th century .• The Winding Stair 盘旋的楼梯T.S.Eliot 艾略特 诗集：Prufrock and Other Observation 普鲁夫洛克及其他The W aste Land 荒原•William Golding (1911-1993)戈尔丁Winner of the 1983 Nobel Prize Novelist, essayist, poetThe Lord of the Flies （1954） The Inheritors 继承人T ed Hughs 特德· 休斯 1930-The Hawk in the Rain 雨中鹰 （poem ）Richard Lessing 多丽丝· 莱辛 1919-The Four -gated City 四门城 The Golden Notebook 金色笔记蒸英语专业八级人文知识——美国文学Introduction to American literature1.The Colonial P eriod2.The Romantic P eriod (the first half of 19th century)3.The Age of Realism and Naturalism4.The P eriod ar ound WWIChapter One The Colonial PeriodI. The Colonial P eriod (the early 17th and 18th century)1. Puritanism: idealism and opportunism2. Benjamin Franklin 本杰明· 富兰克林 :→ “The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin”自传→ Poor Richard ’ s Almanac 穷查理历书 (containing witty maxims for achieving wealth as a result of hard work and thrift)3.Philip Freneau (poem)菲利普· 弗伦诺 The Rising Glory of America 蒸日上的美洲American PuritanismPuritans → The early settlers☆ founding fathers of the America nation☆T o purify the rituals and lessen the authority of bishops → escaped to the new world, create a new paradise→ advocate highly religious and moral principles.→ American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.Chapter Two American Romanticism and New England LiteratureRepresentative figures of the time:Pre-romanticism: W ashington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper 库珀Post-romanticism:Novelists: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman MelvilleP oets: Henry W adesworth Longfellow, Edgar Allan P oe, Walt Whitman Emily DickinsonEssayists: Ralph W aldo Emerson, Henry David ThoreauAmerican RomanticismThe romantic period stretches from the end of the eighteenth century thr oug h the outbreak of the Civil W ar (1790-1865).1. Background(1) Political b ack ground and economic developmentT erritorial Expansion Industrial Growth The Civil WarThe “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism. →optimism and hope among the people There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider.(2)foreign influence–Romantic movement in European countriesAmerican Romanticism☆Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.☆For romantics,the feelings,intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense.☆They stressed th e close relationship be tw ee n man and nature;☆They emphasized individualism and affirmed the inner life of the self.Washington Irving(1783-1859)华盛顿·欧文早期浪漫主义小说家A History of New Y ork纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记→①The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说---使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家→②Rip V an WinkleJames Fenimore Cooper1789-1851詹姆斯•费尼莫尔•库珀早期浪漫主义小说家“Leatherstocking T ales”皮裹腿故事集→a series of five novels,that is☆the Pioneers拓荒者(I823)☆the Last o f the Mohicans(1826)最后的莫希干人☆The Prairie(1827)大草原☆The Pathfinder(1840)探路者☆The Deerslayer(1841)杀鹿者→adventure into the wilderness of the West2.The summit of Romanticism---New England T ranscendentalism超验主义1.Emerson/“Nature”2.Henry David Thoreau/“Walden”3.Whitman/“Leaves of Grass”4.Hawthorn/“The Scarlet Letter”5.Herman Meville\“Moby Dick”Post-romanticism(New England T ranscendentalism)• 1.Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)爱默生•→The leading New England T ranscendentalist•→“Nature”论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者• 2.Henry David Thoreau(1817-1862)•→T ranscendentalist\Emerson’s friend→W alden《瓦尔登湖》The major features of T ranscendentalism1.The T ranscendentalists placed emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul,as the most importantthing in the universe.2.The T ranscendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.T o them the individualwas the most important element of society.3.The T ranscendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit orGod.Nature was,to them,not purely matter.It was alive,filled with God’s overwhelming presence.·The Development of T ranscendentalism• ☆ Nature (in 1836) by Ralph W aldo Emerson• Nature ’s voice pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of NewEngland T ranscendentalism, the summit of American Romanticism.• T ranscendentalist Club• ☆ T ranscendentalism was indebted to the dual heritage of American Puritanism, thereligious idealism of their Puritan past.T ranscendentalists ’ emphasis on the individualwas directly traceable to the Puritan principle of self -culture and self -improvement. Thusthere is good reason to state that New England T ranscendentalism was Romanticism onthe Puritan soil.• ☆ New England T ranscendentalism was important to American literature. It inspired awhole new generation of famous authors such as Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, Whitman and Dickinson.Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)☆ Novels:Scarlet Letter 《红字》 Hester Prynne; The House of Seven Gables 《七个尖角 阁的房子》;• The Blithedale R omance 《福谷传奇》; The Marble Faun 《大理石神像》☆Short story collections:• T wice-T old T ales 《故事新编》Moses from an Old Manse 《古屋青苔》Herman Melville 赫尔曼· 梅尔维尔 1819-1891• Moby Dick/The White Whale 莫比· 迪克/白鲸Edgar Allan P oe 埃德加· 爱伦· 坡 1809-1849→The first professional writer in AmericaThe first writer of detective story in the world• -----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头• The Fall o f the House o f Usher 厄舍古屋的倒塌(novel);• → The Raven 乌鸦(poem) T amerlane and Other P oems 帖木儿和其他诗;• T o Hellen 致海伦（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）Walt Whitman(1819-1892)沃尔特· 惠特曼 •••••O ne of the great innovators in American P oetry Free verse Growing up in a working-class back ground, having little education Leaves o f Grass 草叶集 → Song o f Myself ”自 我 之 歌 reveals a world of equality , without rank and hierarchy .poets •①Emily Dickinson(1830-1886) • The P oems o f Emily Dickinson 埃米莉 迪金森诗集(love, death,nature,friendship, andimmortality)·”• ② Henry W adsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃兹沃思朗费罗 1807-1882 →A Psalm of Life 生命礼赞（short poem ）→ The Song of Hiawatha 海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗•③; William Cullen Bryant 1794-1878 柯伦· 布莱恩特 •→ T o a Waterfowl 致水鸟-----英语中最完美的短诗Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽特· 比彻· 斯托 1811-1896• Uncle T om ’s Cabin 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》 ☆“一个女人和一本书引发的战争 ”—南北战争Chapter 3 The Age of Realism and Naturalism• The three strong advocates of 19th century American realismWilliam Dean Howells (critic)豪威尔斯 Henry James 威廉· 詹姆斯 Mark Twain 马克· 吐温Henry James 1842-1910→ James ’novel ’s “international situation” are set against a b ack gr ound be tw een America and Europe→James contribution to literary criticism is immense.• T o him, “art without life is a poor affair ”. “the aim of the novel is to represent life ”.→ His realism was called as Psychological realism .• He was esp. an observer of the mind rather than a recorder of the times.