【US20200075306A1】MICROSCALEMASSSPECTROMETRYSYSTEMS
奥美晨曦系列微波传感器说明书
OS100 SERIES Mini-Infrared Transmitter e-mail:**************For latest product manuals: Shop online at User’s G ui d e***********************Servicing North America:U.S.A. Omega Engineering, Inc.Headquarters: Toll-Free: 1-800-826-6342 (USA & Canada only)Customer Service: 1-800-622-2378 (USA & Canada only)Engineering Service: 1-800-872-9436 (USA & Canada only)Tel: (203) 359-1660 Fax: (203) 359-7700e-mail:**************For Other Locations Visit /worldwideThe information contained in this document is believed to be correct, but OMEGA accepts no liability for any errors it contains, and reserves the right to alter specifications without notice.Table of ContentsSection ...................................................................PageSafety Warnings and IEC Symbols (iii)Caution and Safety Information (iii)Section 1 Introduction ....................................................................1-1Section 2Installation ......................................................................1-12.1 Unpacking and Inspection ......................................1-12.2 Electrical Connection ..............................................2-1Section 3Operation ........................................................................3-13.1 Main Board ................................................................3-13.2 Ambient Temperature ..............................................3-23.3 Atmospheric Quality ................................................3-33.4 Measuring Temperature ..........................................3-33.5 Alarm Setting ............................................................3-43.6 Adding Extension Cable...........................................3-4Section 4 Laser Sight Accessory ...................................................4-14.1 Warning and Cautions .............................................4-14.2 Operating the Laser Sight Accessory .....................4-1Section 5 Specifications .................................................................5-15.1 General .......................................................................5-15.2 Laser Sight Accessory (OS100-LS) ..........................5-2Section 6Emissivity Table .............................................................6-1iTable of FiguresFigure Description Page2-1Power Supply & Analog Output Connections ..........2-12-2 Alarm Output Connection ............................................2-13-1 Main PC Board ...............................................................3-23-2 Sensor..............................................................3-2Housing3-3 Optical Field of View .....................................................3-43-4Setting the Temperature Engineering Unit..................3-43-5Mounting Bracket OS100-MB .......................................3-53-6Water Cooling Jacket, OS100-WC ................................3-53-7Typical Water Cool Jacket Assembly ...........................3-53-8Air Purge Collar, OS100-AP..........................................3-63-9DIN Rail Mounting Adapter, OS100-DR ....................3-63-10NEMA-4 Aluminum Enclosure ....................................3-64-1Laser Sighting Accessory, OS100-LS ............................4-24-2Laser Warning Label ......................................................4-2iiSafety Warnings and IEC SymbolsThis device is marked with international safety and hazard symbols in accordance with IEC 1010. It is important to read and follow all precautions and instructions in this manual before operating or commissioning this device as it contains important information relating to safety and EMC. Failure to follow all safety precautions may result in injury and or damage to your calibrator. IEC symbols DescriptionCaution and Safety Information• If the equipment is used in a manner not specified in this manual, the protection provided by the equipment may be impaired.• The installation category is one (1).• There are no user replaceable fuses in this product• The output terminals of this product are for use with equipment (digital meters, chart recorders, etc,) which have no accessible five parts. Such equipment should comply with all the applicable safety requirements.• Do not operate the equipment in flammable or explosive environments.• All connections to the thermometer should be made via a shielded cable, 24 AWG stranded wire with the following ratings: 300V , 105°C (221°F), PVC insulation.• Power must be disconnected before making any electrical connections.• The power supply used to power the thermometer should be VDE or UL approved with the following ratings: 12 to 24vdc @150mA with overload protection of 500mA.iiiCaution, refer to accompanying documentsDirect Current Laser SymbolFrame or ChassisNOTES: ivSection 1 - IntroductionThe low cost OS101 mini-infrared transmitter provides non-contacttemperature measurement for industrial applications. The unit measures atemperature range of -18 to 538°C (0-1000°F) and provides a linear analogoutput of either 4-20 mA, 0-5 VDC, K type TC, 1 mV/°C, or 1 mV/°F.The new OS102 mini-infrared transmitter has all the functions of OS101plus a built-in LED display that shows the measured temperature indegrees F or degrees C which is switchable in the field.The miniature sensor head design 2.5 cm dia. x 6.3 cm Length (1" x 2.5") isideal for measuring temperature in confined, and hard to reach places.The aluminum sensor head as well as the rugged electronic housing (Diecast Aluminum) are NEMA-4 rated.The sensor head is connected to the electronic housing via a 1.82 m (6 feet)shielded cable as standard. The unit provides field adjustable alarmoutput.Section 2 - Installation2.1UnpackingRemove the packing list and verify that you have received all yourequipment. If you have any questions about the shipment, please callCustomer Service at:1-800-622-2378 or 203-359-1660. We can also be reached on the internet:e-mail:**************When you receive the shipment, inspect the container and equipment forany signs of damage. Note any evidence of rough handling in transit.inspection. After examination and removing contents, save packing material and carton in theevent reshipment is necessary.The following items are supplied in the box:• The infrared transmitter including the sensor head and the 1.82 m(6 feet) shielded cable• User's Manual• Mounting Nut1-1The following describes the ordering information:OS102 or OS101 - MA- *,**, where The following optional accessories are available:Here are the Features of OS101 and OS102 infrared transmitters:2.2Electrical Connection Sensor Head Cable - The Sensor head is pre-wired to a 1.8 m (6 feet)shielded cable. Plug & lock-in the male connector to the mating female connector on the aluminum housing.Power & Output Connection - Open the cover of the main aluminum housing. Slide the cable through the strain relief and connect the wires to the terminal block on the board as shown in Fig. 2-1. For Alarm output connection, refer to Fig. 2-2.2-1MA - 4/20 mA output V1 - 0 to 5 VDC output K - Thermocouple output, K type MV - Millivolt output C - 1 mV/°C output F - 1 mV/°F output HT- High temperature sensor head3-1Figure 2-2. Alarm Output Connection Section 3 - Operation3-1Main BoardThe Main Board is shown in Fig. 3-1. Here are the important components on the board:(1) - Terminal Block for Power & Output connections(2) - Single Turn Potentiometer to adjust Emissivity in tenths (0.x_)(3) - Single Turn Potentiometer to adjust Emissivity in hundreds (0._x)(4) -Slide switch to select between real time (Normal Operation) and alarm set point(5) - Alarm set point adjust, P4(6) - Sensor Head connection(7) - Input Zero adjust, P3(8) - Input Span adjust, P2(9) - Output Zero adjust, P5(10) - Output Span adjust, P6Figure 3-1. Main PC Board3.2Ambient TemperatureThe Sensing head can operate in an ambient temperature of 0 to 70°C (32to 158°F). The Sensing head in the high temperature model (-HT) can operate in an ambient temperature of 0 to 85°C (32 to 185°F) without any cooling required. The Sensing head can operate up to 200°C (392°F) using the water cool jacket accessory OS100-WC (See Fig. 3-6).There is a warm up period of 3 minutes after power up. After the warm up period, temperature measurement can be made.When the ambient temperature around the sensor head changes abruptly,the sensor head goes through thermal shock. It takes a certain amount of time for the sensor head to stabilize to the new ambient temperature. For example, it takes about 30 minutes for the sensor head to stabilize going from 25°C to 50°C (77 to 122°F) ambient temperature.The sensor head dimensions are shown in Fig. 3-2.Figure 3-2. Sensor Housing3-23-33.3Atmospheric QualityEnvironments with smoke, dust, and fumes dirty up the optical lens, and cause erroneous temperature readings. To keep the surface of the optical lens clean, the air purge collar accessory is recommended, OS100-AP , See Fig. 3-7.3.4Measuring TemperatureBefore starting to measure temperature, make sure that the following check list is met:ߜ The power and analog output connections are made (Fig. 2-1).ߜThe sensor head is connected to the main unit.ߜThe slide switch (SW1) on the main board is set to real time (Fig. 3-1).ߜThe target is larger than the optical field of view of the sensor head (Fig. 3-3).ߜThe emissivity adjustment on the main board is set properly (Fig. 3-1).ߜThe output load is within the product specification.On OS102 transmitters, follow these additional steps:ߜ The temperature display is set to °F or °C (Fig. 3-4)ߜ For 4-20mA output models, make sure an output load is added, ie. 250ohms.Figure 3-3. Optical Field Of ViewFigure 3-4. Setting the Temperature Engineering Unit3.5Alarm SettingThe unit provides 0-100% alarm set point adjustment. Here is an exampleof an alarm setting.• An OS101-MA(4/20 mA output), the alarm is to be set at 400°Ftemperature.• Connect the alarm output as shown in Fig. 2-2.• Set the slide switch (SW1) on the main board to the Alarm position.• Measure the analog output, and set the Potentiometer P4 until theoutput reads 10.4 mA which is 40% (400°F) of the temperature range.40 x (20-4)[10.4mA=+ 4]100• Set the slide switch (SW1) back to the Real Time position.• If the temperature reading is below the alarm set point, the alarmoutput stays high, otherwise it goes low.On the OS102, you can set the alarm set point directly based on thetemperature display.3.6Adding Extension CableYou can add extension cable between the Sensor Head and the mainelectronic housing up to 15.2 m (50 feet). After adding the extension cable,the Zero input potentiometer, P3 may be re-adjusted. (See Fig. 3-1, forproper analog output reading)The following figures show the mounting bracket (OS100-MB), Watercooling jacket (OS100-WC), Air purge collar (OS100-AP), DIN RailMounting adapter (OS-100-DR), and the main aluminum enclosure. TheDIN Rail Mounting adapter (OS100-DR) is mounted to the bottom of themain aluminum enclosure using two 4-40 screws.A typical water cool jacket assembly is shown in Fig. 3-7, on the following page.1. Mounting Nut2. Mounting Bracket3. Water Cool Jacket4. Sensor Head3-4Figure 3-5. Mounting Bracket OS100-MBFigure 3-6. Water Cooling Jacket, OS100-WCFigure 3-7. Typical Water Cool Jacket Assembly3-5Figure 3-8. Air Purge Collar, OS100-APFigure 3-9. DIN Rail Mounting Adapter, OS-100-DRFigure 3-10. NEMA-4 Aluminum Enclosure3-6Section 4 - Laser Sight Accessory4.1Warning and Cautionsbelow:•Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedures other than those specified here may result in hazardous radiation exposure.