Combined loading
海运费用英文缩写
海运费用英文缩写运费：空运费-AIR FREIGHT海运费-OCEAN FREIGHT包干费-LOCAL CHARGE电放费-SURRENDED FEE并单费-COMBINED CHARGE改单费-AMEND FEE集卡费-TRUCKING FEE快递费-COURIER FEE熏蒸费-FUMIGATION CHARGE制单费-DOCUMENT FEE注销费-LOGOUT FEE改配费-RE-BOOKING FEE查验费-INSPECTION FEE订舱费-BOOKING FEE保险费-INSURANCE CHARGE外拼费-CO-LOAD FEE内装费-LOADING FEE报关费-CUSTOMS CLEARANCE FEE商检费-COMMODITY CHECKING FEE特殊操作费-SPECIAL HANDLING CHARGE码头操作费-TERMINAL HANDLING CHARGE附加费表述：AMS-Automatic Manifest System 自动舱单系统录入费，用于美加航线BAF-Bunker Adjustment Factor 燃油附加费CAF-Currency Adjustment Factor 货币贬值附加费DDC-Destination Delivery Charge 目的港卸货附加费，常用于美加航线EBA-Emergency Bunker Additional紧急燃油附加费，常用于非洲、中南美航线EBS-Emergency Bunker Surcharge 紧急燃油附加费，常用于澳洲航线FAF-Fuel Adjustment Factor 燃油价格调整附加费，日本航线专用GRI-General Rate Increase 综合费率上涨附加费IFA-Interim Fuel Additional 临时燃油附加费ORC-Origin Receipt Charge 原产地收货费，一般在广东地区使用PCS-Panama Canal Surcharge 巴拿马运河附加费PCS-Port Congestion Surcharge 港口拥挤附加费PSS-Peak Season Surcharge 旺季附加费SPS-Shanghai Port Surcharge 上海港口附加费（船挂上海港九区、十区）THC-Terminal Handling Charge 码头处理费WARS-War Surcharge 战争附加费YAS-Yen Ascend Surcharge 日元升值附加费，日本航线专用货运费用常用术语海运费ocean freight集卡运费、短驳费Drayage订舱费booking charge报关费customs clearance fee操作劳务费labour fee or handling charge商检换单费exchange fee for CIP换单费D/O fee拆箱费De-vanning charge港杂费port sur-charge电放费B/L surrender fee冲关费emergent declearation change海关查验费customs inspection fee待时费waiting charge仓储费storage fee改单费amendment charge拼箱服务费LCL service charge动、植检疫费animal & plant quarantine fee 移动式其重机费mobile crane charge进出库费warehouse in/out charge提箱费container stuffing charge滞期费demurrage charge滞箱费container detention charge卡车运费cartage fee商检费commodity inspection fee转运费transportation charge污箱费container dirtyness change坏箱费用container damage charge清洁箱费container clearance charge分拨费dispatch charge车上交货FOT ( free on track )电汇手续费T/T fee转境费/过境费I/E bonded charge空运方面的专用术语空运费air freight机场费air terminal charge空运提单费airway bill feeFSC (燃油附加费) fuel surchargeSCC（安全附加费）security sur-charge抽单费D/O fee上海港常用术语内装箱费container loading charge(including inland drayage) 疏港费port congestion charge他港常用术语场站费CFS charge文件费document chargeAMS Automated Manifest System 自运舱单系统ACS/ACC ALAMEDA CORRIDOR SURCHARGE 火车通道费（自洛杉矶转运）BAF BUNKER AJUSTMENT FACTOR 燃油附加费系数BAF 燃油附加费，大多数航线都有，但标准不一。
truck loading物流术语
truck loading物流术语Truck Loading物流术语随着物流行业的发展和进步，truck loading（卡车装载）成为物流运输过程中的重要环节。
合理的truck loading可以提高运输效率，减少损耗，降低成本。
本文将介绍一些与truck loading相关的物流术语，帮助读者更好地了解和应用这些术语。
1. 装车方式- 集装箱装车（Container Loading）：将货物装载到集装箱中，以便于集装箱的运输和转运。
- 散装装车（Bulk Loading）：将散装货物直接装载到卡车车厢中，不使用集装箱或其他包装方式。
- 整车装车（Full Truck Load）：将货物装满整个卡车车厢，实现车辆的最大化使用效率。
2. 装载工艺- 预装（Pre-loading）：在货物发运之前，提前将货物装载到卡车上，以节省时间和提高效率。
- 现场装车（On-site Loading）：在装车地点将货物装载到卡车上，常见于工地、码头等现场。
- 配载（Consolidation）：将多个小批次的货物合并装载到同一辆卡车上，以减少运输成本。
3. 装载工具- 装载平台（Loading Platform）：提供一个平整的装载场地，方便卡车和货物的装卸作业。
- 装载机械（Loading Machinery）：包括起重机、叉车等机械设备，用于提升和搬运货物。
- 装载工具（Loading Equipment）：包括吊索、绳索、绑带等工具，用于固定和保护货物。
4. 装载标准- 最大装载量（Maximum Load Capacity）：卡车能够承载的最大货物重量或体积。
- 装载限制（Loading Limitation）：卡车装载过程中的限制条件，如高度限制、重量限制等。
- 装载平衡（Loading Balance）：确保货物在卡车上的合理分布，保持卡车的稳定和安全。
5. 装载优化- 装载率（Loading Rate）：衡量卡车装载效率的指标，表示货物占卡车装载容量的比例。
铁路施工常用英文词汇
铁路施工常用英文词汇核子密度湿度测定determination of nuclear density-moisture路基承载板测定determination of bearing slab of subgrade预留沉落量reserve settlement；settlement allowance反压护道berm with superloading；berm for back pressure；counter swelling berm石灰砂桩lime sand pile换土change soil；soil replacement爆破排淤blasting discharging sedimentation；silt arresting by explosion；discharge of sedimentation by blasting抛石挤淤throwing stones to packing sedimentation；packing sedimentation by throwing stones；packing up sedimentation by dumping stones路堑石方爆破rock cutting blasting；rock blasting in cut定向爆破directional blasting浅孔爆破shallow hole blasting深孔爆破deep hole blasting洞室药包爆破chamber explosive package blasting；chamher blasting扬弃爆破abandoned blasting；abandonment blasting抛掷爆破pin-point blasting松动爆破blasting for loosening rock药壶爆破pot hole blasting裸露腰包爆破adobe blasting；contact blasting路堑边坡cutting slope；side slope of cut堑顶top of cutting slope；top of cutting路堑平台platform of cutting；berm in cutting弃土堆waste bank；bankette；spoil bank挡土墙retaining wall 铁路施工常用英文词汇1重力式挡土墙gravity retaining wall衡重式挡土墙balance weight retaining wall；gravity retaining wall with relieving platform；balanced type retaining wall锚定板挡土墙anchored retaining wall by tie rods；anchored bulkhead retaining wall；anchored plate retaining wall加筋土挡土墙reinforced earth retaining wall；reinforced soil retaining wall锚杆挡墙anchored bolt retaining wall；anchoraged retaining wall by tie rods管柱挡墙cylindrical shaft retaining wall沉井挡墙caisson retaining wall抗滑桩anti-slide pile；counter-sliding pile护墙guard wall tielu 铁路施工护坡slope protection；revertment；pitching排水沟weep drain；drainage ditch；drain ditch边沟；侧沟side ditch天沟gutter；overhead ditch；intercepting ditch吊沟suspended ditch跌水hydraulic drop截水沟intercepting ditch；catch-drain急流槽chute排水槽drainage channel渗水暗沟blind drain渗水隧洞leak tunnel；permeable tunnel；drainage tunnel渗井leaching well；seepage well渗管leaky pipe平孔排水horizontal hole drainage反滤层reverse filtration layer；inverted filter；protective filter 检查井inspection well；manhole砂井；排水砂井sand drain隔断层insulating course；insulating layer透水路堤pervious embankment；permeable embankment渗水路堤immerseable embankment排水砂垫层sand filled drainage layer；drainage sand blanker坡面防护slope protection护岸revetment；shore protection导流堤diversion dike拦石墙stone cut off wall；stone falling wall；buttree落石槽stone falling channel；trough for catching falling rocks柴排firewood raft；mattress；willow fascine固沙造林stabilization for sands by afforestation挡风墙wind-break wall防风栅栏wind break fence砂土液化sand liquefaction中-活载CR-live loading；China railway standard loading桥梁标准活载standard live load for bridge桥梁荷载谱bridge load spectrum换算均布活载equivalent uniform live load设计荷载design load主力principal load恒载dead load土压力earth load静水压力hydrostatic pressure浮力buoyancy列车活载live load of train列车离心力centrifugal force of train列车冲击力；冲击荷载impact force of train冲击系数ceofficient of impact人行道荷载sidewalk loading附加力subsidiary load；secondary load列车制动力braking force of train列车牵引力tractive force of train风荷载wind load列车横向摇摆力lateral swaying force of train流水压力pressure of water flow冰压力ice pressure冻胀力frost heaving force特殊荷载particular load船只或排筏的撞击力collision force of ship or raft地震力seismic force地震烈度earthquake intensity地震震级earthquake magnitude施工荷载constructional loading荷载组合loading conbination铁路桥railway bridge公铁两用桥combined bridge；combined highway and railway bridge；combined rail-cum-road bridge跨线桥；立交桥overpass bridge；grade separation bridge；flyover高架桥viaduct旱桥dry bridge人行桥foot bridge；pedestrian bridge圬工桥masonry bridge钢桥steel bridge铆接钢桥riveted steel bridge栓焊钢桥bolted and welded steel bridge全焊钢桥all welded steel bridge摩擦结合式高强度螺栓high strength friction grip bolt扭剪式高强度螺栓torshear type high strength blot螺栓示功扳手bolt wrench with indicator混凝土桥concrete bridge钢筋混凝土桥reinforced concrete bridge预应力混凝土桥prestressed concrete bridge先张法预应力梁pretensioned prestressed concrete girder后张法预应力梁post-tensioned prestressed concrete girder部分预应力混凝土桥partially prestressed concrete bridge结合梁桥composite beam bridge低高度梁shallow girder无碴无枕梁girder without ballast and sleeper型钢混凝土梁；劲性骨架混凝土梁girder with rolled steel section encased in concrete；skeleton reinforced concrete girder简支梁桥simply supported beam bridge连续梁桥continuous beam bridge悬臂梁桥cantilever beam bridge板桥slab bridge空心板桥hollow slab bridge板梁plate girder工形梁I-beam箱形梁box girder槽形梁trough girder桁架truss拆装式桁架demountable truss刚架桥；刚构桥rigid frame bridge斜腿刚架桥；斜腿刚构桥strutted beam bridge；slant-legged rigid frame bridge悬板桥；悬带桥stressed ribbon bridge悬索桥；吊桥suspension bridge斜拉桥cable-stayed bridge浮桥pontoon bridge；floating bridge；bateau bridge拱桥arch bridge固端拱；无铰拱fixed-end arch双铰拱two-hinged arch三铰拱three-hinged arch实腹拱spandrel-filled arch；solid-spandrel arch空腹拱open-spandrel arch双曲拱two-way curved arch；cross-curved arch系杆拱；柔性系杆刚性拱tied arch榔格尔式桥；刚性系杆柔性拱桥Langer bridge；flexible arch bridge with rigid tie洛泽式桥；直悬杆式刚性拱刚性梁桥Lohse bridge；rigid arch bridge with rigid tie and vertical sespenders尼尔森桥Nielsen systen bridge尼尔森式骆泽梁桥；斜悬杆式刚性拱梁桥Nielsen type Lhse bridge；rigid arch bridge with fighd tie and inclined suspenders活动桥movable bridge竖旋桥bascule bridge平旋桥swing bridge升降桥lift bridge正交桥right bridge斜交桥skew bridge曲线桥curved bridge曲梁curved beam特大桥super maior bridge大桥major bridge中桥medium bridge小桥minor bridge单线桥single track bridge双线桥double track bridge多线桥multi-track bridge正桥；主桥main bridge引桥approach spans上承式桥deck bridge半穿式桥；中承式half through bridge；midheight deck bridge 下承式桥through bridge双层桥double-deck bridge永久性桥permanent bridge临时性桥；便桥temporary bridge跨径；跨度span净跨clear spam桥梁全长overall length of bridge桥下净空underneath clearance主梁中心距center to center distance between main girder节间长度panel length梁高depth of girder拱度camber挠度deflection节间panel锚跨；锚孔anchor span悬跨；吊孔suspended span桥梁上部结构superstructure腹板web plate翼缘flange翼缘板flange plate弦杆chord member腹杆web member斜杆diagonal member竖杆vertical member吊杆suspender hanger加劲杆stiffener节点panel point节点板gusset plate拼接板splice plate缀条lacing bar缀板stay plate；tie plate侧向水平联结系lateral bracing横联sway