• The American Daisy Miller The Portrait o f a Lady 贵妇人画像• The Wings o f the Dove 鸽翼 The Ambassadors 大使Mark Twain 马克· 吐温1. “The Adventures o f Tom Sawyer 汤姆· 索耶历险记2. “The Adventures o f Huckleberry Finn ”----his masterpiece/ 哈克贝利· 费恩历险记“The Gilded Age ” 镀金时代3. F amous for his localism, colloquial style, humor and bitter attacksAmerican Naturalism : pessimistic realism1. Naturalism cam e from France.2. Reasons: civil war , social upheavals ☆Darwin ’s theory of evolution : the survival of the fittest→ Men were conditioned\ d omi nat ed by social and economic forces, by heredity and environment.3. Features of naturalist writing:A. naturalist writers turned literary creation into a mechanical record of society, in a way of attempting to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness. They never made comments on the characters and their behaviors.B. The characters were o ften figures of low social and economic classesC.They stressed men had no free will,their lives were controlled by heredity and environment.4.American Naturalist writers:S tephen Crane,Frank Norris,Jack London,Henry Adams,Theodore Dreiser.Stephen Crane(1871-1900)斯蒂芬·克莱恩•Maggie:A Girl o f the S treets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）•The R ed Badge o f Courage红色英勇勋章•The Black Riders(his first book of poems)Theodore Dreiser(1871-1945)德莱塞•Sister Carrie1900☆A feather in wind,she is totally at the mercy of forces she cannot comprehend and control.She does not seem to possess what may be called a moral fibre in her.•Jennie Gerhardt1911T rilogy of Desire欲望三部曲Financer金融家1912,The Titan巨人1914,The Stoic斯多葛1915•An American T ragedy美国的悲剧1925（被称为美国最伟大的小说）Frank Norris(1870-1902)弗兰克·诺里斯The Octopus1901章鱼Jack London(1876-1916)杰克·伦敦Martin Eden马丁·伊登（masterwork）The Call o f the Wild野性的呼唤The Sea-W olf海狼White Fang白獠牙O Henry(1862---1910)欧·享利☆famous for short stories1“The Gift o f Magi”2“The Cop and the Anthem”3.F amous for his fascinating plot,h umor ous touch,interesting puns,localism,and unexpected endings.Chapter Four The Period around WWIAmerican literature in the1920s and1930s1.P oets:T.S.Eliot:“the W aste Land”R obert Frost2.Novelists:Fitzgerald/“the Great Gatsby”Hemingway/“A Farewell to Arms”Faulkner/ wrote about the SouthThe Lost Generation迷惘的一代→a disillusionment about the value of war→disgusted by th e new frivolous,greedy way of life in AmericaWhen the First World W ar brok e out,many idealistic y oung Americans volunteered to tak e part in the war and test their own bravery.They discovered that modern warfare was not。
专八必背人文知识
1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学; 在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学5. acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是Initialism。
6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. 换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。
外国文学史(8.1.7)--19世纪美国现实主义文学(3)
欧 · 亨利创作的题材类型
►一类以描写美国西部生活为主；一类写的是 美国一些大城市的生活；一类则以拉丁美洲 生活为对象。这些不同的题材，显然与作者 一生中几个主要生活时期的不同经历，有着 密切的关系。而三类作品当中，无疑又以描 写城市生活的作品数量最多，意义最大。
麦 琪 的 礼 物
欧 · 亨利的创作
作者生平
► 欧 · 亨利（ 1862.9.11-1910.6. 5）
► 美国最著名的短篇小说家之一 欧 · 亨利（ O.Henry ）出生于美 国北卡罗来纳州一个小镇。曾被 评论界誉为曼哈顿桂冠散文作家 和美国现代短篇小说之父。他出 身于美国北卡罗来纳州格林斯波 罗镇一个医师家庭。欧 · 亨利的 一生富于传奇性，当过药房学徒 、新闻记者、银行出纳员又曾为 避免麻烦流亡洪都拉斯。后因回 家探视病危的妻子被捕入狱，并 在监狱医务室任药剂师而开始认 真写作。 1901 年提前获释后， 迁居纽约，专门从事写作。
欧 · 亨利创作的艺术特色
1 、善于捕捉生活中典型性戏剧场面
► 欧 · 亨利是一个极其善于捕捉生活中令人啼笑皆非却富有哲理的典型性 戏剧场面的作者 . 在《心理分析与摩天大楼》中 , 女主角戴西受到两人 爱慕 , 一次她与哲人达布斯特一起上了摩天大楼的屋顶观景 , 哲人在屋 顶上与她谈了很多百科全书上看得的知识 , 诸如太阳到地球的距离 , 星 体间的规律运动等等 这些知识在读者看来是再普通不过的道理 , 可戴西 竟认为这是骇人听闻 , 是哲人臆造的骗局 , 最终戴西选择了一无是处的 小商贩 , 作者用辛辣的笔触无情地鞭挞了时人的愚昧无知 .