• Do not look at the laser beam coming out of the lens or view directly with optical instruments - eye damage can result.• Use extreme caution when operation the laser sight accessory • Never point the laser accessory at a person • Keep out of the reach of all children4.2Operating the Laser Sight AccessoryThe laser sight accessory screws onto the front of the sensor head. This accessory is only used for alignment of the sensor head to the target area.After the alignment process, the accessory has to be removed from the front of the sensor head before temperature measurement.The laser sight accessory is powered from a small compact battery pack (included with the accessory). Connect the battery pack to the accessory using the cable provided. Aim at the target, and turn on the battery power using the slide switch on the battery pack. Adjust the sensor head position so that the laser beam points to the center of the target area. Turn off the battery pack, and remove the laser sighting accessory from the sensor head. See Fig. 4-1 for reference.4-14-2Figure 4-2. Laser Warning LabelSection 5 - Specifications5.1 - GeneralTemperature Range-18 to 538°C (0 to 1000°F)Accuracy @ 22°C (72°F)±2% of Rdg. or 2.2°C (4°F) whichever is ambient temperature & greateremissivity of 0.95 or greaterOptical Field of View6:1 (Distance/Spot Size)Repeatability±1% of Rdg.Spectral Response 5 to 14 micronsResponse Time150 msec (0 to 63% of final value)Emissivity Range0.1 to 0.99, adjustableOperating Ambient TemperatureMain Transmitter0 to 50°C (32 to 122°F)Sensor Head0 to 70°C (32 to 158°F)Sensor Head (-HT Model)0 to 85°C (32 to 185°F)Sensor Head with OS100-WC(Water Cooling Jacket)0 to 200°C (32 to 392°F)Operating Relative Humidity Less than 95% RH, non-condensingWater Flow Rate for OS100-WC0.25 GPM, room temperatureThermal Shock About 30 minutes for 25°Cabrupt ambient temperature change Warm Up Period 3 minutesAir Flow Rate for OS100-AP 1 CFM (0.5 Liters/sec.)Power12 to 24 VDC @ 100 mAAnalog OutputsMV-F 1 mV/°FMV-C 1 mV/°CK K Type TC - OS101 onlyMA 4 to 20 mAV10 to 5 VDCOutput Load requirementsMin. Load (0 to 5VDC) 1 K-OhmsMax. Load (4 to 20 mA)(Supply Power - 4 )/20 mATransmitter Housing NEMA-4 & IP65, Die Cast AluminumSensor Head Housing NEMA-4 , AluminumAlarm Output Open Drain, 100 mAAlarm Set Point0 to 100% , Adjustable via P4Alarm Deadband14°C (25°F)5-15-25.1 - General Con’t.DimensionsSensor Head25.4 OD. x 63.5 mm L(1" OD. x 2.5" L)Main Housing, OS10165.5 W x 30.5 H x 115.3 mm L(2.58" W x 1.2" H x 4.54" L)Main Housing, OS10265.5 W x 55.9 H x 115.3 mm L(2.58" W x 2.2" H x 4.54" L)Weight 272 g (0.6 lb)5.2Laser Sight Accessory (OS100-LS)Wavelength (Color)630 - 670 nm (Red)Operating Distance (Laser Dot)Up to 9.1 m (30 ft.)Max. Output Optical Power Less than 1 mW at 22°F ambienttemperature.European Classification Class 2, EN60825-1/11.2001Maximum Operating current45 mA at 3 VDCFDA Classification Complies with 21 CFR 1040.10,Class II Laser ProductBeam Diameter 5 mmBeam Divergence< 2 mradOperating Temperature0 to 50°C (32 to 122°F)Operating Relative Humidity Less than 95% RH, non-condensingPower Switch ON / OFF , Slide switch on the BatteryPackPower Indicator Red LEDPower Battery Pack, 3 VDC (Consists of two 1.5VDC AA size Lithium Batteries) Laser Warning Label Located on the head sight circumferenceIdentification Label Located on the head sight circumferenceDimensions38 DIA x 50.8 mm L(1.5" DIA x 2" L)Section 6 - Emissivity Table6-1Material Emissivity (ε)Aluminum – pure highly polished plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.04 to 0.06Aluminum – heavily oxidized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 to 0.31Aluminum – commercial sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.09Brass – dull plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.22Brass – highly polished, 73.2% Cu, 26.7% Zn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03Chromium – polished. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.08 to 0.36Copper – polished. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05Copper – heated at 600°C (1112°F). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.57Gold – pure, highly polished or liquid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02 to 0.04Iron and steel (excluding stainless)– polished iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.14 to 0.38Iron and steel (excluding stainless)– polished cast iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.21Iron and steel (excluding stainless)– polished wrought iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.28Iron and steel (excluding stainless)– oxidized dull wrought iron . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.94Iron and steel (excluding stainless)– rusted iron plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.69Iron and steel (excluding stainless)– polished steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07Iron and steel (excluding stainless)– polished steel oxidized at600°C (1112°F). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.79Iron and steel (excluding stainless)– rolled sheet steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.66Iron and steel (excluding stainless)– rough steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.94 to 0.97Lead – gray and oxidized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.28Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.09 to 0.12Molybdenum filament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.10 to 0.20Nickel – polished . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07Nickel – oxidized at 649 to 1254°C (1200°F to 2290°F). . . . . . . . . . . 0.59 to 0.86Platinum – pure polished plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05 to 0.10Platinum – wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07 to 0.18Silver – pure and polished . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02 to 0.03Stainless steel – polished . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07Stainless steel – Type 301 at 232 to 942°C (450°F to 1725°F). . . . . . . 0.54 to 0.63Tin – bright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06Tungsten – filament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.39Zinc – polished commercial pure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05Zinc – galvanized sheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.23M E T A L S6-2Material Emissivity (ε) Asbestos Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.96 Asphalt, tar, pitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.95 to 1.00 Brick– red and rough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.93 Brick– fireclay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.75 Carbon– filament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.53 Carbon– lampblack - rough deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.78 to 0.84 Glass- Pyrex, lead, soda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.85 to 0.95 Marble– polished light gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.93 Paints, lacquers, and varnishes– Black matte shellac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.91 Paints, lacquers, and varnishes– aluminum paints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.27 to 0.67 Paints, lacquers, and varnishes– flat black lacquer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.96 to 0.98 Paints, lacquers, and varnishes– white enamel varnish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.91 Porcelain– glazed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.92 Quartz– opaque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.68 to 0.92 Roofing Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.91 Tape– Masking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.95 Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.95 to 0.96 Wood– planed oak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.90 NONMETALSNOTES:6-3NOTES: 6-4OMEGA’s policy is to make running changes, not model changes, whenever an improvement is possible. T his affords our customers the latest in technology and engineering.OMEGA is a trademark of OMEGA ENGINEERING, INC.© Copyright 2017 OMEGA ENGINEERING, INC. All rights reserved. T his document may not be copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated, or reduced to any electronic medium or machine-readable form, in whole or in part, without the prior written consent of OMEGA ENGINEERING, INC.FOR WARRANTY RETURNS, please have the following information available BEFORE contacting OMEGA:1. P urchase Order number under which the product was PURCHASED,2. M odel and serial number of the product under warranty, and3. Repair instructions and/or specific problems relative to the product.FOR NON-WARRANTY REPAIRS, consult OMEGA for current repair charges. Have the following information available BEFORE contacting OMEGA:1. Purchase Order number to cover the COST of the repair,2. Model and serial number of the product, and 3. Repair instructions and/or specific problems relative to the product.RETURN REQUESTS/INQUIRIESDirect all warranty and repair requests/inquiries to the OMEGA Customer Service Department. BEFORE RET URNING ANY PRODUCT (S) T O OMEGA, PURCHASER MUST OBT AIN AN AUT HORIZED RET URN (AR) NUMBER FROM OMEGA’S CUST OMER SERVICE DEPART MENT (IN ORDER T O AVOID PROCESSING DELAYS). The assigned AR number should then be marked on the outside of the return package and on any correspondence.T he purchaser is responsible for shipping charges, freight, insurance and proper packaging to preventbreakage in transit.WARRANTY/DISCLAIMEROMEGA ENGINEERING, INC. warrants this unit to be free of defects in materials and workmanship for a period of 25 months from date of purchase. OMEGA’s WARRANTY adds an additional one (1) month grace period to the normal two (2) year product warranty to cover handling and shipping time. This ensures that OMEGA’s customers receive maximum coverage on each product.If the unit malfunctions, it must be returned to the factory for evaluation. OMEGA’s Customer Service Department will issue an Authorized Return (AR) number immediately upon phone or written request. Upon examination by OMEGA, if the unit is found to be defective, it will be repaired or replaced at no charge. OMEGA’s WARRANT Y does not apply to defects resulting from any action of the purchaser, including but not limited to mishandling, improper interfacing, operation outside of design limits, improper repair, or unauthorized modification. T his WARRANT Y is VOID if the unit shows evidence of having been tampered with or shows evidence of having been damaged as a result of excessive corrosion; or current, heat, moisture or vibration; improper specification; misapplication; misuse or other operating conditions outside of OMEGA’s control. Components in which wear is not warranted, include but are not limited to contact points, fuses, and triacs.OMEGA is pleased to offer suggestions on the use of its various products. However, OMEGA neither assumes responsibility for any omissions or errors nor assumes liability for any damages that result from the use of its products in accordance with information provided by OMEGA, either verbal or written. OMEGA warrants only that the parts manufactured by the company will be as specified and free of defects. OMEGA MAKES NO OTHER WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS OF ANY KIND WHATSOEVER, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, EXCEPT THAT OF TITLE, AND ALL IMPLIED W ARRANTIES INCLUDING ANY W ARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE HEREBY DISCLAIMED. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY: The remedies of purchaser set forth herein are exclusive, and the total liability of OMEGA with respect to this order, whether based on contract, warranty, negligence, indemnification, strict liability or otherwise, shall not exceed the purchase price of the component upon which liability is based. In no event shall OMEGA be liable for consequential, incidental or special damages.CONDITIONS: Equipment sold by OMEGA is not intended to be used, nor shall it be used: (1) as a “Basic Component” under 10 CFR 21 (NRC), used in or with any nuclear installation or activity; or (2) in medical applications or used on humans. Should any Product(s) be used in or with any nuclear installation or activity, medical application, used on humans, or misused in any way, OMEGA assumes no responsibility as set forth in our basic WARRANT Y /DISCLAIMER language, and, additionally, purchaser will indemnify OMEGA and hold OMEGA harmless from any liability or damage whatsoever arising out of the use of theProduct(s) in such a manner.Where Do I Find Everything I Need forProcess Measurement and Control?OMEGA…Of Course!Shop online at TEMPERATUREM U Thermocouple, RTD & Thermistor Probes, Connectors,Panels & AssembliesM U Wire: Thermocouple, RTD & ThermistorM U Calibrators & Ice Point ReferencesM U Recorders, Controllers & Process MonitorsM U Infrared PyrometersPRESSURE, STRAIN AND FORCEM U Transducers & Strain GagesM U Load Cells & Pressure GagesM U Displacement TransducersM U Instrumentation & AccessoriesFLOW/LEVELM U Rotameters, Gas Mass Flowmeters & Flow ComputersM U Air Velocity IndicatorsM U Turbine/Paddlewheel SystemsM U Totalizers & Batch ControllerspH/CONDUCTIVITYM U pH Electrodes, Testers & AccessoriesM U Benchtop/Laboratory MetersM U Controllers, Calibrators, Simulators & PumpsM U Industrial pH & Conductivity EquipmentDATA ACQUISITIONM U Communications-Based Acquisition SystemsM U Data Logging SystemsM U Wireless Sensors, Transmitters, & ReceiversM U Signal ConditionersM U Data Acquisition SoftwareHEATERSM U Heating CableM U Cartridge & Strip HeatersM U Immersion & Band HeatersM U Flexible HeatersM U Laboratory HeatersENVIRONMENTALMONITORING AND CONTROLM U Metering & Control InstrumentationM U RefractometersM U Pumps & TubingM U Air, Soil & Water MonitorsM U Industrial Water & Wastewater TreatmentM U pH, Conductivity & Dissolved Oxygen InstrumentsM3572/1217。
EJ闪烁体
荧光片和双闪烁体
EJ-440 ....................................................................... 36 EJ-442 ....................................................................... 37 EJ-444 ....................................................................... 38
掺杂闪烁体
EJ-254 ....................................................................... 30 EJ-256 ....................................................................... 32 EJ-331 & EJ-335....................................................... 33 EJ-339 & EJ-339A.................................................... 34 EJ-351 ....................................................................... 35
液体闪烁体
EJ-301....................................................................... 16 EJ-305....................................................................... 17 EJ-309....................................................................... 18 EJ-313....................................................................... 19 EJ-315....................................................................... 20 EJ-321....................................................................... 21 EJ-399-04 ................................................................. 22 EJ-399-08 ................................................................. 23 EJ-399-05D1............................................................. 24 EJ-399-05D2............................................................. 25
负压状态窄缝通道乙二醇水溶液传热特性
化工进展Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress2023 年第 42 卷第 S1 期负压状态窄缝通道乙二醇水溶液传热特性赵晨1，苗天泽2，张朝阳3，洪芳军1，汪大海1（1 上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院，上海 200240；2 清华大学先进高功率微波重点实验室，北京100084；3上海交通大学巴黎卓越工程师学院，上海 200240）摘要：高效、紧凑的换热方式需求日益增大，具有高度方向速度梯度大的窄缝通道成为最有前景的方式之一。
本文以质量分数为55%的乙二醇水溶液为工质，针对钛窄缝通道在负压工况进行流动沸腾换热实验。
实验在质量流率750~2000kg/(m 2·s)、饱和温度为80~90℃、入口温度60~70℃的条件下进行。
结果表明，钛需要更高的热流密度激活大量成核点，从而其过冷沸腾起始点（ONB ）前后平均换热系数h 基本不变；质量流量对于ONB 和沸腾充分发展阶段的平均换热系数影响很大；在高过冷度时，沸腾充分发展阶段，钛窄缝通道换热性能对于入口温度不敏感；提高进口温度降低过冷度可以极大提高平均换热系数，70℃条件下平均换热系数在沸腾充分发展阶段可以提高65%；背压对于换热性能的影响主要在沸腾充分发展阶段，背压越低平均换热系数越大。
关键词：微通道；乙二醇水溶液；负压；气液两相流；流动沸腾；传热中图分类号：TK124 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1000-6613（2023）S1-0148-10Heat transfer characteristics of ethylene glycol aqueous solution in slitchannel under negative pressureZHAO Chen 1，MIAO Tianze 2，ZHANG Chaoyang 3，HONG Fangjun 1，WANG Dahai 1(1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; 2 Advanced High PowerMicrowave Key Laboratory, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; 3 Ecole d'ingenieurs Paris, Shanghai Jiao TongUniversity, Shanghai 200240, China)Abstract: The increasing demand for efficient and compact methods of heat transfer has generated interest in the utilization of a narrow channel with a significant velocity gradient along its height, thus presenting substantial potential. This research study focused on investigating the heat transfer phenomena in a flow boiling system that employs a narrow slot channel made of titanium under negative pressure conditions. The experimental analysis employed a designated working fluid, namely an ethylene glycol aqueous solution with a mass concentration of 55%. The experimentation was conducted under specific operational parameters, encompassing a mass flow rate spanning from 750kg/(m²·s) to 2000kg/(m²·s), a saturation temperature within the range of 80℃ to 90℃, and an inlet temperature ranging from 60℃ to 70℃. The findings of the study revealed that the activation of a substantial quantity of nucleation sites in titanium necessitated an elevated heat flux. Consequently, this phenomenon maintained the average heat transfer coefficient (h ) in a state of relative constancy both prior to and subsequent to the onset of nucleate boiling (ONB). The heat flux required to start of ONB and the mean heat transfer coefficient during the研究开发DOI ：10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1153收稿日期：2023-07-09；修改稿日期：2023-08-28。
微流控芯片-质谱联用接口的研究进展
综述生命科学仪器2020第18卷/10月刊微流控芯片-质谱联用接口的研究进展张荣楷谭聪睿徐伟*(北京理工大学生命学院北京100081)摘要：微流控芯片由于具有尺寸小、集成程度高、结构功能多样化和样品用量少等优势被广泛应用于化学、生命科学和医学等多个领域:质谱具有灵敏度高、检测速度快和便于定性定量分析等优点：微流控芯片与质谱的联用充分结合了二者各自的优势，通过简便的操作实现对微量样品的快速分析检测：接口的研究是二者联用的前提和关键.经过20余年的发展，微流控芯片与质谱的接口技术逐渐成熟，实现了高效稳定的离子化效果，保证了分析的效率和准确性。
本文总结了基于电喷雾和基质辅助激光解吸两种离子化方式中.微流控芯片与质谱接口的主要类型和相关应用并分析了目前存在的问题及未来发展方向。
关键词：微流控芯片；质谱；接口；电喷雾电离源；基质辅助激光解吸电离源中图分类号：0657文献标识码：A DOI:10.11967/2020181002Recent Advances of Microfluidic Chip-Mass Spectrometry InterfacesZhang Rongkai Tan Congrui Xu Wef(School of L ife Science,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing100081,China)Abstract:Microfluidic chips are widely used in many fields such as chemistry,life sciences and medical science due to their small size,high integration,diversified functions and little sample usage.Mass spectrometry has the advantages of high sensitivity,fast detection speed,and convenient qualitative and quantitative analysis.The combination of microfluidic chip and mass spectrometry fully combines their respective advantages and achieves the rapid analysis of trace samples through simple operation..The research on the interface is the key of microfluidic chip-mass spectrometry.After more than20years' development,the interface technology between the microfluidic chip-mass spectrometry has gradually matured,achieving an efficient and stable ionization effect,ensuring the efficiency and accuracy of the analysis.In this review,the main types and related applications of the interface based on ESI and MALDI between microfluidic chip-mass spectrometry,as well as the current problem and future development were discussed.Key Words:Microfluidic chip;Mass spectrometry;Interface;ESI;MALDI|CLC Number]0657[Document Code]A DOI::10.11967/20201810021、引言统基于流动注射分析、色谱和电泳的理论，通过减小通道内径、缩短通道长度以实现分离性能更微流控芯片，又称芯片实验室(lab on achip),是一种将生物、化学、医学分析过程的样品制备、反应、分离和检测等基本操作单元集成到微小尺寸芯片的技术。
眼见为实：超高速视频级原子力显微镜实时成像CRISPR基因编辑过程
眼见为实：超高速视频级原子力显微镜实时成像观察CRISPR基因编辑过程北京佰司特科技有限责任公司自2012年以来，研究人员常用一种叫做CRISPR的强大“基因组编辑”技术对生物的DNA序列进行修剪、切断、替换或添加。
CRISPR来自微生物的免疫系统，这种工程编辑系统利用一种酶，能把一段作为引导工具的小RNA切入DNA，就能在此处切断或做其他改变。
CRISPR已经成为生命科学领域受关注的基因编辑技术，其效果得到大家一致认可。
虽然科学家可通过RT-PCR、WB等方法间接证明CRISPR的功能，但仍未有直接的证据来证实。
究其原因：一是生物分子间的相互作用速率快，需要高速的成像手段才能捕捉到；二是生物分子比较小，通常为纳米级，普通显微镜由于受光学衍射限所限不能分辨。
日本Kanazawa University的科学家利用超高速视频级原子力显微镜（High-Speed Atomic Force Microscope，HS-AFM）实时成像，成功观察到了CRISPR基因编辑的过程，为CRISPR技术的有效性提供了直接的证据。
超高速视频级原子力显微镜（High-Speed Atomic Force Microscope，HS-AFM）由日本Kanazawa 大学Prof. Ando 教授团队研发，日本RIBM公司（生体分子计测研究所株式会社，Research Institute of Biomolecule Metrology Co., Ltd）商业化的产品，可以达到视频级成像的商业化原子力显微镜。
HS-AFM突破了传统原子力显微镜“扫描成像速慢”的限制，能够在液体环境下超快速动态成像，分辨率为纳米水平。
样品无需特殊固定，不影响生物分子的活性，尤其适用于生物大分子互作动态观测。
超高速视频级原子力显微镜HS-AFM主要有两种型号，SS-NEX样品扫描（Sample-Scanning HS-AFM）以及PS-NEX 探针扫描（Probe-Scanning HS-AFM）。
Mass Spectrometry
2019/7/9
10
The Development History of MS
• 世界上第一台质谱仪于1912年由英国物理学家Joseph John Thomson（1906年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者，贡献：电荷在 气体中的运动、英国剑桥大学教授）研制成功。
场电离fieldionizationfi和场解吸fielddesorptionfd201821030fastatombombardmentfabfastatombombardmentfab由氩离子枪放电产生氩离子高能量的氩离子经过133322pa101托左右的充氩的电荷交换室经共振电荷交换后得到高能量的氩原子流氩原子流打在溶有样品的黏滞基体一般为甘油上使被分析样品的离子从基体上溅射出来这种电离过程称为快原子轰击
Mass spectrometrist definition:
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful technique that is used to identify unknown compounds, to quantify known materials, and to elucidate the structure and chemical properties of molecules.