bracing制动撑架braking bracing桥门架portal frame纵梁stringer横梁floor beam；transverse beam桥面系floor system端横梁end floor beam起重横梁jacking floor beam梁端缓冲梁auxiliary girder for controlling angle change应变时效strain ageing碳当量carbon equivalent钢丝steel wire钢丝束bundled steel wires钢绞线steel strand钢筋reinforcement；steel bar箍筋stirrup纵向钢筋longitudinal reinforcement弯起钢筋bent-up bar架立钢筋erection bar构造钢筋constructional reinforcement预应力筋tendon套管sheath梁腋haunch拱圈arch ring拱肋arch rib拱顶rach crown拱矢rise of arch起拱点springing拱腹soffit拱腹线intrados拱背钱extrados桥塔bridge tower；pylon索平面cable plane缆索cable斜缆stay cable；inclined cable吊缆suspension cable索鞍cable saddle索夹cable band；cable clamp锚座socket锚碇anchorage明桥面open deck；ballastless deck；open floor 桥梁道碴槽ballast trough道碴桥面ballasted deck；ballasted floor桥梁护轨guard rall of bridge桥梁护木guard timber of bridge桥枕bridge tie；bridge sleeper桥上人行道sidewalk on bridge步行板foot plank避车台refuge platform伸缩缝expansion joint正交异性板orthotropic plate栏杆railing；handrail；handrailing泻水孔drainage opening直结轨道track fastened directly to steel girders抗剪连接件；抗剪结合件shear connector支座bearing固定支座fixed bearing活动支座expension bearing；movable bearing平板支座plate bearing摇轴芝座rocker bearing滚轴支座roller bearing球面支座spherical bearing板式橡胶支座laminated rubber bearing盆式橡胶支座pot rubber bearing聚四氯乙烯支座poly-tetrafluoroedthylene bearing；PTFE bearing涡流激振wortex-excited oscillation弛振galloping颤振flutter扰流板spoiler风嘴wind fairing桥梁自振周期natural vibration period of bridge浮运架桥法bridge erection by floating架桥机架设法erection by bridge girder erecting equipment顶推式架设法erection by incremental launching拖拉架设法launching method赝架式架设法erection with scaffolding悬臂架设法catilever erection；erection by protrusion悬臂灌注法cast-in-place cantilever construction；free cantilever segmental concreting with suspended formwork悬臂拼装法cantilevered assembling constrution；free cantilever erection with segments of precast concrete预制混凝土构件precast concrete units；precast concrete members活动模架逐跨施工法segmental span-by-span construction using form traveller桥梁合龙closure就地贯注法cast-in-place method；cast-in-situ method活动吊篮travelling cradle顶进法jack-in method旋转法施工；转体施工erection by swing method液压式张拉千斤顶hydraulic tensioning jack桥梁下部结构substructure桥台abutment重力式桥台gravity abutment埋置式桥台buried abutment锚定板式桥台anchor slab abutmentU形桥台U-shaped abutment耳墙式桥台abutment with cantilevered retaining wall台身abutment body前墙front wall台帽abutment coping翼墙wing wall锥体护坡quadrant revetment；truncated cone banking台后填方filling behind abutment桥墩pier空心桥墩hollow pier实体桥墩solid pier重力式桥墩gravity pier柔性桥墩flexible pier拼装式桥墩assembly pier；pier constructed with precast units制动墩braking pier柱式桥墩column pierV形桥墩V-shaped pier圆端形桥墩round-ended pier圆形桥墩circular pier矩形桥墩rectangular pier排架式桥墩pile bent pier墩身pier body；pier shaft墩帽pier coping围栏railing around coping of pier or abutment承台bearing platform破冰体ice apron；ice-breaking cutwater；ice guard地基foundation；foundation soil；subgrade加固地基improved foundation；improved ground天然地基natural foundation；natural ground桥梁基础bridge foundation扩大基础spread foundation明挖基础open-cut foundation；open excavation foundation沉井基础open caisson foundation浮式沉井基础floating caisson foundation沉井刃脚cutting edge of open caisson围堰cofferdam双壁钢围堰钻孔基础double wall steel cofferdam bored foundation 预制钢壳钻孔基础prefabricated steel shell bored foundation泥浆套沉井法slurry jacket method for sinking caisson空气幕沉井法air curtain method for sinking caisson沉箱基础pneumatic caisson foundation管柱基础tubular column foundation桩基础pile foundation预制桩precast pile就地灌注桩cast-in-place concrete pile；cast-in-situ concrete pile 螺旋喷射桩auger injected pile摩擦桩friction pile支承桩bearing pile钻孔桩bored pile挖孔桩dug pile钢桩steel pile钢管桩steel pipe pile钢板桩steel sheet pile板桩sheet pile木桩timber pile钢筋混凝土桩reinforced concrete pile砂桩sand pile挤密砂桩sand conpaction pile流砂quick sand；drift sand送桩pile follower试桩test pile斜桩batter pile；raking pile；spur pile护筒pile casting重锤夯实法heavy tamping method灰土换填夯实法mothod of lime-soil replacement and tamping灌注水下混凝土underwater concreting；concreting with tremie method 导流建筑物regulating structure丁坝；挑水坝spur dike顺坝longitudinal dam河床铺砌river bed paving码头wharf排架bent脚手架scaffold悬空脚手架hanging stage；hanging scaffold铁路涵洞railway culvert涵洞孔径aperture of culvert管涵pipe culvert箱涵box culvert拱涵arch culvert盖板涵slab culvert无压力涵洞inlet unsubmerged culvert压力式涵洞outlet submerged culvert半压力式涵洞inlet submerged culvert明渠open channel；open ditch；open drain倒虹吸管inverted siphon潮汐河流tidal river淤积silting；siltation流冰ice drift铁路轮渡railway car ferries轮渡站ferry station轮渡栈桥ferry trestle bridge渡轮ferry boat轮渡引线；轮渡斜引道ferry slip铁路隧道railway tunnel山岭隧道mountain tunnel越岭隧道over mountain line tunnel水下隧道；水地隧道subaqueous tunnel；underwater tunnel地铁隧道subway tunne；underground railway tunnel浅埋隧道shallow tunnel；shallow-depth tunnel；shallow burying tunnel 深埋隧道deep tunnel；deep-depth tunnel；deep burying tunnel单线隧道single track tunnel双线隧道double track tunnel多线隧道multiple track tunnel车站隧道station tunnel地铁车站subway station；metro station特长隧道super long tunnel长隧道long tunnel中长隧道medium tunnel短隧道short tunnel隧道群tunnel group地铁工程subway engineering；metro engineering洞口tunne ladit；tunnel opening隧道进口tunnel entrance隧道出口tunnel exit迎坡；正面坡front slope洞门tunnel portal洞门框tunnel portal frame端墙式洞门end wall tunnel portal柱式洞门post tunnel portal翼墙式洞门wing wall tunnel portal耳墙式洞门ear wall tunnel portal台阶式洞门bench tunnel portal正洞门orthonormal tunnel portal；straight tunnel portal斜洞门skew tunnel portal明洞门open-cut-tunnel portal；gallery portal衬砌lining拱圈arch边墙side wall仰拱invert；inverted arch底板floor整体式衬砌integral lining装配式衬砌precast lining；prefabricated lining模筑衬砌moulded lining洞口段衬砌lining of tunnel portal section偏压衬砌unsymmetrically loading lining；eccentrically compressed lining 组合衬砌；复合衬砌composite lining初期支护primary support二次衬砌secondary lining隔离层isolation layer喷锚衬砌shorcrete bolt lining下锚段衬砌；接触网锚段衬砌anchor-section lining挤压混凝土衬砌extruding concrete tunnel lining隔热层thermal insulation layer明洞open-cut tunnel；tunnel without cover；gallery拱形明洞arch open cut tunnel；arch tunnel without cover；arch gallery棚洞shed tunnel；shed gallery路堑式明洞cut-type open cut tunnel；cut-type tunnel without cover；cut-type gallery半路堑式明洞part cut-type open cut tunnel；part cut-type tunnel without cover；part cut-type gallery抗滑明洞anti-skid-type open cut tunnel；anti-skid-type tunnel without cover；anti-skid-type gallery盖板式棚洞slab shed tunnel；slab shed gallery刚架式棚洞framed shed tunnel；framed shed gallery悬臂式棚洞cantilever shed tunnel；cantilever shed gallery隧道专家系统expert system of tunnel围岩surrounding rock围岩压力pressure of surrounding rock地层压力ground pressure；stratum pressure松弛压力relaxation pressure形变压力deformation pressure围岩自承能力self-supporting capacity of surrounding rock坑道自稳时间self-stabilization time of tunnel弹性抗力elastic resistance灌浆压力grouting pressure。
英语试验报告词汇
试验报告词汇一．混凝土试块报告上的英语词汇1. laboratory：实验室2. aggregate type：集料类型3. mix proportion：配合比4. compressive strength：抗压强度5. not mentioned：未提供，未提及6. specimen /'spesɪmɪn/ 试件，样品7. designation /dezɪg'neɪʃ(ə)n/ 名称8. frog mark 吊牌，标识9. maximum /'mæksɪməm/ 最大的；maximum load：最大荷载10. crushing /'krʌʃɪŋ/决定性的；crushing strength：压碎强度11. average /'æv(ə)rɪdʒ/ 平均的12. mode of failure: 破坏形式，崩塌形式13. combined: 联合，组合14. sealed condition: 封闭的状态，另：unsealed condition 未封闭状态15. countersign /'kaʊntəsaɪn/ 连署，会签；countersigned by: 会签（后接签名）16. perform /pə'fɔːm/ 执行，完成；test performed by: 试验员（后接签名）17. Dr. 博士，另：M.S = Master of Science，理科硕士；又另：lecture: 讲师18. responsibility：责任19. representative：代表性的20. character：特性，性质21. recommend：推荐22. secure：可靠的23. container：包装箱，集装箱；另：contain：包含24. packet：包裹25. signature：签名26. component：构件，成分27. authority：权威，专家；另：authorized：经认可的，公认的28. avoid：避免29. fraudulent：欺骗的，不诚实的30. fabrication：制作31. duly：充分地32. contractor：承包商33. supplier：供货商，提供者34. bureau：科，室35. research：调查，研究36. consultation：咨询二．砂浆、水泥报告上的英语词汇：1. specimen: 试件，样品2. ratio: 比率，比3. specification: 规范，细则4. figure: 数字，图形5. curing: 养护6. blended /'blendid/ 混合的；blend: v.混合，配料7. hydraulic/haɪ'drɔːlɪk/ 液压传动装置8. maximum /'mæksɪməm/ 最大的，极大的9. consistency /kən'sɪst(ə)nsɪ/ 稠度；water for normal consistency: 标准稠度用水量10. initial /iˈniʃəl/ 最初的；initial setting time: 初凝时间；final setting time: 终凝时间11. fineness /'faɪnnɪs/ 细度，纯度12. density /'densɪtɪ/ n.密度，浓度，稠度13. standard requirements 标准要求的14. specific /spə'sɪfɪk/ 比率的,专门的,特殊的15. gravity /'grævɪtɪ/ 万有引力,地心吸力,重力；specific gravity 比重16. shingle /'ʃɪŋg(ə)l/ 鹅卵石17. unacceptable /ʌnək'septəb(ə)l/ 不能接受的，不合意的三. 击实报告及回填土压实度检测报告上的词汇：18. executive /ɪg'zekjʊtɪv/ 行政的，执行的19. scheme /skiːm/方案，计划20. compaction /kəm'pækʃən/ 压实21. memo /'meməʊ/ 备忘录22. Ref. reference /'ref(ə)r(ə)ns/ 的缩写，指商业书信等的编号23. client /'klaɪənt/ 委托人24. sample 样品，sample by 采样25. quantity /'kwɒntɪtɪ/ 数量26. soil parameter27. parameter /pə'ræmɪtə/ 参数，参量28. sieve /sɪv/ 筛，筛分29. description /dɪ'skrɪpʃ(ə)n/ 描述30. specimen /'spesɪmɪn/ 试样31. modified /'mɔdifaid/ 变更的，改进的32. proctor /'prɒktə/ 代理人；modified proctor 改良式普罗克达（试验）modified proctor test 重型击实试验33. AASHTO 美国公路与运输协会标准34. mould /məʊld/ 模型，模具；dia：diameter 的缩写35. represent /reprɪ'zent/ 作为…的代表，代表；quantity represented：代表数量；36. rammer /'ræmə/ 夯锤37. determination /dɪ,tɜːmɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n/ n.测定38. assume /ə'sjuːm/ vt. 假定；assumed 假定的39. moisture /'mɒɪstʃə/ n. 