最出色小说创作
►《爱的牺牲》 (A Service of Love) 、《警察 与赞美诗》 (The Cop and the Anthem) 、 《带家具出租的房间》 (The Furnished Roo m) 、《麦琪的礼物》 (The Gift of the Magi) 、《最后一片藤叶》（ The Last Leaf ） 它 们都可以列入世界优秀短篇小说中。
8.5英语文学学习
Other Types of Scales • Instance-of • A: Do you have any juice? • B: I have grape, orange and tomato. Infer that B does not have any apple, lemon.. • Alternate values (not necessarily ordered) • A: Did you get Paul Newman's autograph? • B: I got Joanne Woodward's. B didn’t get Newman’s autograph
Introduction • Pragmatics • Implicature = anything that is inferred from an utterance but that is not a condition for the truth of the utterance. (Gazdar, 1979) • Presupposition = anything that is presupposed to be true given an utterance
Grice Principles • Quantity maxim • the communication must be adequately but not overly informative • Quality maxim • the speaker does not believe it to be false and has adequate evidence for his statement • Maxim of relation or relevance • the communication must be relevant • Maxim of manner • the communication must be clear, unambiguous, brief, and orderly
英语文学入门
英语文学入门【原创实用版】目录1.英语文学的定义与重要性2.英语文学的发展历程3.英语文学的主要流派4.英语文学的代表作家和作品5.学习英语文学的方法与建议正文一、英语文学的定义与重要性英语文学是指用英语创作的文学作品，包括诗歌、戏剧、小说等。
英语文学在世界文学史上具有举足轻重的地位，它不仅丰富了世界文学的宝库，而且对世界各国的文化和文学产生了深远的影响。
学习英语文学有助于了解英语国家的文化传统，提高英语水平，拓宽国际视野。
二、英语文学的发展历程英语文学的发展可以追溯到古英语时期，这一时期的文学作品主要有《贝奥武甫》等。
中世纪时期，英语文学受到法国和意大利等国的影响，出现了大量的骑士文学和宗教文学。
文艺复兴时期，英语文学迎来了黄金时期，莎士比亚、斯宾塞等文学巨匠的作品相继问世。
17 世纪至 18 世纪，英国资产阶级革命促使文学创作主题转向现实主义，涌现出了丹尼尔·笛福、简·奥斯汀等著名作家。
19 世纪，英国工业革命使文学呈现出多样化的风格，浪漫主义、现实主义和维多利亚文学相继崛起。
20 世纪，英语文学继续发展，美国文学逐渐崛起，弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、威廉·福克纳等作家的作品受到了广泛关注。
三、英语文学的主要流派英语文学史上涌现出了许多不同的文学流派，如浪漫主义、现实主义、维多利亚文学、现代主义、后现代主义等。
这些流派各具特色，反映了不同历史时期的社会风貌和人们的审美观念。
四、英语文学的代表作家和作品英语文学有许多脍炙人口的代表作家和作品。
如莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》、斯宾塞的《仙后》、丹尼尔·笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》、简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》、弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的《一间自己的屋子》等。
五、学习英语文学的方法与建议学习英语文学需要长期的积累和实践。
首先，要提高英语水平，熟练掌握英语语法和词汇。
其次，要广泛阅读英语文学作品，了解不同流派的特点，熟悉著名作家的创作风格。
英语文学入门
英语文学入门一、了解英语文学的历史背景英语文学历史悠久，从古至今经历了多个发展阶段。
在学习英语文学的过程中，首先要了解各个时期的文学发展状况及其背景，如中世纪的骑士文学、文艺复兴时期的人文主义文学以及现代文学等。
这些背景知识的了解将有助于理解作品的深层含义。
二、学习不同文学流派的特点英语文学发展过程中产生了许多流派，如浪漫主义、现实主义、自然主义等。
每个流派都有其独特的风格和特点，通过对不同流派的学习，可以更好地理解各种文学作品的表现形式和思想内涵。
三、掌握重要文学作品的分析方法在英语文学中，有许多重要的作品值得深入研究和理解。
掌握作品分析的方法是学习英语文学的关键。
通过对作品的主题、人物、语言、结构等方面进行分析，可以更全面地理解作品的艺术价值和社会意义。
四、培养阅读和写作技巧学习英语文学需要具备良好的阅读和写作技巧。
通过阅读经典文学作品，可以培养语感、提高阅读理解能力；通过写作练习，可以锻炼语言表达能力和批判性思维。
这些技巧在日后的学习和工作中都将发挥重要作用。
五、了解著名英语文学作家及其作品英语文学史上涌现出了许多杰出的作家，如莎士比亚、简·奥斯汀、托尔斯泰等。
了解这些作家的生平和作品，可以更好地理解他们的创作思想和艺术风格，为进一步学习英语文学打下基础。
六、学习诗歌、小说、戏剧等不同文学形式的特征英语文学中包括诗歌、小说、戏剧等多种形式。
每种形式都有其独特的表达方式和艺术特点。
通过学习这些特点，可以更好地欣赏不同形式的文学作品，并理解它们在表现主题和塑造人物方面的作用。
七、提升文学批评和评价的能力学习英语文学不仅仅是欣赏作品，还需要具备一定的文学批评和评价能力。
通过对作品的深入分析，可以发现其优点和不足之处，并给出自己的评价。
这种能力可以帮助我们更好地理解和评价文学作品，为今后的学术研究和文学创作打下基础。
八、探索跨文化文学交流的意义英语文学作为世界文学的重要组成部分，与其他文化背景的文学作品有着千丝万缕的联系。
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What is Pragmatics
• None of this explains the meaning in the context of the football game. This is very complex, but perhaps includes at least the following elements: • My team-mate Байду номын сангаасas seen another player's movement, and thinks that I have either not seen it, or have not responded to it appropriately. • My team-mate wants me to know that I am likely to be tackled or impeded in some way.