2. Ions are accelerated and go into the analyzer, where they are separated.
x10 4
0.8
Picture taken from
0.6
0.4
Intens. [a.u.]
3. Separated ions are detected individually in the detector. The signals are collected and
微波等离子体原子发射光谱法(MP-AES)测定地质样品中的常量和微量元素
微波等离子体原子发射光谱法(MP-AES)测定地质样品中的常量和微量元素Terrance Hettipathirana;Phil Lowenstern【摘要】建立了微波等离子体原子发射光谱法(MP-AES)测定地质样品中的常量和微量元素的方法,四酸(盐酸+硝酸+高氯酸+氢佛酸)消解样品,得出了使用4200 MP-AES仪分析地化认证参考物质中常规金属元素(Ag,Cu,Ni,Pb和Zn)的结果,测定样品结果的相对标准偏差落在±10％范围内,另外,IEC和FLIC模型可成功校正光谱干扰.MP-AES仪无需使用乙炔等危险气体,极大提高了实验室安全性并显著降低了运行成本.MP-AES仪已成功应用于地化样品的分析中,结果准确可靠.【期刊名称】《中国无机分析化学》【年(卷),期】2015(005)001【总页数】4页(P41-44)【关键词】4200 MP-AES;地化认证参考物质;常规金属元素检测【作者】Terrance Hettipathirana;Phil Lowenstern【作者单位】安捷伦科技公司,澳大利亚;安捷伦科技公司,澳大利亚【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O657.31;TH744.11商业实验室在开发地化样品的原子光谱分析方法时遇到了很多困难。
地化分析的浓度范围可以从常量元素的百分含量水平到痕量元素的亚μg/g水平。
例如，Cu在目标钻井中的浓度可达到百分含量水平，勘探时的浓度为μg/g级，在选择性浸出中的浓度为亚μg/g级。
除了分析所需的宽工作范围外，高水平的总溶解态固体、谱线叠加引起的光谱干扰以及易电离元素（EIE）引起的非光谱干扰等，即使对经验丰富的分析化学家来说也是极大的挑战。
火焰原子吸收光谱仪（FAAS）一直以来都是地化分析的理想选择，但是现在人们更倾向于检测限更低、分析成本更低、使用更简便、更安全的仪器，Agilent 4200MP-AES正是FAAS的理想替代品［1－4］。
微流控芯片技术及质谱技术用于细菌耐药性检测及耐药机制研究
Journal of China Pharmaceutical University 2023，54（6）：695 - 705学 报微流控芯片技术及质谱技术用于细菌耐药性检测及耐药机制研究张冬雪，乔亮*（复旦大学化学系，复旦大学生物医学研究院，上海 200433）摘 要 细菌耐药性严重影响全球公共卫生安全。
抗生素错用和滥用不仅没有达到治疗细菌感染性疾病的效果，反而会刺激细菌发生DNA损伤修复反应（SOS反应），加剧细菌耐药性的进化和耐药菌的传播。
本文聚焦于耐药菌，简明介绍细菌耐药性与SOS反应，系统概述了质谱技术、微流控技术及其联用技术在细菌检测及细菌耐药机制研究中的应用。
本文为细菌耐药性相关的药物靶点挖掘及新药开发提供理论参考，以期发展细菌耐药性快速检测新方法和抑菌新方法，推动临床细菌感染性疾病的诊断与治疗。
关键词细菌耐药；耐药机制；微流控技术；质谱检测；组学分析中图分类号O65；R318 文献标志码 A 文章编号1000 -5048（2023）06 -0695 -11doi：10.11665/j.issn.1000 -5048.2023060203引用本文张冬雪，乔亮.微流控芯片技术及质谱技术用于细菌耐药性检测及耐药机制研究［J］.中国药科大学学报，2023，54（6）：695–705.Cite this article as：ZHANG Dongxue，QIAO Liang. Microfluidic chip and mass spectrometry-based detection of bacterial antimicrobial resis⁃tance and study of antimicrobial resistance mechanism［J］.J China Pharm Univ，2023，54（6）：695–705.Microfluidic chip and mass spectrometry-based detection of bacterial antimi⁃crobial resistance and study of antimicrobial resistance mechanism ZHANG Dongxue, QIAO Liang*Department of Chemistry, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, ChinaAbstract Bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a globally serious problem that threatens public health security.Misuse and abuse of antibiotics cannot achieve the effect of treating bacterial infectious diseases, but will trigger the SOS response of bacteria, exacerbating the evolution of bacterial AMR and the spread of resistant bacteria.This article focuses on antibiotic-resistant bacteria, briefly introduces the pathogenesis of bacterial AMR and SOS response, and systematically summarizes the determination and mechanism study of bacterial AMR based on microfluidics and mass spectrometry.This article provides theoretical basis for AMR-related drug target mining and new drug development, aiming to develop new methods for rapid detection of bacterial AMR and new methods for bacteria inhibition, and promote the diagnosis and treatment of clinical bacteria infectious diseases. Key words bacterial antimicrobial resistance; mechanism of antimicrobial resistance; microfluidics; mass spec⁃trometry detection; omics analysisThis study was supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2022M720806)细菌是最常见的病原微生物之一，是引起大部分感染性疾病的重要原因。
质谱技术——精选推荐
MALDI
基质辅助激光解吸离子化
基本原理：将分析物分散在基质分子中形成 晶体，当用激光（337nm氮激光）照射晶体 时，基质分子吸收激光能量，样品解吸附， 基质-样品之间发生电荷转移使样品分子电 离。
MALDI
基质辅助激光解吸离子化
(337nm)
基质的主要特征： ¾对激光有较强的吸收 ¾与样品能溶于同一种溶剂 ¾真空稳定性 ¾一定包容性 −对分析物不能有共价修饰
The X axis is the ratio of mass to charge(m/z). For example, if
the mass of a molecule is 2000 and the molecule posses two
proton adducts, its m/z value is equal(2000+2)/2, the m/z
Ethanol CH3CH2OH
MW=46.1
Mass spectrometry: Determine mass of molecule by observing behavior of its ion(or fragments) in magnetic or electronic field.