湿度40. content /kən'tent/ n. 含量；moisture content : 含水率41. volume /'vɒljuːm/ n. 体积，容积42. attach /ə'tætʃ/ vt. 附着attached ：附着的43. graph /grɑːf/ n. 曲线图44. optimum /'ɒptɪməm/ adj. 最佳的OMC = optimum moisture content 最佳含水率45. maximum /'mæksɪməm/ adj. 最大的MDD = maximum dry density 最大干密度46. cone /kəʊn/ n.圆椎；sand cone method 灌砂法47.四. 钢筋及焊接检测报告上的词汇：1. strength /streŋθ/ n. 强度2. tension /'tenʃ(ə)n/ n. 拉力，张力；vt.使拉紧，使紧张3. deformed /dɪ'fɔːmd/ n.变形的；deform：使变形4. nominal /'nɒmɪn(ə)l/ 额定的；nominal Dia 公称直径5. unit /'juːnɪt/ n.（计量上的）单位，如：actual unit weight 实际的单位重量6. yield /jiːld/ vi. 屈服7. proof load 检验荷载8. ultimate /'ʌltɪmət/ 极限的，最终的9. elongation /iːlɒŋ'geɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 伸长率10. bend /bend/ vt. 使弯曲；n.弯曲；如：bending brake 弯曲机11. designation /dezɪg'neɪʃ(ə)n/ n.名称12. predict /prɪ'dɪkt/ vt. 预言，预知，预报；predicted：预先的13. factor /'fæktə/ n. 因素，系数14. conversion/kən'vɜːʃ(ə)n/ n.转化，换算convert vt. 转换，改造15. lap /læp/ n. 搭接，重叠16. length /leŋθ/ n.长度，距离几乎每种报告后附有的备注：Sample as supplied to us have been tested in our laboratory. BRTC does not any responsibility as to the representative character of the samples required to be tested. It is recommended that samples are sent in a secure and sealed /cover/packet/container under signature of the component authority. In order to avoid fraudulent fabrication of test result, it is recommended that all test reports are collected by duly authorized person, and not by the Contractor/Supplier.送来的样品已在我试验室完成检测。
钢筋混凝土原理课程-各章参考词汇
CHAPTER1Plain Concrete素混凝土，Reinforced Concrete钢筋混凝土，Prestressed Concrete预应力混凝土，reinforcement steel bar钢筋（也有人直接用bar,fiber），Portland cement波特兰水泥Light-weight concrete轻质混凝土，high-strength concrete高强混凝土，Fiber reinforced concrete（FRC）纤维混凝土load荷载，span跨径，strain应变，stress应力，compression压力，tension拉力，moment弯矩，torsion扭矩，扭转thermal expansion coefficients热膨胀系数，corrosion protection防腐蚀，Fire resistance 耐火，hollow floor空心楼板，wall墙面，girder主梁，beam横梁，column柱，footing基础allowable stress design method允许应力法，ultimate strength design method极限强度设计法，limit state design method极限状态设计法，composite structure混合结构CHAPTER2smooth bar光圆钢筋，deformed bar螺纹钢筋，hot rolled bar热轧钢筋，cold drawn bar 冷拉钢筋，steel wires钢绞线，heat treated steel bar热处理钢筋stress-strain curve应力应变曲线，yield plateau屈服平台deformation变形，deflection挠度，yield strength屈服强度，ultimate strength极限强度，ductility韧性，hardening强化，cold drawn冷拉，tempering treatment回火，quenching treatment淬火fatigue疲劳，shrinkage收缩，creep徐变，crack开裂,crush压溃water-cement ratio水灰比cubic compressive strength立方体抗压强度，prismatic compressive strength棱柱体抗压强度elasticity modulus弹性模量（杨氏模量），secant modulus割线模量，tangent modulus切线模量，shear modulus剪切模量，poisson’s ratio泊松比uniaxial tension单轴拉伸，biaxial loading双轴加载，triaxial loading三轴加载CHAPTER3bond粘结，anchorage锚固，bar splicing钢筋搭接，splitting撕裂，crush压溃，pull-out failure刮出式破坏splice length搭接长度，embedded length埋置长度，development length锚固长度shape coefficient外形系数ribs钢筋肋CHAPTER4axial load轴向加载，axial tension轴向拉伸，axial compression轴向压力elasticity弹性，plasticity塑性longitudinal bars主筋（纵向钢筋），stirrup箍筋，hanger bar架立筋，bent bar弯起钢筋brittle failure脆性破坏，load carrying capacity承载能力short column短柱，slender column长柱，stability coefficient稳定系数cross section截面，cross-sectional dimension截面尺寸spiral stirrup螺旋箍筋CHAPTER5box section箱形截面，hollow slab空心板，T-section T形截面over-reinforced beam超筋梁，under-reinforced beam少筋梁，balanced-reinforced beam 适筋梁brittle failure脆性破坏concrete cover混凝土保护层minimum reinforcement ratio最小配筋率flexure theory弯曲理论，plane section assumption平截面假定neutral axis中性轴，coefficient系数，parameter参数，constant常数stress distribution应力分布，shear span ratio剪跨比stress block depth应力区高度（受压区高度），relative stress block depth相对应力区高度（相对受压区高度），nominal stress block depth名义应力区高度（名义受压区高度），flexural capacity抗弯承载能力symmetry reinforcement对称配筋effective flange width有效翼缘宽度，flange翼缘，web腹板shear-lag effect剪力滞效应simple-supported beam简支梁，continuous beam连续梁deep-bending member深受弯构件，deep beam深梁，transfer girder转换梁，tie-reinforcement拉结筋，horizontal distributing reinforcement水平分布钢筋spacing间距CHAPTER6eccentricity偏心率，second-order effect二阶效应ultimate limit state使用极限状态additional eccentricity附加偏心距eccentricity magnifying coefficient偏心距放大系数tensile failure受拉破坏，compressive failure受压破坏larger eccentricity大偏心，small eccentricity小偏心out-plane strength片面外强度geometric central axis几何中心轴CHAPTER7shear failure剪切破坏diagonal tension斜向拉应力shear flow剪力流diagonal cracks斜裂缝，flexural crack弯曲裂缝，compression strut受压杆web reinforcement腹筋（抗剪钢筋）truss model桁架模型slope angle倾角upper end of the crack裂缝上端maximum spacing of stirrup箍筋最大间距concentrated load集中荷载，uniform load均布荷载detailing requirement构造要求moment envelope弯矩包络图，moment diagram弯矩图embedded length锚固长度points of bend弯起点CHAPTER8equilibrium torsion均衡扭转，compatibility torsion协调扭转static equilibrium静力平衡principal stress主应力cracking torque开裂弯曲transverse reinforcement横向钢筋elasto-plastic mode弹塑性模型Plastic space truss design method塑性空间桁架设计方法，Skew bending design method 斜弯设计方法hollow section空心截面perimeter周长hook弯钩minimum stirrup ratio最小配箍率distribution of reinforcement钢筋分布CHAPTER9punching shear冲切，local compression局部受压two way shear双向剪切slab-column joint板柱交接点column cap柱帽，drop panel托板linear interpolation线形内插effective depth有效高度critical width临界宽度punching shear cone冲压椎体polar moment of inertia极惯性矩net area净面积spiral stirrup螺旋箍筋，mat reinforcement钢筋网splitting劈裂，chipping崩裂CHAPTER10prestressed concrete预应力混凝土pretensioning system先张法，post-tensioning system后张法wire钢丝，strand钢绞线，tendon钢束bottom台座，casting-yard预制场duct孔道，jack张拉，grout灌浆，bond粘结，unbond无粘结friction摩擦full prestressing全预应力，partial prestressing部分预应力creep徐变，shrinkage收缩stress loss应力损失grippers夹具，anchorage锚具permissible stress容许应力，stretching stress拉伸应力，effective prestress有效预应力loss of prestress预应力损失，loss due to friction摩擦损失，anchorage-sections锚具滑移，elastic shortening of concrete混凝土塑性回缩，steel stress relaxation钢筋应力松弛，creep loss徐变损失，shrinkageloss收缩损失tendon profile钢束形状，deviation force偏向力，curvature effect曲率效应，wobble effect抖动效应fixed end固定端，tension end张拉端overstretching超张拉curvature friction coefficient曲率摩擦系数transfer length传递长度，bond stress粘结应力concrete depositing混凝土浇注service stage使用阶段，construction stage施工阶段Transformed area换算面积，moment of inertia惯性矩hoisting吊装，transporting运输dynamic factor动力系数ordinary reinforced steel普通钢筋normal section正截面，oblique section斜截面CHAPTER11serviceability使用性能reliability可靠性：safety安全，applicability实用，durability耐久deflection挠度，crack width裂缝宽度transverse crack横向裂缝，plastic crack塑性裂缝，temperature crack温度裂缝，shrinkage crack收缩裂缝，cracks due to rust锈蚀引起的裂缝，cracks due to differential settlement不均匀沉降引起的裂缝，load-induced crack荷载引起的裂缝freezing-thawing冻容，alkali-aggregate reaction碱骨料反应standard value标准值，frequent value频遇值，quasi-permanent value准永久值maximum crack width最大裂缝宽度crack control开裂控制bond-slip theory粘结滑移理论，non-slipping theory无滑移理论flexural stiffness弯曲刚度。
复合加载模式下单桩复合筒型基础地基承载力包络线研究
合加载模式下地基承载力及破坏模式，得到了地基 承载力包络线和判断地基稳定性的数学表达式。对 于单桩基础，王俊岭等[14]利用有限元数值分析软件 对复合加载模式下海上风机桩基础破坏机制进行了 详细地研究，确定了 V、H 和 M 共同作用下桩基础 的破坏模式及在荷载空间（V、H、M）中的破坏包 络面，并根据破坏包络面与实际桩基受力状态之间 的相对关系，评价实际荷载状态下海上风机桩基础 的稳定性。刘冰雪等 [1516] 应用有限元数值分析软 件，研究了海上风机 3 桩及 4 桩基础结构在单调荷 载及复合荷载作用下的承载力特性并得到 V-H 荷载 空间内的破坏包络线，探讨了荷载作用方向、单桩 桩径及桩间距对海上风机多桩基础极限承载力的影 响。刘润等[17]对海上风电宽浅式筒型基础进行了承 载特性研究，运用数值模拟方法获得了不排水饱和 软黏土中宽浅式筒型基础地基承载力的包络线。由 此可见，运用数值分析方法建立不同形式基础的地 基承载力包络面是评价地基稳定性的重要途径。 本文针对天津大学海上风电课题组研发的新型 基础型式——单桩复合筒型基础，运用承载力包络 线的数值分析方法，得到了单桩复合筒型基础在 V-H、V-M、H-M 和 V-H-M 荷载空间内的破坏包络 线 （面） ， 并开展了该种新型基础形式的室内模型试 验研究，验证了数值分析方法的可靠性。
第 37 卷第 5 期 Байду номын сангаас016 年 5 月
DOI： 10.16285/j.rsm.2016.05.033
岩 土 力 学 Rock and Soil Mechanics
Vol.37 No.5 May 2016
复合加载模式下单桩复合筒型基础 地基承载力包络线研究
刘 润 1，祁 越 1，李宝仁 1, 2，练继建 1，丁红岩 1
外贸货运用语-中英文对照
外贸货运用语-中英文对照第一篇：外贸货运用语-中英文对照货运用语中英文对照货物goods / freight /cargo运输transportation / transit / conveyance运送 to transport / to carry /to convey运输业transportation business / forwarding business / carrying trade运输代理人a forwarding agent承运人a freight agent / a carrier船务代理人 a shipping agent陆上运输 transportation by land 海上运输 transportation by sea货物运输 goods traffic / freight traffic / carriage of freights/ carriage of goods货轮 cargo boat / freighter / cargo steamer /cargo carrier火车 goods-train /freight-train卡车 goods-van/ goods wagon/freight car/ truck货运办公室 goods-office/freight-department运费率 freight /freight rates/goods rate运费 carriage charges/shipping expenses/express charges车费 cartage/portage运费预付 carriage prepaid/carriage paid运费到付carriage forward/freight collect运费免除/免费carriage free协定运费conference freight/freight rate运费清单freight account托运单 way-bill /invoice运送契约 contract for carriage装运 shipment/loading装上货轮 to ship/ to load / to take on a ship装运费 shipping charges/shipping commission装运单/载货单 shipping invoice装运单据 shipping documents大副收据 mate's receipt装船单 shipping order提货单 delivery order装船通知 shipping advice包裹收据 parcel receipt准装货单 shipping permit租船契约 charter party租船人 charterer程租船||航次租赁 voyage charter期租船 time charter允许装卸时间 lay days/laying days工作日 working days连续天数 running days / consecutive days滞期费 demurrage 滞期日数 demurrage days速遣费 despatch money空舱费 dead freight退关 short shipment / goods short shipped /goods shut out / shut-outs赔偿保证书(信托收据)letter of indemnity | | trust receipt装载 loading卸货 unloading / discharging /landing装运重量shipping weight / in-take-weight卸货重量 landing weight 压舱 ballasting压舱货 in ballast舱单 manifest船泊登记证书 ship's certificate of registry航海日记 ship's log船员名册 muster-roll(船员，乘客)健康证明 bill of health光票 clean bill不清洁提单 foul bill有疑问提单 suspected bill第二篇：砂轮用语中英文对照abrasive 砂轮Al2O3 氧化铝balance平衡bond 结合氧化硼立方晶buffing wheel 抛光布轮diamond 钻石dresser 砂轮整修机dressing 修整endless grinding belt 循环式研磨带 finishing allowance 加工余量grain 磨粒grinding disc 研磨盘jamp up 孔眼堵塞mesh 网筛目parameter 参数resinoid grinding wheel 半树脂型砂轮 slitting 切缝量vitrified 陶瓷的wheel 旋转第三篇：常用生活用语中英文对照中英文对照表：生活用语餐馆、饭庄 restaurant 黄油 butter 快餐部 snack bar 果酱 jam 快餐台quick lunch counter 盐salt 酒吧bar 糖sugar 小吃部、食堂cafeteria 牛肉 beef 食堂 dining room 牛排 beef steak 午餐会luncheon party 小牛肉 veal咖啡馆 cafe 牛肚 fripe 茶馆 teahouse 羊肉 mutton 菜单 menu 猪肉pork 回民菜馆moslem 猪排pork chop 面包bread 猪肘子pork shoulder 米饭 rice 火腿 ham 炒饭 fried rice 咸肉 bacon 馒头steamed bun;steamedbread 香肠sausage 面条noodles 鸡肉chicken 汉堡包hamburger 烤鸭 roast duck 三明治、夹肉面包sandwich 鹅 goose 奶酪 cheese 海味 seafood 蛋糕 cake 大虾 prawn 奶油蛋糕 cream cake 鱼 fish 布丁 pudding 鲤鱼沙丁鱼 sardine 旅馆 hotel, inn 蛋 egg 接待处 reception 炒鸡蛋scrambled egg 问讯处 information 什锦小吃assorted appetizers 电梯lift;elevator 沙拉 salad 衣帽间 cloak room 水果沙拉 fruit salad 男盥洗室men's room 意大利面条spaghetti 女盥洗室women's room 汤一层first floor清汤 clear soup 二层second floor 肉汤 broth 十一层 eleventh floor 罗宋汤 russian soup 洗衣房 laundry 西红柿汤 tomato soup 洗衣袋 laundry bag 苹果 apple 洗衣液 shampoo 梨 pear 服务到房间 room service 橘子orange 搬运行李工蜜橘mandarin orange 大厅门厅lobby 香蕉banana 购物中心shopping center 西瓜water melon 商店store 桃peach 理发(女)hair-dressing 咖啡coffee 理发(男)hair cut 葡萄grape 诊疗室clinic 无奶咖啡 black coffee 路 road 茶街 street 加奶咖啡 white coffee 大道 avenue 红茶 black tea 小巷 lane 牛奶 milk 斑马线 zebra 绿茶 green tea 人行道 side walk 矿泉水 mineral water 此路不通no thorough fare 橘子水 orangeade 公共汽车 bus 果汁fruit juice公共车站水 ice 电车 tram 冰激凌 ice cream 电车站 tram stop 啤酒 beer 出租车 taxicab 生啤draught beer 地铁subway, tube 葡萄酒、甜酒 wine 火车rail, railway 香槟 champagne 火车站railway station 烈酒liquor,spirits 售票处ticket office, booking officepepper 单(双)程票single(return)ticket 辣椒 chilli 候车室 waiting room 站台票platform ticket 寄包裹处 parcel service 餐车 dining car 汇款处remittance counter 邮局 post office 打电报处telegraph counter 邮票 stamp 邮箱 mail box 信件 letter 电话telephone第四篇：外贸常用术语中英文对照外贸常用术语中英文对照2009-02-23 16:27:31 作者：tc001 来源：浏览次数：3241.packing list deatiling the complete inner packing specification and contents of each package 载明每件货物之内部包装的规格和内容的装箱单 bined invoice is not acceptable 不接受联合发票转The Stipulations of “Uniform customs and Practice for Documentary Credits”“跟单信用证统一惯例”1.packing list deatiling the complete inner packing specification and contents of each package 载明每件货物之内部包装的规格和内容的装箱单2.packing list detailing… 详注……的装箱单3.packing list showing in detail… 注明……细节的装箱单4.weight list 重量单5.weight notes 磅码单（重量单）6.detailed weight list 明细重量单7.weight and measurement list重量和尺码单8.signed commercial invoice已签署的商业发票 in duplicate 一式两份in triplicate 一式三份in quadruplicate 一式四份in quintuplicate 一式五份 in sextuplicate 一式六份 in septuplicate 一式七份in octuplicate一式八份in nonuplicate 一式九份in decuplicate 一式十份9.beneficiary's original signed commercial invoices at least in 8 copies issued in the name of the buyer indicating(showing/evidencing/specifying/declaration of)the merchandise, country of origin and any other relevant information.以买方的名义开具、注明商品名称、原产国及其他有关资料，并经签署的受益人的商业发票正本至少一式八份10.Signed attested invoice combined with certificate of origin and value in 6 copies as reuired for imports into Nigeria.以签署的，连同产地证明和货物价值的，输入尼日利亚的联合发票一式六份11.beneficiary must certify on the invoice…have been sent to the accountee 受益人须在发票上证明，已将……寄交开证人5.4% discount should be deducted from total amount of the commercial invoice 商业发票的总金额须扣除4%折扣12.invoice must be showed: under A/P No.… date of expiry 19th Jan.1981 发票须表明：根据第……号购买证，满期日为1981年1月19日13.documents in combined form are not acceptable不接受联合单据bined invoice is not acceptable 不接受联合发票转 The Stipulations of “Uniform customs and Practice for Documentary Credits”“跟单信用证统一惯例”15.except as otherwise stated herein---除本证另有规定外16.except so far as otherwise expressly stated---除非另有明确表示17.this credit is subject to…---本证根据……解释18.uniform customs and practice for documentary credits---跟单信用证统一惯例19.International Chamber of Commerce Brochure No.400---国际商会第400号手册20.1983 revision---1983年修订本21.except as otherwise expressly stated herein, this credit is subject to uniform customs and practice for documentary credits 1993 Revision, International Chamber of Commerce,publication No.500---除另有规定外，本证根据国际商会第500号出版物《跟单信用证统一惯例》1993年修订解释22.支付条件（T erms of payment)（1）Our usual way of payment is by confirmed and irrevocable letter of credit available by draft at sight for the full amount of the contracted goods to be established in our favour through a bank acceptable to thesellers.我们的一般付款方式是保兑的、不可撤销的、以我公司为受益人的、足额信用证，见票即付。
运输词汇——精选推荐
运输词汇道路运输 road transport公路运输 highway transport机动车运输 power-driven vehicle transport⾮机动车运输 non-power-driven vehicle transport运输结构 transport structure运输体系 transport system运输能⼒ transport capacity营运⽅式 operation manner营运范围 operation area联合运输 intermodal transport⼜称“联运”。
接⼒运输 relay transport门到门运输 door-to-door transport直达运输 through transportinternational transport⼜称“出⼊境运输”。
过境运输 transit transport货物运输 freight transport旅客运输 passenger transport营业性运输 for-hire transport⾮营业性运输 own account transport⼜称“⾃⽤运输”。
⽣产过程运输 transport in production process流通过程运输 transport in circulation计划运输 planned transport合同运输 contract transport双程运输 two-way loading transport单程运输 one-way loading transport迂回运输 roundabout transport对流运输 counter flow transport重复运输 reflux of freight分流运输 diversion transport拖挂运输 tractor-trailer transport甩挂运输 trailer pick-up transport滚装运输 roll on/roll off transport旅客 passenger, traveler客流 passenger traffic, passenger flow跨区客流 inter-regional passenger traffic区内客流 intra-regional passenger traffic持续性客流 continuous passenger traffic阵发性客流 intermittent passenger traffic季节性客流 seasonal passenger traffic往返性客流 round trip passenger traffic单向性客流 unidirectional passenger traffic集结性客流 aggregate passenger traffic分散性客流 dispersive passenger traffic旅客流量 passenger traffic volume旅客流时 passenger traffic timepassenger traffic flow direction客流图 passenger traffic diagram客源 passenger source客运站站务⼯作量 passenger terminal work load旅客⽇发送量 daily dispatched passenger number客最⾼聚集⼈数 maximum gathered passenger number 旅客波动系数 passenger number fluctuation coefficientoperation route班车线路 regular service route班车客运 scheduled bus transport直达客运 through bus transport包车客运 chartered bus transport城市公共客运 urban bus transport出租汽车客运 taxi transport公路客运⽹ bus transport network客车定员 rated passenger number班次 number of runs车次 serial number of bus run营运⾥程 operation mileage班次密度 density of runs客运班期 bus schedule定班运⾏ scheduled run⾮定班运⾏ non-scheduled run正点 on schedule晚点 behind schedule客车调度 bus dispatching客车运⾏周期 bus run cycle⼤循环运⾏ full circulation operation⼩循环运⾏ partial circulation operation定线运⾏ fixed line operation套班运⾏ package run双班运⾏ two shifts run⾏包 luggage⼀般⾏包 normal luggage计件⾏包 piece luggage轻浮⾏包 light luggage贵重⾏包 precious belongings托运⾏包 consigned luggage⾃理⾏包 hand luggage⾏包托运 luggage consignment⾏包受理 luggage acceptance⾏包承运 acceptance of luggage consignment⾏包保管 luggage storage service⾏包交付 luggage delivery开启查验 luggage opening for inspection原件收付 original piece receipt and delivery运达期限 time limit of shipment arrival客运单证 document of passenger transport定站客票 fixed ticket定额客票 valued ticket补充客票 additional ticket电⼦⾃动售票系统 automatic electronic ticket system⾏包标签 luggage label客运包车票 charter bill客运动态记录单 bus running record旅客运输质量 bus service quality旅客⼀条龙服务 bus streamlined service客运质量管理 quality management of passenger transport标志服装 uniform错乘 taking wrong bus甩客 denial of passenger旅客意外伤害 passenger unexpected injury旅客意外伤害保险 insurance of passenger unexpected injury ⾏包丢失 loss of luggage⾏包损坏 damage of luggage客运拒赔 reject of passenger claims客运索赔时限 period of limitation for passenger claims按质赔偿 compensation for loss限额赔偿 limited compensation客车正班率 rate of on-schedule bus runs定站停靠率 rate of stops at scheduled bus stops发车正点率 rate of on-time departure旅客正运率 passengers transport regularity rate⾏包正运率 luggages transport regularity rate⾏包赔偿率 luggage compensation rate停靠站 bus stop代办站 agency⾃办站 self-owned terminal⾏包货位 luggage lot班次时刻表 time table of runs营运线路图 operational route map调查表调查 inquiry form survey随车调查 on vehicle survey普通货物 general goods特种货物 special goods散装货物 bulk goods裸装货物 naked goods包装货物 packed goods件货 piece goods危险货物 hazardous goods放射性货物 radioactive goods轻浮货物 light goods长⼤笨重货物 heavy and bulky goods超限货物 oversize or overweight goods鲜活货物 fresh and living goods易腐货物 perishable goods贵重货物 valuable goods扬尘性货物 dusty goods呼吸性货物 respiratory goods吸湿性货物 humidity absorbing goods易碎货物 fragile goods重点货物 priority goods⼤宗货物 mass goods禁运货物 contraband goods限运货物 restricted goods忌装 avoidance of mixed loading货物包装 goods packing运输包装 packing for transport货物标志 goods mark收发货标志 shipping mark运输标志 transport mark包装储运标志 package indicative mark危险货物包装标志 package mark for hazardous goods整车货物运输 truck-load transport零担[货物]运输 