What is Pragmatics
• “Pragmatics is all about the meanings between the lexis and the grammar and the phonology...Meanings are implied and the rules being followed are unspoken, unwritten ones.” George Keith
What is Pragmatics
• And it can also explain structural meaning, and account for the way this phrase works in longer sequences such as the “first man on the moon”, “a man on the run” or “the man on top of the Clapham omnibus”.
What is Pragmatics
• “Pragmatics is a way of investigating how sense can be made of certain texts even when, from a semantic viewpoint, the text seems to be either incomplete or to have a different meaning to what is really intended. Consider a sign seen in a children's wear shop window: “Baby Sale - lots of bargains”. We know without asking that there are no babies are for sale - that what is for sale are items used for babies. Pragmatics allows us to investigate how this “meaning beyond the words” can be understood without ambiguity. The extra meaning is there, not because of the semantic aspects of the words themselves, but because we share certain contextual knowledge with the writer or speaker of the text.
What is Pragmatics
• My team-mate wants me to respond appropriately, as by shielding the ball, passing it to an unmarked player, laying it off for another team-mate and so on. • My team-mate has an immediate concern for me, but this is really subordinated to a more far-sighted desire for me, as a player on his team, to protect the ball or retain possession, as this will make our team more likely to gain an advantage.
What is Pragmatics
• For example, it can elicit different lexical meanings of the noun “man” (mankind or the human race, an individual person, a male person specifically) and the preposition “on” (on top of, above, or other relationships as in “on fire”, “on heat”, “on duty”, “on the fiddle” or “on the telly”).
What is Pragmatics
• If this is right (or even part of it), it is clear that my teammate could not, in the time available, (that is, before the opponent tackles me) communicate this information in the explicit manner above. But it also relies on my knowing the methods of language interchange in football. “Man on” is an established form of warning. For all I know, professional players may have their own covert forms, as when they signal a routine at a free kick, corner or throw-in, by calling a number or other code word.
What is Pragmatics
English 0304 黄慧
What is Pragmatics
• “We human beings are odd compared with our nearest animal relatives. Unlike them, we can say what we want, when we want. All normal humans can produce and understand any number of new words and sentences. Humans use the multiple options of language often without thinking. But blindly, they sometimes fall into its traps. They are like spiders who exploit their webs, but themselves get caught in the sticky strands.” Jean Aitchison
What is Pragmatics
• We can illustrate how pragmatics works by an example from association football (and other field sports). It sometimes happens that a teammate will shout at me: “Man on!” Semantic analysis can only go so far with this phrase.
What is Pragmatics
• “Pragmatics studies the factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others.” David Crystal
What is Pragmatics
• My team-mate understands that my opponent will also hear the warning, but thinks that his hearing it will not harm our team's chances as much as my not being aware of the approaching player. • My team-mate foresees that I may rebuke him (and the other players on our team collectively) if no-one, from a better vantage point, alerts me to the danger.
What is Pragmatics
• “Pragmatics is an important area of study for your course. A simplified way of thinking about pragmatics is to recognise, for example, that language needs to be kept interesting - a speaker or writer does not want to bore a listener or reader, for example, by being over-long or tedious. So, humans strive to find linguistic means to make a text, perhaps, shorter, more interesting, more relevant, more purposeful or more personal. Pragmatics allows this. ” Steve Campsall