ESI的主要特点
¾离子化过程温和 ¾对检测大分子很有意义
Typical ESI Spectrum
MALDI AND ESI
MALDI
固相 高能离子轰击 单电荷离子 基质离子 易操作
ESI
液相 强电场 多电荷离子 污染离子 操作相对复杂
How MS Instruments Work
-----Steen H & Mann M,Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol,2004,5:699
微波等离子体原子发射光谱法(MP-AES)测定果汁中的常量元素
微波等离子体原子发射光谱法(MP-AES)测定果汁中的常量元素Phuong Truong;John Cauduro【摘要】介绍了使用配有Agilent 4107氮气发生器的Agilent 4200微波等离子体原子发射光谱法(MP-AES)分析果汁样品中的钙、镁、钠和钾等常量元素的分析方法,在分析两种质量控制(QC)测试材料时,加标回收率在90％～110％,6h中所有四种元素的相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于4％.与火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)相比,MP-AES的等离子体源在检出限和线性动态范围等性能方面有所改善,MP-AES 无需使用可燃性气体,也无需使用昂贵又费时的改性剂和电离抑制剂,对标准物质的测定结果与标准值基本一致.4200 MP-AES将是替代火焰原子吸收仪器的理想选择.【期刊名称】《中国无机分析化学》【年(卷),期】2014(004)004【总页数】3页(P62-64)【关键词】MP-AES;果汁;常量元素【作者】Phuong Truong;John Cauduro【作者单位】安捷伦科技公司,澳大利亚;安捷伦科技公司,澳大利亚【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O657.31;TH744.110 前言钙、镁、钠和钾等常量元素是食品中的基本营养元素，对果汁中这些元素的含量进行常规监测是一种常用的质量控制手段。
火焰原子吸收光谱仪(FAAS)由于其采购成本较低且性能符合分析需求，是这一领域的常规分析仪器[1]。
安捷伦微波等离子体原子发射光谱仪(MP-AES)的推出克服了使用FAAS分析果汁常量元素时面临的多个分析挑战，对于希望使用更强大、更安全的技术取代FAAS的实验室而言，MP-AES技术是理想的选择。
最新一代的Agilent 4200 MP-AES主要使用氮气运行，而氮气则由Agilent 4107氮气发生器供应(由空气压缩机提供的压缩空气进入氮气发生器进行制氮)[2-3]。
这样能够大大降低运行成本，同时避免了使用FAAS必需的乙炔和一氧化二氮等危险气体所带来的安全隐患。
微波灰化-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定婴幼儿乳粉中的钙和磷
第 29 卷第 4 期分析测试技术与仪器Volume 29 Number 4 2023年12月ANALYSIS AND TESTING TECHNOLOGY AND INSTRUMENTS Dec. 2023分析测试经验介绍(407 ~ 413)微波灰化-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定婴幼儿乳粉中的钙和磷陈丽梅，张 慧，白国涛，马彩霞，姚思雨，王 婧（呼和浩特海关技术中心，内蒙古呼和浩特 010020）摘要：采用微波灰化-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-OES）测定婴幼儿乳粉中钙、磷元素含量. 采用微波灰化法对婴幼儿乳粉进行前处理，正交试验方法确定微波灰化最佳条件，灰化后产物用2 mL硝酸溶液(体积比为1∶1)溶解后，用ICP-OES对钙、磷元素进行含量检测. 磷加标回收率为86%~104%，钙加标回收率为87%~96%.磷的相对标准偏差为2.5%~7.0%，钙的相对标准偏差为3.9%~10.0%，能够满足日常检测要求. 采用微波灰化法对婴幼儿乳粉中钙、磷元素进行样品前处理，相比微波消解方法，具有用时短、用酸量少、消解效果好、不需要进行赶酸处理等优点. 与干法灰化和湿法消解相比大大减少了样品处理时间. 采用微波灰化与ICP-OES结合对婴幼儿乳粉中的重要指标元素进行检测，在婴幼儿乳粉质量控制中有很好的应用价值.关键词：微波灰化；电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法；婴幼儿乳粉；钙；磷中图分类号：O657. 31 文献标志码：B 文章编号：1006-3757（2023）04-0407-07DOI：10.16495/j.1006-3757.2023.04.010Detemination of Calcium and Phosphorus in Infant Formula by Microwave Ashing- Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission SpectrometryCHEN Limei， ZHANG Hui， BAI Guotao， MA Caixia， YAO Siyu， WANG Jing（Technology Center of Hohhot Custom, Hohhot 010020, China）Abstract：The microwave ashing-inductive coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-OES ) was used to determine the content of calcium and phosphorus in infant formula. The method of microwave ashing was used to pretreatment of the infant formula. The optimization conditions were determined by orthogonal test. After the microwave ashing, the ashes were dissolved with 2 mL nitric acid solution (volume ratio was 1∶1). The ICP-OES was used to determine the content of calcium and phosphorus. The recoveries of phosphorus and calcium were 86%~104% and 87%~96%, respectively. The relative standard deviation of phosphorus and calcium were 2.5%~7.0% and 3.9%~10.0%, respectively, which could meet the detection requirements. Compared with the method of microwave digestion, microwave ashing has the advantages of shorter time, less acid, better digestion effect and no need to drive acid treatment for calcium and phosphorus in infant formula. Compared with wet digestion and dry ashing, the sample processing time was greatly reduced. The detection of important index elements in infant formula by microwave ashing combined with ICP-OES has a good application value in the quality control of infant formula.Key words：microwave ashing；ICP-OES；infant formula；calcium；phosphorus收稿日期：2023−10−09； 修订日期：2023−12−12.基金项目：海关总署科研项目（批准号：2021HK186）[The Research Project of General Administration of Customs (2021HK186)]作者简介：陈丽梅（1981−），女，高级工程师，主要从事食品中元素检测工作，E-mail：******************.微波灰化技术是一种创新的样品前处理方法，利用抗热的密闭腔体及微波技术来加热，使得灰化速度提高，减少了能量损耗，增加了样品的处理量，工作环境清洁，使用安全. 不同于湿法酸消解，微波灰化的优点是处理过程比较简单，实验室日常工作非常通用，多用于过程及质量控制. 在石油工业、制药业、食品工业、塑料制品制造业、污染物治理等领域都有着广泛的应用. 微波灰化的原理是微波系统发射均匀的微波，穿透高温泡沫陶瓷护体，内置的耐高温泡沫瓷体内的碳化硅板将微波能量转化为热能，热量直接辐射到样品内，样品被均匀加热.微波的使用大大增加了加热效率，相较于传统马弗炉，加热速度大幅提高. 同时，微波灰化消解用酸量也非常小，既节约了酸的使用量，又减少了赶酸过程对环境的污染. 微波灰化消解法在元素检测前处理中主要应用于油料油品[1-5]、塑料 [6-7]、傣药[8]、食用菌[9]、小麦淀粉[10-11]、电泳材料[12]等样品.钙、磷都是人体必须的营养元素. 在人体吸收代谢过程中，钙和磷会相互影响. 根据GB 10765—2021《食品安全国家标准婴儿配方食品》[13]和GB 10767—2021《食品安全国家标准幼儿配方食品》[14]要求，钙磷元素比值范围分别为1∶1~2∶1和1.2∶1~2∶1，如果婴幼儿乳粉中钙磷比例失衡，婴幼儿对钙的有效吸收就会降低，造成膳食中钙营养元素的相对缺乏，影响骨骼和牙齿的发育，因此对婴幼儿乳粉中钙、磷元素进行检测十分必要.目前婴幼儿乳粉前处理方法主要有微波消解[13]、干法灰化[14]、高压罐消解[15]和湿法消解[16]. 国内未见微波灰化法在乳粉前处理中的应用研究. 由于乳粉基质比较复杂，添加物质较多，用传统的前处理方法对乳粉进行消解，有消解时间长、使用酸量大等不足. 本文以微波灰化为前处理方法，结合电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-OES）检测婴幼儿乳粉中钙、磷元素的含量，建立一种用时短、用酸量少的测定乳粉中钙、磷元素含量的检测方法.1 试验部分1.1 仪器与试剂电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（720型，安捷伦科技，美国），微波灰化仪（CEM，培安科技，美国），电子天平（Sartorius，塞多利斯公司，德国）（感量：0.001 g），瓷坩埚（50 mL）. 硝酸（默克，优级纯），钙、磷标准溶液1 000 mg/L（中国计量科学研究院）. 试验过程中所使用婴幼儿乳粉均购自超市，样品编号1、2、5样品为婴幼儿1段乳粉，样品编号3、4为纯奶粉，样品编号6为婴幼儿2段乳粉，样品编号7样品为婴幼儿3段乳粉. 试验过程中使用水均为去离子水. 所有使用的器具使用前均经20%硝酸浸泡过夜.1.2 试验方法1.2.1 标准溶液配制分别吸取钙、磷标准溶液1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0 mL于100.0 mL容量瓶中，使用2%硝酸定容至刻度，所配制溶液质量浓度分别为10、20、30、40、50 mg/L.硝酸溶液（硝酸∶水体积比为1∶1）配制：量取100 mL硝酸加入至100 mL去离子水中，混合均匀.1.2.2 试验方案在瓷坩埚中称量0.500 g乳粉，设定微波灰化程序进行试验，灰化完成后待微波灰化炉温冷却至150 ℃以下取出坩埚，晾至室温，用2.0 mL硝酸溶液（硝酸∶水体积比为1∶1）溶解灰分，将溶液转移至100.0 mL容量瓶中，用水清洗瓷坩埚，将清洗液转移至容量瓶中，用去离子水定容至刻度，混合均匀后进行钙、磷元素含量测定.1.3 ICP-OES仪器条件ICP-OES检测条件：功率1.2 kW，等离子体气气体流量：15.0 L/min，辅助器流量：1.50 L/min，雾化器流量：0.75 L/min，读数时间：1 s，进样时间：15 s，稳定时间：15 s. 各元素检测波长分别为钙317.933 nm、磷213.618 nm.1.4 微波灰化条件优化方案采用正交试验法对微波灰化条件进行优化，选取4因素4水平正交试验表，因素和水平如表1所列.表 1 正交试验的因素和水平Table 1 Factors and levels of orthogonal test因素因素A（灰化温度）/℃因素B（灰化时间）/min因素C（碳化温度）/℃因素D（碳化时间）/min 水平1450152002水平2500302504水平3550603008水平46009035012408分析测试技术与仪器第 29 卷2 结果与讨论2.1 微波灰化参数优化采用正交试验法对微波灰化的各个参数进行优化. 正交试验方案及结果如表2所列，正交试验结果分析如表3所列.从表3可以看出，磷元素4个因素极差从大到小的顺序为：A>C>B>D，钙元素4个因素极差从大到小的顺序为：A>B>C>D，因此灰化温度在整个灰化过程中起到重要的作用，碳化时间因素影响最小.2.1.1 微波灰化温度的优化正交试验因素的极差结果越大，代表该因素在试验条件中影响较大. 从正交试验极差分析结果可以看出，微波灰化温度极差最大，是影响灰化的最主要因素. 将微波灰化温度各个水平对应的k值为纵坐标，灰化温度为横坐标作因素水平图，如图1（a）所示. 从图1（a）可以看出，当灰化温度达到500 ℃时，钙和磷随着微波灰化温度的提高，所得到的含量没有明显的增加. 钙、磷两种元素最佳微波灰化温度虽然有所差别，但是差别不大. 综合以上结果，选择500 ℃作为微波灰化的最优温度.2.1.2 微波碳化温度的优化从表3可以看出，碳化温度是灰化效果的次主要因素. 碳化过程是将待处理的样品置于低温下使表 2 微波灰化正交试验方案及试验结果Table 2 Orthogonal test programs and results ofmicrowave ashing方案编号试验方案试验结果/（mg/kg）灰化温度/℃灰化时间/min碳化温度/℃碳化时间/min磷钙1450152002 2 605 3 514 2500153508 2 489 3 338 35501525012 2 545 3 411 4600153004 2 638 3 574 54503035012 2 199 2 928 6500302004 2 625 3 532 7550303002 2 615 3 504 8600302508 2 617 3 513 9450602504 2 490 3 334 105006030012 2 710 3 645 11550602008 2 542 3 414 12600603502 2 545 3 451 134******** 2 544 3 392 14500902502 2 650 3 565 155******** 2 721 3 664 166009020012 2 636 3 625表 3 灰化参数优化正交试验结果分析Table 3 Results analysis of orthogonal test/（mg/kg）元素 因素A因素B因素C因素D元素 因素A因素B因素C因素D 磷K19 83810 27710 40810 415钙K113 16813 83714 08514 034 K210 4741005610 30210 474K214 08013 47713 82314 104K310 4231028710 50710 192K313 99313 84414 11513 657K410 43610 5519 95410 090K414 16314 24613 38113 609k1 2 459 2 569 2 602 2 604k1 3 292 3 459 3 521 3 509k2 2 618 2 514 2 576 2 619k2 3 520 3 369 3 456 3 526k3 2 606 2 572 2 627 2 548k3 3 498 3 461 3 529 3 414k4 2 609 2 638 2 488 2 522k4 3 541 3 562 3 345 3 402极差159********极差249193184124极差顺序：A>C>B>D极差顺序：A>B>C>D最优水平：A2B4C3D2最优水平：A4B4C3D2注：K1、K2、K3、K4表示任意列上水平1、水平2、水平3、水平4所对应的试验结果之和；k1、k2、k3、k4表示水平1、水平2、水平3、水平4对应试验结果均值第 4 期陈丽梅，等：微波灰化-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定婴幼儿乳粉中的钙和磷409其碳化，减少因温度上升过快而使得样品灰分的挥发. 以微波灰化碳化温度各个水平对应k 值为纵坐标，碳化温度为横坐标作因素水平图，如图1（b ）所示.从图1（b ）可以看出，过高的碳化温度并不利于微波灰化的结果. 随着碳化温度的提高，样品碳化过程过快，使得元素随着碳化的烟雾挥出，造成了元素含量的损失. 当碳化温度为300 ℃时，钙和磷含量均达到最佳水平. 因此选择最佳的碳化温度为300 ℃.2.1.3 微波灰化时间的优化以微波灰化时间各个水平对应k 值为纵坐标，微波灰化时间为横坐标作因素水平图，如图1（c ）所示.从图1(c ）中可看到并没有最优的灰化时间点出现，因此对微波灰化时间进行了单点优化，结果如图1(d)所示. 从图1(d) 中可以看出，当灰化时间达到90 min 后，延长灰化时间对于消解并没有明显的改善，综合考虑各元素的灰化时间，选择最优的灰化时间为90 min.2.1.4 碳化时间的优化以碳化时间各个水平对应k 值为纵坐标，碳化时间为横坐标作因素水平图，结果如图2所示. 从图2可以看出，当碳化时间达到4 min 时，钙和磷的含量水平达到最优，因此所选碳化时间为4 min.2.1.5 称样量的优化通过正交试验结果，选择最佳微波灰化条件：微波灰化温度500 ℃，灰化时间90 min ，碳化温度300 ℃，碳化时间4 min. 在最优的条件下对不同称样量（0.2、0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0 g ）样品进行前处理，采用ICP-OES 对其含量进行检测，以样品含量为纵坐标，样品称样量为横坐标作图3. 当称样量达到2.0 g 时，婴幼儿乳粉出现了灰化不完全的情况，定容样品中含有黑色沉淀. 从图3也可以看出，当称2 0002 5003 0003 5004 000元素质量分数/(m g /k g )T /℃1 5002 0002 5003 0003 5004 000T /℃元素质量分数/(m g /k g )1 5002 0002 5003 0003 5004 000元素质量分数/(mg /k g )t /min2 0002 5003 0003 5004 0004 5005 000元素质量分数/(m g /k g )t /min图1 （a ）灰化温度、（b ）碳化温度、（c ）微波灰化时间的因素水平图、（d ）微波灰化时间的单点优化Fig. 1 Factor level diagrams of (a) microwave ashing temperatures, (b) microwave carbonization temperatures and(c) microwave ashing times, (d) optimization of microwave ashing times1 5002 0002 5003 0003 5004 000元素质量分数/(m g /k g )t /min图2 碳化时间的因素水平图Fig. 2 Factor level diagram of microwave carbonizationtimes410分析测试技术与仪器第 29 卷样量达到2.0 g 时，检测到的样品含量出现下降的趋势，这是由于样品称样量过多时，样品没有被完全灰化，待测元素无法完全转移到溶液中，造成检测含量降低. 因此最佳称样量应小于2.0 g.2.2 各元素仪器方法学考察采用外标法对各元素进行检测，以元素浓度（X ）为横坐标，元素在ICP-OES 检测强度（Y ）为纵坐标拟合线性方程，得到线性方程和相对标准偏差（RSD ）. 各元素检出限取3倍样品空白标准偏差（n =11）计算，定量限取10倍样品空白标准偏差（n =11）计算. 所得结果如表4所列.表 4 线性方程、检出限和定量限Table 4 Linear regression equations, limits of detection and limits of quantitation元素线性方程线性范围/（mg/L ）相关系数RSD/%检出限/（mg/L ）定量限/（mg/L ）钙Y =37 341.809 + 55 064.512X 0~500.9990.860.023 70.079磷Y =602.582 + 1 742.811X0~500.9990.750.022 50.0752.3 加标回收试验在婴幼儿乳粉中添加标准溶液，采用最优灰化条件进行样品处理后采用ICP-OES 进行检测，结果如表5所列. 从表5可以看出，磷元素加标回收率为86%~104%，钙元素加标回收率为87%~96%. 磷和钙元素6次加标回收率的RSD 分别为2.5%~7.0%，3.9%~10.0%. 加标回收率结果能够满足日常检测要求.表 5 加标回收率Table 5 Results of recovery元素背景/(mg/kg)添加质量分数/(mg/kg)测得质量分数/(mg/kg)加标回收率/%RSD/（%，n =6）磷2 582500 3 0911027.01 000 3 623104 4.22 0004 30386 2.5钙4 1771 0005 0478710.02 0006 01792 4.73 0007 057963.92.4 实际样品的检测采用所建立的方法对市场采购的婴幼儿乳粉进行钙、磷元素含量测定，测定结果如表6所列. 从表中可以看出，所检测的样品编号1、2、5号样品钙磷比值分别为1.4、1.6、1.6，符合GB 10765—2021《食品安全国家标准 婴儿配方食品》[13]要求. 样品编号3、4 号样品是纯奶粉和甜奶粉，钙磷比值分别为1.2和1.1. 样品编号6、7号样品比值分别为1.7、1.3，符合GB 10767—2021《食品安全国家标准 幼儿配方食品》[14]要求.2.5 微波灰化与其他消解方法的比较将微波灰化法与其他前处理方法消解体系和所用时间进行比较，结果如表7所列. 微波灰化前处理方法的精密度和回收率能够满足日常检测的需求. 与干法灰化相比，由于微波的使用，大大增加了加热效率，从而使在进行婴幼儿乳粉前处理过程m /g1 5002 0002 5003 0003 5004 0004 500元素质量分数/(m g /k g )图3 样品称样量的选择Fig. 3 Optimization of sample weights第 4 期陈丽梅，等：微波灰化-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定婴幼儿乳粉中的钙和磷411中所需要的灰化时间更短，总体处理时间与微波消解相当. 微波灰化前处理只需要在灰化完成后用少量酸溶解样品，因此用酸量与湿法消解相比更少.说明微波灰化用于婴幼儿乳粉中钙、磷检测的前处理，所用时间少，消解所用到的酸的种类和剂量也很少，减少了酸的使用对于实验环境和实验人员的危害.3 结论采用微波灰化对婴幼儿乳粉中钙、磷元素进行样品前处理，相比微波消解方法，具有用时短、用酸量少、消解效果好、不需要进行赶酸处理等优势. 与干法灰化和湿法消解相比大大减少了样品处理时间. 采用微波灰化与ICP-OES 结合对婴幼儿乳粉中重要的指标元素钙、磷元素进行检测，是一种快速、环保、准确度高的方法，在婴幼儿乳粉质量控制中有很好的应用价值.参考文献：俞晔, 乙小娟, 刘一军. 微波灰化-原子荧光光谱法测定植物油中砷[J ]. 现代科学仪器，2002（6）：48-50.[YU Ye, YI Xiaojuan, LIU Yijun. Determination of arsenic in vegetable oil by AFS method using mi-crowave ashing [J ]. Modern Scientific Instruments ，2002 （6）：48-50.]［ 1 ］王楼明, 叶锐钧, 林燕奎, 等. 微波灰化-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定原油和燃料油中的铅和砷[J ].［ 2 ］化学分析计量，2009，18（2）：33-36. [WANG Lou ming, YE Ruijun, LIN Yankui, et al. Determination of lead and arsenic in crude oil and fuel oil by mi-crowave ashing hydride generation atomic fluores-cence spectrometry [J ]. Chemical Analysis and Meter-age ，2009，18 （2）：33-36.]徐晓霞, 张海峰, 谭智毅, 等. 微波灰化-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定石油焦中铁[J ]. 检验检疫学刊，2015，25（3）：21-24. [XU Xiaoxia,ZHANG Haifeng, TAN Zhiyi, et al. Determination of iron in petroleum coke by ICP-AES with microwave ash technology [J ]. Journal of Inspection and Quarant-ine ，2015，25 （3）：21-24.]［ 3 ］荣丽丽, 孙玲, 王磊, 等. 微波灰化等离子发射光谱法测定渣油中的铁、镍和钒[J ]. 精细石油化工进展，2014，15（1）：56-58. [RONG Lili, SUN Ling, WANG Lei, et al. Determination of iron, nickel and vanadium contents in residual oil with microwave ashing tech-nique and inductively coupled plasma atom emission spectrometry [J ]. Advances in Fine Petrochemicals ，2014，15 （1）：56-58.]［ 4 ］胡健. 微波灰化样品-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定原油中微量金属元素[J ]. 化学工程与装备，2021（11）：205-206. [HU Jian. ICP-OES De-termination of trace amount of metal elements in crude oil with microwave assisted ashing of sample [J ].Chemical Engineering and Equipment ，2021 （11）：205-206.]［ 5 ］王鹏, 沈良君, 李啸峰, 等. 微波灰化-ICP 法测定塑料中钡、镉、钴、铜含量[J ]. 广州化工，2013，41（15）：［ 6 ］表 6 实际样品的检测Table 6 Detection of samples/(mg/kg)元素样品编号1样品编号2样品编号3样品编号4样品编号5样品编号6样品编号7磷 2 968 3 0958 109 4 760 2 431 3 793 5 964钙4 2174 9459 5315 0353 9706 3587 973表 7 微波灰化与其他前处理方法比较Table 7 Comparison between microwave ashing and other pretreatment methods方法体系所用时间文献微波灰化 2.0 mL 硝酸溶液（硝酸∶水体积比1∶1）90 min 本方法微波消解 5.0 mL 硝酸+1 mL 双氧水约2 h [15]干法灰化 2.0 mL 硝酸溶液（硝酸∶水体积比1∶1）4~5 h [16]高压消解 5.0 mL 硝酸+1.0 mL 双氧水 3 h [17]湿法消解10 mL 硝酸∶高氯酸（体积比为4∶1）4~5 h[18]412分析测试技术与仪器第 29 卷129-131. [WANG Peng, SHEN Liangjun, LI Xiaofeng, et al. Determination of barium, cadmium,cobalt, copper content in plastics by ICP-OES after mi-crowave ashing [J ]. Guangzhou Chemical Industry ，2013，41 （15）：129-131.]张树全. 微波灰化-等离子发射光谱法测定茂金属聚乙烯中的钛、铝、锆[J ]. 橡塑技术与装备，2017，43（6）：44-46. [ZHANG Shuquan. Determination of Ti, Al and Zr in metallocene polyethylene with mi-crowave ashing technique and inductively coupled plasmaemissionspectrometry [J ].ChinaRubber/Plastics Technology and Equipment ，2017，43（6）：44-46.]［ 7 ］夏从芳, 张龙旺, 白玮, 等. 微波灰化-ICP-MS 法测定傣药肾叶山蚂蝗中的金属元素[J ]. 江苏农业科学，2013，41（11）：342-344. [XIA Congfang, ZHANG Longwang, BAI Wei, et al. Determination of metal elements in Desmodium reniforme by microwave ash-ing-ICP-MS [J ]. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences ，2013，41 （11）：342-344.]［ 8 ］倪张林, 汤富彬, 屈明华, 等. 微波灰化-液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用测定干食用菌中的三价铬和六价铬[J ]. 色谱，2014，32（2）：174-178. [NI Zhanglin, TANG Fubin, QU Minghua, et al. Determin-ation of trivalent chromium and hexavalent chromium in dried edible fungi by microwave ashing-liquid chro-matography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [J ]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography ，2014，32 （2）：174-178.]［ 9 ］张慧, 夏拥军. 微波灰化-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定出口小麦淀粉中痕量铅[J ]. 光谱实验室，2005，22（3）：559-563. [ZHANG Hui, XIA Yongjun.Determination of trace lead in exported wheat starch by microwave ashing-hydride generation-atomic fluor-escence spectrometry [J ]. Chinese Journal of Spectro-scopy Laboratory ，2005，22 （3）：559-563.]［ 10 ］李旭, 吴维吉, 刘佳, 等. 微波灰化电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定小麦中6种金属元素含量[J ]. 食品安全质量检测学报，2019，10（4）：866-869. [LI Xu, WU Weiji, LIU Jia, et al. Determination of 6 kinds of met-al elements in wheat by microwave ashing and induct-ively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry [J ]. Journal［ 11 ］of Food Safety & Quality ，2019，10 （4）：866-869.]吴志刚, 曹璨. 微波灰化-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定电泳涂料中15种金属元素[J ]. 化学分析计量，2023，32（1）：6-10. [WU Zhigang, CAO Can. Determ-ination of fifteen elements in electrophoretic coating by microwave ashing-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [J ]. Chemical Analysis and Meterage ，2023，32 （1）：6-10.]［ 12 ］国家卫生健康委员会, 国家市场监督管理总局. 食品安全国家标准 婴儿配方食品: GB 10765—2021[S ]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2021.［ 13 ］国家卫生健康委员会, 国家市场监督管理总局. 食品安全国家标准 幼儿配方食品: GB 10767—2021[S ]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2021.［ 14 ］马征, 常雅宁. 微波消解-ICP-OES 法同时测定婴幼儿奶粉中的14种无机元素[J ]. 中国乳品工业，2017，45（1）：43-46, 60. [MA Zheng, CHANG Yaning. De-termination of 14 trace elements in infant formula milk powder by microwave digestion-ICP-OES [J ]. China Dairy Industry ，2017，45 （1）：43-46, 60.]［ 15 ］宋龙波, 赵龙刚, 赵延伟, 等. 火焰原子吸收光谱法测定婴幼儿奶粉中铁、锌元素含量[J ]. 安徽农业科学，2012，40（33）：16374-16376. [SONG Longbo, ZHAO Longgang, ZHAO Yanwei, et al. Determination of Fe and Zn in infant formula milk power by flame atomic absorption spectrometry [J ]. Journal of Anhui Agricul-tural Sciences ，2012，40 （33）：16374-16376.]［ 16 ］吴育廉. 高压密封湿法消解-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定婴儿配方奶粉中铁和锌[J ]. 微量元素与健康研究，2011，28（3）：49-50. [WU Yulian. Digestion with high pressure airproof pot - Determined of Fe and Zn in Baby formula by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry [J ]. Studies of Trace Elements and Health ，2011，28 （3）：49-50.]［ 17 ］陈晓, 张晓文, 赵广才. 三种不同前处理方法对标准奶粉中锰含量测定的影响[J ]. 广东微量元素科学，2015，22（11）：27-29. [CHEN Xiao, ZHANG Xiao wen, ZHAO Guangcai, et al. The effect of manganese contentdeterminationbythreepretreatmentmethods [J ]. Guangdong Trace Element Science ，2015，22 （11）：27-29.]［ 18 ］第 4 期陈丽梅，等：微波灰化-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定婴幼儿乳粉中的钙和磷413。
Microscale and Nanoscale Heat Transfer
Microscale and Nanoscale Heat TransferHeat transfer can be defined as the movement of thermal energy from one system to another as a result of temperature difference. This process, which takes place in various natural and human-made systems, is an important area of study in engineering and physics. Over the years, heat transfer research has undergone significant transformation, especially in the areas of microscale and nanoscale heat transfer.Microscale heat transfer refers to the transfer of thermal energy in systems where the dimensions are on the order of micrometers (10^-6 meters). This field of research has gained significant attention recently, especially in the development of microelectronic devices and microprocessors. Heat transfer in these systems is influenced by a combination of thermal conduction, convection, and radiation. Some common examples of microscale heat transfer include heat transfer in microchannels, micro heat exchangers, and microcooling devices.Nanoscale heat transfer, on the other hand, refers to heat transfer in systems where the dimensions are on the order of nanometers (10^-9 meters). This field is a relatively new area of research that has emerged as a result of the development of nanotechnology. In nanoscale heat transfer, certain physical phenomena such as quantum confinement, surface scattering, and phonon resonance play critical roles in the transfer of thermal energy. Some common examples of nanoscale heat transfer include heat transfer in nanofluids, nanopores, and nanowires.One of the main challenges in microscale and nanoscale heat transfer is the accurate modeling of heat transfer mechanisms. The conventional heat transfer laws of conduction, convection, and radiation are no longer sufficient to completely explain the transfer of thermal energy at the microscale and nanoscale. Therefore, researchers have explored new approaches and developed new models to account for unique physical phenomena that influence heat transfer in these systems.One such new approach is the concept of thermal conductivity reduction, where the thermal conductivity of a material is reduced at the nanoscale. This concept has beenproven by researchers through experiments and theoretical analysis and has significant implications for the design of micro and nanoelectronic devices. Another approach is the use of nanofluids, which are colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in a base fluid. These nanofluids have higher thermal conductivity than the base fluid, making them suitable as coolants for micro and nanoelectronic devices.Microscale and nanoscale heat transfer research offer immense opportunities for the development of new technologies and more efficient energy transfer systems. It has applications in a wide range of fields, including microelectronics, aerospace, and biomedical engineering. The constant advancement of these technologies is dependent on effective research in micro and nanoscale heat transfer.In conclusion, microscale and nanoscale heat transfer is a rapidly evolving field of research with significant applications in various industries. The accurate modeling and understanding of heat transfer mechanisms at the microscale and nanoscale provide opportunities for the development of energy-efficient systems, new materials, and innovative technologies. The exploration of new approaches and models in this field is critical for the advancement of various industrial and scientific applications.。
宇宙微波背景辐射的发现与意义
宇宙微波背景辐射的发现与意义宇宙微波背景辐射（Cosmic Microwave Background, CMB）被公认为是宇宙起源和演化的重要证据之一。
本文将介绍宇宙微波背景辐射的发现历程和其在宇宙学中的意义。
一、宇宙微波背景辐射的发现宇宙微波背景辐射的发现可以追溯到二十世纪六十年代。
当时，两位天文学家阿兹诺夫（Arno Penzias）和威尔森（Robert Wilson）在研究射电信号时，无意中发现了一种源于宇宙的微弱背景辐射。
他们的发现后来被证实正是宇宙微波背景辐射，这一发现为宇宙学研究带来了革命性的突破。
二、宇宙微波背景辐射的特征宇宙微波背景辐射是一种均匀且具有相同强度的辐射，在各个方向上的测量结果非常接近。
宇宙微波背景辐射的温度约为2.7开尔文，这是由于宇宙膨胀过程中导致光子频率下降而形成的。
此外，宇宙微波背景辐射的频谱呈现出非常平坦的黑体辐射特征。
三、宇宙微波背景辐射的来源宇宙微波背景辐射的来源可以追溯到宇宙大爆炸理论。
据该理论，宇宙在早期曾经处于非常高温的状态，光子与物质不断相互作用，直到宇宙膨胀过程中温度下降到一定程度，光子与物质之间的相互作用才减弱，光子开始自由传播，并在此过程中形成了宇宙微波背景辐射。
四、宇宙微波背景辐射的意义1. 宇宙起源验证：宇宙微波背景辐射的发现和特征验证了宇宙大爆炸理论，即宇宙起源于一次巨大的爆炸事件。
这一发现为宇宙演化的理论提供了重要的依据。
2. 宇宙结构形成：宇宙微波背景辐射的均匀性和频谱特征与宇宙结构的形成密切相关。
微小的温度涨落反映了早期宇宙中物质的密度波动，这些涨落最终演化为星系、星云和星团等宇宙结构。
3. 宇宙学参数测量：宇宙微波背景辐射的观测可以提供宇宙学的重要参数，如宇宙膨胀速率、物质密度和宇宙常数等。
通过对微波背景辐射的精确观测和分析，科学家们能够进一步了解宇宙的性质和演化。
4. 宇宙暗物质与暗能量：宇宙微波背景辐射的研究还有助于揭示宇宙中的暗物质和暗能量的性质。
modis蒸散发数据单位 -回复
modis蒸散发数据单位-回复关于MODIS蒸散发数据的单位，我们需要首先了解什么是MODIS蒸散发数据，以及为什么需要使用单位来衡量和表达这些数据。
MODIS（Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）是由美国宇航局（NASA）和国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）合作开发的一种遥感仪器，用于监测地球表面的环境和气候变化。
MODIS蒸散发数据是通过MODIS仪器获取的关于地表蒸散发的观测和测量数据。
蒸散发是指地表水分蒸发到大气中的过程，它是陆地生态系统水循环的重要组成部分。
蒸散发的量可以用来评估和监测地表水分的利用和分配情况，对于水资源管理、农业灌溉和气候变化研究等具有重要意义。
MODIS蒸散发数据的单位通常使用以下两种常见的量纲体系来衡量：1. 能量单位：蒸散发是一个能量转化的过程，因此可以使用能量单位来衡量蒸散发的量。
常见的能量单位有焦耳（Joule）和千焦耳（Kilojoule）。
焦耳是国际单位制中的能量单位，它可以表示蒸散发过程中水分蒸发释放的能量。
千焦耳是指1000焦耳，常用于表示较大的能量值。
2. 水分单位：蒸散发是指水分从地表蒸发到大气中，因此也可以使用水分单位来衡量蒸散发的量。
常见的水分单位有毫米（mm）和立方米（m^3）。
毫米是单位面积上的水分深度，可以表示单位面积上蒸散发的水分量。
立方米是指体积单位，可以表示在一定时间内蒸散发的总水分量。
在使用MODIS蒸散发数据时，我们需要根据具体的应用需求选择合适的单位来表达和计算蒸散发的量。
例如，在水资源管理中，可以使用水分单位（如mm）来评估地表水分的利用情况和水资源的分配问题；在气候变化研究中，可以使用能量单位（如焦耳）来分析蒸散发能量的变化和地表水汽的释放。
总之，MODIS蒸散发数据的单位通常使用能量单位（如焦耳）和水分单位（如毫米）来衡量和表达。
根据实际需求选择合适的单位，可以更好地理解和利用蒸散发数据，并为相关研究和决策提供有力支持。
【初中化学】德科学家首次用离子阱精确测量锘原子质量
【初中化学】德科学家首次用离子阱精确测量锘原子质量以德国亥姆霍兹重离子研究中心(gsi)为首的一个国际研究小组首次成功使用离子阱捕获了102号元素锘的原子，并精确测量了锘原子的质量。
该方法使获得长寿命的超重元素成为可能。
相关研究成果发表在近期的《自然》杂志上。
除了地球上92种自然存在的元素外，科学家们还先后发现了20多种人造化学元素。
在这些元素中，原子序数超过103（或105）的元素称为超重元素。
到目前为止，生成的超重元素的寿命非常短，主要以秒和毫秒为单位。
由于超重核的数量少、寿命短，科学家们一直无法直接测量它们的质量和电荷，而只能通过测量它们的能量α衰变链来间接推断。
现在，由gsi主任迈克尔?布洛克领导的国际科研小组成功研制出一套复杂的试验装置shiptrap，并将其与曾发现6个超重元素的速度过滤器连接在一起，不仅成功捕获了锘原子，还精确测量了它的质量。
科学家们首先用加速器释放的钙离子轰击铅箔，以产生离子锘, 然后用过滤器分离锘来自其他反应产物。
在shiptrap中，离子首先在充满气体的空腔中减速，然后被所谓的Penning离子阱捕获。
在离子阱磁场的作用下锘离子在一个小的螺旋轨道上以特定的频率运动锘原子可以直接通过它来计算。
测量精度可达百万分之五。
这是首次在没有理论假设的帮助下，以空前的精度直接确定锘原子的质量。
而质量是原子的一个基本属性，通过它可以直接计算出原子组成的结合能。
反过来，这也决定了原子的寿命或稳定性。
因此，科学家们认为在离子阱中可能会发现寿命非常长的超重元素。
迈克尔？布洛克说，原子质量的精确测量只是他们新开发的Shipprap测试装置成功的第一步。
他们现在的目标是继续改进测试设备，朝着越来越重的元素发展，也许有一天会到达超重稳定岛。
质谱的原理和仪器构造ppt课件
质谱分类
目前质谱在药检领域的应用迅速 增加，原因是许多保健品、中药 制剂、食品等非法添加化学成分， 需要做出鉴定，虽是中国国情使 然，却也为仪器供应链创造了商 机。
一、有机质谱的基本原理：
质谱仪原理的示意图：
进样系统 离子源 (电离和加速，形成各 种离子) 质量分析器 (把不同质荷比的 离子分开) 检测器 (检测各种质荷比的 离子) 数据处理系统。
6.真空系统
为了保证离子源中灯丝的正常工作，保 证离子在离子源和分析器正常运行，消 减不必要的离子碰撞，散射效应，复合 反应和离子-分子反应，减小本底与记忆 效应, 质谱仪的离子源和分析器一般真空 度都要求在 10-5-10-8 Torr 才能工作。
真空系统由机械真空泵和扩散泵或涡轮 分子泵组成。通常用机械泵预抽真空， 然后用扩散泵或涡轮分子泵连续地抽气。
声的比值，就是信/噪比值，用 S/N 表
示。噪声指基线的强度。
4. 质量精度
利用质谱仪定性分析时，质量精度是一 个很重要的性能指标。在低分辨质谱仪 中，仪器的质量指示标尺精度不应低于 ±0.4质量数。高分辨率质谱仪给出离子 的精确质量，相对精度一般在1-10ppm。
四、质量分析器：
介绍五种不同的分析器
5.计算机、数据处理系统
在计算机未问世前，用反射式电流计，即 被检测的每个 m/e 值的离子电流作用于电流 计上，电流计的发射镜就把光束反射到光敏纸 上，从而实行记录。
计算机系统的功能是对质谱仪进行控制， 包括对质谱数据的采集、处理和打印。现有电 子轰击源 (EI) 的质谱仪的均有 NIST 标准谱 库，谱库中有十几万张标准谱图及用于环保、 农药、兴奋剂, 代谢产物等专用谱库。可进行 谱库检索。高分辨质谱仪其数据系统的软件则 更丰富，还能给出分子离子和其他碎片离子的 元素组成及理论计算值、偏差值 (百万分之 一), 饱和度等其他有关信息。
微波等离子体原子发射光谱法(MP-AES)测定果汁中的常量元素
微波等离子体原子发射光谱法(MP-AES)测定果汁中的常量元素Phuong Truong;John Cauduro【期刊名称】《中国无机分析化学》【年(卷),期】2014(004)004【摘要】介绍了使用配有Agilent 4107氮气发生器的Agilent 4200微波等离子体原子发射光谱法(MP-AES)分析果汁样品中的钙、镁、钠和钾等常量元素的分析方法,在分析两种质量控制(QC)测试材料时,加标回收率在90％～110％,6h中所有四种元素的相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于4％.与火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)相比,MP-AES的等离子体源在检出限和线性动态范围等性能方面有所改善,MP-AES 无需使用可燃性气体,也无需使用昂贵又费时的改性剂和电离抑制剂,对标准物质的测定结果与标准值基本一致.4200 MP-AES将是替代火焰原子吸收仪器的理想选择.【总页数】3页(P62-64)【作者】Phuong Truong;John Cauduro【作者单位】安捷伦科技公司,澳大利亚;安捷伦科技公司,澳大利亚【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O657.31;TH744.11【相关文献】1.微波等离子体原子发射光谱法(MP-AES)测定地质样品中的常量和微量元素 [J], Terrance Hettipathirana;Phil Lowenstern2.微波等离子体原子发射光谱法(MP-AES)测定米粉中的常量、微量和痕量元素[J], JohnCauduro3.微波等离子体发射光谱法(MP-AES)测定地质样品中的主量和微量元素 [J], Craig Taylor;Elizabeth Reisman4.微波等离子体光谱仪(MP-AES)高效测定啤酒中15种元素的方法研究 [J], 刘学国; 李津; 马晴; 范香; 张赛楠; 李少军5.微波等离子体原子发射光谱法(MP-AES)测定出口营养强化剂中十种元素 [J], 于趁;马育松;姚春毅;刘蓓蕾;甄建辉因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
世界首个纳米级单分子质量实时测定系统问世
世界首个纳米级单分子质量实时测定系统问世
佚名
【期刊名称】《纳米科技》
【年(卷),期】2009(6)4
【摘要】加州理工学院的物理学、应用物理学和生物工程学教授兼该校纳米科学研究所主任迈克尔·L·若克斯及其同事经过十多年努力，开发出仅有百万分之一米大小的纳米电子机械系统（NEMS）谐振器，可实时测定单个分子的质量，有效简化了分子质量测量的程序，并使测量器械微型化。
这种2μm长、100nm宽的桥状谐振器具有很高的振动频率，
【总页数】1页(P78-78)
【关键词】分子质量;实时测定;纳米级;测定系统;应用物理学;世界;加州理工学院;电子机械系统
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】O59;TQ342.61
【相关文献】
1.首个纳米级单分子质量实时测定系统问世 [J],
2.世界首个单分子电动马达在美问世 [J], 具翔
3.世界首个单分子电动马达问世 [J], 文菊
4.世界首个单分子电动马达在美问世 [J], 无
5.美开发出单分子质量实时测定系统 [J],
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。