less-than-truck-load transport特种车辆货物运输 special truck transport成组运输 unitized transport 集装箱运输 container transport保价运输 insured transport货运业务 freight transport business托运⼈ consignor承运⼈ carrier发货⼈ shipperconsignee托运计划 consignment plan托运 consignment承运 acceptance of consignment发运 pre-departure operation分运 partite transport货物运单 bill of lading货物清单 freight list货票 freight bill验货 inspection of goods理货 tallying of cargoes验道 road inspection押运 escorting到达交付 delivery on arrival运输责任期 transport liability period逾期交付 delayed delivery逾期提货 delayed pick-up货源 freight source货源调查 freight source survey货运⽣产平衡 freight production balance回程系数 return factor运量波动系数 freight volume fluctuation coefficient季节性货源 seasonal freight source货源信息 information of freight source货流 freight flow货流图 freight traffic diagram货物流量 freight traffic volume货物流向 freight traffic direction货物流时 freight traffic time货运调度 dispatching of freight transport计划调度 planned dispatching执⾏调度 operation dispatching现场调度 on-site dispatching值班调度 routine dispatching调度⽇志 dispatching log调度⽅法 dispatching method图上作业法 graphic dispatching method表上作业法 table dispatching method循环调度法 cyclic dispatching method货车动态 operation status of truck货运质量 freight transport quality质量事故 quality accident货差 freight shortage货损 freight damage错装 misloading漏装 neglected loading错运 misshipment定额赔偿 rated compensation收回赔偿 reclaim of compensation货运索赔 freight claims货运理赔 actions for freight claims货运拒赔 reject of freight claims货运索赔时限 period of limitation for freight claims货运质量指标 freight quality indicator货运质量事故频率 frequency of freight quality accidents货损率 damage rate of goods货差率 shortage rate of goods赔偿率 rate of freight compensation货运及时率 rate of timely freight装卸质量合格率 loading and unloading quality conformity rate拖挂重量 trailing load车厢容积 carriage box volume capacity集装箱内容积 container volume capacity集装箱⾃重系数 coefficient of container dead weight[集装]箱容系数 container specific volume capacity coefficient箱容利⽤率 container volume capacity utilizing ratio[集装]箱载重利⽤率 container load capacity utilizing ratio[集装]箱位 container lot[货物]托盘 pallet装货⽹络 loading network集装袋 contain bag汽车运输站场设施 terminal and yard facilities of motor transport货运站 freight terminal零担货运站 less-than-truck-load terminal货运枢纽站 freight hub terminal货运信息中⼼ freight information center货运联运站 intermodal freight terminal公路集装箱中转站 highway container transfer terminal[货物]仓库 warehouse⾼站台 high platform低货位 low freight lot堆货场 stock yard车位 loading/unloading lot货位 freight lot仓库⾯积使⽤率 storage area utilization ratio掏箱 unstuffing装箱 stuffing拼箱 mixed stuffing提取空箱 pick-up empty container箱 return empty container内陆还箱站 inland container depot适箱货 container load freight整箱货 full container load, FCL拼箱货 less than container load, LCL汽车载箱⾏程 vehicle payload-container mileage汽车空箱⾏程 vehicle empty container mileage汽车重箱⾏程 vehicle loaded container mileage货物装卸 goods handling装卸⽅式 handling mode⼈⼒装卸 manual handling机械装卸 mechanical handling装卸机械 handling machinery固定式装卸机械 fixed handling machinery移动式装卸机械 mobile handling machinery车装卸机械 escort handling machinery集装箱装卸机械 container handling machinery⽔平搬运机械 horizontal handling machinery堆垛机械 stowing machinery吊货⼯夹具 hoisting fixture随车液压起重臂 escort hydraulic arm装卸⼯艺 handling technology装卸机械化系统 handling mechanization system装卸机械化⽅案 handling mechanization scheme装卸⼯艺设计 handling technology design装卸⼯艺流程 handling technological process起重量 hoisting capacity汽车货运装卸站 motor transport handling station装卸⼯序 handling procedure装卸质量标准 handling quality standard辅助装卸作业 auxiliary handling operation货车装卸安全间距 truck handling safety interval distance挂摘钩 coupling and uncoupling of hooks稳钩 stabilize hooks超远作业 over-distance stacking operation超⾼作业 over-height stacking operation装卸作业线 handling operation line库场作业 storage area operation堆垛 stacking up转垛 stacking area adjustmentstack transfer集装箱叉车 container fork lift滚上滚下集装箱叉车 roll on/roll off container fork lift。
外贸合同各通用条款翻译
外贸合同各通用条款翻译在外贸合同中，除去合同标的物（货物名称、数量、单价、金额、规格参数、质量标准、起运港、卸货港）之外，还有一些通用的条款，这些条款充实了合同内容，明确了买卖双方的责任和义务。
这些条款涉及的内容主要有：船期规定、船期延展条款、付款方式（涉及信用证类型、付款交单所需单据等）、装船通告、卸货条款、其他条款、保险规定、不可抗力、国际船舶和港口设施保安规则、仲裁、处罚条款等。
现在就以上条款一般规定和通用文句，整理如下：PAYMENT:Irrevocable unrestricted Letter of Credit at usance 90 days after sight to be issued by first class Chinese bank acceptable to Seller.100%(one hundred percent ) fully operable L/C to be received by seller 7 days prior to shipment date covering full contract value and allowing for further 2% more or less tolerance in both quantity and amount which must be stipulated in the L/C.由卖方认可的中国一流银行开具的不可撤销的不受限制的90天付款假远期信用证。
装货前7天（信用证开证日期早于船期7天）卖方收到开有全部合同金额的有效信用证（完全可操作信用证），允许±2%的价值和数量浮动且该条款必须在信用证中有所规定。
L/C to be issued through five major banks in China(i.e. Industrial and Commercial Bank of China,Bank of China,Agricultural Bank of China,Construction Bank of China and Bank of Communication),or any other mutually agreed banks.信用证应由中国五大银行（如中国工商银行、中国银行、中国农业银行、中国建设银行和中国交通银行）或者双方都认可的银行签发。
07(1、2、3)《外贸单证实务》期末考试A卷
1．买方采用FOB条件进口散装小麦，货物用程租船运输，当买方不愿承担装货费用时，可选用以下价格变形（）
A．FOB Liner TermsB．FOB Under Trackle
C．FOB TrimmedD．FOB Stowed
E．FOB Stowed and Trimmed
8．因租船订舱和装运而产生的单据是（）
A．托运单B．装货单C．收货单D．海运提单E．发票
9．商业发票是国际货物买卖中的核心单据，其作用表现为（）
A．交接货物的依据B．登记入账的依据C．报关纳税的依据D．专卖合同的证明
E．有时可替代汇票进行货款结算
10．本票与汇票的区别在于（）
A．前者是无条件的支付承诺，后者是无条件支付命令
Place and date of Issue:09 Dec 2004
8、COLLECT:FREIGHT COLLECT
9、Shipper:ABC IMPORT AND EXPORT CO.
10、Cosignee:TO THE ORDER OF INDUSTRIAL OFKOREA
托运人2
B/L NO 1
4．在国际货物运输保险中，英国伦敦保险协会ICC六种险别，（）是可以单独投保的。
A．ICC恶意损害险B．ICC（A）C．ICC（B）D．ICC（C）E．ICC战争险、罢工险
5．我国海洋运输货物保险条款中的基本险别包括（）
A．平安险B．战争险C．水渍险D．一切险E．罢工险
6．一项有效的发盘，应该是（）
1．海运提单的性质和作用是什么？
2、信用证规定货物名称为“Lady’s shirts”（女衬衫），而商业发票上的货物名称却为“Garment”（服装）交单时银行能否接受？为什么？
海运单据
托运单及提单的缮制规范
（一）托运人或发货人（Shipper） 填托运人的全称、街名、城市、国家名称，并填 写联系电话、传真号。 （1）托运人可以是货主； （2）托运人可以是货主的贸易代理人； （3）托运人也可以是货主的货运代理人.
托运单及提单的缮制规范
（一）托运人或发货人（Shipper） 如中国五金矿产品进出口总公司 China National Metals and Minerals Import & Export Corporation 在信用证结汇方式下，托运人一般按信用证的受 益人（beneficiary）内容填写。
（五）设备收据（Equipment Receipt）
设备收据（设备交接单）是作为集装箱， 以及其他载货设备交接的证书，由借方和出借方 共同签字。 当集装箱或机械设备在集装箱码头堆场或货运 站借出、回收时，由集装箱堆场制作设备收据， 经双方签字后，作为两者之间设备交接的证书。 设备收据分为进场和出场两种，交接手续均在 集装箱堆场大门口办理。
海上货物运输单据流程
S/C（合同）———L/C（信用证）———B/N （托单）———S/O（装货单）———M/R（大 副收据———杂货运输）或D/R（场站收据—— —集装箱运输）———B/L（提单）———D/O （提货单）。 另外在运输过程中，还涉及到装货清单 （loading list）、舱单（manifest）、货物积 载图（cargo plan）、货物溢短单和货物残损单 （overland and short land cargo list， broken & damaged cargo list）等运输单证。
2、不记名提单：在收货人栏内没有指明任何的 收货人， For example: Consignee: 注意：以上两种提单使 用 较 少
常用外贸英文缩写
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BUSH BSH-BUSHEL-蒲式耳C-CENTIGRADE-摄氏C-CENT-分CAPTND-CAPTIONED-标题项下的C/S CA;CAS;CS-CASES-箱CAP-CAPTITAL-资本，资金CAPT;CPT-CAPTAIN-船长CAR-CARAT-克拉PAID-运费已付CASH-CASHIER-出纳员CAT-CATALOGUE-商品目录BOOK-现金帐簿C/B-CLEAN BILL-光票CENTIMETRE-立方厘米COPY-抄送某人,CENTRUM-百CERT.;CERTIF-CERTIFICATE;CERTIFIED-证明书，证明CF.;比较，协商.&,FREIGHT AND COMMISSION-运费佣金在内价(成本运费加佣金.&,FREIGHT AND INSURANCE-运费保险在内价(成本运费加保险价CFM-CONFIRM-确认CG-CENTIGRAMME-厘克HOUSE-票据交易所CHEQ-CHEQUE-支票CHGES-CHARGES-费用，税金CHT-CHEST-箱子，柜子OF INSURANCE-保险单C&I-COST AND INSURANCE-保险费在内价（成本，加保险费）CIF-COST,INSURANCE,FREIGHT-保险运费在内价（成本，运费加保险费）一些常用的外贸英文缩写整理如下, 仅供各位参考.A组：All Risks? ?一切险ANER 亚洲北美东行运费协定 Asia North America Eastbound RateAWB: airway bill 空运提单ATTN：attentiona/c： account no.AWB： airway billB组：Both Days Inclusive? ?包括头尾两天BAF ：燃油附加费 Bunker Adjustment FactorBAF ：燃油附加费，大多数航线都有，但标准不一。
复合材料结构用高锁螺栓的动态复合加载失效特性
第40卷第10期2019年10月兵工学报ACTA ARMAMENTARIIVol.40No.10Oct.2019复合材料结构用高锁螺栓的动态复合加载失效特性惠旭龙,刘小川,白春玉,张宇,舒挽,葛宇静(中国飞机强度研究所结构冲击动力学航空科技重点实验室,陕西西安710065) 摘要:为研究复合材料结构用高锁螺栓的动态复合加载失效特性,基于高速液压伺服材料实验机设计专用的实验支持装置,提出碰撞式实验加载方法㊂实现中国商用飞机有限责任公司紧固件工艺标准CFBL1001⁃6⁃6/CFNT1003CY6抗剪型高锁螺栓在0.01m /s ㊁0.10m /s ㊁1.00m /s 加载速度及纯拉伸㊁30°拉伸-剪切耦合㊁45°拉伸-剪切耦合㊁60°拉伸-剪切耦合㊁纯剪切状态下的失效测试,并基于实验结果拟合得到高锁螺栓的失效参数㊂结果表明:提出的测试方法能够有效获取高锁螺栓的动态失效参数;CFBL1001⁃6⁃6/CFNT1003CY6高锁螺栓的失效模式和失效载荷受加载方式影响较大,受加载速度影响较小;拟合获得的失效方程可较好地表征高锁螺栓的失效特性㊂ 关键词:高锁螺栓;复合材料;复合加载;动态拉伸;失效参数 中图分类号:O347.3文献标志码:A文章编号:1000⁃1093(2019)10⁃2142⁃09 DOI :10.3969/j.issn.1000⁃1093.2019.10.021 收稿日期:2019⁃01⁃04基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(11702260)作者简介:惠旭龙(1989 ),男,工程师,硕士㊂E⁃mail:742839400@ 通信作者:刘小川(1983 ),男,研究员,博士㊂E⁃mail:asri02@Failure Characteristics of High⁃lock Bolts for CompositeStructures under Dynamic Combined LoadingXI Xulong,LIU Xiaochuan,BAI Chunyu,ZHANG Yu,SHU Wan,GE Yujing(Aviation Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Structures Impact Dynamics,Aircraft StrengthResearch Institute of China,Xi’an 710065,Shaanxi,China)Abstract :In order to study the failure characteristics of high⁃lock bolts used in composite structures un⁃der dynamic combined loading,a special experimental support device is designed based on the high ve⁃locity hydraulic servo⁃testing machine,and a loading method of collision type is proposed.Failure tests of CFBL1001⁃6⁃6/CFNT1003CY6high⁃lock bolts were conducted under the conditions of 0.01m /s,0.10m /s and 1.00m /s loading speeds,and pure tensile,30°tensile⁃shear coupling,45°tensile⁃shear coupling,60°tensile⁃shear coupling and pure shear state,and the parameters of failure equation were ob⁃tained by fitting the experimental results.The experimental results show that the failure parameters of high⁃lock bolts under dynamic combined loading can be effectively obtained by using the proposed experi⁃mental method,and the failure mode and failure load of high⁃lock bolts are affected greatly by the loading mode and less at the loading speed.The experimental results are good agreement with the predicted resultsof failure equation,which indicates that the failure characteristics of high⁃lock bolts can be well represen⁃ted by the failure equation.Keywords :high⁃lock bolt;composite;combined loading;dynamic tensile;failure parameter 第10期复合材料结构用高锁螺栓的动态复合加载失效特性0 引言随着现代航空技术的发展,大量新型材料被用于飞机结构,最典型的代表是碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)的普遍应用,导致了飞机装配工艺的变革,大量新型紧固件被用于飞机制造,其中最具代表性的就是高锁螺栓的大量使用[1]㊂飞机在服役或运营过程中不可避免地会遇到鸟撞㊁坠撞㊁冰雹撞击等碰撞事故,而飞机复合材料结构所受冲击载荷主要通过高锁螺栓进行传递㊂作为复合材料飞机连接结构的重要组成部分,高锁螺栓的强度和可靠性直接影响到整个飞机的安全性㊂目前,国内外大多数学者将精力主要集中在高锁螺栓连接结构的疲劳寿命预测和静强度研究[2-4],然而,正如金属材料往往表现出应变率效应一样,单纯的准静态力学实验通常并不能准确描述连接结构在动态载荷下的力学行为㊂冲击加载下高锁螺栓的力学性能和失效模式往往不同于准静态加载,且高锁螺栓处于纯拉伸㊁纯剪切㊁拉伸-剪切耦合等多种受力状态㊂为提高复合材料飞机结构的抗冲击性能,首先需要获得高锁螺栓准确的动态复合加载失效参数,揭示其力学性能与加载方式和加载速度之间的关系㊂Arcan夹具[5]是实现拉伸-剪切复合加载的有效手段,自1977年以色列特拉维夫大学的Arcan提出后得到了世界各国研究人员的广泛应用㊂当前针对机械连接元件的复合加载失效测试问题,多数集中于通过改进Arcan夹具来实现拉伸-剪切复合加载,如Previtali等[6]基于MTS858实验机结合Arcan夹具测试了航空铆钉在0°(纯拉伸)㊁30°㊁45°㊁60°㊁90°(纯剪切)状态下的准静态失效特性㊂Langrand等[7]同样采用Arcan夹具测试了7075铝合金铆钉0°(纯拉伸)㊁15°㊁30°㊁45°㊁90°(纯剪切)状态下的准静态失效特性㊂对于准静态测试,Arcan 夹具具有非常好的测试效果,已得到广泛应用㊂但对于动态测试,Arcan夹具质量较大,加载过程的惯性力对载荷测试结果有较大影响,且不易在Hopkin⁃son拉杆实验装置上实现㊂为此,杨沛等[8]设计了基于分离式Hopkinson拉杆系统的铆钉动态性能测试装置,加载杆为杆径14mm的钢杆,巧妙地利用Hopkinson拉杆的转接头实现了对铆钉的剪切和拉伸,但无法实现拉伸-剪切复合加载㊂解江等[9]依托高速液压伺服材料实验机设计专用实验夹具,实现了航空铆钉纯拉伸加载㊁纯剪切加载㊁30°拉伸-剪切耦合加载及60°拉伸-剪切耦合加载测试,获得了各失效模式下的铆钉元件失效载荷数据和变形信息,但实验效率较低,且拉伸-剪切复合加载夹具缺少侧向限位,无法保证恒定的单轴拉伸载荷状态㊂高锁螺栓材料多为钛合金,其强度远大于铝合金铆钉,对实验支持装置的强度和刚度提出了较高要求㊂目前针对高锁螺栓的动态复合加载失效特性,多数是研究复合材料连接件的动态加载失效特性[10-11],而很少研究高锁螺栓自身的动态加载失效㊂综上可见,国内外学者针对航空铆钉复合加载失效特性开展了丰富的研究工作,但在动态加载方面开展工作较少,现有针对航空铆钉的动态复合加载实验方法在测试能力和测试效率上仍有改进空间,无法满足高锁螺栓的动态复合加载实验需求㊂因此,本文基于高速液压伺服材料实验机设计一套高锁螺栓动态复合加载实验支持装置,利用碰撞式实验加载方法完成中国商用飞机有限责任公司紧固件工艺标准CFBL1001⁃6⁃6/CFNT1003CY6抗剪型高锁螺栓在不同速度(0.01m/s㊁0.10m/s㊁1.00m/s)和不同加载方式(纯拉伸㊁30°拉伸-剪切耦合㊁45°拉伸-剪切耦合㊁60°拉伸-剪切耦合㊁纯剪切)下的失效测试,并分析加载速度和加载方式对高锁螺栓失效特性的影响规律㊂1 实验支持装置设计Arcan夹具的设计思想为:通过改变拉伸方向与试件标距轴线方向的夹角构造出不同平面应力状态,如文献[12-13]所示,但Arcan夹具质量较大,不适用于动态冲击实验㊂高锁螺栓按照飞机不同部位应用的要求,分为抗拉伸型和抗剪切型两大类别㊂其安装方法是:首先使用定扭工具加深套筒将高锁螺栓拧至预设扭矩,然后使用浅套筒工具将其拧至断帽,如图1(a)所示㊂本文主要针对断帽式抗剪切型高锁螺栓(见图1(b))开展动态复合加载失效特性研究㊂针对高锁螺栓动态复合加载测试需求设计的实验装置如图2所示,实验时下夹持杆固定,阻挡块处施加单轴速度v(m/s)加载㊂它的典型特征是将不同加载方式设计成单独的夹具,能够显著降低夹具质量㊂同时将夹具设计为两部分,包括连接耳片和夹持杆㊂实验前先利用专用工具将高锁螺栓安装到连接耳片上,实验中螺帽的断帽扭矩是0.3N㊃m,然后将连接耳片安装到夹持杆上进行不同速度的拉伸实验㊂为保证恒定的单轴拉伸载荷状态,在上㊁下夹持杆对接处设置限位杆,防止拉伸过程中侧向载荷3412兵 工 学 报第40卷图1 断帽式抗剪型高锁螺栓及其安装方法Fig.1 Frangible collar and installation method改变试件的受载状态㊂本文中高锁螺栓牌号为CF⁃BL1001⁃6⁃6,螺帽为CFNT1003CY6,螺杆直径为4.763mm,不含螺纹杆长为9.525mm,材料为Ti⁃6AL⁃4V 钛合金,螺帽材料为7075⁃T73铝合金,与连接耳片安装后如图3所示㊂图2 动态复合加载实验夹具示意图Fig.2 Shematic diagram of experimental fixture fordynamic combined loading2摇有限元分析高锁螺栓通常由Ti⁃6AL⁃4V 钛合金制成,其破坏强度可达1000MPa 以上,这就对夹具的强度提出了较高要求㊂本文中的夹具选材是35CrMnSiA 超高强度钢,其屈服强度可达1400MPa.为了验证图3 高锁螺栓动态复合加载实验夹具Fig.3 Experimental fixture for dynamic combinedloading of high⁃lock bolts夹具设计的合理性,利用有限元分析软件Abaqus 对10m /s 速度下60°拉伸-剪切耦合的实验过程进行仿真分析㊂图4 高锁螺栓有限元模型Fig.4 Finite element model of high⁃lock bolt选择六面体单元来模拟夹持杆㊁连接耳片和试件㊂夹持杆和连接耳片都选用线弹性材料模型,密度7800kg /m 3㊁弹性模量210GPa.试件采用带失效的弹塑性模型,试件的几何模型选择简化的高锁螺栓(见图4),将螺帽与螺杆连为一体㊂材料参数[14]如表1所示,其中A ㊁B ㊁n ㊁c ㊁m 为材料的动态本构模型参数,D 1㊁D 2㊁D 3㊁D 4㊁D 5为材料的动态失效模型参4412 第10期复合材料结构用高锁螺栓的动态复合加载失效特性数㊂考虑到预紧力矩对高锁螺栓的破坏载荷影响较小,且本部分内容重点是考核夹具的强度,因此在有限元模型中不考虑预紧力矩㊂表1 TC4钛合金的材料参数Tab.1 Material parameters of TC4titanium alloy密度/ (kg㊃m-3)弹性模量/GPa泊松比熔点/K A/MPa B/MPa n44301350.331878106010900.884c m D1D2D3D4D50.01171.1-0.090.270.480.0143.87 图5为60°拉伸-剪切耦合加载过程中不同时刻夹持杆的应力分布情况,由图5可看出加载过程中,应力波逐渐从加载端向固定端传播,在上夹持杆夹头过渡区由于界面不连续导致应力波的反射和叠加,但最大应力水平保持在1000MPa以内,夹具仍处于弹性状态㊂图6为拉伸过程中连接耳片的应力分布,其最大应力水平保持在1200MPa以内,处于弹性状态㊂图7为拉伸过程中试件的破坏变形,在60°拉伸-剪切耦合加载下试件螺杆发生剪切破坏㊂其他加载条件下试件的破坏载荷均小于60°拉伸-剪切耦合加载状态,故其他加载状态下夹具同样处于弹性状态,在此不再赘述㊂以上结果表明本文设计的夹具能够实现高锁螺栓的动态复合加载,且强度满足实验需求㊂3摇动态复合加载实验高锁螺栓动态复合加载实验平台为美国Instron 公司生产的VHS160⁃100/20型高速拉伸材料实验机,如图8所示,其最大加载速度为20m/s,可承受最大冲击动载为100kN.文献[5]中是利用实验机夹块与夹具之间的摩擦力实现加载,实验安装效率低,且每次实验的安装预紧力和垫块位置不易保持一致㊂本文采用碰撞式加载方式,实验件的安装状态和加载方法如图9所示,试件通过下夹持杆固定在实验机上,初始时上夹持杆与试件不接触,通过垫块和抱紧螺栓实现上夹持杆与实验机夹块之间的微接触状态㊂实验过程中通过液压作动筒结合气体蓄能器提供加载能量,上夹块随作动筒达到预定加载速度后与上夹持杆的阻挡块碰撞,带动上夹持杆向上运动,实现对试件的恒定速率拉伸㊂每次实验不需要拆卸抱紧螺栓且碰撞位置可控,提高了实验效率,通过改变上夹块初始位置和阻挡块之间的距离来调整拉伸速度㊂实验过程中利用高速摄像机记录高锁螺栓的失效过程,利用压电载图5 拉伸过程中夹持杆的应力分布Fig.5 Stress distribution of holding rod duringtension process图6 拉伸过程中连接耳片的应力分布Fig.6 Stress distribution of connecting fixture during tension process5412兵 工 学 报第40卷图7 试件破坏变形过程Fig.7 Failure and deformation of specimen duringtension process图8 高速拉伸材料实验机Fig.8 High⁃speed tensile testing machine荷传感器记录高锁螺栓的失效载荷,利用位移传感器记录高锁螺栓的拉伸位移㊂每种加载工况各做3次重复性实验,并取其平均值作为该工况的实验结果㊂图9 实验件安装状态和加载方式Fig.9 Installation status and loading mode of the specimen图10㊁图11和图12分别是1.00m /s 拉伸速度下高锁螺栓纯拉伸㊁45°拉伸-剪切耦合和纯剪切加载状态的实验过程,可看出实验过程夹具均沿轴向运动,高锁螺栓分别出现螺帽的拉脱失效(纯拉伸㊁45°拉伸-剪切耦合)和螺杆的剪切失效(纯剪切)㊂由表2可以看出高锁螺栓的失效模式受加载方式影响较大:在纯拉伸加载下螺帽与螺杆之间的螺纹被剪断,螺帽被拉脱,失效载荷主要与螺帽的螺纹强度相关;在30°拉伸-剪切耦合加载下螺杆发生较小的弯曲变形,螺帽与螺杆之间产生相互挤压,当载荷沿高锁螺栓轴向的分量超过螺帽螺纹的剪切强度时,螺帽被拉脱;在45°拉伸-剪切耦合加载下螺杆发生图10 纯拉伸实验过程Fig.10 Experimental process of pure tension图11 45°拉伸-剪切耦合实验过程Fig.11 Experiment process of 45°tensile⁃shear specimen6412 第10期复合材料结构用高锁螺栓的动态复合加载失效特性较强弯曲变形,当变形到一定程度时载荷沿高锁螺栓轴向的分量超过螺帽螺纹的剪切强度,而载荷沿高锁螺栓杆径方向的分量依然小于螺杆剪切强度,螺帽被拉脱;在60°拉伸-剪切耦合加载下螺杆弯曲变形进一步增大,载荷沿高锁螺栓杆径方向的分量超过螺杆剪切强度,螺杆被剪断,断口截面与杆径呈一定夹角;在纯剪切加载下螺杆直接被剪断㊂图12 纯剪切实验过程Fig.12 Experimental process of pure shear由图13和表3可看出,随着外载荷方向与螺杆轴向夹角的增大,高锁螺栓的失效载荷先增大㊁后减小,60°拉伸-剪切耦合加载失效载荷相比纯拉伸加载时提高62%左右㊂而加载速度对高锁螺栓的失效载荷影响较小,从加载速度0.01m/s 到1.00m/s,5种加载方式的失效载荷最大增幅仅为4.6%.4摇高锁螺栓失效方程构建为表征高锁螺栓在一般破坏情形下的失效特性,基于不同加载模式和不同加载速度下的高锁螺栓失效载荷实验数据,构建高锁螺栓的失效方程㊂高锁螺栓的实际载荷可简化为拉伸载荷和剪切载荷的分量形式,如图14和(1)式㊁(2)式所示㊂而高锁螺栓的复合加载失效方程可描述为(3)式的形式,当(3)式成立时高锁螺栓处于安全状态,否则会发生断裂失效㊂N (α)=F (α)cos α,(1)T (α)=F (α)sin α,(2)表2 3种速度㊁5种加载方式下高锁螺栓的失效测试结果Tab.2 Failure test results of high⁃lock bolts under fivedifferent load states at three different load speeds表3 不同速度㊁不同加载方式下高锁螺栓的失效载荷Tab.3 Failure load of high⁃lock bolt at different speedsand different loading modes加载速度/(m ㊃s -1)纯拉伸失效载荷/kN30°拉伸-剪切复合失效载荷/kN 45°拉伸-剪切复合失效载荷/kN 60°拉伸-剪切复合失效载荷/kN 纯剪切失效载荷/kN 0.019.2910.1312.8915.0514.030.109.4010.2213.4015.1614.211.009.4310.2913.4915.4214.65均值(9.3710.2113.2615.2114.29N (α)N )ua(+T (α)T )ub≤1,(3)式中:α为外载荷与高锁螺栓轴向的夹角;N (α)为当前加载状态的拉伸载荷分量;N u 为极限拉伸载荷;T (α)为当前加载状态的剪切载荷分量;T u 为极限剪切载荷;F (α)为当前加载状态的外载荷;a ㊁b 为失效参数㊂鉴于加载速度对高锁螺栓的失效载荷影响较小,取每种加载方式3个速度下失效载荷的平均值7412兵 工 学 报第40卷图13 不同速度㊁不同加载方式下高锁螺栓的载荷测试结果Fig.13 Failure load test results of high⁃lock bolt underdifferent loading modes at different speeds图14 高锁螺栓受载状态Fig.14 Load state of high⁃lock bolt作为拟合对象,拟合结果如表4和(4)式所示㊂从图15可看出拟合得到的失效方程参数能够较好表征高锁螺栓的失效特性㊂表4 高锁螺栓失效方程参数Tab.4 Failure equation parameters of high⁃lock boltN u /kN T u /kN ab(9.3714.290.5527.19N (α))9.370.55(+T (α))14.2927.19≤1.(4)图15 失效方程拟合结果和实验数据的对比Fig.15 Comparison between fitting results of failureequation and experimental data5 能量吸收特性分析冲击载荷作用下,飞机结构通过大变形和断裂破坏吸收了大部分的冲击能量㊂作为飞机结构的主要连接紧固件,高锁螺栓在飞机受冲击时的能量吸收过程中也发挥了重要作用㊂因此,从飞机结构抗冲击的角度来评价高锁螺栓的能量吸收行为是很有意义的㊂图16为不同加载速度㊁不同加载方式下高锁螺栓的载荷-位移曲线,通过对高锁螺栓拉伸载荷-位移曲线下的区域进行积分,可以得到实验中的能量吸收量㊂图17为不同加载条件下高锁螺栓的能量吸收图㊂由图17中可以看出,高锁螺栓的能量吸收随着加载角度的增大先不断增加,当加载角度达到67.5°时,能量吸收达到最大,然后随着加载角度的进一步增加,能量吸收能力略有下降㊂纯剪切过程中吸收的能量比纯拉伸过程中吸收的能量多50%以上㊂因此,抗剪切型高锁螺栓发生剪切失效能够吸收更多的冲击能量㊂此外,在动态冲击载荷作用下,加载速率对高锁螺栓的能量吸收能力影响较小㊂6 结论本文通过实验和数值方法研究了复合材料高锁螺栓的动态复合加载测试方法,获得了不同加载速8412 第10期复合材料结构用高锁螺栓的动态复合加载失效特性图16 不同速度㊁不同加载方式下高锁螺栓的载荷-位移曲线Fig.16 Load⁃displacement testing results of high⁃lock boltat different speeds and different loading modes度和不同加载方式下CFBL1001⁃6⁃6/CFNT1003CY6抗剪切型高锁螺栓的失效载荷,分析了高锁螺栓失效载荷和失效模式与加载速度和加载方式之间的相关性㊂主要得出以下结论:1)本文设计的专用实验支持装置和碰撞式实验加载方法能有效提高实验效率,基于该实验方法测得了CFBL1001⁃6⁃6/CFNT1003CY6高锁螺栓在0.01m /s㊁0.10m /s㊁1.00m /s 及纯拉伸㊁30°拉伸-剪切耦合㊁45°拉伸-剪切耦合㊁60°拉伸-剪切耦合㊁纯剪切状态下的失效参数㊂2)CFBL1001⁃6⁃6/CFNT1003CY6高锁螺栓的图17 不同拉伸速度和加载角度下的能量吸收Fig.17 Energy absorption contour of high⁃lock bolt at differentimpact velocities and tensile⁃shear angles失效模式和失效载荷受加载方式影响较大,随着外载荷方向与螺杆轴向夹角的增大,失效模式逐渐从螺帽拉脱转变为螺杆剪断,而失效载荷先增大㊁后减小,60°拉-剪耦合加载失效载荷相比纯拉伸加载时提高62%左右㊂3)加载速度对CFBL1001⁃6⁃6/CFNT1003CY6高锁螺栓的失效模式和失效载荷影响较小,从加载速度0.01m /s 到1.00m /s,5种加载方式的失效载荷最大增幅仅为4.6%,而失效模式基本一致㊂4)构建了一种高锁螺栓的失效方程,并基于实验数据获得了失效方程参数,可较好地表征CF⁃BL1001⁃6⁃6/CFNT1003CY6高锁螺栓的失效特性㊂参考文献(References )[1] 刘风雷,徐鑫良,孙文东.复合材料结构用紧固件技术[J].宇航总体技术,2018,2(4):8-12.LIU F L,XU X L,SUN W D.Fastener technology for composite structures[J].Aerospace Systems Engineering Technology,2018,2(4):8-12.(in Chinese)[2] 魏景超,柴亚南,刘风雷,等.单面螺纹抽钉干涉配合复合材料连接结构的疲劳性能研究[J].航空制造技术,2017(22):50-55.WEI J C,CHAI Y N,LIU F L,et al.Effect of several influencing factors on fatigue behaviour of interference⁃fit bolted composite joints[J].Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology,2017(22):50-55.(in Chinese)[3] 谢阶栋,陈果,曾馨靓,等.高锁螺栓装配的最佳干涉量实验与仿真研究[J].机械强度,2018,40(6):1321-1329.XIE J D,CHEN G,ZENG X L,et al.Experiment and simulation research of the optimum interference of hi⁃lock assembly[J].Jour⁃nal of Mechanical Strength,2018,40(6):1321-1329.(in Chinese)[4] 魏景超.复合材料结构新型紧固件连接强度与失效机理[D].西安:西北工业大学,2014.9412兵 工 学 报第40卷WEI J C.Strength and failure mechanisms of bolted composite joints with new fastener[D].Xi’an:Northwestern Polytechnical U⁃niversity,2014.(in Chinese)[5] ARCAN M,HASHIN Z,VOLOSHIN A.A method to produce u⁃niform plane⁃stress states with applications to fiber⁃reinforced mate⁃rials[J].Experimental Mechanics,1978,18(4):141-146.[6] PREVITALI F,ANGHILERI bined numerical/experimen⁃tal approach for rivet strength assessment[C]∥Proceedings of the 7th European LS⁃DYNA Conference.Salzburg,Austria:DYNA⁃more GmbH,2009.[7] LANGRAND B,DELETOMBE E,MARKIEWICZ E,et al.Rive⁃ted joint modeling for numerical analysis of airframe crashworthi⁃ness[J].Finite Elements in Analysis and Design,2001,38(1): 21-44.[8] 杨沛,郭亚洲,李玉龙.航空铆钉的动态力学性能测试[J].航空学报,2014,35(11):3012-3024.YANG P,GUO Y Z,LI Y L.Dynamic mechanical test of aero⁃nautic rivets[J].Acta Aeronautic et Astronautic Sinica,2014, 35(11):3012-3024.(in Chinese)[9] 解江,白春玉,舒挽,等.航空铆钉动态加载失效实验[J].爆炸与冲击,2017,37(5):879-886.XIE J,BAI C Y,SHU W,et al.Dynamic loading failure experi⁃ment of aeronautic rivet[J].Explosion and Shock Waves,2017, 37(5):879-886.(in Chinese)[10] SEBASTIAN H,SEBASTIAN S,JORG B,et al.Static and dy⁃namic failure behaviour of bolted joints in carbon fibre composites[J].Composites Part A:Applied Science and Manufacturing,2013,47:91-101.[11] EGAN B,MCCARTHY C T,MCCARTHY M A,et al.Staticand high⁃rate loading of single and multi⁃bolt carbon⁃epoxy air⁃craft fuselage joints[J].Composites Part A:Applied Science andManufacturing,2013,53:97-108.[12] XAVIER J,OLIVEIRA M,MORAIS J,et al.Measurement ofthe shear properties of clear wood by the Arcan test[J].Holzfors⁃chung,2009,63(2):217-225.[13] ALFONSO L,UGUEN A,BADULESCU C,et al.Determinationof the3D failure envelope of a composite based on a modified Ar⁃can test device[J].Composite Structures,2015,131:585-593.[14] 惠旭龙,牟让科,白春玉,等.TC4钛合金动态力学性能及本构模型研究[J].振动与冲击,2016,35(22):161-168.XI X L,MU R K,BAI C Y,et al.Dynamic mechanical propertyand constitutive model for TC4titanium alloy[J].Journal of Vi⁃bration and Shock,2016,35(22):161-168.(in Chinese)0512。
国际贸易术语缩写
DOC （document）文件、单据
DL/DLS
(dollar/dollars)美元
DOZ/DZ
(dozen)一打
D/R
(dock’s receipt)场站收据
EA EXP EMS ETA
（each）每个，各 （export）出口
(express mail special)特快传递
(estimated time of arrival)(船舶) 预计抵港时间
OP P.P PCS
PCT
PONO
(operation)操作 (prepaid)预付
(port congestion surcharge ) 港口拥挤附加费
(percent)百分比
(purchase order number) 订单号
POD (port of destination)目的港 POL (port of loading)装运港
PSS (peak season sucharges)旺季附加费
PCE/PCS (piece/pieces) 只 个 支等
PKG
(packing list)装箱单
PR/PRC
(price)价格
PUR
(purchase)购买，购货
REF
(reference)参考 查价
RMB/CNY S/O
(renminbi)人民币 (shipping order)
(free on board)装运港船上交货
GRI
（general rate increase）全面涨价
GSP
（generalized system of preferences） 普惠制
GW HC H/C HBL
HAWB
combine的用法和短语
combine的用法和短语combine的意思是“联合”、“合并”，可用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词，指两个或多个东西“搅拌”、“渗透”或“混合”在一起，强调已结合成一体，且被结合物已失去各自的特性。
可用于物理变化，可用于化学变化；可用于有形物，也可用于抽象事物。
有时也指人或人群联合行动或组成更大的团体。
combine的用法1.用作及物动词时，接名词或代词作宾语。
（1）The room combines the bedroom and study.这房间兼作卧室和书房。
（2）They combined their efforts to a common end.他们齐心协力去达到共同目的。
2.用作不及物动词（1）The two things combine very well.这两件事结合得很好。
（2）When two or more elements combine and form a compound, a chemical change takes place.当两种或两种以上的元素化合形成化合物时，发生化学变化。
bine用作名词的基本含义是集团，联合企业。
（1）The oil combine monopolized the fuel sales of the country.这家石油联合企业垄断了这个国家的原油销售。
（2）The newspaper combine threatened all the smaller papers.这家报刊集团威胁者小报社的生存。
combine的短语（1）combine...against...表示“结合……起来以对付……”They will combine their two companies against their competitors.他们两个公司将联合起来反对竞争者。
（2）combine...with...表示“把……结合起来”，且短语前后应该连接两个对等的成分。
combinewith用法是什么
combine with用法是什么combined with表示合并在一起、结合在一起。
它在英语的表达之中，有何用法?combined with用法bined with：联合If improved education is combined with other factors dramatic results can be achieved.如果把改良的教育体系和其他的因素结合起来，会取得非常惊人的效果。
bined with：be combined with，意为（两个事物）合并在一起、结合在一起Theory must be combined with practice.理论必须同实践相结合。
bined with：可单独使用，在句中作后置定语Patience combined with diligence is necessary to success.耐心结合（外加）勤奋是成功所必需的。
bined with：可单独使用，在句中作状语When combined with Chinese traditional medicine, heat treatment is more effective.热疗与传统中医结合疗效会更好。
双语例句1.Two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen to form a molecule of water.两个氢原子和一个氧原子结合组成一个水分子。
2.Black fruit flavors combine with herbaceous brambly flavors.黑加仑和紫罗兰的芳香混合在一起。
3.When an element is caused to combine with oxygen it is oxidized.当使一种元素与氧化合时，即称其被氧化。
4.A program that doesn't combine with others isn't a utility; it's an application.无法与其他实用程序结合使用的程序不是实用程序，而是应用程序。
CompressionTesting–ComparisonofVariousTestMethods
Composites 2004 Convention and Trade ShowAmerican Composites Manufacturers Association October 6-8, 2004Tampa, FL USACompression Testing - Comparison ofVarious Test MethodsArthur R. Wolfe, Goodrich CorporationMichael Weiner, Goodrich Corporation AbstractSeveral test laminates were fabricated for evaluation of mechanical properties under in-plane compression loading. The panels were constructed using a conventional E-glass/vinyl ester knit, a carbon/epoxy prepreg, and an E-glass/epoxy prepreg. The laminates were cured and post-cured according to typical FRP manufacturing practices.Different types of test specimens were cut from each panel to compare test methods. For example, the carbon fiber laminate was tested for compressive strength using ASTM and SACMA procedures. All of the methods evaluated are commonly used to determine the compressive strength of an FRP laminate. Each of the specimens were cut in the same orientation, with the test axis being the 0° reinforcement axis.It was shown that the results of compressive strength testing of a given laminate will vary according to the method chosen. Some procedures are not appropriate for medium-to-high modulus composite laminates at all, due to the type of failure mode. Recent methods designed specifically for high modulus composite materials yield higher, more consistent values for compressive strength. Older, historical methods may have value when testing lower modulus or thicker laminates.IntroductionLike many composite testing procedures, the determination of compressive properties has long been considered a “black art”. The various methods can produce wildly different results, when the same material is tested. The choice of test method will influence the results – some procedures yield higher strengths, and others produce lower values.Studies dating back to the 1980’s have looked at the influence of test method on results1. Some of the differences between methods include how load is applied (shear vs end loading), whether the gauge length is free or supported, and whether tabs are bonded to the specimen ends.The “shear” compression failure mode has long been considered ideal for basic laminate properties usage, while a buckling failure is generally considered to be undesirable. But in reality, all compression failures have an element of buckling, although this can be confined to a very localized area. The challenge is to reduce the tendency of the test specimen to buckle on a global scale (column buckling) during the test.The Test MethodsThe different test procedures vary in two main respects – specimen shape and method of loading. In most cases, the test specimen is held or restrained in some sort of “jig” or fixture during loading. It is interesting to note that the methods that work best have been developed relatively recently (specifically for the composites industry), while the older and less desirable methods were adapted for composites from thermoplastic sheet testing procedures.The common methods in the early days of composites testing were all “end-loaded”, in which a coupon was held erect in the test fixture, with an end protruding slightly from the top. The specimen was held fairly loosely in a supporting fixture to prevent buckling. The fixture was loose enough so that it would not bind up in the fixture during loading, but tight enough to prevent all but the smallest out-of-plane movements. In these tests the end that was loaded would tend to “mushroom”, or “broom”, when relatively high modulus materials were tested. In some cases, the test specimen would be of the dog-bone or dumbbell shape, similar to thermoplastic tensile test specimens. This was done to try to force a failure within the gauge length area. ASTM D695 is an example of this type of test (see Figures 1 & 2).The Suppliers of Advanced Composite Materials Association (SACMA) developed another end-loaded compression test, SRM 1R-94. This method uses the same holding fixture as ASTM D695, however it utilizes a tabbed, straight-sided specimen (see Figure 3). The tabbed ends reduce the probability of mushroom-type failures, while the holding fixture prevents global buckling as in the D695 method. While the short gauge length of the SACMA procedure encourages the preferred failure mode, its very small area precludes the use of a strain gage for modulus determination. A separate, untabbed specimen must be loaded to measure elastic properties. SACMA is no longer in existence, so this method is not reviewed or updated periodically. Shear-loaded test methods use a tabbed specimen, with the tabbed ends held in wedges or grips, similar to tensilemushroom failures. The gage length of the specimen (distance between tabs) can be opened up to allow the use of a strain gage, if desired. Increasing the gauge length increases the possibility of a buckling failure. Shear-loaded methods include ASTM D3410 and ISO 14126 (see Figures 4 & 5).A relatively new method uses a “combined loading” scheme, with the untabbed specimen held securely between wedge faces, while a cap prevents a mushroom failure. This method (ASTM D6641) has been found very effective for balanced (0/90) laminates. A short specimen gauge length reduces the buckling tendency. The compressive strength of FRP skins on a sandwich panel can be determined using a 4-point bending test. In this instance, the composite skin is restrained only by its adhesion to the core material; no other restraining fixturing is used. The test is set up so as to result in a compressive failure of the upper skin, between the loading noses. This method is represented by ASTM D5467 (see Figures 6 &7)A summary of specimen type and method of loading is provided in Table 1.Experimental ProcedureTypical materials used for composites parts were chosen for test. Several test panels were fabricated using conventional techniques. Separate panels were made using these raw materials:- carbon/epoxy prepreg (single-skin)- E-glass/epoxy prepreg (single-skin)- E-glass/vinyl ester (single-skin & sandwich) The plies of fabric were all laid up in the same orientation with respect to each other; i.e., the 0° reinforcement axis laid down in the same direction for each ply. The prepreg layups were then vacuum bagged, and cured according to manufacturer’s instructions in an autoclave. The E-glass/vinyl ester panel was fabricated using a wet resin infusion technique. A sandwich panel was also infused using the same skin laminate schedule as the E-glass/vinyl ester panel.After cure, test specimens were cut from each panel. All tests were performed along the 0° reinforcement axis. Great care was taken to maintain this alignment when cutting the specimens. The specimens were machined according to the instructions, schematic diagrams, and tolerances as given in the test procedure. Where tabs were required, they were cut from sheet stock of a commercially available fiberglass material (G-10).The compression testing was performed on an Instron by the method. The rate of loading was that specified in the procedure. All tests were conducted under ambient lab conditions, those being 75°F (+/- 3°F) and 50% relative humidity (+/- 10% RH).A minimum of 5 specimens was tested for each sample/procedure combination. The results as shown in the tables below represent the average value for the set of test specimens.Test ResultsIn almost all cases the SACMA method yielded the highest compressive strengths. For the E-glass/vinyl ester infusion sample, the 4-point bending test produced at result that was ~20 MPa higher than the SACMA test. The SACMA test has the shortest specimen gage length, and thus the least tendency to buckle.Generally, the ASTM D695 test produced results 10%-20% lower than the rectangular, tabbed type of test, even when “mushroom” failures were eliminated from the data set.The test results are summarized in Table 2.Conclusions & RecommendationsDetermination of compressive properties using the 4-point bending test is more time consuming and expensive than any of the other methods. There would not usually be any advantage to the use of this method for typical composite materials testing.The legacy test (ASTM D695) will produce lower material strength than the other methods, but may still be of use for thick composites and low modulus materials. No significant difference was seen between the SACMA test and the relatively new combined loading test (ASTM D6641).The choice of test method is dependent on cost, time, ease of sample and specimen preparation, and the potential end use of the data. Composites engineers should beware of attempting to get the highest design values possible, as a few spectacular compression failures of composite parts will slow the introduction of composite materials into new markets.Figure 1 – ASTM D695 Test Specimens Figure 4 – ASTM D3410 Test ApparatusFigure 2 – ASTM D695 Support Jig (also usedfor SACMA SRM 1R)Figure 5 – ASTM D3410 Test Apparatus Figure 3 – SACMA SRM 1R Test SpecimensCarbon/Epoxy Prepreg EGlass/EpoxyPrepregEGlass/VinylEsterInfusionASTMD695644.5 345.6 331.9ASTMD3410703.8 337.1 -ASTMD5467- - 443.1ASTMD6641- 377.1 -SACMASRM 1R811.8 378.2 423.4Table 2. Compression Strength Test Results(MPa)Figure 6 – 4-Point Bend Test ApparatusNote: Values represent the average of 5-8 test specimensReferences1.“Compression Test Results- A Tough Nut toCrack”, Advanced Composites, July/August1989, pp. 57-63.2.“The Influence of Test Method on TheCompressive Strength of Several Fiber-Reinforced Plastics”, Journal of AdvancedMaterials, Volume 25, No.1, October 1993, pp.35-45.AcknowledgementsFigure 7 – 4-Point Bend Test ApparatusThe authors would like to thank the lab personnel atCincinnati Testing Laboratories and OCM Test Labs,both of whom provided no-cost testing services for thispresentation.Test Method Specimen Type LoadingConditionASTM D695 Dog-bone End, side supportASTM D3410 Rectangular,tabbedShear, no sidesupportASTM D5467 Sandwich panel 4-point bendingASTM D6641 Rectangular, maybe tabbedCombined end &shearSACMA SRM 1R Rectangular,tabbedEnd, side supportISO 604 RectangularprismEnd, no sidesupportISO 14126 Rectangular, maybe tabbedShear or endAuthorsArt unwittingly joined the composites industry aftergraduating from college in 1983. Unable to escape, hehas since worked in a variety of testing laboratories, andcurrently coordinates the composites lab at theEngineered Polymer Products division of GoodrichCorporation, Jacksonville, FL. Mike is a Senior Engineerat Goodrich-EPP, and has been involved in the design,fabrication, and testing of many large-scale compositestructures.Table 1. Test Methods for Composite Materials。
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max
Tr1 J
J
2
(r r )
4 1 4 2
32
4 (d14 d 2 )
avg
T 2tAm
Review Summary: stresses due to basic loadings
•Axial loads N: Normal stress σ (tension or compression) •Direct Shear V: Shear stress •Bending moment M: Normal stress σ •Shear force V in beams: Shear stress •Torque T: Shear stress
T = the resultant internal torque at the cross section t = the thickness of the tube where
avg is to be determined
Am = the mean area enclosed within the boundary of the centreline of the tube’s thickness.
Combined loadings
Review: Axially loaded members
• Definition: A straight bar subjected to balanced axial forces (i.e., forces pass through the member axis). • Internal forces/stress There is only normal force/normal stress on the cross section •Internal Strain Only normal strain on the cross section. •Deformation Only axial deformation (elongation or shortening). The straight bar remains straight during deformation. Cross sections remains a plane during the deformation.
r1 r2
max
Tr1 J
Tr2 i J
2
max r1 i r2
J
(r r )
4 1 4 2
32
4 (d14 d 2 )
Review: Torsion Formula for Thin-Walled Tubes
avg
T 2tAm
q
dx r
avg = the average shear stress acting over the thickness of the tube
avg
V A
Review: Bending and shear in beams
V
We can use the graphical method or the method of sections to find the internal V (shear force) and M (bending moment)
Review: Basic formula for axially loaded member
P A
ENR202 1b -- Slide No. 4
Review: Direct Shear
avg
When an internal force acts parallel to the surface, it is called Shear force (v). Similarly, when stress acts parallel to the surface, it is called Shear stress ().
(Am is shown shaded in the above figure and it is not the cross sectional area of the tube)
Class activity 1 (5mins)
Use two methods to find the shear stress in a circular hollow section due to torque. External diameter 120mm, thickness 2mm, internal diameter 116mm. Torque T=8kN-m.
Review: Bending normal stresses
x
My x I
Review :Shear Stresses in beams
VQ Ib
Review : Shear stress due to torque
max
2
Tr J
is the polar moment of inertia of the circular cross section.
Байду номын сангаас
J dA
Review: The Torsion Formula Hollow Sections
Hollow circular bars: the analysis of the torsion of a hollow circular bar is almost identical to that for a solid bar, only the radial distance r appearing in these expressions is limited to the range of r1 to r2 and J equal to: