美赛2008年C题论文
2008年全国大学生英语竞赛样题2
2008年全国大学生英语竞赛样题(C级)Part IListening Comprehension (25 minutes, 30 marks)本文来自:全国大学生英语竞赛论坛Section A(5 marks)Directions: In this section, you will hear 5 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be read only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.1. A. The man is not suitable for the position.B. The job has been given to someone else.C. She hadn't received the man's application.2. A. He is going to see his section chief.B. He is going to have a job interview.C. He is going to see his girlfriend.3. A. Ask to see the man's ID card.B. Get the briefcase for the man.C. Show the man her documents.4. A. The dorm room is too crowded.B. There is no kitchen in the building.C. No one looks after the dorm building.5. A. She was always in good shape.B. She stopped exercising one year ago.C. She lost a lot of weight in one year.Section B (10 marks)Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. Each conversation will be read only once. At the end of each conversation, there will be a one-minute pause. During the pause, you must read the five questions, each with three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Conversation One6. What is soon to open in China?A. The French Movie Festival.B. The French Cultural Year.C. The French Food Festival.7. How many exhibitions will be held for this activity?A. 200.B. 20.C. 100.8. What will be held at the foot of the Great Wall?A. The City Concert.B. The Opening Ceremony.C. The Great Lunch.9. Which of the following cities is not included in this activity?A. Chongqing.B. Wuhan.C. Shenzhen.10. What will certainly make great contributions to this activity?A. Internet.B. TV shows.C. Newspapers.Conversation Two11. What sound more like a native speaker in a casual conversation?A. Examples.B. Verbs.C. Idioms.12. Which of the following sounds more informal and more natural?A. Get together.B. Meet.C. See.13. Which of the following means that you cannot interrupt me?A. I'm tied up.B. I have a lot on my plate.C. I'm busy.14. In American culture, what is considered important in a conversation?A. Using proper languageB. Making eye contact.C. Looking at your own feet.15. In business, how might Americans feel about you if you are looking away?A. You're feeling ashamed.B. You're telling the truth.C. You're telling a lie.Section C (5 marks)Directions: In this section, you will hear 5 short news items. After each item, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the question and then the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.16. How long will it take for new forests to grow back?A. 65 years.B. 20 years.C. 40 years.17. What did Jimmy Carter plan to focus his efforts on after leaving the White House in 1981?A. A presidential library.B. Camp David.C. Winning a second term.18. What was regarded as the lifeblood of the country of the Maldives?A. Oil.B. Agriculture.C. Tourism.19. What is responsible for the death of many people in developing countries?A. The development of resistance to diseases.B. The difficulty to cure new emerging diseases.C. The inability of the poor to afford medicine.20. What released an estimated 8.7 million tons of the global warming gas?A. Cars.B. Wildfires.C. Wars.Section D (10 marks)Directions: In this section, you will hear a short passage. There are ten missing words or phrases in it. Fill in the blanks with the exact words you hear on the tape. Remember to write theanswers on the Answer Sheet.A researcher says lead in the environment could be a major cause of violence by young people. Doctor Herbert Needleman is a (21) ________ at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine in Pennsylvania and he (22) ________ his findings at the yearly meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Doctor Needleman says the presence of lead in the (23) ________ changes the neurons that control actions and that can cause a person to act in antisocial and (24) ________ ways.In the 1970s, Doctor Needleman found lower scores on (25) ________ even in children who did not have such signs of lead poisoning. After that, lead was (26)________ gasoline and paint in the United States. Yet many homes still have old lead paint. Lead was also used in older (27) ________. In fact, officials just announced stronger testing and reporting requirements as from next year for lead in American drinking water.The newest research shows that even very small amounts of lead in bones can affect brain development. A simple (28)________ can measure lead except that an X-ray process is needed to measure levels in bone. In 2004, such tests were done on 190 young people who were (29) ________ and the findings showed that their average levels were higher than normal. And, in 1998, three hundred children were studied and the test scores showed higher levels of (30) ________ problems in those with increased levels of lead. Yet these levels were still considered safe by the government.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (10 minutes, 15 marks)Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this part. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.31. So nervous ________ that she didn't know how to start her speech.A. since she becameB. would she becomeC. that she becameD. did she become32. He ________ another career but, at the time, he just wanted to earn money to study abroad.A. might have chosenB. might chooseC. had to chooseD. must have chosen33. The second report was ________ by August 2005, but one year later it was still nowhere in sight.A. submittedB. to have submittedC. to submitD. to have been submitted34. In this experiment, the students studied are stopped several times during the listening test and asked to report what they ________ during the pause before answering the questions.A. had just been thinking aboutB. have just been thinking aboutC. are just thinking aboutD. had just thought about35. I was always taught that it was ________ to interrupt.A. rudeB. coarseC. roughD. crude36. Small boys are ________ questioners. They ask questions all the time.A. originalB. peculiarC. imaginativeD. persistent37. We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are ________.A. out of workB. out of reachC. out of stockD. out of practice38. The bomb will ________ the moment it is touched.A. go onB. go offC. go outD. go over39. The car won't ________; I've tried it several times, but it won't work.A. beginB. launchC. startD. drive40. Children and old people do not like having their daily ________ upset.A. habitB. routineC. practiceD. custom41. In your first few days at school you'll be given a test to help the teachers to ________ you to a class at your level.A. locateB. assignC. deliverD. place42. China only started its nuclear power industry in recent years, and should ________ no time in catching up.A.loseB.delayC. spareD. relieve43. — You did an excellent job yesterday, Jim! I really enjoyed your presentation.— ________— Oh yeah, it was fabulous. It seems the English program is a great way to practice English.— Yeah. It is fun and motivating.A. Did you really?B. Oh, thank you. You are so kind.C. Really? What about yours?D. Not at all. My pleasure.44. — What kind of music do you like?— Well, I like different kinds.— ________— Er, I especially like punk rock.A. I beg your pardon?B. Are you serious?C. Any in particular?D. Why do you think so?45. — How did you like the fashion show last night?— ________— I didn't see anything wrong with the clothes; they looked pretty nice to me.— Do you really think people can wear that stuff and walk around in streets?A. Impressive. It's a good way to show off women's sense of style and wealth.B. It was cool. The clothes are more beautiful than the people wearing them.C. Nothing serious. It's only a show to attract the eyes of fashion fans.D. It was dumb. I think it's stupid for women to wear clothes like that.Part III Reading Comprehension (20 minutes, 40 marks)Section A (4 marks)Directions: There is one passage in this section with 4 questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Questions 46-49 are based on the following passage.The ability to “see” oneself in the future is a remarkable human trait - some would say unique - that is not well understood. That's despite the fact that we probably spend as much time thinking about the future as we do thinking about the present.Now new research from Washington University in St. Louis suggests that it's precisely because we can remember the past that we can visualize the future. “Our findings provide convincing support for the idea that memory and future thought are highly interrelated and help explain why future thought may be impossible without memories,” says doctoral candidate Karl Szpunar. The findings are consistent with other research showing that persons with little memory of the past, such as young children or individuals suffering from loss of memory, are less able to see themselves in the future.The researchers base their conclusions on brain scans of 21 college students who were cued to think about something in their past, and anticipate the same event in the future, like a birthday or getting lost. The experiment was carried out as each student lay on their stomach in a magnetic resonance imaging machine, a dreadful but very useful piece of equipment that can show which areas of the brain are stimulated during specific thought processes.The students were also asked to picture former President Bill Clinton in a past and future setting. Clinton was chosen because he was easily recognized and familiar to all the students.The researchers found a “surprisingly complete overlap” among regions of the brain used for remembering the student's past and those used for picturing the future. And every region involved in remembering was also used in anticipating the future.In short, the researchers isolated the area of the brain that “lit up” when the students thought about an event in their own past. And more importantly, that same area lit up again when they thought about a similar event in their future. In fact, the researchers report that the brain activity was so similar in both cases that it was “indistinguishable.”The findings were reinforced when students imagined Bill Clinton. Since none of them knew him personally, their memories were not autobiographical. And the brain scans showed “significantly less” correlation between memories of having seen pictures of Clinton in the White House and projecting him into the future.So this “time machine,” as the researchers describe it, allows us to use the past to see ourselves in the future, and both our memories and our anticipation are interdependent.46. A remarkable human trait that is not well understood is the ability ________.A. to think about the pastB. to see the futureC. to remember the pastD. to control the present47. The findings support that ________.A. future goals will greatly influence a person's present performanceB. a person's present performance is determined by his / her past knowledgeC. future thought depends to a great degree on the memory of the pastD. present thought is impossible without the ability to imagine the future48. The conclusion of the experiment on students was that ________.A. the students could picture themselves better than Bill Clinton in a past and future settingB. the students could imagine themselves as well as Bill Clinton in a past and future settingC. the students could anticipate Bill Clinton better than themselves in a past and future settingD. the students could only picture themselves in a past and future setting but not Bill Clinton49. This “time machine” in the last paragraph most probably refers to ________.A. clockB. brain scanningC. magnetic resonance imagingD. memorySection B (14 marks)Directions: There is one passage in this section with 10 questions. Go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet. For questions 50-55, mark Y (for YES)if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO)if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN)if the information is not given in the passage. For questions 56-59, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Visiting the White HouseWhite House Tours Public tours of the White House are available for groups of 10 or more people. Requests must be submitted through one's Member of Congress and are accepted up to six months in advance. These self-guided tours are available from 7:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. Tuesday through Saturday , and are scheduled on a first come, first served basis approximately one month in advance of the requested date. We encourage you to submit your request as early as possible since a limited number of tours are available. All White House tours are free of charge. For the most current tour information, please call the 24-hour line at 202-456-7041. Please note that White House tours may be subject to last minute cancellation.White House Visitor CenterAll tours are significantly enhanced if visitors stop by the White House Visitor Center located at the southeast corner of 15th and E Streets, before or after their tour. The Center is open sevendays a week from 7:30 a.m. until 4:00 p.m. and features many aspects of the White House, including its architecture, furnishings, first families, social events, and relations with the press and world leaders, as well as a thirty-minute video. Allow between 20 minutes to one hour to explore the exhibits. The White House Historical Association also sponsors a sales area. Please note that restrooms are available, but food service is not.Mobility-Impaired / Using a WheelchairGuests requiring the loan of a wheelchair should notify the officer at the Visitors Entrance Building upon arrival.Wheelchairs loans are offered on a first-come, first-served basis. Reservations are not possible.Visitors in wheelchairs, or with other mobility disabilities, on the Congressional guided or self-guided tours, between 8:00 a.m. and 12 noon, use the same Visitor entrance and, with up to four members of their party, are admitted without waiting in line and without tickets.Visitors in wheelchairs are escorted by ramp from the entrance level to the ground floor, and by elevator from the ground to the state floor. Guests generally wait in line with their family or group.Hearing-ImpairedTours for hearing-impaired groups may be arranged in advance by writing to the Visitors Office, White House, Washington, DC 20502. Tours are usually scheduled at 9:30 a.m., between the Congressional and public tour times. Participants enter at the East Appointment gate. A U.S. Secret Service / Uniformed Division Tour Officer conducts the tour in sign language. Signed tours are available to groups of 8 to 20. Groups are also encouraged to bring their own interpreters.Signing interpretation is also available for individual visitors with advance notice. A Congressional office first issues guided tour tickets to a guest who is hearing-impaired and then contacts the Visitors Office at least 2 weeks in advance to request interpreter service.The Visitors Office TDD (telephone device for the deaf) is 202-456-2121. Messages may be left outside normal business hours.Visually-ImpairedTours for visually-impaired groups may be arranged in advance by writing to the Visitors Office, White House, Washington, DC 20502. The tours are usually scheduled at 9:30 a.m., between the Congressional and public tour times. Participants enter at the East Appointment gate.A U.S. Secret Service / Uniformed Division Tour Officer permits visitors to touch specific objects in the House. Touch tours are currently available only to groups of 8 to 20, not to individualvisitors. Guide animals are permitted in the White House.General Tour InformationAll White House tours are free. Changes in tour schedules are occasionally made because of official events. Notice may not be given until that morning. The Visitors Office 24-hour Information Line recording at 202-456-7041 provides the most up-to-date information. The TDD is 202-456-2121. Visitors should confirm tour schedules by calling the information line the night before and the morning that they plan to visit. It is occasionally necessary to close individual rooms on the tour; however, notice about closed rooms is not possible.Prohibited ItemsProhibited items include, but are not limited to, the following: handbags, book bags, backpacks, purses, food and beverages of any kind, strollers, cameras, video recorders or any type of recording device, tobacco products, personal grooming items (make-up, hair brush or comb, lip or hand lotions, etc.), any pointed objects (pens, knitting needles, etc.), aerosol containers, guns, ammunition, fireworks, electric stun guns, mace, martial arts weapons / devices, or knives of any size. The U.S. Secret Service reserves the right to prohibit any other personal items. Umbrellas, wallets, cell phones and car keys are permitted.Please note that no storage facilities are available on or around the complex. Individuals who arrive with prohibited items will not be permitted to enter the White House.ParkingThe closest Metrorail stations to the White House are Federal Triangle (blue and orange lines), Metro Center (blue, orange, and red lines) and McPherson Square (blue and orange lines). On-street parking is not available near the White House, and use of public transportation is strongly encouraged.Restrooms / Public TelephonesThe nearest restrooms and public telephones to the White House are in the Ellipse Visitor Pavilion (the park area south of the White House) and in the White House Visitor Center. Restrooms or public telephones are not available at the White House.50. Both Congressional guided and self-guided tours need to be scheduled in advance.51. All White House tours are free of charge except on federal holidays.52. The White House Visitor Center provides free drinks but not food service.53. Wheelchair reservation service is provided by the officer at the Visitors Entrance Building.54. Hearing-impaired visitors can request signing interpretation service from the Visitors Office.55. Touch tours are currently only offered to visually-impaired groups of 8 to 20.56. Sometimes official events make it necessary to close ________________ without notice.57. The personal items permitted to be carried into the White House are ________________.58. The transportation visitors are encouraged to use is ________________.59. Inside the White House, visitors cannot find or use restrooms or ________________.Section C (10 marks)Directions: In this section, there is one passage followed by 5 questions. Read the passage carefully, then answer the questions in as few words as possible (not more than 10 words). Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Questions 60-64 are based on the following passage.If you were on a distant planet, and if you had instruments that could tell you the composition of Earth's atmosphere, how would you know there was life on this planet?Water in the atmosphere would suggest there could be water on the surface, and as we all know water is considered crucial to life. But water would only suggest that life is possible. It wouldn't prove it's there.Carbon? That bas ic component of “life as we know it?” Not necessarily. A diamond is pure carbon, and it may be pretty, but it isn't alive.What really sets Earth apart is nitrogen, which makes up 80 percent of the planet's atmosphere. And it's there only because there is abundant life on Earth, say scientists at the University of Southern California.The report grew out of a class discussion two years ago in a course taught by Capone and Kenneth Nealson, professor of earth sciences. Students were asked to come up with different ideas about searching for life on other planets. What is a distinct “signature,” as Capone puts it, that would show there is life on another planet?That's a question that has been kicked around in many quarters in recent decades, especially since all efforts to find some form of life, no matter whether on Mars or in the distant reaches of space, have failed. At least so far.The current effort to search for some evidence of life on Mars focuses primarily on the search for water, because it has long been believed that water, or at least some fluid, is necessary for the chemical processes that lead life to take place. But that's probably the wrong approach, the USC group argues.“It's hard to imagine life without water, but it's easy to imagine water without life,” says Nealson, who was on the Mars team before moving to USC.But nitrogen would be a much clearer signature of life. Only about 2 percent to 3 percent of the Martian atmosphere is nitrogen. That's just a trace, and it probably means there is no life on Mars today, and if there was in the past, it probably ended many, many years ago.But, the USC team adds quickly, that doesn't mean there's no life anywhere else in the universe. They don't know where, of course, but they may have found a way to narrow down the search. Look first for nitrogen, then look for biological activity that should be there.So if life exists elsewhere, and is similar to life as we know it, there should be nitrogen, and that's what we should be looking for first, the researchers say.If they don't find nitrogen on Mars, Capone says, “that will probably bring us to the conclusion that there likely never was life on Mars.”But how about elsewhere? Could this technique be used to search for life in other solar systems?Maybe. It might be possible to detect a nitrogen-rich atmosphere around a planet orbiting another star, but not yet. Current instruments aren't that sensitive.If they ever are, the search for life might be narrowed down to the most promising prospects, chiefly because of the presence of nitrogen. And won't that be fun!Questions:60. What can suggest life is possible but cannot be proved according to the author?61. What is a clear “signature” of life on another planet a ccording to Capone?62. What is considered as a wrong way to search for evidence of life on Mars?63. What can probably prove there is no life on Mars today based on the new theory?64. Why is it impossible to use the new technique to search for life in other solar systems now?Section D (12 marks)Directions: In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of three words from the passage to fill in the spaces 65-70. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Questions 65-70 are based on the following passage.In August 2008, athletes from the United States and around the world will compete in the Beijing Olympics. But did you know that in September of next year, disabled athletes will compete in the Paralympic Games in Beijing?The Olympics and the Paralympics are separate movements. But they have always been held in the same year, and since 1988, they have also been held in the same city. The International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee signed an agreement in 2001 to secure this connection. The next winter games will take place in Vancouver, Canada, in 2010.The Paralympic Games grew out of a sports competition held in 1948 in England and a doctor named Ludwig Guttmann organized it for men who suffered spinal cord injuries in World War II. Four years later, it became an international event as competitors from the Netherlands took part. Then, in 1960, the first Paralympics were held in Rome. 400 athletes from 23 countries competed. By 2004, the Paralympic Games in Athens had almost 4000 athletes from 136 countries, who may have physical or mental limitations and may be blind or in wheelchairs. Yet sometimes they perform better than athletes without disabilities.In 1968, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, the sister of former President John F. Kennedy, started the Special Olympics, which are just for children and adults with mental limitations and whose programs currently serve more than two million people in 160 countries. In November 2006, in Mumbai, India, teams competed in the First Special Olympics International Cricket Cup. In addition to India, there were men's teams from Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and the West Indies. There were also women's cricket teams from India and Pakistan.There are many organizations in the United States that help people with disabilities play sports. Wheelchair tennis is a popular sport. So is basketball. In fact, there are more than one hundred professional teams playing wheelchair basketball thanks to the special wheelchairs for athletes that are lightweight and designed for quick moves. For people who want to go really fast in their chairs, there is a Power Wheelchair Racing Association.In the state of Utah there is a place called the National Ability Center, which teaches all kinds of sports to people with all kinds of physical and mental disabilities and even gives friends and family members a chance to try a sport as if they were disabled.A reporter from the Washington Post wanted to know what it would be like for a blind person to use a climbing wall. So, protected by a safety line, the newspaper reporter closed his eyes and started to feel for places to put his hands and feet. Trainers on the ground urged him on: “Take your time. You can do it.” Finally he reached the top.At the National Ability Center people can learn to ride horses and mountain bikes. They can try winter mountain sports, and learn scuba diving and other water activities. The center also prepares athletes for the Paralympics.These days, the first place many people go when they want to travel is the Internet, where they can get information about hotels, transportation and services like tour companies. The Internet can also help travelers find special services for the disabled. For example, there are。
(完整版)数模美赛08年A题
AbstractThe global temperature is rising rapidly today which has caused an extensive ice melt, so the study of predicting rising sea level because of ice melt in North Polar is essential. Our study will try to predict the impact to Florida from melting ice in North Polar .Our studies have three steps:●Predict the temperature: We did the prediction by Neural network and give thechange of temperature in 50 years, based on a large amount of data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC);●Model the mass of ice melting and the sea level: The sea level model is mainlybased on the principle of Thermodynamics and iteration. The results demonstrate that the sea level will rise by 10.8 cm totally in 50 years. Prediction of our model can be proved to be credible by consulting the data from IPCC. We introduce a correct term αto modify our model. We can change αto simulate sea level rise in different temperature condition.●Analyze the impacts to Florida: We model the erosion of Florida’s shoreline tomake it clear that when sea level rise to a certain extent that Florida will face many serious problems such as flooding, destruction of biodiversity, (Health Care), Loss of agriculture production (salinization of soil) and so on over the next50 years.. We find the 17 cities or areas and 15 airports which are severelyimpacted by the rise of sea level.(Based on our results,) Without attaching more importance to solving the problem, shoreline of several coastal cities like Miami will be eroded seriously, and the lowest place−Key West will be disappeared. It will cost a huge financial loss, so further protection should be put into place.Content Introduction (3)Background (3)Our work (3)Study object: Ice cap in Greenland (3)Modeling the sea level (3)Analysis of Florida (3)Assumption (4)Model Ⅰ:Temperature Prediction (4)Grey Prediction Model: (4)Neural Network prediction Model: (4)Model Ⅱ:Melting ice and the rise of sea level (5)Model the rise of sea level (5)Heat from rise of temperature: (5)Mass of melting ice: (6)Design of Algorithms: (7)Model Results: Sea level will elevate by 10 centimeters in 50 years (7)Validation of our model: (8)Model ⅢAnalysis: The effects towards Florida (10)Major Cities Analysis (11)Miami (11)Tampa (11)Cape Coral (12)Key West (12)Other Impacts in Florida: (12)Recommendations to coastal Florida: (13)Judgments (13)Strengths (13)Weaknesses (13)Reference (14)IntroductionBackgroundGlobal Warming and sea level rise“Air temperatures at the top of the world continue to rise twice as fast as temperatures in lower latitudes, causing significant ice melt on land and sea” [Fears, December 17, 2014]. One of the serious consequences is that sea level will rise. Global average sea-level rose at an average rate of about 3.1[2.4 to 3.8] mm per year from 1993 to 2003[IPCC]. This information suggests that from 1993 to 2003 the sea-level rise by 3.1cm totally.Our workThe question requires us to predict the next 50 years’ condition of ice melting and analyze the effects on the Florida, especially some big cities. So we can separate this question into two parts:●How much and how fast will the see level rise within 50 years?●What are the effects on the Florida because of the rise of sea level, especiallysome big cities?Study object: Ice cap in GreenlandArctic mainly consists of Greenland, which occupies about 9% glaciers all over the world. Melting in Arctic is mainly due to Greenland, melting of floating ice can be ignored. So we can consider Greenland as study object.Modeling the sea levelWe develop a model for sea-level rise as the function of time. This model can predict sea-level rise in future.Analysis of FloridaAfter having calculated the increased sea level within next 50 years, we analyze the impact to the Florida.●Rising sea level can seriously threaten the development of cities. It has beenthreatening some islands and coastal cities. Over the next 18 years, about twothirds among 544 American towns will be twice as likely to face floods [Huang].More frequency hurricane will happen.●Sea water will corrode seacoast.● A large quantity of drinking water will be polluted.Assumption●Sea level rise is primarily due to the melting of ice cap in Green Land. We ignorethe other floating ice in the Northern Polar.●The increment of sea water from melting will flow over the oceans uniformly●Salt in the ice will not affects the procedure of melting.Model Ⅰ:Temperature PredictionGrey Prediction Model:The weakness of the grey prediction is that the result is increasing all the time. In other words, it cannot show the changes in detail.Neural Network prediction Model:Model Ⅱ:Melting ice and the rise of sea level Model the rise of sea levelThe main reason of the sea level rising is the melting of ice cap and the mass of melting ice is equal to the mass of sea water generated from melting. So, based on several physical principles, we model the rise of sea level by calculating the mass of melting ice. We assume that the increment of sea water from melting will flow over the world uniformly, which means the melting ice will contribute to the rise of sea level, divided by the area of the ocean.ρw V w=ρi V i=m i∆x=V w S oV w The increment of sea water from melting iceV i The total volume of melting ice capV m The total volume of water generated from melting∆x The sea level riseS o The overall ocean area: 361745300km2, this is 71 percent of earth’s total surface area (Wikipedia).Heat from rise of temperature:According to the principle of thermal transmission, heat will always be transmitted from high temperature to low temperature. So, the final state of stuff in the thermalcycling system will reach to a same temperature. So, we assume that the temperature of the whole ice cap will increase by ∆T when the world temperature rise by ∆T. However, it takes time for the ice cap to transmit the heat from the rise temperature. We use the ∆T every month to calculate the increase of melting ice in each month and get the total increment by accumulation, which means parts of the heat from temperature will be absorbed and used to melt ice. So, defining a coefficient(α)and we will have the heat which ice cap absorbs from the rising temperature in the n-th month:Q n=αc i(m c−∆m i(n−1))∆T nQ n The heat comes from rises of temperature in the n-th monthαThe coefficient of capacity of absorbing heat in one monthc i The specific heat capacity of icem c The mass of the whole ice cap 2.45×1016kg∆m in The mass of melting ice in the n-th month∆T n The change of temperature in the n-th monthWe try to find the α by calculating the mass of melting ice in known years. “Recently reported GrIS mass balance varies from near-balance to modest mass losses [47 to 97 gigatons (Gt) year−1] in the 1990s, increasing to a mass loss of 267 ± 38 Gt year−1 in 2007”(Michiel).α= 5.6735×10−3Mass of melting ice:The mass of melting ice in this month will depends on not only the rising temperature, but also the mass of melting ice in the last month.We divide the heat absorbed by the ice by the melting enthalpy of fusion for water to obtain the mass of extra melting ice resulted from the rise of temperature in this month.∆m in=∆m i(n−1)+Q n△fusHθmm i(k)=∑∆m in12kn=1∆m in The mass of melting ice in the n-th month△fusHθm: The melting enthalpy3.36×105J/kgm i(k)The total mass of melting ice in the next k yearsMoreover, “Since 2006, high summer melt rates have increased Greenland ice sheet mass loss to 273 gigatons per year” (Partitioning Recent Mass Loss). And the initial mass of melting ice in the first month will be calculated as follows:2.73×1014kg/12∆m i(−1)=m ii=2.73×101412kg∆x(k)=V wS o=m i(k)ρw S om ii: The mass of melting ice in the initial year.∆x(k)The total rise of sea level in the next k yearsDesign of Algorithms:Since we have the function ∆m in=f(∆m i(n−1),∆T n), we are able to calculate the mass of melting ice in the next n months using computer program with the data of temperatures and the initial amount of melting ice in the first month.This is easy to achieve using two linear arrays ∆m i[]and ∆T[]in MATLAB. Run a simple for loop from 2 to n and calculate ∆m in during each pass so that the whole ∆m i[]array can be found.So that the total amount of melting ice at n-th month is the summation from ∆m i[1] to ∆m i[n]. Also the total rise of sea level can be easily found.Model Results: Sea level will elevate by 10 centimeters in 50 years The solutions were coded using matlab:Figure 1: The mass of melting ice in the next 50 yearsFigure 2: The rise of sea level in the next 50 years The prediction about rise of sea level every decade in next 50 years:∆x(10)=0.9874 cm∆x(20)=2.5125 cm∆x(30)=4.6222 cm∆x(40)=7.3674 cm∆x(50)= 10.8037 cm Validation of our model:The results show that the sea level will elevate by approximately 10 centimeters totally and 2 millimeters/yr, which accord with the prediction in Relative Mean Sea Level trends from NOAA.Moreover, if we calculated the rise of sea level without considering the increase of temperature, which means sea level rise at the rate today in the next 50 years, the order of magnitudes is match up with our result. So, based on the analysis above, the results of our modelModel ⅢAnalysis: The effects towards FloridaBased on our results, the sea level will rise 10 centimeters in the following 50 years, which threaten Florida in the future and result in tremendous impacts. “Some 2.4 million people and 1.3 million homes, nearly half the risk nationwide, sit within 4 feet of the local high tide line. Sea level rise is more than doubling the risk of a storm surge at this level in South Florida.” (Florida and rising sea)Figure 3 the altitudes of Florida ()As we can see from this picture, most cities or counties in the southern Florida lie besides the coast. Statistic suggests that 17 counties with altitudes smaller than 3 feet will be threatened by the rise of sea level in 50 years. The counties and airports which will be involved are listed as follows:Cities: Miami, Homestead, Fort Lauderdale, West Palm Beach, Titusville, St Augustine, Clearwater, St Petersburg, Tampa, Brandon, Bradenton, Port Charlotte，Cape Coral, Bonita Springs, Naples, Marco Island, and Grand Isle.Airports: Miami International Airport, Fort Lauderdale International Airport, Central Florida Regional Airport, Cedar Knoll Flying Ranch, Daytona Beach Regional Airport, Craig Municipal Airport, Jacksonville International Airport, St George Island Airport.Major Cities AnalysisWe choose 4 metropolises which will be severely impacted to do some further analysis.MiamiMiami is the biggest city in Florida with the average elevation of 3 feet (0.9144m) [11ikipedia]. Also, it is a coastal city. So according to what we predict that sea level will rise 10.8037cm within 50 years, we can draw a conclusion that this city would be greatly influenced.The possibility of flooding would grow while the frequency of hurricane will increase. It is a big challenge to sewer system of Miami. According to our simulation, sea level rising would also threaten Miami International Airport. Another problem is that the sea water would gnaw at the shoreline. Many coastal man-made buildings are too closed to the sea which they would face a serious problem of being eroded. Aside from threatening of losing habitat, local drinking water would be polluted.TampaTampa is a city located on the west coast of Florida. It is the third largest city in Florida. It is famous because of tourism. Although the highest point in the city is only 48 feet (15 m) [wikipedia], rising sea level will do harm to its natural disaster. Tampais special because it has the Old Tampa Bay and Hillsborough Bay which is easy to be attacked by storm surge. Sea level rising would produce much more violent storm surge. The boundary of Tampa would also be lost. What’s more,Traffic facilities such as Tampa International Airport were under threatening of disappearing.Cape CoralThis city is famous because of its far-stretching beach and animated quay. Besides, it has more than 30 gardens and golf courses which attract many tourists. A variety of animals also promotes this city’s tourism. However, sea level rising would erode shoreline of Cape Coral. It would destroy natural environment of this area, and then damages biodiversity. And still worse, Pine Island would mostly disappear. So, the economic damage there will be hardly assessed.Key WestIt is an island of Florida, which have the lowest altitude. So if sea level rises to some extent, it would be the first to be under water.Other Impacts in Florida:Biodiversity: Wild life and rare animals in Florida will be impacted by loss of habitat and food. Moreover, it is hard for plants and animals in Florida to adapt the new climatic conditions and the increase of relative air humidity.Architecture:Sea level rise will cause salinization, which will impact the architectural production.Economy Pressure：More money will be put into the drainage systems and dam project, which means less city construction and business development.Health Care: Higher sea level will increase the risk of some disease like malaria.Recommendations to coastal Florida:●Build higher dams: In this way can cities hold back the rising flood waters.●Prepare for flooding: Complete supervisory control system. Guarantee thatcitizen can be evacuated in time.●Reduce carbon emission: More carbon emission means higher temperature, andthen lead to rising of sea level. So encourage citizen to live a low-carbon life.●Warn local citizen: Propagate relative knowledge of sea level rising to improvecitizen’s sense of self-protection when facing natural disaster. JudgmentsStrengths●We use Neural Network to predict temperature in future with a large amount ofreliable data. So our prediction of temperature in future is accurate relatively.●Our model can predict the sea level rising in different conditions, such asdifferent temperature.●Our model is relatively simple so it will take a little time to simulate. We caneasily get the result.Weaknesses●We ignore the areal variation about depth, salinity and temperature of the sea forsimplifying the model;●We neglect the floating ice which will bring some error;●We neglect the thermal expansion;The mode is only the function of time, so it can’t simulate unusual situations.ReferenceBen Strauss,Florida and rising sea,/news/floria-and-the-rising-seaFears, Darryl, Huang, Ming. “Rising sea level threatens millions of American and causes huge economic loss”. Souhu, March 16, 2012, 09:48 AM. Web. IPCC, http://www.ipcc.chMichiel van den Broeke，Partitioning Recent Mass Loss, Science 13 November 2009 “National Snow and Ice Data Center”, January 7, 2015。
2008年全国大学生英语竞赛样题及答案
2008年全国大学生英语竞赛样题及答案（C级）Part II V ocabulary and Structure (10 minutes, 15 marks)Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this part. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.31. So nervous ________ that she didn't know how to start her speech.A. since she becameB. would she becomeC. that she becameD. did she become32. He ________ another career but, at the time, he just wanted to earn money to study abroad.A. might have chosenB. might chooseC. had to chooseD. must have chosen33. The second report was ________ by August 2005, but one year later it was still nowhere in sight.A. submittedB. to have submittedC. to submitD. to have been submitted34. In this experiment, the students studied are stopped several times during the listening test and asked to report what they ________ during the pause before answering the questions.A. had just been thinking aboutB. have just been thinking aboutC. are just thinking aboutD. had just thought about35. I was always taught that it was ________ to interrupt.A. rudeB. coarseC. roughD. crude36. Small boys are ________ questioners. They ask questions all the time.A. originalB. peculiarC. imaginativeD. persistent37. We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are ________.A. out of workB. out of reachC. out of stockD. out of practice38. The bomb will ________ the moment it is touched.A. go onB. go offC. go outD. go over39. The car won't ________; I've tried it several times, but it won't work.A. beginB. launchC. startD. drive40. Children and old people do not like having their daily ________ upset.A. habitB. routineC. practiceD. custom41. In your first few days at school you'll be given a test to help the teachers to ________ you to a class at your level.A. locateB. assignC. deliverD. place42. China only started its nuclear power industry in recent years, and should ________ no time in catching up.A.loseB.delayC. spareD. relieve43. — You did an excellent job yesterday, Jim! I really enjoyed your presentation.— ________— Oh yeah, it was fabulous. It seems the English program is a great way to practice English.— Yeah. It is fun and motivating.A. Did you really?B. Oh, thank you. You are so kind.C. Really? What about yours?D. Not at all. My pleasure.44. — What kind of music do you like?— Well, I like different kinds.— ________— Er, I especially like punk rock.A. I beg your pardon?B. Are you serious?C. Any in particular?D. Why do you think so?45. — How did you like the fashion show last night?— ________— I didn't see anything wrong with the clothes; they looked pretty nice to me.— Do you really think people can wear that stuff and walk around in streets?A. Impressive. It's a good way to show off women's sense of style and wealth.B. It was cool. The clothes are more beautiful than the people wearing them.C. Nothing serious. It's only a show to attract the eyes of fashion fans.D. It was dumb. I think it's stupid for women to wear clothes like that.Part III Reading Comprehension (20 minutes, 40 marks)Section A (4 marks)Directions: There is one passage in this section with 4 questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Questions 46-49 are based on the following passage.The ability to “see” oneself in the future is a remarkable human trait - some would say unique - that is not well understood. That's despite the fact that we probably spend as much time thinking about the future as we do thinking about the present.Now new research from Washington University in St. Louis suggests that it's precisely because we can remember the past that we can visualize the future. “Our findings provide convincing support for t he idea that memory and future thought are highly interrelated and help explain why future thought may be impossible without memories,” says doctoral candidate Karl Szpunar. The findings are consistent with other research showing that persons with little memory of the past, such as young children or individuals suffering from loss of memory, are less able to see themselves in the future.The researchers base their conclusions on brain scans of 21 college students who were cued to think about something in their past, and anticipate the same event in the future, like a birthday or getting lost. The experiment was carried out as each student lay on their stomach in a magnetic resonance imaging machine, a dreadful but very useful piece of equipment that can show which areas of the brain are stimulated during specific thought processes. The students were also asked to picture former President Bill Clinton in a past and future setting. Clinton was chosen because he was easily recognized and familiar to all the students.The researchers found a “surprisingly complete overlap” among regions of the brain used for remembering the student's past and those used for picturing the future. And every region involved in remembering was also used in anticipating the future.In short, the researchers isolated the area of the brain that “lit up” when the students thought about an event in their own past. And more importantly, that same area lit up again when they thought about a similar event in their future. In fact, the rese archers report that the brain activity was so similar in both cases that it was “indistinguishable.” The findings were reinforced when students imagined Bill Clinton. Since none of them knew him personally, their memories were not autobiographical. And th e brain scans showed “significantly less” correlation between memories of having seen pictures of Clinton in the White House and projecting him into the future.So this “time machine,” as the researchers describe it, allows us to use the past to see ourse lves in the future, and both our memories and our anticipation are interdependent.46. A remarkable human trait that is not well understood is the ability ________.A. to think about the pastB. to see the futureC. to remember the pastD. to control the present47. The findings support that ________.A. future goals will greatly influence a person's present performanceB. a person's present performance is determined by his / her past knowledgeC. future thought depends to a great degree on the memory of the pastD. present thought is impossible without the ability to imagine the future48. The conclusion of the experiment on students was that ________.A. the students could picture themselves better than Bill Clinton in a past and future settingB. the students could imagine themselves as well as Bill Clinton in a past and future settingC. the students could anticipate Bill Clinton better than themselves in a past and future settingD. the students could only picture themselves in a past and future setting but not Bill Clinton49. This “time machine” in the last paragraph most probably refers to ________.A. clockB. brain scanningC. magnetic resonance imagingD. memorySection B (14 marks)Directions: There is one passage in this section with 10 questions. Go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet. For questions 50-55, mark Y (for YES)if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO)if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN)if the information is not given in the passage. For questions 56-59, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Visiting the White HouseWhite House Tours Public tours of the White House are available for groups of 10 or more people. Requests must be submitted through one's Member of Congress and are accepted up to six months in advance. These self-guided tours are available from 7:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. Tuesday through Saturday, and are scheduled on a first come, first served basis approximately one month in advance of the requested date. We encourage you to submit your request as early as possible since a limited number of tours are available. All White House tours are free of charge. For the most current tour information, please call the 24-hour line at 202-456-7041. Please note that White House tours may be subject to last minute cancellation.White House Visitor CenterAll tours are significantly enhanced if visitors stop by the White House Visitor Center located at the southeast corner of 15th and E Streets, before or after their tour. The Center is open seven days a week from 7:30 a.m. until 4:00 p.m. and features many aspects of the White House, including its architecture, furnishings, first families, social events, and relations with the press and world leaders, as well as a thirty-minute video. Allow between 20 minutes to one hour to explore the exhibits. The White House Historical Association also sponsors a sales area. Please note that restrooms are available, but food service is not.Mobility-Impaired / Using a WheelchairGuests requiring the loan of a wheelchair should notify the officer at the Visitors Entrance Building upon arrival. Wheelchairs loans are offered on a first-come, first-served basis. Reservations are not possible.Visitors in wheelchairs, or with other mobility disabilities, on the Congressional guided or self-guided tours, between 8:00 a.m. and 12 noon, use the same Visitor entrance and, with up to four members of their party, are admitted without waiting in line and without tickets.Visitors in wheelchairs are escorted by ramp from the entrance level to the ground floor, and by elevator from the ground to the state floor. Guests generally wait in line with their family or group.Hearing-ImpairedTours for hearing-impaired groups may be arranged in advance by writing to the Visitors Office, White House, Washington, DC 20502. Tours are usually scheduled at 9:30 a.m., between the Congressional and public tour times. Participants enter at the East Appointment gate. A U.S. Secret Service / Uniformed Division Tour Officer conducts the tour in sign language. Signed tours are available to groups of 8 to 20. Groups are also encouraged to bring their own interpreters.Signing interpretation is also available for individual visitors with advance notice. A Congressional office first issues guided tour tickets to a guest who is hearing-impaired and then contacts the Visitors Office at least 2 weeks in advance to request interpreter service.The Visitors Office TDD (telephone device for the deaf) is 202-456-2121. Messages may be left outside normal business hours.Visually-ImpairedTours for visually-impaired groups may be arranged in advance by writing to the Visitors Office, White House, Washington, DC 20502. The tours are usually scheduled at 9:30 a.m., between the Congressional and public tour times. Participants enter at the East Appointment gate. A U.S. Secret Service / Uniformed Division Tour Officer permits visitors to touch specific objects in the House. Touch tours are currently available only to groups of 8 to 20, not to individual visitors. Guide animals are permitted in the White House.General Tour InformationAll White House tours are free. Changes in tour schedules are occasionally made because of official events. Notice may not be given until that morning. The Visitors Office 24-hour Information Line recording at 202-456-7041 provides the most up-to-date information. The TDD is 202-456-2121. Visitors should confirm tour schedules by calling the information line the night before and the morning that they plan to visit. It is occasionally necessary to close individual rooms on the tour; however, notice about closed rooms is not possible.Prohibited ItemsProhibited items include, but are not limited to, the following: handbags, book bags, backpacks, purses, food and beverages of any kind, strollers, cameras, video recorders or any type of recording device, tobacco products, personal grooming items (make-up, hair brush or comb, lip or hand lotions, etc.), any pointed objects (pens, knitting needles, etc.), aerosol containers, guns, ammunition, fireworks, electric stun guns, mace, martial arts weapons / devices, or knives of any size. The U.S. Secret Service reserves the right to prohibit any other personal items. Umbrellas, wallets, cell phones and car keys are permitted.Please note that no storage facilities are available on or around the complex. Individuals who arrive with prohibited items will not be permitted to enter the White House.ParkingThe closest Metrorail stations to the White House are Federal Triangle (blue and orange lines), Metro Center (blue, orange, and red lines) and McPherson Square (blue and orange lines). On-street parking is not available near the White House, and use of public transportation is strongly encouraged.Restrooms / Public TelephonesThe nearest restrooms and public telephones to the White House are in the Ellipse Visitor Pavilion (the park area south of the White House) and in the White House Visitor Center. Restrooms or public telephones are not available at the White House.50. Both Congressional guided and self-guided tours need to be scheduled in advance.51. All White House tours are free of charge except on federal holidays.52. The White House Visitor Center provides free drinks but not food service.53. Wheelchair reservation service is provided by the officer at the Visitors Entrance Building.54. Hearing-impaired visitors can request signing interpretation service from the Visitors Office.55. Touch tours are currently only offered to visually-impaired groups of 8 to 20.56. Sometimes official events make it necessary to close ________________ without notice.57. The personal items permitted to be carried into the White House are ________________.58. The transportation visitors are encouraged to use is ________________.59. Inside the White House, visitors cannot find or use restrooms or ________________.Section C (10 marks)Directions: In this section, there is one passage followed by 5 questions. Read the passage carefully, then answer the questions in as few words as possible (not more than 10 words). Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Questions 60-64 are based on the following passage.If you were on a distant planet, and if you had instruments that could tell you the composition of Earth's atmosphere, how would you know there was life on this planet?Water in the atmosphere would suggest there could be water on the surface, and as we all know water is considered crucial to life. But water would only suggest that life is possible. It wouldn't prove it's there.Carbon? That basic component of “life as we know it?” Not necessarily. A diamond is pure carbon, and it may be pretty, but it isn't alive.What really sets Earth apart is nitrogen, which makes up 80 percent of the planet's atmosphere. And it's there only because there is abundant life on Earth, say scientists at the University of Southern California.The report grew out of a class discussion two years ago in a course taught by Capone and Kenneth Nealson, professor of earth sciences. Students were asked to come up with different ideas about searching for life on other planets. What is a distinct “signature,” as Capone puts it, that would show there is life on another planet?That's a question that has been kicked around in many quarters in recent decades, especially since all efforts to find some form of life, no matter whether on Mars or in the distant reaches of space, have failed. At least so far.The current effort to search for some evidence of life on Mars focuses primarily on the search for water, because it has long been believed that water, or at least some fluid, is necessary for the chemical processes that lead life to take place. But that's probably the wrong approach, the USC group argues.“It's hard to imagine life without water, but it's easy to imagine water without life,” sa ys Nealson, who was on the Mars team before moving to USC.But nitrogen would be a much clearer signature of life. Only about 2 percent to 3 percent of the Martian atmosphere is nitrogen. That's just a trace, and it probably means there is no life on Mars today, and if there was in the past, it probably ended many, many years ago.But, the USC team adds quickly, that doesn't mean there's no life anywhere else in the universe. They don't know where, of course, but they may have found a way to narrow down the search. Look first for nitrogen, then look for biological activity that should be there.So if life exists elsewhere, and is similar to life as we know it, there should be nitrogen, and that's what we shouldbe looking for first, the researchers say.If they don't find nitrogen on Mars, Capone says, “that will probably bring us to the conclusion that there likely never was life on Mars.”But how about elsewhere? Could this technique be used to search for life in other solar systems?Maybe. It might be possible to detect a nitrogen-rich atmosphere around a planet orbiting another star, but not yet. Current instruments aren't that sensitive.If they ever are, the search for life might be narrowed down to the most promising prospects, chiefly because of the presence of nitrogen. And won't that be fun!Questions:Section D (12 marks)Directions: In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of three words from the passage to fill in the spaces 65-70. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Questions 65-70 are based on the following passage.In August 2008, athletes from the United States and around the world will compete in the Beijing Olympics. But did you know that in September of next year, disabled athletes will compete in the Paralympic Games in Beijing? The Olympics and the Paralympics are separate movements. But they have always been held in the same year, and since 1988, they have also been held in the same city. The International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee signed an agreement in 2001 to secure this connection. The next winter games will take place in Vancouver, Canada, in 2010.The Paralympic Games grew out of a sports competition held in 1948 in England and a doctor named Ludwig Guttmann organized it for men who suffered spinal cord injuries in World War II. Four years later, it became an international event as competitors from the Netherlands took part. Then, in 1960, the first Paralympics were held in Rome. 400 athletes from 23 countries competed. By 2004, the Paralympic Games in Athens had almost 4000 athletes from 136 countries, who may have physical or mental limitations and may be blind or in wheelchairs. Yet sometimes they perform better than athletes without disabilities.In 1968, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, the sister of former President John F. Kennedy, started the Special Olympics, which are just for children and adults with mental limitations and whose programs currently serve more than two million people in 160 countries. In November 2006, in Mumbai, India, teams competed in the First Special Olympics International Cricket Cup. In addition to India, there were men's teams from Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and the West Indies. There were also women's cricket teams from India and Pakistan.There are many organizations in the United States that help people with disabilities play sports. Wheelchair tennis is a popular sport. So is basketball. In fact, there are more than one hundred professional teams playing wheelchair basketball thanks to the special wheelchairs for athletes that are lightweight and designed for quick moves. For people who want to go really fast in their chairs, there is a Power Wheelchair Racing Association.In the state of Utah there is a place called the National Ability Center, which teaches all kinds of sports to people with all kinds of physical and mental disabilities and even gives friends and family members a chance to try a sport as if they were disabled.A reporter from the Washington Post wanted to know what it would be like for a blind person to use a climbing wall. So, protected by a safety line, the newspaper reporter closed his eyes and started to feel for places to put his hands and feet. Trainers on the ground urged him on: “Take your time. You can do it.” Finally he reached the top. At the National Ability Center people can learn to ride horses and mountain bikes. They can try winter mountain sports, and learn scuba diving and other water activities. The center also prepares athletes for the Paralympics. These days, the first place many people go when they want to travel is the Internet, where they can get information about hotels, transportation and services like tour companies. The Internet can also help travelers find special services for the disabled. For example, there are groups that help young people with disabilities travel to different countries.Susan Sygall, who uses a wheelchair herself, leads an organization called Mobility International USA, and has traveled to more than twenty-five countries to talk about the rights of people with disabilities. She says people with disabilities are all members of a global family and working together across borders is the most powerful way of making changes.Summary:Part IV Cloze (15 minutes, 15 marks)Section A: There are 5 blanks in the passage. Use the word given on the right side to form a word that fits in each blank. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Maria Callas was one of the best-known opera singers in the world, who became famous internationally for her beautiful voice and intense (71)________ during the 1950s, and the recordings of her singing the well-known operas remain very popular today.Maria Callas was born in New York City in 1923 and her real name was Maria Kalogeropoulous. Her parents were Greek and when she was fourteen, she and her mother returned to Greece, where Maria studied singing at the national conservatory in Athens and the well-known opera (72)________ Elvira de Hidalgo chose Maria as her student.In 1941, when she was 17, Maria Callas was paid to sing in a major opera for the first time. She sang the (73)________ role in several operas in Athens during the next three years. In 1943, Callas was invited to perform in Italy, which was the real beginning of her profession as an opera singer. She performed major parts in several of the most (74)________ operas. In 1949, she married an Italian (75)________, Giovanni Battista Meneghini, who was twenty years older and became her adviser and manager. person singlead fame industrySection B: There are 10 blanks in the passage. For each blank, some letters of the word has been given (not exceeding 3 letters). Read the passage below and think of the word which best fits each blank. Use only one word in each blank. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Part V Translation (15 minutes, 15 marks)Section A (8 marks)Directions: Translate the underlined sentences of the following passage into Chinese. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.When you talk about China and India's seemingly unstoppable growth, nobody's surprised. After all, the increasing economic strength of the two countries has dominated the news for the past few years. But both China and India face some substantial demographic hurdles to continued expansion. Despite the billion-plus citizens of each country, both may simply lack sufficient qualified workers.(86) China is a rapidly aging society whose current challenges of unemployment and overpopulation will, within a decade, shift to different problems: labor shortages and an elderly population with too few children. In fact, China may be the first country to go gray before it reaches developed status. The World Bank estimates that by 2020 the mainland will face a lack of even unskilled labor due to aging.China is already facing a shortage of skilled labor. Construction sites lack welders, skilled machine operators, and plumbers. And a recent report said the country is short some 750,000 managers. Despite a 95% literacy rate among all but the oldest citizens, there are not enough well-educated Chinese. (87) This is in part due to a lack of schools that combine basic theory with practical skills and a focus on passing the elite university exams. So despite rising salaries, many of those entering China's workforce cannot learn the skills they need.India seems to have an age advantage, with half its population under 25. In the long run, this gives them the upper hand. But at present, India shares China's problem of an insufficiently educated workforce. Citigroup reports that India's talent pool isn't deep enough to meet demand in industries including textiles, aviation, telecom, retail, and engineering.By some other measures, both countries look pretty good. China graduates about 1.7 million students from 1,500 colleges and universities annually, of whom 350,000 are engineers. India produces about 3 million college and university graduates, including 440,000 engineers. Those numbers, though, don't tell the whole story.(88) Only 10% to 25% of these graduates are employable by multinationals, and this is only partially because of language challenges, which every human resources executive I've met who works in China or India agrees with.The source of the problem is cultural. Young people in these countries are highly motivated to study and learn, but only in theory. There is no tradition of practical application. So engineers don't go into operations, factories, or mines, and don't really know the machines and conditions for which they are designing processes. (89) Chinese and Indian students who have just earned BAs want to pursue MBAs right away, and neither they nor their parents understand the value of practical experience. The degree is seen as a trophy, a traditional ticket to higher status. Section B (7 marks)Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. Remember to write your answers on the Answer Sheet.90. 如果你告诉他们真相，你就可以获得这次机会而不被他们误解。
2008-2011年全国大学生英语竞赛初赛试卷(C类)及答案
2008 National English Contest for College Students(Level C--- Preliminary)Part I Listening Comprehension (25 minutes, 30 marks)Section A (5 marks)In this section, you will hear five short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be read only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, read the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1. A. To buy a newspaper. B. To find a chemist. C. To post a letter.2. A. Their billing system has been efficient.B. Their old billing system is outdated.C. He’s unimpressed with the new billing system.3. A. She’s been on vacation. B. She’s been at the grocery store.C. She’s been on a business trip.4. A. To go to the market. B. To have coffee. C. To have a discussion.5. A. Changing a flight reservation. B. Canceling a hotel reservation.C. Reserving an extra hotel room.Section B (10 marks)In this section, you will hear two long conversations. Each conversation will be read only once. At the end of each conversation, there will be a one-minute pause. During the pause, read the five questions, each with three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Conversation one6. What’s Tania’s phone number?A. 506-6178B. 501-6678C. 501-66877. Who is going shopping at Harrods?A. Tania.B. Karl.C. Karl’s mother.8. How is Tania going to get to Harrods?A. On foot.B. By taxi.C. By tube.9. Which street plan shows the way from the station?A. B. C.10. What kind of wine does Karl want?A. Red Merlot.B. White Bordeaux.C. Rose Chianti.Conversation Two11. Which drawing shows the position of the handle?A. B. C.12. What other product features are included?A. A range of handle sizes.B. A variety of color combinations.C. A set of rings for different-sized tins.13. What’s the purpose of the V-clip?A.To hold the paint brush so it drips in the can.B.To prevent paint from getting onto the painted surfaces.C.To prevent the brush drying out if the painter is interrupted.14. Who will probably use the can-holder?A. Artists.B. Decorators.C. Soldiers.15. How much does the product cost?A. ￡4.B. ￡5.C. $4.Section C (5 marks)In this section, you will hear five short news item. Each item will be read only once. After each item, there will be a pause. During the pause, read the question and the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.16. What has prompted the new administration to review the Australia’s citizenship test?A. It’s out of date.B. Higher immigration rates.C. Many applicants failing it.17. Which train provides the easiest way to see Mount Fuji?A. From Tokyo to Y okohama.B. From Osaka to Y okohama.C. From Tokyo to Osaka.18. How many U.N. employees were killed in 2007?A. 17.B. 42.C. 59.19. What have studies found out about severe pneumonia treatment?A.No medication works in developing countries.B.It can be effectively treated at home with oral antibiotics.C.It can only be treated in the hospital with injectable antibiotics.20. What was the bar’s business like before the smoking ban?A. Almost empty every day.B. Usually crowded at midday.C. Empty on Wednesdays.Section D (10 marks)In this section, you will hear a short passage. There are ten missing words or phrases. Fill in the blanks with the exact words you hear on the tape. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Crime isn’t rising because the laws are not strict enough, or because the (21) ________ are not tough enough, or simply bec ause there aren’t enough policemen on the beat. It is rising because the agencies and individuals who can have a (22) _______ effect on crime are not pulling together or in the same (23) ______. The police are one of those agencies, of course. But crime prevention is also a matter for (24) ______ who are content to see mass (25) _______ turn into a way of life, for councils who prefer to shout yah-boo at the police, (26) _____ getting on with making life safer for local people, for architects who design exp osed and indefensible buildings, for parents who don’t take enough interest in what their teenage children are getting up to and for (27) ______ who sit inside and moan (28) ______ do anything about the state of the neighborhood or the street. Crime prevention has been neglected for too many by too many. Over the last ten years it has been willfully neglected in defiance of mounting (29) _______ that it is the central hope of (30) ________ action againstcrime.Part II Vocabulary and Structures (10 minutes, 15 marks)There are 15 incomplete sentences in this part. For each blank there are four choices, marked A, B C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence, then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.31. They are looking for _______ man with _______ long dark hair. He is armed and dangerous.A. a; aB. the; aC. a; /D. /; the32. It was unfortunate, but she had no _____ but to act as she did.A. chance.B. opportunityC. optionD. solution33. The _____ driver thinks that accidents only happen to other people.A. generalB. usualC. commonD. average34. How did they manage to steal the V an Gogh? It was right ____ the security guard’s nose.A. belowB. beforeC. underD. beside35. The student ______ continuing his studies when he had to return to his home country unexpectedly.A. is consideringB. was consideringC. should considerD. has considered36. My friends and I enjoy doing many of the same things. In that respect, we have a lot _______.A. in similarB. in particularC. in commonD. in accordance37. Our planned visit to the United States _______ because we were unable to get the visas.A. fell overB. fell downC. fell throughD. fell on38. Lest anyone _____ it strange, let me assure you that it is quite true.A. thoughtB. should thinkC. had thoughtD. thinking39. When Sally ______ the criminal ______ her house, she screamed at the top of her voice because she didn’t want ______.A. saw; enter; killedB. saw; enter; to be killedC. sees; entering; be killedD. sees; enter; killing40. Tina’s children, _____ all live nearby, organized a big party for her eightieth birthday.A. whoB. thatC. whichD. as41. Sometimes it is necessary to be careful _______ the right date to sit for a test.A. when choosingB. when you will chooseC. when you have chosenD. when you chose42. Einstein’s theory of relativity seemed hard to believe at the time _______.A. when he first introducedB. that he first introduced itC. he first introducedD. which he first introduced it43. ________ really. I like both public transport and driving.A. On second thoughtsB. I could go either wayC. I will never learn to driveD. But then again44. _____ I’m getting married!A. Can you keep a secret?B. Well I never!C. Many happy returns.D. Congratulations!45. --- So, do you know where you’d like to go?--- Actually, I’ve heard that it’s very expensive and it’s cold all the time.A. I beg your pardon?B. Y eah, but it’s not very good.C. Do you know any good hotels?D. Do you have any suggestions?Part III Reading Comprehension (20 minutes, 40 marks)Section A (4 marks)There is one passage in this section with 4 questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B C and D. You should decide on the best choice, then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Questions 46-49 are based on the following passage.Most sore throats are caused by an infection which treatment with antibiotics cannot cure. But with simple remedies the patient normally gets better in 4 or 5 days.Tonsillitis, however, usually starts with a sore throat which causes pain on swallowing. With children and some adults there may be a fever and the patient is obviously not feeling well. It may be possible to see white spots on the back of the throat. The neck may also swell, both of which are the normal response to infection.Sometimes a sore throat may occur with the common cold, and with influenza there may be dryness of the throat, pain on coughing and loss of voice.TREATMENTAspirin: To help relieve the pain on swallowing and (if there is one) the fever, use aspirin tablets dissolved in water, so that the patient can gargle before swallowing. Repeat the treatment every 4 hours.Drink: Encourage the patient to drink plenty of liquids.Food: Food should not be forced on a patient who does not want to eat.Steam: If there is pain in the throat on coughing, breathing in steam may help.CHILDRENY oung children, who may not be able to gargle, should be given aspirin dissolved in water every 4 hours at the right dose for their age.At one year: a single junior aspirin.At five years: half an adult aspirin.At eight years: one whole adult aspirin.WHEN TO SEE THE DOCTORIf the sore throat is still getting worse after 2 days.If the patient complains of earache.If the patient or parent is very worried.46. According to the passage, it would appear that most sore throats _________.A.require an immediate visit to a doctorB.respond quickly to treatment with an antibioticC.rarely turn out to be symptoms of serious illnessD.result in tonsillitis even when treated47. In order to treat a sore throat one should ________.A.prevent the patient from eating too muchB.give the patient up to 4 aspirin tablets every dayC.advise the patient to drink large amounts of liquidsD.make the patient gargle with hot liquids48. Y ou should call the doctor in if _________.A.swelling occurs in the region of the earsB.the patient’s condition worsens after 2 daysC.the patient’s throat is still sore after a weekD.the disease spreads to another member of the family49. What difference is there in the way adults and young children should be treated with aspirin?A.Y oung children should not be allowed to gargle with it.B.Adults should be given tablets to swallow whole.C.Y oung children should be given aspirin more often than adults.D.Adults should be given larger doses of aspirin than children.Section B (14 marks)There is one passage in this section with 10 questions. Go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet.For questions 50-55, markY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 56-59, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.In 1945 leaders from 51 countries met in San Francisco, California, and organized the United Nations (often called the UN). World War II had just ended. Millions of people had died, and there was destruction everywhere. People hoped they could build a future of world peace through this new organization.The United Nations has four main goals and purposes:1.To work together for international peace and to solve international problems;2.To develop friendly relations among nations;3.To work together for human rights for everyone of all races, religions, and of both sexes;4.To build a center where nations can work together for these goals.Today almost every country in the world is a member of the UN. Each country has signed an agreement that says:1. All members are equal.2. All members promise to solve international problems in a peaceful way.3. No member will use force against another member.4. All members will help the UN in its actions.5.The UN will not try to solve problems within countries except to enforce international peace.Obviously, the United Nations has not been completely successful in its goals. There have been several wars since 1945. However, the organization has helped bring peace to some countries that were at war. It has helped people who left their countries because of wars. It has helped bring independence to colonies.The main United Nations organization is in New Y ork City, but the UN has a ―family‖ of other related organizatio ns all over the world. These organizations try to provide a better life for everyone. One example is UNICEF, an organization that provides food, medical care, and many other services for poor children wherever they live. Another example is the World Health Organization, which develops medical programs all over the world.There are thousands of UN workers in developing countries. They work as planners to increase production in farming and industry. They provide medical services, improve education programs, and spread scientific information. They develop programs that provide jobs and better living conditions. They help countries control their population growth.The United Nations also holds large international conferences, where people meet to discuss important world issues. One conference was about the uses and ownership of oceans. Another was about women. There are also International Y ears. In these special years, people work together to improve situations and solve problems. One year was the International Year of the Child.For centuries countries have fought each other, and powerful countries have taken control of weaker ones. It is very difficult to persuade nations to live together in peace. Nevertheless, the United Nations is attempting to do this. It is the only organization that unites the world in the search for peace.50. The United Nations was organized at a meeting in California in 1945.51. The United Nations works for international peace.52. Kuwait is a member of the UNICEF.53. The United Nations has its main organization in San Francisco.54. The United Nations helped Algeria become independent.55. UNICEF is an organization that helps save wildlife.56. Each country in the UN has signed an agreement that says no member ______ againstanother member.57. Despite its effort, the United Nations hasn’t been ______ in its goals.58. People meet to discuss important world issues in ______ held by the United Nations.59. The United Nations is ______ nations to live together in peace, though it is difficult.Section C (10 marks)In this section, there is one passage followed by 5 questions. Read the passage carefully, and then answer the questions in as few words as possible (not more than 10 words). Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Questions 60-64 are based on the following passage.A language is a system of sounds, gestures, or characters used by humans to communicate their ideas and feelings. There are about 4,000 spoken languages in the world. Some are spoken by millions of people. Other languages have only a few speakers.All languages have rules for forming words and for ordering those words in sentences. In written languages, meaning is expressed through a system of characters and rules for combining those characters. In spoken languages, meaning is expressed through a system of sounds and rules for combining those sounds. Many deaf people use sign languages, in which gestures do the work of the sound system of spoken languages.Word order is more important in English than it is in some other languages, such as Russian. The sound system is very important in Chinese and in many languages spoken in West Africa.Languages are always changing, but they change very slowly. People invent new words for their language, borrow words from other languages, and change the meanings of words as needed. For example, the English word byte was invented by computer specialists in 1959. the English word tomato was borrowed from Nahuatl, and American Indian language spoken in Mexico. The English word meat once referred to food in general.There are several major language families in the world. The languages in each family are related, and scientists think they came from the same parent family. Language families come in different sizes. The Austronesian family contains at least 500 languages, including Pilipino, Malay, and Maori. The Basque language, spoken in northern Spain, is the only member of its language family.The Indo-European language family contains 55 languages, including English, German, Spanish, Russian, and Hindi.Another language family is Sino-Tibetan, which includes Chinese, Burmese, and Tibetan. The Afro-Asiatic family includes Arabic, Hebrew, and Amharic. There are about 150 American Indian languages spoken today. These languages have many differences and have been divided into more than 50 language families.People learn languages by listening, copying what they hear, and using the language. Most children learn their first languages easily, and sometimes other languages as well. Adults often must work harder at learning a second language.Questions:60. How many languages are spoken all over the world?61. What are the language rules for?62. How is meaning expressed in sign language?Section D (12 marks)In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of three words from the passage to fill in each of the spaces, 65-70. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet .Questions 65-70 are based on the following passage .Welcome to ―Software World‖ --- bringing you the very latest information on what is currently available on CD-ROM. Are you a director or producer looking for an unusual actor to play a part in a new movie project, or with that special look for a new commercial on TV? OK. The usual procedure would be to contact a theatrical agency, who would try and sell you the idea of using one of the actors listed on their books. Books? Too old-fashioned for you? Then get yourself a copy of this latest electron ic database called ―The Electronic Curtain‖.The brainchild of casting agent Fred Harkney of the Better Talent Agency, he says he got the idea of an actor’s directory from his son playing computer games. Noting that junior had to type in the details of the characters in his favorite game, he realized he could do the same for the actors he represents. Eventually, he came to include information on nearly three quarters of the approximately 34,000 actors registered and looking for work in Britain. With some theatrical agencies boasting that they represent over 500 performers, the need for this product is not hard to fathom. It can be a nightmare trying to remember just which actor has done what, or just what an actor can do. The database lists details of over 5,500 actors: TV shows they have appeared in, special skills they possess --- everything down to the color of their eyes and other distinguishing physical features. By entering the details of the type of person you are looking for, the database quickly locates only those persons with the particular qualities requested.One problem though, is that many actors feel it is too impersonal, and they could be missing out on much needed auditions for parts in theatrical shows. On the other hand, it might just get them that elusive job. The days of nervous nail-biting while waiting around to give an audition could well and truly be over. And all because of a small plastic disk. For product details ring this number now: 0171-379-60000.Summary :Part IV Cloze (15 minutes, 15 marks)Section A (5 marks)There are 5 blanks in the passage. Use the word given on the right-hand side to form a word that fits in each blank. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet .An electronic database giving information on nearly (65) ______ the 34,000 actors registered and looking for work in Britain, is now available on CD-ROM. Some (66) ______ have over 500 actors on their books and it is difficult to remember all their details. The database lists information on over 5,500 actors and can be searched for details such as past (67) ______ they have appeared in, special skills they might have, and even the color of their eyes. The database can quickly locate persons with (68) _____ and, although some actors feel it is (69) ______ to be of much use, it is certain to change the way actors are chosen for parts in films, plays and shows. Ring the following telephone number for further (70) _____: 0171-379-6000.Interviews are an (71) ______ method of choosing the best people for jobs, yet human beings like to examine each other in this way. One of theperfectSection B (10 marks)There are 10 blanks in the passage. For each blank, one or more letters of the word have been given (not exceeding 3 letters). Read the passage below and decide which word best fits each blank, using only one word in each word in each blank. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.True relaxation is most certainly not a matter of flopping down in front of the television with a welcome drink. Nor is it about drifting into an exhausted sleep. Useful though these responses to tension and over-tiredness (76) mi_______ be, we should distinguish between them and conscious relaxation in (77) te_____ of quality and effect. Regardless of the level of tiredness, real relaxation is a state of alertness, yet, at the same (78) t______, passive awareness, in w hich our bodies are (79) a________ rest while our minds are awake.Moreover, it is as natural for a healthy person to be relaxed when moving as resting. (80) Be_____ relaxed in action means we bring the appropriate energy to everything we do, (81) W______ needs to be rediscovered is conscious relaxation. With this in (85) m______ we must apply ourselves to understanding stress and the nature of its causes, however deep-seated.Part V Translation (15 minutes, 15 marks)Section A (8 marks)Translate the underlined sentences of the following passage into Chinese. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.After my mother passed away, my dad tried even harder to stay healthy and active. Every morning, until the weather turned too cold, he swam in the turquoise pool in the complex where he lived. (86) Each day, no matter how he felt, he swam one more lap than the previous day, just to prove there was always room for improvement. Every few days he reported the new number of laps to me, pride edging his voice.By his late seventies, in spite of swimming and working six days a week, my dad had noticeably dwindled in strength and energy. By age eighty-one he was in poor health and had to retire. (87) He pretended he didn’t need to lean heavily on me for support as we walked slowly, and I pretended not to notice. His mind was clear, but congestive heart problems and disabling arthritis had worn him down. One day he said, ―In case of an emergency, I do not wish to be kept alive by any extraordinary means. I’ve signed an official paper to this effect.‖ He smiled his wonderful, broad grin and said, ―I’ve been blessed to have had your mother as my wife and you as my only child, and I’m ready to go.‖Less than a month later he had a heart attack. In the emergency room, he again reminded his doctor and me of his wishes, but I couldn’t imagine, in spite of this latest crisis, that he wouldn’t always be saying, ―Have I told you yet today that I adore you?‖(88) He was miserable in intensive care; tubes seemed to come from every opening. But my dad still had his sense of humor, asking me, ―Does this mean we can’t keep our lunch date tomorrow?‖ His voice faltered.―I’ll be here to pick you up and we’ll go someplace special,‖ I answered, a lump in my throat.(89) Dad refused to look at me for the first time in his life and turned toward the blank green wall next to his hospital bed. There was a painful silence between us. He said, ―I don’t want you to remember me like this. Promise me you won’t, darling! And please go now --- I’m so miserable.Section B (7 marks)Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.90. 她在阳光下只晒了一会儿，脸就开始变红了。
美国数学建模竞赛培训
小提示:
常备一些文献数据资料网址：这个 是在竞赛期间有效的节省时间，快速的 搜索相关的资料。大家在竞赛前多找一 些国外大学图书馆的网站，里面有大量 的科技文献电子资源库，以备竞赛期间 使用。
对赛题的理解： 本题主要解决气候变暖与冰洋融化之间 （温室气体排放量与融化速度之间的关系）、 北冰洋融化与大陆影响（以目前的融化趋势， 预测佛州几个大城市将在什么时候毁灭，或者 50年内佛州的受灾程度）之间关系模型：大陆 影响主要有：海平面上升、恶劣气候（飓风）、 大西洋暖流变冷等情况。以佛洲为例，考虑佛 州几个重要城市的地理位置，指出减缓温室气 体排放及减缓北冰洋融化速度对海平面上升、 恶劣气候等的作用。
假设(assumption)
5.The surface of the ice sheet is homogeneous with regards to temperature, pressure, and chemical composition. This assumption is necessary because high-resolution spatial temperature data for Greenland cannot be obtained in our framework. Additionally, we lack the computational resources and time to simulate such a variation, which would require the use of finite element methods and mesh generation for a complex topology.
Predict the temperature-数模美赛08年A题
AbstractThe global temperature is rising rapidly today which has caused an extensive ice melt, so the study of predicting rising sea level because of ice melt in North Polar is essential. Our study will try to predict the impact to Florida from melting ice in North Polar .Our studies have three steps:●Predict the temperature: We did the prediction by Neural network and give thechange of temperature in 50 years, based on a large amount of data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC);●Model the mass of ice melting and the sea level: The sea level model is mainlybased on the principle of Thermodynamics and iteration. The results demonstrate that the sea level will rise by 10.8 cm totally in 50 years. Prediction of our model can be proved to be credible by consulting the data from IPCC. We introduce a correct term to modify our model. We can change to simulate sea level rise in different temperature condition.●Analyze the impacts to Florida: We model the erosion of Florida’s shoreline tomake it clear that when sea level rise to a certain extent that Florida will face many serious problems such as flooding, destruction of biodiversity, (Health Care), Loss of agriculture production (salinization of soil) and so on over the next50 years.. We find the 17 cities or areas and 15 airports which are severelyimpacted by the rise of sea level.(Based on our results,) Without attaching more importance to solving the problem, shoreline of several coastal cities like Miami will be eroded seriously, and the lowest place Key West will be disappeared. It will cost a huge financial loss, so further protection should be put into place.Content Introduction (3)Background (3)Our work (3)Study object: Ice cap in Greenland (3)Modeling the sea level (3)Analysis of Florida (3)Assumption (4)Model Ⅰ:Temperature Prediction (4)Grey Prediction Model: (4)Neural Network prediction Model: (4)Model Ⅱ:Melting ice and the rise of sea level (5)Model the rise of sea level (5)Heat from rise of temperature: (6)Mass of melting ice: (6)Design of Algorithms: (7)Model Results: Sea level will elevate by 10 centimeters in 50 years (8)Validation of our model: (9)Model ⅢAnalysis: The effects towards Florida (10)Major Cities Analysis (11)Miami (11)Tampa (11)Cape Coral (12)Key West (12)Other Impacts in Florida: (12)Recommendations to coastal Florida: (13)Judgments (13)Strengths (13)Weaknesses (13)Reference (14)IntroductionBackgroundGlobal Warming and sea level rise“Air temperatures at the top of the world continue to rise twice as fast as temperatures in lower latitudes, causing significant ice melt on land and sea” [Fears, December 17, 2014]. One of the serious consequences is that sea level will rise. Global average sea-level rose at an average rate of about 3.1[2.4 to 3.8] mm per year from 1993 to 2003[IPCC]. This information suggests that from 1993 to 2003 the sea-level rise by 3.1cm totally.Our workThe question requires us to predict the next 50 years’ conditi on of ice melting and analyze the effects on the Florida, especially some big cities. So we can separate this question into two parts:●How much and how fast will the see level rise within 50 years?●What are the effects on the Florida because of the rise of sea level, especiallysome big cities?Study object: Ice cap in GreenlandArctic mainly consists of Greenland, which occupies about 9% glaciers all over the world. Melting in Arctic is mainly due to Greenland, melting of floating ice can be ignored. So we can consider Greenland as study object.Modeling the sea levelWe develop a model for sea-level rise as the function of time. This model can predict sea-level rise in future.Analysis of FloridaAfter having calculated the increased sea level within next 50 years, we analyze the impact to the Florida.●Rising sea level can seriously threaten the development of cities. It has beenthreatening some islands and coastal cities. Over the next 18 years, about two thirds among 544 American towns will be twice as likely to face floods [Huang].More frequency hurricane will happen.●Sea water will corrode seacoast.● A large quantity of drinking water will be polluted.Assumption●Sea level rise is primarily due to the melting of ice cap in Green Land. We ignorethe other floating ice in the Northern Polar.●The increment of sea water from melting will flow over the oceans uniformly●Salt in the ice will not affects the procedure of melting.Model Ⅰ:Temperature PredictionGrey Prediction Model:The weakness of the grey prediction is that the result is increasing all the time. In other words, it cannot show the changes in detail.Neural Network prediction Model:Model Ⅱ:Melting ice and the rise of sea level Model the rise of sea levelThe main reason of the sea level rising is the melting of ice cap and the mass of melting ice is equal to the mass of sea water generated from melting. So, based on several physical principles, we model the rise of sea level by calculating the mass of melting ice. We assume that the increment of sea water from melting will flow over the world uniformly, which means the melting ice will contribute to the rise of sea level, divided by the area of the ocean.The increment of sea water from melting iceThe total volume of melting ice capThe total volume of water generated from meltingThe sea level riseThe overall ocean area: 361745300km2, this is 71 percent of earth’s total surface area (Wikipedia).Heat from rise of temperature:According to the principle of thermal transmission, heat will always be transmitted from high temperature to low temperature. So, the final state of stuff in the thermal cycling system will reach to a same temperature. So, we assume that the temperature of the whole ice cap will increase by when the world temperature rise by However, it takes time for the ice cap to transmit the heat from the rise temperature. We use the every month to calculate the increase of melting ice in each month and get the total increment by accumulation, which means parts of the heat from temperature will be absorbed and used to melt ice. So, defining a coefficient and we will have the heat which ice cap absorbs from the rising temperature in the n-th month:The heat comes from rises of temperature in the n-th monthThe coefficient of capacity of absorbing heat in one monthThe specific heat capacity of iceThe mass of the whole ice capThe mass of melting ice in the n-th monthThe change of temperature in the n-th monthWe try to find the by calculating the mass of melting ice in known years. “Recently reported GrIS mass balance varies from near-balance to modest mass losses [47 to 97 gigatons (Gt) year−1] in the 1990s, increasing to a mass loss of 267 ±38 Gt year−1in 2007”(Michiel).Mass of melting ice:The mass of melting ice in this month will depends on not only the rising temperature, but also the mass of melting ice in the last month.We divide the heat absorbed by the ice by the melting enthalpy of fusion for water to obtain the mass of extra melting ice resulted from the rise of temperature in this month.The mass of melting ice in the n-th month△fusHθm: The melting enthalpyThe total mass of melting ice in the next k yearsMoreover, “Since 2006, high summer melt rates have increased Greenland ice sheet mass loss to 273 gigatons per year” (Partitioning Recent Mass Loss). And the initial mass of melting ice in the first month will be calculated as follows:: The mass of melting ice in the initial year.The total rise of sea level in the next k yearsDesign of Algorithms:Since we have the function, we are able to calculate the mass of melting ice in the next n months using computer program with the data of temperatures and the initial amount of melting ice in the first month.This is easy to achieve using two linear arrays and in MATLAB. Run a simple for loop from 2 to n and calculate during each pass so that the whole array can be found.So that the total amount of melting ice at n-th month is the summation fromto . Also the total rise of sea level can be easily found.Model Results: Sea level will elevate by 10 centimeters in 50 yearsThe solutions were coded using matlab:Figure 1: The mass of melting ice in the next 50 yearsFigure 2: The rise of sea level in the next 50 yearsThe prediction about rise of sea level every decade in next 50 years:Validation of our model:The results show that the sea level will elevate by approximately 10 centimeters totally and 2 millimeters/yr, which accord with the prediction in Relative Mean Sea Level trends from NOAA.Moreover, if we calculated the rise of sea level without considering the increase of temperature, which means sea level rise at the rate today in the next 50 years, the order of magnitudes is match up with our result. So, based on the analysis above, the results of our modelModel ⅢAnalysis: The effects towards FloridaBased on our results, the sea level will rise 10 centimeters in the following 50 years, which threaten Florida in the future and result in tremendous impacts. “Some 2.4 million people and 1.3 million homes, nearly half the risk nationwide, sit within 4 feet of the local high tide line. Sea level rise is more than doubling the risk of a storm surge at this level in South Florida.” (Florida and rising sea)Figure 3 the altitudes of Florida ()As we can see from this picture, most cities or counties in the southern Florida lie besides the coast. Statistic suggests that 17 counties with altitudes smaller than 3 feetwill be threatened by the rise of sea level in 50 years. The counties and airports which will be involved are listed as follows:Cities: Miami, Homestead, Fort Lauderdale, West Palm Beach, Titusville, St Augustine, Clearwater, St Petersburg, Tampa, Brandon, Bradenton, Port Charlotte，Cape Coral, Bonita Springs, Naples, Marco Island, and Grand Isle.Airports: Miami International Airport, Fort Lauderdale International Airport, Central Florida Regional Airport, Cedar Knoll Flying Ranch, Daytona Beach Regional Airport, Craig Municipal Airport, Jacksonville International Airport, St George Island Airport.Major Cities AnalysisWe choose 4 metropolises which will be severely impacted to do some further analysis.MiamiMiami is the biggest city in Florida with the average elevation of 3 feet (0.9144m) [11ikipedia]. Also, it is a coastal city. So according to what we predict that sea level will rise 10.8037cm within 50 years, we can draw a conclusion that this city would be greatly influenced.The possibility of flooding would grow while the frequency of hurricane will increase. It is a big challenge to sewer system of Miami. According to our simulation, sea level rising would also threaten Miami International Airport. Another problem is that the sea water would gnaw at the shoreline. Many coastal man-made buildings are too closed to the sea which they would face a serious problem of being eroded. Aside from threatening of losing habitat, local drinking water would be polluted.TampaTampa is a city located on the west coast of Florida. It is the third largest city in Florida. It is famous because of tourism. Although the highest point in the city is only 48 feet (15 m) [wikipedia], rising sea level will do harm to its natural disaster. Tampa is special because it has the Old Tampa Bay and Hillsborough Bay which is easy to be attacked by storm surge. Sea level rising would produce much more violent storm surge. The boundary of Tampa would also be lost. What’s more,Traffic facilities such as Tampa International Airport were under threatening of disappearing.Cape CoralThis city is famous because of its far-stretching beach and animated quay. Besides, it has more than 30 gardens and golf courses which attract many tourists. A variety of animals also promotes this city’s tourism. However, sea level rising would erode shoreline of Cape Coral. It would destroy natural environment of this area, and then damages biodiversity. And still worse, Pine Island would mostly disappear. So, the economic damage there will be hardly assessed.Key WestIt is an island of Florida, which have the lowest altitude. So if sea level rises to some extent, it would be the first to be under water.Other Impacts in Florida:Biodiversity: Wild life and rare animals in Florida will be impacted by loss of habitat and food. Moreover, it is hard for plants and animals in Florida to adapt the new climatic conditions and the increase of relative air humidity.Architecture:Sea level rise will cause salinization, which will impact the architectural production.Economy Pressure：More money will be put into the drainage systems and dam project, which means less city construction and business development.Health Care: Higher sea level will increase the risk of some disease like malaria.Recommendations to coastal Florida:●Build higher dams: In this way can cities hold back the rising flood waters.●Prepare for flooding: Complete supervisory control system. Guarantee thatcitizen can be evacuated in time.●Reduce carbon emission: More carbon emission means higher temperature, andthen lead to rising of sea level. So encourage citizen to live a low-carbon life.●Warn local citizen: Propagate relative knowledge of sea level rising to improvecitizen’s sense of self-protection when facing natural disaster. JudgmentsStrengths●We use Neural Network to predict temperature in future with a large amount ofreliable data. So our prediction of temperature in future is accurate relatively.●Our model can predict the sea level rising in different conditions, such asdifferent temperature.●Our model is relatively simple so it will take a little time to simulate. We caneasily get the result.Weaknesses●We ignore the areal variation about depth, salinity and temperature of the sea forsimplifying the model;●We neglect the floating ice which will bring some error;●We neglect the thermal expansion;The mode is only the function of time, so it can’t simulate unusual situations.ReferenceBen Strauss,Florida and rising sea,/news/floria-and-the-rising-seaFears, Darryl, Huang, Ming. “Rising sea level threatens millions of American and causes hugeeconomic loss”. Souhu, March 16, 2012, 09:48 AM. Web.IPCC, http://www.ipcc.chMichiel van den Broeke，Partitioning Recent Mass Loss, Science 13 November 2009 “National Snow and Ice Data Center”, January 7, 2015怎样写作数学建模竞赛论文一如何建立数学模型—建立数学模型的涉骤和方法建立数学模型没有固定的模式，通常它与实际问题的性质、建模的目的等有关。
2008年全国大学生英语竞赛初赛和决赛试题
2008年全国大学生英语竞赛样题(C级)Part IListening Comprehension (25 minutes, 30 marks)Section A(5 marks)Directions: In this section, you will hear 5 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be read only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.1. A. The man is not suitable for the position.B. The job has been given to someone else.C. She hadn't received the man's application.2. A. He is going to see his section chief.B. He is going to have a job interview.C. He is going to see his girlfriend.3. A. Ask to see the man's ID card.B. Get the briefcase for the man.C. Show the man her documents.4. A. The dorm room is too crowded.B. There is no kitchen in the building.C. No one looks after the dorm building.5. A. She was always in good shape.B. She stopped exercising one year ago.C. She lost a lot of weight in one year.Section B (10 marks)Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. Each conversation will be read only once. At the end of each conversation, there will be a one-minute pause. During the pause, you must read the five questions, each with three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Conversation One6. What is soon to open in China?A. The French Movie Festival.B. The French Cultural Year.C. The French Food Festival.7. How many exhibitions will be held for this activity?A. 200.B. 20.C. 100.8. What will be held at the foot of the Great Wall?A. The City Concert.B. The Opening Ceremony.C. The Great Lunch.9. Which of the following cities is not included in this activity?A. Chongqing.B. Wuhan.C. Shenzhen.10. What will certainly make great contributions to this activity?A. Internet.B. TV shows.C. Newspapers.Conversation Two11. What sound more like a native speaker in a casual conversation?A. Examples.B. Verbs.C. Idioms.12. Which of the following sounds more informal and more natural?A. Get together.B. Meet.C. See.13. Which of the following means that you cannot interrupt me?A. I'm tied up.B. I have a lot on my plate.C. I'm busy.14. In American culture, what is considered important in a conversation?A. Using proper languageB. Making eye contact.C. Looking at your own feet.15. In business, how might Americans feel about you if you are looking away?A. You're feeling ashamed.B. You're telling the truth.C. You're telling a lie.Section C (5 marks)Directions: In this section, you will hear 5 short news items. After each item, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the question and then the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.16. How long will it take for new forests to grow back?A. 65 years.B. 20 years.C. 40 years.17. What did Jimmy Carter plan to focus his efforts on after leaving the White House in 1981?A. A presidential library.B. Camp David.C. Winning a second term.18. What was regarded as the lifeblood of the country of the Maldives?A. Oil.B. Agriculture.C. Tourism.19. What is responsible for the death of many people in developing countries?A. The development of resistance to diseases.B. The difficulty to cure new emerging diseases.C. The inability of the poor to afford medicine.20. What released an estimated 8.7 million tons of the global warming gas?A. Cars.B. Wildfires.C. Wars.Section D (10 marks)Directions: In this section, you will hear a short passage. There are ten missing words or phrases in it. Fill in the blanks with the exact words you hear on the tape. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.A researcher says lead in the environment could be a major cause of violence by young people. Doctor Herbert Needleman is a (21) ________ at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine in Pennsylvania and he (22) ________ his findings at the yearly meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Doctor Needleman says the presence of lead in the (23) ________ changes the neurons that control actions and that can cause a person to act in antisocial and (24) ________ ways.In the 1970s, Doctor Needleman found lower scores on (25) ________ even in children who did not have such signs of lead poisoning. After that, lead was (26)________ gasoline and paint in the United States. Yet many homes still have old lead paint. Lead was also used in older (27) ________. In fact, officials just announced stronger testing and reporting requirements as from next year for lead in American drinking water.The newest research shows that even very small amounts of lead in bones can affect brain development. A simple (28)________ can measure lead except that an X-ray process is needed to measure levels in bone. In 2004, such tests were done on 190 young people who were (29) ________ and the findings showed that their average levels were higher than normal. And, in 1998, three hundred children were studied and the test scores showed higher levels of (30) ________ problems in those with increased levels of lead. Yet these levels were still considered safe by the government.Part II V ocabulary and Structure (10 minutes, 15 marks)Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this part. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.31. So nervous ________ that she didn't know how to start her speech.A. since she becameB. would she becomeC. that she becameD. did she become32. He ________ another career but, at the time, he just wanted to earn money to study abroad.A. might have chosenB. might chooseC. had to chooseD. must have chosen33. The second report was ________ by August 2005, but one year later it was still nowhere in sight.A. submittedB. to have submittedC. to submitD. to have been submitted34. In this experiment, the students studied are stopped several times during the listening test and asked to report what they ________ during the pause before answering the questions.A. had just been thinking aboutB. have just been thinking aboutC. are just thinking aboutD. had just thought about35. I was always taught that it was ________ to interrupt.A. rudeB. coarseC. roughD. crude36. Small boys are ________ questioners. They ask questions all the time.A. originalB. peculiarC. imaginativeD. persistent37. We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are ________.A. out of workB. out of reachC. out of stockD. out of practice38. The bomb will ________ the moment it is touched.A. go onB. go offC. go outD. go over39. The car won't ________; I've tried it several times, but it won't work.A. beginB. launchC. startD. drive40. Children and old people do not like having their daily ________ upset.A. habitB. routineC. practiceD. custom41. In your first few days at school you'll be given a test to help the teachers to ________ you to a class at your level.A. locateB. assignC. deliverD. place42. China only started its nuclear power industry in recent years, and should ________ no time in catchingup.A.loseB.delayC. spareD. relieve43. —You did an excellent job yesterday, Jim! I really enjoyed your presentation.—________—Oh yeah, it was fabulous. It seems the English program is a great way to practice English.—Yeah. It is fun and motivating.A. Did you really?B. Oh, thank you. You are so kind.C. Really? What about yours?D. Not at all. My pleasure.44. —What kind of music do you like?—Well, I like different kinds.—________—Er, I especially like punk rock.A. I beg your pardon?B. Are you serious?C. Any in particular?D. Why do you think so?45. —How did you like the fashion show last night?—________—I didn't see anything wrong with the clothes; they looked pretty nice to me.—Do you really think people can wear that stuff and walk around in streets?A. Impressive. It's a good way to show off women's sense of style and wealth.B. It was cool. The clothes are more beautiful than the people wearing them.C. Nothing serious. It's only a show to attract the eyes of fashion fans.D. It was dumb. I think it's stupid for women to wear clothes like that.Part III Reading Comprehension (20 minutes, 40 marks)Section A (4 marks)Directions: There is one passage in this section with 4 questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Questions 46-49 are based on the following passage.The ability to “see”oneself in the future is a remarkable human trait - some would say unique - that is not well understood. That's despite the fact that we probably spend as much time thinking about the future as we do thinking about the present.Now new research from Washington University in St. Louis suggests that it's precisely because we can remember the past that we can visualize the future. “Our findings provide convincing support for the idea that memory and future thought are highly interrelated and help explain why future thought may be impossible without memories,” says doctoral candidate Karl Szpunar. The findings are consistent with other research showing that persons with little memory of the past, such as young children or individuals suffering from loss of memory, are less able to see themselves in the future.The researchers base their conclusions on brain scans of 21 college students who were cued to think about something in their past, and anticipate the same event in the future, like a birthday or getting lost. The experiment was carried out as each student lay on their stomach in a magnetic resonance imaging machine, a dreadful but very useful piece of equipment that can show which areas of the brain are stimulated during specific thought processes.The students were also asked to picture former President Bill Clinton in a past and future setting. Clinton waschosen because he was easily recognized and familiar to all the students.The researchers found a “surprisingly complete overlap”among regions of the brain used for remembering the student's past and those used for picturing the future. And every region involved in remembering was also used in anticipating the future.In short, the researchers isolated the area of the brain that “lit up”when the students thought about an event in their own past. And more importantly, that same area lit up again when they thought about a similar event in their future. In fact, the researchers report that the brain activity was so similar in both cases that it was “indistinguishable.”The findings were reinforced when students imagined Bill Clinton. Since none of them knew him personally, their memories were not autobiographical. And the brain scans showed “significantly less”correlation between memories of having seen pictures of Clinton in the White House and projecting him into the future.So this “time machine,”as the researchers describe it, allows us to use the past to see ourselves in the future, and both our memories and our anticipation are interdependent.46. A remarkable human trait that is not well understood is the ability ________.A. to think about the pastB. to see the futureC. to remember the pastD. to control the present47. The findings support that ________.A. future goals will greatly influence a person's present performanceB. a person's present performance is determined by his / her past knowledgeC. future thought depends to a great degree on the memory of the pastD. present thought is impossible without the ability to imagine the future48. The conclusion of the experiment on students was that ________.A. the students could picture themselves better than Bill Clinton in a past and future settingB. the students could imagine themselves as well as Bill Clinton in a past and future settingC. the students could anticipate Bill Clinton better than themselves in a past and future settingD. the students could only picture themselves in a past and future setting but not Bill Clinton49. This “time machine”in the last paragraph most probably refers to ________.A. clockB. brain scanningC. magnetic resonance imagingD. memorySection B (14 marks)Directions: There is one passage in this section with 10 questions. Go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet. For questions 50-55, mark Y (for YES)if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO)if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN)if the information is not given in the passage. For questions 56-59, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Visiting the White HouseWhite House Tours Public tours of the White House are available for groups of 10 or more people. Requests must be submitted through one's Member of Congress and are accepted up to six months in advance. These self-guided tours are available from 7:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. Tuesday through Saturday , and are scheduled on a first come, first served basis approximately one month in advance of the requested date. We encourage you to submit your request as early as possible since a limited number of tours are available. All White House tours are free of charge. For the most current tour information, please call the 24-hour line at 202-456-7041. Please note that White House tours may be subject to last minute cancellation.White House Visitor CenterAll tours are significantly enhanced if visitors stop by the White House Visitor Center located at the southeast corner of 15th and E Streets, before or after their tour. The Center is open seven days a week from 7:30 a.m. until 4:00 p.m. and features many aspects of the White House, including its architecture, furnishings, first families, social events, and relations with the press and world leaders, as well as a thirty-minute video. Allow between 20 minutes to one hour to explore the exhibits. The White House Historical Association also sponsors a sales area. Please note that restrooms are available, but food service is not.Mobility-Impaired / Using a WheelchairGuests requiring the loan of a wheelchair should notify the officer at the Visitors Entrance Building upon arrival.Wheelchairs loans are offered on a first-come, first-served basis. Reservations are not possible.Visitors in wheelchairs, or with other mobility disabilities, on the Congressional guided or self-guided tours, between 8:00 a.m. and 12 noon, use the same Visitor entrance and, with up to four members of their party, are admitted without waiting in line and without tickets.Visitors in wheelchairs are escorted by ramp from the entrance level to the ground floor, and by elevator from the ground to the state floor. Guests generally wait in line with their family or group.Hearing-ImpairedTours for hearing-impaired groups may be arranged in advance by writing to the Visitors Office, White House, Washington, DC 20502. Tours are usually scheduled at 9:30 a.m., between the Congressional and public tour times. Participants enter at the East Appointment gate. A U.S. Secret Service / Uniformed Division Tour Officer conducts the tour in sign language. Signed tours are available to groups of 8 to 20. Groups are also encouraged to bring their own interpreters.Signing interpretation is also available for individual visitors with advance notice. A Congressional office first issues guided tour tickets to a guest who is hearing-impaired and then contacts the Visitors Office at least 2 weeks in advance to request interpreter service.The Visitors Office TDD (telephone device for the deaf) is 202-456-2121. Messages may be left outside normal business hours.Visually-ImpairedTours for visually-impaired groups may be arranged in advance by writing to the Visitors Office, White House, Washington, DC 20502. The tours are usually scheduled at 9:30 a.m., between the Congressional and public tour times. Participants enter at the East Appointment gate. A U.S. Secret Service / Uniformed Division Tour Officer permits visitors to touch specific objects in the House. Touch tours are currently available only to groups of 8 to 20, not to individual visitors. Guide animals are permitted in the White House.General Tour InformationAll White House tours are free. Changes in tour schedules are occasionally made because of official events. Notice may not be given until that morning. The Visitors Office 24-hour Information Line recording at 202-456-7041 provides the most up-to-date information. The TDD is 202-456-2121. Visitors should confirm tour schedules by calling the information line the night before and the morning that they plan to visit. It is occasionally necessary to close individual rooms on the tour; however, notice about closed rooms is not possible.Prohibited ItemsProhibited items include, but are not limited to, the following: handbags, book bags, backpacks, purses, food and beverages of any kind, strollers, cameras, video recorders or any type of recording device, tobacco products, personal grooming items (make-up, hair brush or comb, lip or hand lotions, etc.), any pointed objects (pens, knitting needles, etc.), aerosol containers, guns, ammunition, fireworks, electric stun guns, mace, martial arts weapons / devices, or knives of any size. The U.S. Secret Service reserves the right to prohibit any other personal items. Umbrellas, wallets, cell phones and car keys are permitted.Please note that no storage facilities are available on or around the complex. Individuals who arrive with prohibited items will not be permitted to enter the White House.ParkingThe closest Metrorail stations to the White House are Federal Triangle (blue and orange lines), Metro Center (blue, orange, and red lines) and McPherson Square (blue and orange lines). On-street parking is not available near the White House, and use of public transportation is strongly encouraged.Restrooms / Public TelephonesThe nearest restrooms and public telephones to the White House are in the Ellipse Visitor Pavilion (the park area south of the White House) and in the White House Visitor Center. Restrooms or public telephones are not available at the White House.50. Both Congressional guided and self-guided tours need to be scheduled in advance.51. All White House tours are free of charge except on federal holidays.52. The White House Visitor Center provides free drinks but not food service.53. Wheelchair reservation service is provided by the officer at the Visitors Entrance Building.54. Hearing-impaired visitors can request signing interpretation service from the Visitors Office.55. Touch tours are currently only offered to visually-impaired groups of 8 to 20.56. Sometimes official events make it necessary to close ________________ without notice.57. The personal items permitted to be carried into the White House are ________________.58. The transportation visitors are encouraged to use is ________________.59. Inside the White House, visitors cannot find or use restrooms or ________________.Section C (10 marks)Directions: In this section, there is one passage followed by 5 questions. Read the passage carefully, then answer the questions in as few words as possible (not more than 10 words). Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Questions 60-64 are based on the following passage.If you were on a distant planet, and if you had instruments that could tell you the composition of Earth's atmosphere, how would you know there was life on this planet?Water in the atmosphere would suggest there could be water on the surface, and as we all know water is considered crucial to life. But water would only suggest that life is possible. It wouldn't prove it's there.Carbon? That basic component of “life as we know it?”Not necessarily. A diamond is pure carbon, and it may be pretty, but it isn't alive.What really sets Earth apart is nitrogen, which makes up 80 percent of the planet's atmosphere. And it's there only because there is abundant life on Earth, say scientists at the University of Southern California.The report grew out of a class discussion two years ago in a course taught by Capone and Kenneth Nealson, professor of earth sciences. Students were asked to come up with different ideas about searching for life on other planets. What is a distinct “sign ature,” as Capone puts it, that wo uld show there is life on another planet?That's a question that has been kicked around in many quarters in recent decades, especially since all efforts to find some form of life, no matter whether on Mars or in the distant reaches of space, have failed. At least so far.The current effort to search for some evidence of life on Mars focuses primarily on the search for water, because it has long been believed that water, or at least some fluid, is necessary for the chemical processes that lead life to take place. But that's probably the wrong approach, the USC group argues.“It's hard to imagine life without water, but it's easy to imagine water without life,”says Nealson, who was on the Mars team before moving to USC.But nitrogen would be a much clearer signature of life. Only about 2 percent to 3 percent of the Martian atmosphere is nitrogen. That's just a trace, and it probably means there is no life on Mars today, and if there was inthe past, it probably ended many, many years ago.But, the USC team adds quickly, that doesn't mean there's no life anywhere else in the universe. They don't know where, of course, but they may have found a way to narrow down the search. Look first for nitrogen, then look for biological activity that should be there.So if life exists elsewhere, and is similar to life as we know it, there should be nitrogen, and that's what we should be looking for first, the researchers say.If they don't find nitrogen on Mars, Capone says, “that will probably bring us to the conclusion that there likely never was life on Mars.”But how about elsewhere? Could this technique be used to search for life in other solar systems?Maybe. It might be possible to detect a nitrogen-rich atmosphere around a planet orbiting another star, but not yet. Current instruments aren't that sensitive.If they ever are, the search for life might be narrowed down to the most promising prospects, chiefly because of the presence of nitrogen. And won't that be fun!Questions:60. What can suggest life is possible but cannot be proved according to the author?61. What is a clear “signature”of life on another planet according to Capone?62. What is considered as a wrong way to search for evidence of life on Mars?63. What can probably prove there is no life on Mars today based on the new theory?64. Why is it impossible to use the new technique to search for life in other solar systems now?Section D (12 marks)Directions: In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of three words from the passage to fill in the spaces 65-70. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Questions 65-70 are based on the following passage.In August 2008, athletes from the United States and around the world will compete in the Beijing Olympics. But did you know that in September of next year, disabled athletes will compete in the Paralympic Games in Beijing?The Olympics and the Paralympics are separate movements. But they have always been held in the same year, and since 1988, they have also been held in the same city. The International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee signed an agreement in 2001 to secure this connection. The next winter games will take place in Vancouver, Canada, in 2010.The Paralympic Games grew out of a sports competition held in 1948 in England and a doctor named Ludwig Guttmann organized it for men who suffered spinal cord injuries in World War II. Four years later, it became an international event as competitors from the Netherlands took part. Then, in 1960, the first Paralympics were held in Rome. 400 athletes from 23 countries competed. By 2004, the Paralympic Games in Athens had almost 4000 athletes from 136 countries, who may have physical or mental limitations and may be blind or in wheelchairs. Yet sometimes they perform better than athletes without disabilities.In 1968, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, the sister of former President John F. Kennedy, started the Special Olympics, which are just for children and adults with mental limitations and whose programs currently serve more than two million people in 160 countries. In November 2006, in Mumbai, India, teams competed in the First Special Olympics International Cricket Cup. In addition to India, there were men's teams from Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and the West Indies. There were also women's cricket teams from India and Pakistan.There are many organizations in the United States that help people with disabilities play sports. Wheelchair tennis is a popular sport. So is basketball. In fact, there are more than one hundred professional teams playingwheelchair basketball thanks to the special wheelchairs for athletes that are lightweight and designed for quick moves. For people who want to go really fast in their chairs, there is a Power Wheelchair Racing Association.In the state of Utah there is a place called the National Ability Center, which teaches all kinds of sports to people with all kinds of physical and mental disabilities and even gives friends and family members a chance to try a sport as if they were disabled.A reporter from the Washington Post wanted to know what it would be like for a blind person to use a climbing wall. So, protected by a safety line, the newspaper reporter closed his eyes and started to feel for places to put his hands and feet. Trainers on the ground urged him on: “Take your time. You can do it.” Finally he reached the top.At the National Ability Center people can learn to ride horses and mountain bikes. They can try winter mountain sports, and learn scuba diving and other water activities. The center also prepares athletes for the Paralympics.These days, the first place many people go when they want to travel is the Internet, where they can get information about hotels, transportation and services like tour companies. The Internet can also help travelers find special services for the disabled. For example, there are groups that help young people with disabilities travel to different countries.Susan Sygall, who uses a wheelchair herself, leads an organization called Mobility International USA, and has traveled to more than twenty-five countries to talk about the rights of people with disabilities. She says people with disabilities are all members of a global family and working together across borders is the most powerful way of making changes.Summary:The Olympics and the Paralympics are (65) ________ but they have always been held in the same year and also in the same city since 1988 when the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee signed an agreement in 2001 to (66) ________. The Paralympic Games grew out of a sports competition organized by a doctor named (67) ________ in 1948 in England for men injured in World War II. In 1952, it became an (68)________ and in 1960, the first Paralympics were held in Rome for people who may have physical or mental limitations or may be blind or in wheelchairs. The (69) ________ was started in 1968 in the United States by Eunice Kennedy Shriver just for children and adults with mental limitations and to help people with disabilities play sports and enjoy other activities, many (70) ________ are founded, such as the Power Wheelchair Racing Association, the National Ability Center and Mobility International USA.Part IV Cloze (15 minutes, 15 marks)Section A: There are 5 blanks in the passage. Use the word given on the right side to form a word that fits in each blank. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Maria Callas was one of the best-known opera singers in the world, who became famous internationally for her beautiful voice and intense (71)________ during the 1950s, and the recordings of her singing the well-known operas remain very popular today.Maria Callas was born in New York City in 1923 and her real name was Maria Kalogeropoulous. Her parents were Greek and when she was fourteen, she and her mother returned to Greece, where Maria studied singing at the national conservatory in Athens and the well-known opera (72)________ Elvira de Hidalgo chose Maria as her student.In 1941, when she was 17, Maria Callas was paid to sing in a major opera for the first time. She sang the (73)________ role in several operas in Athens during the next three years. In 1943, Callas was invited to perform in Italy, which was the real beginning of her profession as an opera singer. She performed major parts in several of the most (74)________ operas. In 1949, she married an Italian (75)________, Giovanni Battista Meneghini, who was twenty years older and became her adviser and manager. person。
2008年NBA建模获奖论文
承诺书我们仔细阅读了中国大学生数学建模竞赛的竞赛规则.我们完全明白，在竞赛开始后参赛队员不能以任何方式（包括电话、电子邮件、网上咨询等）与队外的任何人（包括指导教师）研究、讨论与赛题有关的问题。
我们知道，抄袭别人的成果是违反竞赛规则的, 如果引用别人的成果或其他公开的资料（包括网上查到的资料），必须按照规定的参考文献的表述方式在正文引用处和参考文献中明确列出。
我们郑重承诺，严格遵守竞赛规则，以保证竞赛的公正、公平性。
如有违反竞赛规则的行为，我们将受到严肃处理。
我们参赛选择的题号是（从A/B/C/D中选择一项填写）：我们的参赛报名号为（如果赛区设置报名号的话）：所属学校（请填写完整的全名）：参赛队员(打印并签名) ：1.2.3.指导教师或指导教师组负责人(打印并签名)：日期：年月日赛区评阅编号（由赛区组委会评阅前进行编号）：编号专用页赛区评阅编号（由赛区组委会评阅前进行编号）：赛区评阅记录（可供赛区评阅时使用）：评阅人评分备注全国统一编号（由赛区组委会送交全国前编号）：全国评阅编号（由全国组委会评阅前进行编号）：NBA赛程的分析与评价摘要论文对于已经制定好的NBA赛程进行了统计分析，对已给数据进行筛选和处理，更好地对NBA赛程进行了定量的分析与评估。
问题一，考虑NBA整体赛事运行以及影响球队发挥的关键因素，我们结合题目中给出的数据，找出影响赛程的弊端因素，我们主要考虑三种因素分别为：背靠背场次，连续客场3场及以上，对手的平均实力。
然后将赛程数字化，分析赛程对于各支球队的利弊，然后给出评价指标。
问题二，基于问题1的结论，求出赛程对每一支球队的利弊，在30支球队弊端因素值相比之下，得出2008-2009年度NBA常规赛安排，赛程对球队发挥最有利是：篮网；赛程对球队发挥最不利是：国王。
火箭队的弊端因素值为0.636，排在第18位，这样的赛程安排对于火箭较为不利。
问题三，首先我们从赛程中找出赛3场比赛的球队，可以得出，在每一球队在与同部不同区的比赛中，分别选取同部另外2个分区中，选择2只球队进行赛3场，这样可以保证每个赛区主客场数量相同，保持一定的平衡性；在这种情况下，我们考虑到赛3场（2主场1客场或者2客场1主场）的球队有一只球队拥有一个主场优势，实力相对较大的球队相互赛三场可以最大限度消除这一优势，建立线性规划模型，使得总的弊端因素值差取得最小值，通过lingo编程求解出同部不同区的球队比赛的场次，西部的见表（11），东部的见表（12）。
2008年全国大学生英语竞赛初赛试卷(C类)及答案--来自赛才网[1]
![2008年全国大学生英语竞赛初赛试卷(C类)及答案--来自赛才网[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/9ba43d577fd5360cba1adb29.png)
2008 National English Contest for College Students(Level C--- Preliminary)Part I Listening Comprehension (25 minutes, 30 marks)Section A (5 marks)In this section, you will hear five short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be read only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, read the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1. A. To buy a newspaper. B. To find a chemist.C. To post a letter.2. A. Their billing system has been efficient.B. Their old billing system is outdated.C. He’s unimpressed with the new billing system.3. A. She’s been on vacation. B. She’s been at the grocery store.C. She’s been on a business trip.4. A. To go to the market. B. To have coffee.C. To have a discussion.5. A. Changing a flight reservation. B. Canceling a hotel reservation.C. Reserving an extra hotel room.Section B (10 marks)In this section, you will hear two long conversations. Each conversation will be read only once. At the end of each conversation, there will be a one-minute pause. During the pause, read the five questions, each with three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Conversation one6. What’s Tania’s phone number?A. 506-6178B. 501-6678C. 501-66877. Who is going shopping at Harrods?A. Tania.B. Karl.C. Karl’s mother.8. How is Tania going to get to Harrods?A. On foot.B. By taxi.C. By tube.9. Which street plan shows the way from the station?A. B. C.10. What kind of wine does Karl want?A. Red Merlot.B. White Bordeaux.C. Rose Chianti.Conversation Two11. Which drawing shows the position of the handle?A. B. C.12. What other product features are included?A. A range of handle sizes.B. A variety of color combinations.C. A set of rings for different-sized tins.13. What’s the purpose of the V-clip?A.To hold the paint brush so it drips in the can.B.To prevent paint from getting onto the painted surfaces.C.To prevent the brush drying out if the painter is interrupted.14. Who will probably use the can-holder?A. Artists.B. Decorators.C. Soldiers.15. How much does the product cost?A. ￡4.B. ￡5.C. $4.Section C (5 marks)In this section, you will hear five short news item. Each item will be read only once. After each item, there will be a pause. During the pause, read the question and the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.16. What has prompted the new administration to review the Australia’s citizenship test?A. It’s out of date.B. Higher immigration rates.C. Many applicants failing it.17. Which train provides the easiest way to see Mount Fuji?A. From Tokyo to Yokohama.B. From Osaka to Yokohama.C. From Tokyo to Osaka.18. How many U.N. employees were killed in 2007?A. 17.B. 42.C. 59.19. What have studies found out about severe pneumonia treatment?A.No medication works in developing countries.B.It can be effectively treated at home with oral antibiotics.C.It can only be treated in the hospital with injectableantibiotics.20. What was the bar’s business like before the smoking ban?A. Almost empty every day.B. Usually crowded at midday.C. Empty on Wednesdays.Section D (10 marks)In this section, you will hear a short passage. There are ten missing words or phrases. Fill in the blanks with the exact words you hear on the tape. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Crime isn’t rising because the laws are not strict enough, or because the (21) ________ are not tough enough, or simply because there aren’t enough policemen on the beat. It is rising because the agencies and individuals who can have a (22) _______ effect on crime are not pulling together or in the same (23) ______. The police are one of those agencies, of course. But crime prevention is also amatter for (24) ______ who are content to see mass (25) _______ turn into a way of life, for councils who prefer to shout yah-boo at the police, (26) _____ getting on with making life safer for local peo、ple, for architects who design exposed and indefensible buildin、gs, for parents who don’t take enough interest in what their teenage children are getting up to and for (27) ______ who sit inside and moan (28) ______ do anything about the state of the neighborhood or the street. Crime prevention has been neglected for too many by too many. Over the last ten years it has been willfully neglected in defiance of mounting (29) _______ that it is the central hope of (30) ________ action against crime.Part II Vocabulary and Structures (10 minutes, 15 marks)There are 15 incomplete sentences in this part. For each blank there are four choices, marked A, B C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence, then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.31. They are looking for _______ man with _______ long dark hair. He is armed and dangerous.A. a; aB. the; aC. a; /D. /; the32. It was unfortunate, but she had no _____ but to act as she did.A. chance.B. opportunityC. optionD. solution33. The _____ driver thinks that accidents only happen to other people.A. generalB. usualC. commonD. average34. How did they manage to steal the Van Gogh? It was right ____ the security guard’s nose.A. belowB. beforeC. underD. beside35. The student ______ continuing his studies when he had to return to his home country unexpectedly.A. is consideringB. was consideringC. should considerD. has considered36. My friends and I enjoy doing many of the same things. In that respect, we have a lot _______.A. in similarB. in particularC. in commonD. in accordance37. Our planned visit to the United States _______ because we were unable to get the visas.A. fell overB. fell downC. fell throughD. fell on38. Lest anyone _____ it strange, let me assure you that it is quite true.A. thoughtB. should thinkC. had thoughtD. thinking39. When Sally ______ the criminal ______ her house, she screamed at the top of her voice because she didn’t wan t ______.A. saw; enter; killedB. saw; enter; to be killedC. sees; entering; be killedD. sees; enter; killing40. Tina’s children, _____ all live nearby, organized a big party for her eightieth birthday.A. whoB. thatC. whichD. as41. Sometimes it is necessary to be careful _______ the right date to sit for a test.A. when choosingB. when you will chooseC. when you have chosenD. when you chose42. Einstein’s theory of relativity seemed hard to believe at the time _______.A. when he first introducedB. that he first introduced itC. he first introducedD. which he first introduced it43. ________ really. I like both public transport and driving.A. On second thoughtsB. I could go either wayC. I will never learn to driveD. But then again44. _____ I’m getting married!A. Can you keep a secret?B. Well I never!C. Many happy returns.D. Congratulations!45. --- So, do you know where you’d like to go?--- Actually, I’ve heard that it’s very expensive and it’s cold all the time.A. I beg your pardon?B. Yeah, but it’s not very good.C. Do you know any good hotels?D. Do you have any suggestions?Part III Reading Comprehension (20 minutes, 40 marks) Section A (4 marks)There is one passage in this section with 4 questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B C and D. You should decide on the best choice, then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Questions 46-49 are based on the following passage.Most sore throats are caused by an infection which treatmentwith antibiotics cannot cure. But with simple remedies the patient normally gets better in 4 or 5 days.Tonsillitis, however, usually starts with a sore throat which causes pain on swallowing. With children and some adults there may be a fever and the patient is obviously not feeling well. It may be possible to see white spots on the back of the throat. The neck may also swell, both of which are the normal response to infection.Sometimes a sore throat may occur with the common cold, and with influenza there may be dryness of the throat, pain on coughing and loss of voice.TREATMENTAspirin: To help relieve the pain on swallowing and (if there is one) the fever, use aspirin tablets dissolved in water, so that the patient can gargle before swallowing. Repeat the treatment every 4 hours.Drink: Encourage the patient to drink plenty of liquids.Food: Food should not be forced on a patient who does not want to eat.Steam: If there is pain in the throat on coughing, breathing in steam may help.CHILDRENYoung children, who may not be able to gargle, should be givenaspirin dissolved in water every 4 hours at the right dose for their age.At one year: a single junior aspirin.At five years: half an adult aspirin.At eight years: one whole adult aspirin.WHEN TO SEE THE DOCTORIf the sore throat is still getting worse after 2 days.If the patient complains of earache.If the patient or parent is very worried.46. According to the passage, it would appear that most sore throats _________.A.require an immediate visit to a doctorB.respond quickly to treatment with an antibioticC.rarely turn out to be symptoms of serious illnessD.result in tonsillitis even when treated47. In order to treat a sore throat one should ________.A.prevent the patient from eating too muchB.give the patient up to 4 aspirin tablets every dayC.advise the patient to drink large amounts of liquidsD.make the patient gargle with hot liquids48. You should call the doctor in if _________.A.swelling occurs in the region of the earsB.the patient’s condition worsens after 2 daysC.the patient’s throat is still sore after a weekD.the disease spreads to another member of the family49. What difference is there in the way adults and young children should be treated with aspirin?A.Young children should not be allowed to gargle with it.B.Adults should be given tablets to swallow whole.C.Young children should be given aspirin more often than adults.D.Adults should be given larger doses of aspirin than children.Section B (14 marks)There is one passage in this section with 10 questions. Go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet.For questions 50-55, markY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N(for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. For questions 56-59, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.In 1945 leaders from 51 countries met in San Francisco, California, and organized the United Nations (often called the UN). World War II had just ended. Millions of people had died, and there was destruction everywhere. People hoped they could build a future of world peace through this new organization.The United Nations has four main goals and purposes:1.To work together for international peace and to solveinternational problems;2.To develop friendly relations among nations;3.To work together for human rights for everyone of all races,religions, and of both sexes;4.To build a center where nations can work together for thesegoals.Today almost every country in the world is a member of the UN. Each country has signed an agreement that says:1. All members are equal.2. All members promise to solve international problems in a peaceful way.3. No member will use force against another member.4. All members will help the UN in its actions.5.The UN will not try to solve problems within countries exceptto enforce international peace.Obviously, the United Nations has not been completely successful in its goals. There have been several wars since 1945. However, the organization has helped bring peace to some countries that were at war. It has helped people who left their countries because of wars. It has helped bring independence to colonies.The main United Nations organization is in New York City, but the UN has a “family” of other related orga nizations all over the world. These organizations try to provide a better life for everyone. One example is UNICEF, an organization that provides food, medical care, and many other services for poor children wherever they live. Another example is the World Health Organization, which develops medical programs all over the world.There are thousands of UN workers in developing countries. They work as planners to increase production in farming and industry. They provide medical services, improve education programs, and spread scientific information. They develop programs that provide jobs and better living conditions. They help countries control their population growth.The United Nations also holds large international conferences, where people meet to discuss important world issues. One conference was about the uses and ownership of oceans. Anotherwas about women. There are also International Years. In these special years, people work together to improve situations and solve problems. One year was the International Year of the Child.For centuries countries have fought each other, and powerful countries have taken control of weaker ones. It is very difficult to persuade nations to live together in peace. Nevertheless, the United Nations is attempting to do this. It is the only organization that unites the world in the search for peace.Section C (10 marks)In this section, there is one passage followed by 5 questions. Read the passage carefully, and then answer the questions in as few words as possible (not more than 10 words). Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Questions 60-64 are based on the following passage.A language is a system of sounds, gestures, or characters used by humans to communicate their ideas and feelings. There are about 4,000 spoken languages in the world. Some are spoken by millions of people. Other languages have only a few speakers.All languages have rules for forming words and for ordering those words in sentences. In written languages, meaning is expressed through a system of characters and rules for combining those characters. In spoken languages, meaning is expressed through a system of sounds and rules for combining those sounds. Many deaf people use sign languages, in which gestures do the work of the sound system of spoken languages.Word order is more important in English than it is in some other languages, such as Russian. The sound system is very important in Chinese and in many languages spoken in West Africa.Languages are always changing, but they change very slowly. People invent new words for their language, borrow words fromother languages, and change the meanings of words as needed. For example, the English word byte was invented by computer specialists in 1959. the English word tomato was borrowed from Nahuatl, and American Indian language spoken in Mexico. The English word meat once referred to food in general.There are several major language families in the world. The languages in each family are related, and scientists think they came from the same parent family. Language families come in different sizes. The Austronesian family contains at least 500 languages, including Pilipino, Malay, and Maori. The Basque language, spoken in northern Spain, is the only member of its language family.The Indo-European language family contains 55 languages, including English, German, Spanish, Russian, and Hindi.Another language family is Sino-Tibetan, which includes Chinese, Burmese, and Tibetan. The Afro-Asiatic family includes Arabic, Hebrew, and Amharic. There are about 150 American Indian languages spoken today. These languages have many differences and have been divided into more than 50 language families.People learn languages by listening, copying what they hear, and using the language. Most children learn their first languages easily, and sometimes other languages as well. Adults often must work harder at learning a second language.Questions:Section D (12 marks)In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of three words from the passage to fill in each of the spaces, 65-70. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet. Questions 65-70 are based on the following passage.Welcome to “Software World” --- bringing you the very latest information on what is currently available on CD-ROM. Are you a director or producer looking for an unusual actor to play a part in a new movie project, or with that special look for a new commercial on TV? OK. The usual procedure would be to contact a theatrical agency, who would try and sell you the idea of using one of theactors listed on their books. Books? Too old-fashioned for you? Then get yourself a copy of this latest electronic database called “The Electronic Curtain”.The brainchild of casting agent Fred Harkney of the Better Talent Agency, he says he got the idea of an actor’s directory from his son playing computer games. Noting that junior had to type in the details of the characters in his favorite game, he realized he could do the same for the actors he represents. Eventually, he came to include information on nearly three quarters of the approximately 34,000 actors registered and looking for work in Britain. With some theatrical agencies boasting that they represent over 500 performers, the need for this product is not hard to fathom. It can be a nightmare trying to remember just which actor has done what, or just what an actor can do. The database lists details of over 5,500 actors: TV shows they have appeared in, special skills they possess --- everything down to the color of their eyes and other distinguishing physical features. By entering the details of the type of person you are looking for, the database quickly locates only those persons with the particular qualities requested.One problem though, is that many actors feel it is too impersonal, and they could be missing out on much needed auditions for parts in theatrical shows. On the other hand, it might just get them thatelusive job. The days of nervous nail-biting while waiting around to give an audition could well and truly be over. And all because of a small plastic disk. For product details ring this number now: 0171-379-60000.Summary:Part IV Cloze (15 minutes, 15 marks)Section A (5 marks)There are 5 blanks in the passage. Use the word given on the right-hand side to form a word that fits in each blank. Remember towrite the answers on the Answer Sheet.Section B (10 marks)There are 10 blanks in the passage. For each blank, one or more letters of the word have been given (not exceeding 3 letters). Read the passage below and decide which word best fits each blank, using only one word in each word in each blank. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.True relaxation is most certainly not a matter of flopping down in front of the television with a welcome drink. Nor is it about drifting into an exhausted sleep. Useful though these responses to tension and over-tiredness (76) mi_______ be, we should distinguish between them and conscious relaxation in (77) te_____ of quality and effect. Regardless of the level of tiredness, real relaxation is a state of alertness, yet, at the same (78) t______, passive awareness, in which our bodies are (79) a________ rest while our minds are awake.Moreover, it is as natural for a healthy person to be relaxed when moving as resting. (80) Be_____ relaxed in action means we bring the appropriate energy to everything we do, (81) W______ needs to be rediscovered is conscious relaxation. With this in (85) m______ we must apply ourselves to understanding stress and the nature of its causes, however deep-seated.Part V Translation (15 minutes, 15 marks)Section A (8 marks)Translate the underlined sentences of the following passage into Chinese. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.After my mother passed away, my dad tried even harder to stayhealthy and active. Every morning, until the weather turned too cold, he swam in the turquoise pool in the complex where he lived. (86) Each day, no matter how he felt, he swam one more lap than the previous day, just to prove there was always room for improvement. Every few days he reported the new number of laps to me, pride edging his voice.By his late seventies, in spite of swimming and working six days a week, my dad had noticeably dwindled in strength and energy. By age eighty-one he was in poor health and had to retire. (87) He pretended he didn’t need to lean heavily on m e for support as we walked slowly, and I pretended not to notice. His mind was clear, but congestive heart problems and disabling arthritis had worn him down. One day he said, “In case of an emergency, I do not wish to be kept alive by any extraordinary me ans. I’ve signed an official paper to this effect.” He smiled his wonderful, broad grin and said, “I’ve been blessed to have had your mother as my wife and you as my only child, and I’m ready to go.”Less than a month later he had a heart attack. In the emergency room, he again reminded his doctor and me of his wishes, but I couldn’t imagine, in spite of this latest crisis, that he wouldn’t always be saying, “Have I told you yet today that I adore you?”(88) He was miserable in intensive care; tubes seemed to come from every opening. But my dad still had his sense of humor, asking me, “Does this mean we can’t keep our lunch date tomorrow?” His voice faltered.“I’ll be here to pick you up and we’ll go someplace special,” I answered, a lump in my throat.(89) Dad refused to look at me for the first time in his life and turned toward the blank green wall next to his hospital bed. There was a painful silence between us. He said, “I don’t want you to remember me like this. Promise me you won’t, darling! And please go now --- I’m so miserable.Section B (7 marks)Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.90. 她在阳光下只晒了一会儿，脸就开始变红了。
美国数学竞赛AMC8 -- 2008年真题解析(英文解析+中文解析)
美国数学竞赛AMC8 – 2008年真题解析(英文解析+中文解析)Problem 1Answer: BSolution:50-12-24=14中文解析：总共花的钱是：12+12*2=36元。
剩余50-36=14元。
答案是BProblem 2Answer: ASolution:We can derive that c=8,L=6, U=7,and E=1. Therefore, the answer is 8671.中文解析：这10个字母的对应关系是： B -0；E-1; S-2; ......K -9. 按照这个对应关系：C-8，L-6，U-7，E-1. 即8671. 答案是A。
Problem 3Answer: ASolution:We can go backwards by days, but we can also backwards by weeks. If we go backwards by weeks, we see that February 6 is a Friday. If we now go backwards by days, February 1 is a Sunday.中文解析：13日是周五，则13-7=6，即6日也是周五，则倒推2月1日是周日。
答案是A。
Problem 4Answer: CSolution:The area outside the small triangle but inside the large triangle is 16-1=15. This is equally distributed between the three trapezoids. Each trapezoid has an area of 15/3=5.中文解析：大三角形的面积等于小的等边三角形的面积加上3个梯形的面积。
据此，三个梯形的面积是16-1=15. 每个梯形的面积是15/3=5. 答案是C。
2008—2011年全国大学生英语竞赛试题及答案_C类
2008 National English Contest for College Students(Level C--- Preliminary)Part I Listening Comprehension (25 minutes, 30 marks)Part II Vocabulary and Structures (10 minutes, 15 marks)There are 15 incomplete sentences in this part. For each blank there are four choices, marked A, B C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence, then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.31. They are looking for _______ man with _______ long dark hair. He is armed and dangerous.A. a; aB. the; aC. a; /D. /; the32. It was unfortunate, but she had no _____ but to act as she did.A. chance.B. opportunityC. optionD. solution33. The _____ driver thinks that accidents only happen to other people.A. generalB. usualC. commonD. average34. How did they manage to steal the Van Gogh? It was right ____ the security guard’s nose.A. belowB. beforeC. underD. beside35. The student ______ continuing his studies when he had to return to his home country unexpectedly.A. is consideringB. was consideringC. should considerD. has considered36. My friends and I enjoy doing many of the same things. In that respect, we have a lot _______.A. in similarB. in particularC. in commonD. in accordance37. Our planned visit to the United States _______ because we were unable to get the visas.A. fell overB. fell downC. fell throughD. fell on38. Lest anyone _____ it strange, let me assure you that it is quite true.A. thoughtB. should thinkC. had thoughtD. thinking39. When Sally ______ the criminal ______ her house, she screamed at the top of her voice because she didn’t want ______.A. saw; enter; killedB. saw; enter; to be killedC. sees; entering; be killedD. sees; enter; killing40. Tina’s children, _____ all live nearby, organized a big party for her eightieth birthday.A. whoB. thatC. whichD. as41. Sometimes it is necessary to be careful _______ the right date to sit for a test.A. when choosingB. when you will chooseC. when you have chosenD. when you chose42. Einstein’s theory of relativity seemed hard to believe at the time _______.A. when he first introducedB. that he first introduced itC. he first introducedD. which he first introduced it43. ________ really. I like both public transport and driving.A. On second thoughtsB. I could go either wayC. I will never learn to driveD. But then again44. _____ I’m getting married!A. Can you keep a secret?B. Well I never!C. Many happy returns.D. Congratulations!45. --- So, do you know where you’d like to go?--- Actually, I’ve heard that it’s very expensive and it’s cold all the time.A. I beg your pardon?B. Yeah, but it’s not very good.C. Do you know any good hotels?D. Do you have any suggestions?Part III Reading Comprehension (20 minutes, 40 marks)Section A (4 marks)There is one passage in this section with 4 questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B C and D. You should decide on the best choice, then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Questions 46-49 are based on the following passage.Most sore throats are caused by an infection which treatment with antibiotics cannot cure. But with simple remedies the patient normally gets better in 4 or 5 days.Tonsillitis, however, usually starts with a sore throat which causes pain on swallowing. With children and some adults there may be a fever and the patient is obviously not feeling well. It may be possible to see white spots on the back of the throat. The neck may also swell, both of which are the normal response to infection.Sometimes a sore throat may occur with the common cold, and with influenza there may be dryness of the throat, pain on coughing and loss of voice.TREATMENTAspirin: To help relieve the pain on swallowing and (if there is one) the fever, use aspirin tablets dissolved in water, so that the patient can gargle before swallowing. Repeat the treatment every 4 hours.Drink: Encourage the patient to drink plenty of liquids.Food: Food should not be forced on a patient who does not want to eat.Steam: If there is pain in the throat on coughing, breathing in steam may help.CHILDRENYoung children, who may not be able to gargle, should be given aspirin dissolved in water every 4 hours at the right dose for their age.At one year: a single junior aspirin.At five years: half an adult aspirin.At eight years: one whole adult aspirin.WHEN TO SEE THE DOCTORIf the sore throat is still getting worse after 2 days.If the patient complains of earache.If the patient or parent is very worried.46. According to the passage, it would appear that most sore throats _________.A.require an immediate visit to a doctorB.respond quickly to treatment with an antibioticC.rarely turn out to be symptoms of serious illnessD.result in tonsillitis even when treated47. In order to treat a sore throat one should ________.A. prevent the patient from eating too muchB. give the patient up to 4 aspirin tablets every dayC. advise the patient to drink large amounts of liquidsD. make the patient gargle with hot liquids48. Y ou should call the doctor in if _________.A.swelling occurs in the region of the earsB.the patient’s condition worsens after 2 daysC.the patient’s throat is still sore after a weekD.the disease spreads to another member of the family49. What difference is there in the way adults and young children should be treated with aspirin?A.Young children should not be allowed to gargle with it.B.Adults should be given tablets to swallow whole.C.Young children should be given aspirin more often than adults.D.Adults should be given larger doses of aspirin than children.Section B (14 marks)There is one passage in this section with 10 questions. Go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet.For questions 50-55, markY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 56-59, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.In 1945 leaders from 51 countries met in San Francisco, California, and organized the United Nations (often called the UN). World War II had just ended. Millions of people had died, and there was destruction everywhere. People hoped they could build a future of world peace through this new organization.The United Nations has four main goals and purposes:work together for international peace and to solve international problems;develop friendly relations among nations;work together for human rights for everyone of all races, religions, and of both sexes;build a center where nations can work together for these goals.Today almost every country in the world is a member of the UN. Each country has signed an agreement that says:1. All members are equal.2. All members promise to solve international problems in a peaceful way.3. No member will use force against another member.4. All members will help the UN in its actions.UN will not try to solve problems within countries except to enforce international peace.Obviously, the United Nations has not been completely successful in its goals. There have been several wars since 1945. However, the organization has helped bring peace to some countries that were at war. It has helped people who left their countries because of wars. It has helped bring independence to colonies.The main United Nations organization is in New Y ork City, but the UN has a “family” of other related organizations all over the world. These organizations try to provide a better life for everyone. One example is UNICEF, an organization that provides food, medical care, and many other services for poor children wherever they live. Another example is the World Health Organization, which develops medical programs all over the world.There are thousands of UN workers in developing countries. They work as planners to increase production in farming and industry. They provide medical services, improve education programs, and spread scientific information. They develop programs that provide jobs and better living conditions. They help countries control their population growth.The United Nations also holds large international conferences, where people meet to discuss important world issues. One conference was about the uses and ownership of oceans. Another was about women. There are also International Years. In these special years, people work together to improve situations and solve problems. One year was the International Year of the Child.For centuries countries have fought each other, and powerful countries have taken control of weaker ones. It is very difficult to persuade nations to live together in peace. Nevertheless, the United Nations is attempting to do this. It is the only organization that unites the world in the search for peace.50. The United Nations was organized at a meeting in California in 1945.51. The United Nations works for international peace.52. Kuwait is a member of the UNICEF.53. The United Nations has its main organization in San Francisco.54. The United Nations helped Algeria become independent.55. UNICEF is an organization that helps save wildlife.56. Each country in the UN has signed an agreement that says no member ______ against another member.57. Despite its effort, the United Nat ions hasn’t been ______ in its goals.58. People meet to discuss important world issues in ______ held by the United Nations.Section C (10 marks)In this section, there is one passage followed by 5 questions. Read the passage carefully, and then answer the questions in as few words as possible (not more than 10 words). Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Questions 60-64 are based on the following passage.A language is a system of sounds, gestures, or characters used by humans to communicate their ideas and feelings. There are about 4,000 spoken languages in the world. Some are spoken by millions of people. Other languages have only a few speakers.All languages have rules for forming words and for ordering those words in sentences. In written languages, meaning is expressed through a system of characters and rules for combining those characters. In spoken languages, meaning is expressed through a system of sounds and rules for combining those sounds. Many deaf people use sign languages, in which gestures do the work of the sound system of spoken languages.Word order is more important in English than it is in some other languages, such as Russian. The sound system is very important in Chinese and in many languages spoken in West Africa.Languages are always changing, but they change very slowly. People invent new words for their language, borrow words from other languages, and change the meanings of words as needed. For example, the English word byte was invented by computer specialists in 1959. the English word tomato was borrowed from Nahuatl, and American Indian language spoken in Mexico. The English word meat once referred to food in general.There are several major language families in the world. The languages in each family are related, and scientists think they came from the same parent family. Language families come in different sizes. The Austronesian family contains at least 500 languages, including Pilipino, Malay, and Maori. The Basque language, spoken in northern Spain, is the only member of its language family.The Indo-European language family contains 55 languages, including English, German, Spanish, Russian, and Hindi.Another language family is Sino-Tibetan, which includes Chinese, Burmese, and Tibetan. The Afro-Asiatic family includes Arabic, Hebrew, and Amharic. There are about 150 American Indian languages spoken today. These languages have many differences and have been divided into more than 50 language families.People learn languages by listening, copying what they hear, and using the language. Most children learn their first languages easily, and sometimes other languages as well. Adults often must work harder at learning a second language.Questions:60. How many languages are spoken all over the world?61. What are the language rules for?62. How is meaning expressed in sign language?63. What is more important in English compared with other languages?64. Which language is the only member of its language family?Section D (12 marks)In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of three words from the passage to fill in each of the spaces, 65-70. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Questions 65-70 are based on the following passage.Welcome to “Software World” --- bringing you the very latest information on what is currently available on CD-ROM. Are you a director or producer looking for an unusual actor to play a part in a new movie project, or with that special look for a new commercial on TV? OK. The usual procedure would be to contact a theatrical agency, who would try and sell you the idea of using one of the actors listed on their books. Books? Too old-fashioned for you? Then get y ourself a copy of this latest electronic database called “The Electronic Curtain”.The brainchild of casting agent Fred Harkney of the Better Talent Agency, he says he got the idea of an actor’s directory from his son playing computer games. Noting that junior had to type in the details of the characters in hisfavorite game, he realized he could do the same for the actors he represents. Eventually, he came to include information on nearly three quarters of the approximately 34,000 actors registered and looking for work in Britain. With some theatrical agencies boasting that they represent over 500 performers, the need for this product is not hard to fathom. It can be a nightmare trying to remember just which actor has done what, or just what an actor can do. The database lists details of over 5,500 actors: TV shows they have appeared in, special skills they possess --- everything down to the color of their eyes and other distinguishing physical features. By entering the details of the type of person you are looking for, the database quickly locates only those persons with the particular qualities requested.One problem though, is that many actors feel it is too impersonal, and they could be missing out on much needed auditions for parts in theatrical shows. On the other hand, it might just get them that elusive job. The days of nervous nail-biting while waiting around to give an audition could well and truly be over. And all because of a small plastic disk. For product details ring this number now: 0.Summary:An electronic database giving information on nearly (65) ______ the 34,000 actors registered and looking for work in Britain, is now available on CD-ROM. Some (66) ______ have over 500 actors on their books and it is difficult to remember all their details. The database lists information on over 5,500 actors and can be searched for details such as past (67) ______ they have appeared in, special skills they might have, and even the color of their eyes. The database can quickly locate persons with (68) _____ and, although some actors feel it is (69) ______ to be of much use, it is certain to change the way actors are chosen for parts in films, plays and shows. Ring the following telephone number for further (70) _____: 0.Part IV Cloze (15 minutes, 15 marks)Section A (5 marks)There are 5 blanks in the passage. Use the word given on the right-hand side to form a word that fits in each blank. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Section B (10 marks)There are 10 blanks in the passage. For each blank, one or more letters of the word have been given (not exceeding 3 letters). Read the passage below and decide which word best fits each blank, using only one word in each word in each blank. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.True relaxation is most certainly not a matter of flopping down in front of the television with a welcome drink. Nor is it about drifting into an exhausted sleep. Useful though these responses to tension and over-tiredness (76) mi_______ be, we should distinguish between them and conscious relaxation in (77) te_____ of quality and effect. Regardless of the level of tiredness, real relaxation is a state of alertness, yet, at the same (78) t______, passive awareness, in which ourbodies are (79) a________ rest while our minds are awake.Moreover, it is as natural for a healthy person to be relaxed when moving as resting. (80) Be_____ relaxed in action means we bring the appropriate energy to everything we do, (81) W______ needs to be rediscovered is conscious relaxation. With this in (85) m______ we must apply ourselves to understanding stress and the nature of its causes, however deep-seated.Part V Translation (15 minutes, 15 marks)Section A (8 marks)Translate the underlined sentences of the following passage into Chinese. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.After my mother passed away, my dad tried even harder to stay healthy and active. Every morning, until the weather turned too cold, he swam in the turquoise pool in the complex where he lived. (86) Each day, no matter how he felt, he swam one more lap than the previous day, just to prove there was always room for improvement. Every few days he reported the new number of laps to me, pride edging his voice.By his late seventies, in spite of swimming and working six days a week, my dad had noticeably dwindled in strength and energy. By age eighty-one he was in poor health and had to retire. (87) He pretended he didn’t need to lean heavily on me for support as we walked slowly, and I pretended not to notice. His mind was clear, but congestive heart problems and disabling arthritis had worn him down. One day he said, “In case of an emergency, I do not wish to be kept alive by any extraordinary means. I’ve signed an official paper to this effect.” He smiled his wonderful, broad grin and said, “I’ve been blessed to have had your mother as my wife and you as my only child, and I’m ready to go.”Less than a month later he had a heart attack. In the emergency room, he again reminded his doctor and me of his wishes, but I couldn’t imagine, in spite of this latest crisis, that he wouldn’t always be saying, “Hav e I told you yet today that I adore you?”(88) He was miserable in intensive care; tubes seemed to come from every opening. But my dad still had his sense of humor, asking me, “Does this mean we can’t keep our lunch date tomorrow?” His voice faltered.“I’ll be here to pick you up and we’ll go someplace special,” I answered, a lump in my throat.(89) Dad refused to look at me for the first time in his life and turned toward the blank green wall next to his hospital bed. There was a painful silence b etween us. He said, “I don’t want you to remember me like this. Promise me you won’t, darling! And please go now --- I’m so miserable.Section B (7 marks)Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.90. 她在阳光下只晒了一会儿，脸就开始变红了。
2008-C-地面搜索
承诺书我们仔细阅读了中国大学生数学建模竞赛的竞赛规则.我们完全明白，在竞赛开始后参赛队员不能以任何方式（包括电话、电子邮件、网上咨询等）与队外的任何人（包括指导教师）研究、讨论与赛题有关的问题。
我们知道，抄袭别人的成果是违反竞赛规则的, 如果引用别人的成果或其他公开的资料（包括网上查到的资料），必须按照规定的参考文献的表述方式在正文引用处和参考文献中明确列出。
我们郑重承诺，严格遵守竞赛规则，以保证竞赛的公正、公平性。
如有违反竞赛规则的行为，我们将受到严肃处理。
我们参赛选择的题号是（从A/B/C/D中选择一项填写）： C我们的参赛报名号为（如果赛区设置报名号的话）：所属学校（请填写完整的全名）：海南软件职业技术学院参赛队员(打印并签名) ：1. 姚明佐2. 潘宏万3. 李清华指导教师或指导教师组负责人(打印并签名)：杨亚辉日期： 2010 年 8 月 27 日赛区评阅编号（由赛区组委会评阅前进行编号）：编号专用页赛区评阅编号（由赛区组委会评阅前进行编号）：赛区评阅记录（可供赛区评阅时使用）：评阅人评分备注全国统一编号（由赛区组委会送交全国前编号）：全国评阅编号（由全国组委会评阅前进行编号）：地面搜索摘要随着时间的变化现在有越来越多的地方发生不同程度的自然灾害，给我们的生活带来了很大的不便，而在自然灾害中地震是一个很大方面。
它既会摧毁我们的家园还会使得我们的生命受到威胁。
2008年在我国的汶川就发生了很大的地震，现在题目要求我们在对在地震的某一给定区域目标进行地面搜索。
要求要用最短的时间搜索完整个目标区域。
探讨耗时最短的搜索问题。
根据搜索队伍的人数和现有条件用数学建模的思想去建立合理的搜索队形，根据搜索区域的具体面积和形状，通过图论的方法、比例性建模，优化的思想，制定搜索任务需要的最佳的搜索路线或调整搜索条件，从而是搜索任务能够在最短的速度内完成。
针对问题1我们根据每个人的搜索半径和搜索人数制定合适的搜索队形（如图①），使每个人的搜索范围不融合，这样保证单位时间内搜索队伍的最大搜索面积，图②则证明搜索队伍在拐弯的时候没有面积融合，此时搜索队伍每秒的单位搜索面积为搜索队伍的宽度与搜索队伍平均搜索速度的乘积，根据搜索区域的面积，搜索队伍的宽度制定最优的搜索路线（如图3），使得搜索队伍的起点为搜索队伍的中间，终点为搜索后的集合地点。
历年美赛数学建模优秀论文大全
2008国际大学生数学建模比赛参赛作品---------WHO所属成员国卫生系统绩效评估作品名称：Less Resources, more outcomes参赛单位：重庆大学参赛时间：2008年2月15日至19日指导老师：何仁斌参赛队员：舒强机械工程学院05级罗双才自动化学院05级黎璨计算机学院05级ContentLess Resources, More Outcomes (4)1. Summary (4)2. Introduction (5)3. Key Terminology (5)4. Choosing output metrics for measuring health care system (5)4.1 Goals of Health Care System (6)4.2 Characteristics of a good health care system (6)4.3 Output metrics for measuring health care system (6)5. Determining the weight of the metrics and data processing (8)5.1 Weights from statistical data (8)5.2 Data processing (9)6. Input and Output of Health Care System (9)6.1 Aspects of Input (10)6.2 Aspects of Output (11)7. Evaluation System I : Absolute Effectiveness of HCS (11)7.1Background (11)7.2Assumptions (11)7.3Two approaches for evaluation (11)1. Approach A : Weighted Average Evaluation Based Model (11)2. Approach B: Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Based Model [19][20] (12)7.4 Applying the Evaluation of Absolute Effectiveness Method (14)8. Evaluation system II: Relative Effectiveness of HCS (16)8.1 Only output doesn’t work (16)8.2 Assumptions (16)8.3 Constructing the Model (16)8.4 Applying the Evaluation of Relative Effectiveness Method (17)9. EAE VS ERE: which is better? (17)9.1 USA VS Norway (18)9.2 USA VS Pakistan (18)10. Less Resources, more outcomes (19)10.1Multiple Logistic Regression Model (19)10.1.1 Output as function of Input (19)10.1.2Assumptions (19)10.1.3Constructing the model (19)10.1.4. Estimation of parameters (20)10.1.5How the six metrics influence the outcomes? (20)10.2 Taking USA into consideration (22)10.2.1Assumptions (22)10.2.2 Allocation Coefficient (22)10.3 Scenario 1: Less expenditure to achieve the same goal (24)10.3.1 Objective function： (24)10.3.2 Constraints (25)10.3.3 Optimization model 1 (25)10.3.4 Solutions of the model (25)10.4. Scenario2: More outcomes with the same expenditure (26)10.4.1Objective function (26)10.4.2Constraints (26)10.4.3 Optimization model 2 (26)10.4.4Solutions to the model (27)15. Strengths and Weaknesses (27)Strengths (27)Weaknesses (27)16. References (28)Less Resources, More Outcomes1. SummaryIn this paper, we regard the health care system (HCS) as a system with input and output, representing total expenditure on health and its goal attainment respectively. Our goal is to minimize the total expenditure on health to archive the same or maximize the attainment under given expenditure.First, five output metrics and six input metrics are specified. Output metrics are overall level of health, distribution of health in the population,etc. Input metrics are physician density per 1000 population, private prepaid plans as % private expenditure on health, etc.Second, to evaluate the effectiveness of HCS, two evaluation systems are employed in this paper:●Evaluation of Absolute Effectiveness(EAE)This evaluation system only deals with the output of HCS，and we define Absolute Total Score (ATS) to quantify the effectiveness. During the evaluation process, weighted average sum of the five output metrics is defined as ATS, and the fuzzy theory is also employed to help assess HCS.●Evaluation of Relative Effectiveness(ERE)This evaluation system deals with the output as well as its input, and also we define Relative Total Score (RTS) to quantify the effectiveness. The measurement to ATS is units of output produced by unit of input.Applying the two kinds of evaluation system to evaluate HCS of 34 countries (USA included), we can find some countries which rank in a higher position in EAE get a relatively lower rank in ERE, such as Norway and USA, indicating that their HCS should have been able to archive more under their current resources .Therefore, taking USA into consideration, we try to explore how the input influences the output and archive the goal: less input, more output. Then three models are constructed to our goal:●Multiple Logistic RegressionWe model the output as function of input by the logistic equation. In more detains, we model ATS (output) as the function of total expenditure on health system. By curve fitting, we estimate the parameters in logistic equation, and statistical test presents us a satisfactory result.●Linear Optimization Model on minimizing the total expenditure on healthWe try to minimize the total expenditure and at the same time archive the same, that is to get a ATS of 0.8116. We employ software to solve the model, and by the analysis of the results. We cut it to 2023.2 billion dollars, compared to the original data 2109.8 billion dollars.●Linear Optimization Model on maximizing the attainment. We try to maximize the attainment (absolute total score) under the same total expenditure in2007.And we optimize the ATS to 0.8823, compared to the original data 0.8116.Finally, we discuss strengths and weaknesses of our models and make necessary recommendations to the policy-makers。
数模美赛08年A题
AbstractThe global temperature is rising rapidly today which has caused an extensive ice melt, so the study of predicting rising sea level because of ice melt in North Polar is essential. Our study will try to predict the impact to Florida from melting ice in North Polar .Our studies have three steps:●Predict the temperature: We did the prediction by Neural networkand give the change of temperature in 50 years, based on a large amount of data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC);●Model the mass of ice melting and the sea level: The sea levelmodel is mainly based on the principle of Thermodynamics and iteration. The results demonstrate that the sea level will rise by 10.8 cm totally in 50 years. Prediction of our model can be proved to be credible by consulting the data from IPCC. We introduce a correct termαto modify our model. We can change αto simulate sea level rise in different temperature condition.●Analyze the impacts to Florida: We model the erosion of Florida’sshoreline to make it clear that when sea level rise to a certain extent that Florida will face many serious problems such as flooding,destruction of biodiversity, (Health Care), Loss of agriculture production (salinization of soil) and so on over the next 50 years.. We find the 17 cities or areas and 15 airports which are severely impacted by the rise of sea level.(Based on our results,) Without attaching more importance to solving the problem, shoreline of several coastal cities like Miami will be eroded seriously, and the lowest place−Key West will be disappeared.It will cost a huge financial loss, so further protection should be put into place.ContentIntroduction (4)Background (4)Our work (4)Study object: Ice cap in Greenland (4)Modeling the sea level (5)Analysis of Florida (5)Assumption (5)Model Ⅰ:Temperature Prediction (6)Grey Prediction Model: (6)Neural Network prediction Model: (6)Model Ⅱ:Melting ice and the rise of sea level (6)Model the rise of sea level (7)Heat from rise of temperature: (7)Mass of melting ice: (8)Design of Algorithms: (9)Model Results: Sea level will elevate by 10 centimeters in 50 years (10)Validation of our model: (11)Model ⅢAnalysis: The effects towards Florida (13)Major Cities Analysis (14)Miami (14)Tampa (15)Cape Coral (15)Key West (16)Other Impacts in Florida: (16)Recommendations to coastal Florida: (18)Judgments (18)Strengths (18)Weaknesses (19)Reference (20)IntroductionBackgroundGlobal Warming and sea level rise“Air temperatures at the top of the world continue to rise twice as fast as temperatures in lower latitudes, causing significant ice melt on land and sea”[Fears, December 17, 2014]. One of the serious consequences is that sea level will rise. Global average sea-level rose at an average rate of about 3.1[2.4 to 3.8] mm per year from 1993 to 2003[IPCC]. This information suggests that from 1993 to 2003 the sea-level rise by 3.1cm totally.Our workThe question requires us to predict the next 50 years’condition of ice melting and analyze the effects on the Florida, especially some big cities. So we can separate this question into two parts:●How much and how fast will the see level rise within 50 years?●What are the effects on the Florida because of the rise of sea level,especially some big cities?Study object: Ice cap in GreenlandArctic mainly consists of Greenland, which occupies about 9% glaciers all over the world. Melting in Arctic is mainly due to Greenland, melting of floating ice can be ignored. So we can consider Greenland as studyobject.Modeling the sea levelWe develop a model for sea-level rise as the function of time. This model can predict sea-level rise in future.Analysis of FloridaAfter having calculated the increased sea level within next 50 years, we analyze the impact to the Florida.●Rising sea level can seriously threaten the development of cities. Ithas been threatening some islands and coastal cities. Over the next18 years, about two thirds among 544 American towns will be twiceas likely to face floods [Huang]. More frequency hurricane will happen.●Sea water will corrode seacoast.● A large quantity of drinking water will be polluted. Assumption●Sea level rise is primarily due to the melting of ice cap in Green Land.We ignore the other floating ice in the Northern Polar.●The increment of sea water from melting will flow over the oceansuniformly●Salt in the ice will not affects the procedure of melting.Model Ⅰ:Temperature PredictionGrey Prediction Model:The weakness of the grey prediction is that the result is increasing all the time. In other words, it cannot show the changes in detail.Neural Network prediction Model:Model Ⅱ:Melting ice and the rise of sealevelModel the rise of sea levelThe main reason of the sea level rising is the melting of ice cap and the mass of melting ice is equal to the mass of sea water generated from melting. So, based on several physical principles, we model the rise of sea level by calculating the mass of melting ice. We assume that the increment of sea water from melting will flow over the world uniformly, which means the melting ice will contribute to the rise of sea level, divided by the area of the ocean.ρw V w=ρiV i=m i ∆x=V woV w The increment of sea water from melting iceV i The total volume of melting ice capV m The total volume of water generated from melting∆x The sea level riseS o The overall ocean area: 361745300km2, this is 71 percent of earth’s total surface area (Wikipedia).Heat from rise of temperature:According to the principle of thermal transmission, heat will always be transmitted from high temperature to low temperature. So, the final state of stuff in the thermal cycling system will reach to a same temperature. So, we assume that the temperature of the whole ice capwill increase by ∆T when the world temperature rise by ∆T. However, it takes time for the ice cap to transmit the heat from the rise temperature. We use the ∆T every month to calculate the increase of melting ice in each month and get the total increment by accumulation, which means parts of the heat from temperature will be absorbed and used to melt ice. So, defining a coefficient(α)and we will have the heat which ice cap absorbs from the rising temperature in the n-th month:Q n=αc i(m c−∆m i(n−1))∆T nQ n The heat comes from rises of temperature in the n-th monthαThe coefficient of capacity of absorbing heat in one monthc i The specific heat capacity of icem c The mass of the whole ice cap 2.45×1016kg∆m in The mass of melting ice in the n-th month∆T n The change of temperature in the n-th monthWe try to find the α by calculating the mass of melting ice in known years. “Recently reported GrIS mass balance varies from near-balance to modest mass losses [47 to 97 gigatons (Gt) year−1] in the 1990s, increasing to a mass loss of 267 ±38 Gt year−1 in 2007”(Michiel).α= 5.6735×10−3Mass of melting ice:The mass of melting ice in this month will depends on not only the rising temperature, but also the mass of melting ice in the last month.Wedivide the heat absorbed by the ice by the melting enthalpy of fusion for water to obtain the mass of extra melting ice resulted from the rise of temperature in this month.∆m in=∆m i(n−1)+Q n△fusHθmm i(k)=∑∆m in12kn=1∆m in The mass of melting ice in the n-th month△fusHθm: The melting enthalpy3.36×105J/kgm i(k)The total mass of melting ice in the next k yearsMoreover, “Since 2006, high summer melt rates have increased Greenland ice sheet mass loss to 273 gigatons per year”(Partitioning Recent Mass Loss). And the initial mass of melting ice in the first month will be calculated as follows:2.73×1014kg/12∆m i(−1)=m ii=2.73×101412kg∆x(k)=V wo=m i(k)ρwS om ii: The mass of melting ice in the initial year.∆x(k)The total rise of sea level in the next k yearsDesign of Algorithms:Since we have the function ∆m in=f(∆m i(n−1),∆T n), we are able to calculate the mass of melting ice in the next n months using computerprogram with the data of temperatures and the initial amount of melting ice in the first month.This is easy to achieve using two linear arrays ∆m i[]and ∆T[]in MATLAB. Run a simple for loop from 2 to n and calculate ∆m in during each pass so that the whole ∆m i[]array can be found.So that the total amount of melting ice at n-th month is the summation from ∆m i[1]to ∆m i[n]. Also the total rise of sea level can be easily found.Model Results: Sea level will elevate by 10 centimeters in 50 yearsThe solutions were coded using matlab:Figure 1: The mass of melting ice in the next 50 yearsFigure 2: The rise of sea level in the next 50 yearsThe prediction about rise of sea level every decade in next 50 years:∆x(10)=0.9874 cm∆x(20)=2.5125 cm∆x(30)=4.6222 cm∆x(40)=7.3674 cm∆x(50)= 10.8037 cmValidation of our model:The results show that the sea level will elevate by approximately 10 centimeters totally and 2 millimeters/yr, which accord with the prediction in Relative Mean Sea Level trends from NOAA.Moreover, if we calculated the rise of sea level without considering the increase of temperature, which means sea level rise at the rate today in the next 50 years, the order of magnitudes is match up with our result. So,based on the analysis above, the results of our modelModel ⅢAnalysis: The effects towards FloridaBased on our results, the sea level will rise 10 centimeters in the following 50 years, which threaten Florida in the future and result in tremendous impacts. “Some 2.4 million people and 1.3 million homes, nearly half the risk nationwide, sit within 4 feet of the local high tide line. Sea level rise is more than doubling the risk of a storm surge at this level in South Florida.”(Florida and rising sea)Figure 3 the altitudes of Florida ()As we can see from this picture, most cities or counties in the southern Florida lie besides the coast. Statistic suggests that 17 counties with altitudes smaller than 3 feet will be threatened by the rise of sea level in 50 years. The counties and airports which will be involved are listed as follows:Cities: Miami, Homestead, Fort Lauderdale, West Palm Beach, Titusville, St Augustine, Clearwater, St Petersburg, Tampa, Brandon, Bradenton, Port Charlotte，Cape Coral, Bonita Springs, Naples, Marco Island, and Grand Isle.Airports: Miami International Airport, Fort Lauderdale International Airport, Central Florida Regional Airport, Cedar Knoll Flying Ranch, Daytona Beach Regional Airport, Craig Municipal Airport, Jacksonville International Airport, St George Island Airport.Major Cities AnalysisWe choose 4 metropolises which will be severely impacted to do some further analysis.MiamiMiami is the biggest city in Florida with the average elevation of 3 feet(0.9144m) [15ikipedia]. Also, it is a coastal city. So according to what we predict that sea level will rise 10.8037cm within 50 years, we can draw a conclusion that this city would be greatly influenced.The possibility of flooding would grow while the frequency of hurricane will increase. It is a big challenge to sewer system of Miami. According to our simulation, sea level rising would also threaten Miami International Airport. Another problem is that the sea water would gnaw at the shoreline. Many coastal man-made buildings are too closed to the sea which they would face a serious problem of being eroded. Aside from threatening of losing habitat, local drinking water would be polluted.TampaTampa is a city located on the west coast of Florida. It is the third largest city in Florida. It is famous because of tourism. Although the highest point in the city is only 48 feet (15 m) [wikipedia], rising sea level will do harm to its natural disaster. Tampa is special because it has the Old Tampa Bay and Hillsborough Bay which is easy to be attacked by storm surge. Sea level rising would produce much more violent storm surge. The boundary of Tampa would also be lost. What’s more,Traffic facilities such as Tampa International Airport were under threatening of disappearing.Cape CoralThis city is famous because of its far-stretching beach and animated quay. Besides, it has more than 30 gardens and golf courses which attract many tourists. A variety of animals also promotes this city’s tourism. However, sea level rising would erode shoreline of Cape Coral. It would destroy natural environment of this area, and then damages biodiversity. And still worse, Pine Island would mostly disappear. So, the economic damage there will be hardly assessed.Key WestIt is an island of Florida, which have the lowest altitude. So if sea level rises to some extent, it would be the first to be under water.Other Impacts in Florida:Biodiversity: Wild life and rare animals in Florida will be impacted by loss of habitat and food. Moreover, it is hard for plants and animals in Florida to adapt the new climatic conditions and the increase of relative air humidity.Architecture:Sea level rise will cause salinization, which will impact the architectural production.Economy Pressure：More money will be put into the drainage systems and dam project, which means less city construction and business development.Health Care: Higher sea level will increase the risk of some disease like malaria.Recommendations to coastal Florida:●Build higher dams: In this way can cities hold back the rising floodwaters.●Prepare for flooding: Complete supervisory control system.Guarantee that citizen can be evacuated in time.●Reduce carbon emission: More carbon emission means highertemperature, and then lead to rising of sea level. So encouragecitizen to live a low-carbon life.●Warn local citizen: Propagate relative knowledge of sea level risingto improve citizen’s sense of self-protection when facing natural disaster.JudgmentsStrengths●We use Neural Network to predict temperature in future with a largeamount of reliable data. So our prediction of temperature in future is accurate relatively.●Our model can predict the sea level rising in different conditions,such as different temperature.●Our model is relatively simple so it will take a little time to simulate.We can easily get the result.Weaknesses●We ignore the areal variation about depth, salinity and temperature ofthe sea for simplifying the model;●We neglect the floating ice which will bring some error;●We neglect the thermal expansion;The mode is only the function of time, so it can’t simulate unusual situations.ReferenceBen Strauss,Florida and rising sea,/news/floria-and-the-rising-seaFears, Darryl, Huang, Ming. “Rising sea level threatens millions of American and causes huge economic loss”. Souhu, March 16, 2012, 09:48AM. Web.IPCC, http://www.ipcc.chMichiel van den Broeke，Partitioning Recent Mass Loss, Science 13 November 2009“National Snow and Ice Data Center”, January 7, 2015。
2008年大学生英语竞赛(NECCS)C类决赛真题试卷(精选)(题后含答案及解析)
2008年大学生英语竞赛（NECCS）C类决赛真题试卷（精选）(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.jpg /> Scientists know that mosquitoes find some people more attractive than others, but they do not know why this should be. They also know that people【81】va______in their reactions to mosquito bites. One person has a painful swelling while【82】an______who is bitten by the same mosquito, may hardly notice. Scientists have not discovered the reason for this, but they have【83】ca______out experiments to show that mosquitoes are attracted to, or put off by, certain smells. In the future, scientists hope to develop a smell【84】t______mosquitoes cannot resist. This could be used in a trap so that, instead of attacking people, mosquitoes would fly into the trap and be destroyed. For the time【85】be______, however, we have to continue spraying ourselves with unpleasant liquids if we want to avoid getting bitten.21．正确答案：how解析：(how+adj.+a／an+n．构成感叹句。
美赛论文中文版(2008)、特等奖
全国流行的艾滋病分析摘要本文全面的考虑了那些患艾滋病最严重的国家。
利用短期的阻滞微分方程模型，建立了可控的生命期望值，在数值上定义了各个国家的严重程度。
最后得到结论：艾滋病情况最严重的国家是：博茨瓦纳、泰国、汤加、乌克兰、巴哈马群岛、圭亚那(拉丁美洲)。
本文运用了通用的计算机模拟方式，通过建立微分方程模型分析了那些艾滋病情况最严重的国家来直接处理不同人群的艾滋病情况。
治疗分析包括2055年国际援助估算总量，对ARV治疗效果的预测，研发出预防艾滋病疫苗的可能性。
同时，本文还考虑了药物所带来的副作用。
本文最后提出了一系列如何最优分配资源的建议，即在短期艾滋病的项目研究以及疫苗的发展上投入较高的资金，同时要较好的确定维持药物有效条件下ARV的全球覆盖率。
严重程度的定义方法严重性是由什么导致的？最明显的答案就是一个国家庞大的艾滋病感染人数，或者说是艾滋病感染人群在所有人口中所占的较高比例，但是，这并不是一个完整的分析。
存在一种严重的情况便意味着要寻找解决的方案。
基于这点，对艾滋病感染患者，我们能做的就只有是治疗。
而有着高治疗率的国家能为被感染的人群做很多，所以这些国家并不能被认为是情况最严重的。
严重性还包括行动的迫切性，因为艾滋病病毒在短期内得不到抑制也是十分有害的，我们相信对艾滋病患者最有效的方法是测定预测出每年由于感染而艾滋病而失去生命的增长人数。
必要的假设●接受ARV治疗的患者都是100%的坚持治疗——要么接受治疗，要么就不接受，没有所谓的中间状态。
●在未来5年内，各方面因素没有受到干涉。
●接受ARV治疗的比例是一个定值。
●在本文所做的短期预测的这段时间内，没有其他的能引起人口重大死亡的事件发生，如自然灾害，战争，全国流行性疾病等一些能够对人口产生重大影响的事件。
●People-year ：一个人一年的时间，所有人口一年的时间等于所有个人一年时间的总和。
●为了预测在在未来5年内没有其他因素影响下艾滋病对人口的直接影响程度，本文定义了艾滋病的严重性程度：绝对严重：在未来5年内，因为感染艾滋病病毒而失去的总的寿命值相对严重：在未来5年内，每个人因为感染艾滋病病毒而失去的平均寿命值。
全国大学生英语竞赛C类写作范文
全国大学生英语竞赛C类写作范文2008年初赛：Task I(10 marks)Directions: You are required to write a Notice in about 100 words to inform the students and English teachers of a lecture on American Liberal Education by Prof. Gilbert in the English Department Hall. Please wri on the Answer Sheet.Task INOTICEWe are very honored to have Prof. Richard Gilbert from Harvard University to give us a lecture on American Liberal Education. Prof. Gilbert, who graduated from Standford in 1979 and received his Ph.D. in Education from Harvard in 1984, has been conducting research and teaching international students in Harvard for more than 20 years. He has become a leading expert in this field and has published several books and numerous papers on liberal education and education policy. His humorous and thought provoking speech will surely benefit all the audience.The lecture will be given in the English Department Conference Hall from 2:30 to 4:30. p.m., Friday afternoon, November 16, 2007. All the teachers and students are welcome.English DepartmentTask II(20 marks)Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition on The Anti-Addiction System. You should write at least 120 words and please write it on the Answer Sheet.Now in China the anti-addiction system and a “real name checking” system have been adopted in Cyber cafes to prevent players under 18 from becoming addicted to online games. Whatdo students think about this system? What is your opinion about this?Part VII WritingTask IIThe Anti-Addiction SystemNow in China, the adoption of the anti-addiction system and a “real name checking” system in netbars has led to a heated debate among students. Some say that students' self-discipline is very limited and now at least 14 percent of the urban teenage players are addicted to the Internet and some children even repeatedly disappear from home to spend their nights at local Internet cafes, and play truant from school also. Therefore, they have failed quite a few school exams. In this sense, the new policy can prevent minors developing online addiction.Others claim that the anti-addiction system is only a means to an end and cannot remove the root of the online addiction completely and they believe the key is to guide the minors to improve their self-control and balance their work and play.In my opinion, the latter point hits home for me because it cuts to the chase. However, education is a long process and takes time, which means before education produces effects on children, some supplementary measures should also be taken to speed up the process and the anti-addiction system is one of them.2009年初赛Task IDear Tom,As you know ,I’m organizing a two—day debating contest which is to be held on May 1-2, I am working on a schedule for it now and I will have to send it by E-mail tomorrow. I need some new ideas urgently. Please help me out and give me some freshideas by tomorrow morning. Meanwhile, would you please contact some of our teachers and invite them to be judge? Let me know their names by Friday. Thank you.Task ITo: the Personnel Director and the Training ManagerFrom: assistant to the Customer Service DirectorDate: 23 June 2009Subject: decreasing salesAs requested by the Customers Service Director , I have done a survey concerning our decreasing sales. This survey shows that our staff are not interested in helping customers and they are unhappy in their jobs. Therefore, our sales have been decreasing for several months.I think we should give bonuses to the best seller every month to improve our staff’s enthusiasm. What’s more, we should have some special offer every day to attract more customers.Task IIReport on the Changes of Fashion for Young People in Recent Years in China IntroductionThis report sets out to present how fashions for young people have changed in recent years in China.FindingsAccording to my survey, I have found the following three points:1、Nowadays, the young are seeking for individuality instead of uniformity in the old days and they want the clothes to be unique.2、Thanks to the mass data, the young people are deeply influenced by the fashion trend throughout the word. The North Korean style in hugely popular among them in recent five or sixyears.3、The general trend is to be casual and simple.ConclusionTherefore, it can be concluded that the young people in China now are looking for individuality, casualness and they would like to follow the fashion abroad.Task IITake My Advice on How to Control StressAs the competition between students increases, more and more students feel stressful about their course. As far as I’m concerned , we can take the initiative to reduce the stress.Firstly, make a plan for everyday study. For instance, you keep learning English for two hours every day, and within the two hours, you will learn 10 new words and read 2 articles. This way you can learn more than 1000 words three month later and your reading ability will improve as well. Therefore, you don’t have to stay up late before the English examination. As long as you keep learning every day, you will find you are well prepared for the exams already. Secondly, do something else to divert your mind before exams. For example, if you can play piano, play your favorite songs for one or two hours and you will feel relaxed.To conclude, keep learning regularly and cultivate a hobby and you will find yourself relaxed about your course.。
2008USCHCY
Overseas Electives atUniversity of Southern California Cardiology 3/03~3/28Emergency Medicine 3/31~4/25徐展陽B91401031H e r e I c o m e,t h e C i t y o f A n g e l s!經過幾個月的自傳撰寫、口試之後，幸運地獲選為南加大USC的臨床見習交換學生。
由於祖父母長年旅居洛杉磯的緣故，”Los Angeles”這座城市，自幼對我而言並非完全陌生。
初抵洛城踏下飛機的剎那，面對炙人的豔陽與廣闊的地平線，我深吸一口氣：「洛杉磯，我來了！」背負著兩個月的行囊前行，當時的我心中也許尚未明白，在之後的這兩個月中，將讓我深刻地重新體會這座城市，這所大學，這家醫院，以及它帶給我許多難忘而彌足珍貴的經驗了。
這次交換，我申請的見習科別分別為「心臟內科(Cardiology)」與「急診(Emergency Medicine)」，其實當初原本屬意的還有「感染科(Infection)」、「創傷外科(Traumatology)」，但由於感染科名額已滿，而創傷外科在最近幾年已然停招外國交換學生，所以選擇了USC聞名遐邇的急診以及心臟內科。
USC的聯絡秘書Amy熱心的在交換前幾個月就和我用電子郵件密切聯繫，也幸運地協助我選到了心儀的科別。
記得在抵達的第二天，即和逸群兩人按照著學長姐的”survival guide”以及地圖按圖索驥尋找我們的醫院。
終於，LA County Hospital龐大而雪白、充滿古意的建築映入了眼簾，也意味著兩個月的洛城見習生活即將展開！我的心中充滿著興奮與期待，帶有一絲面對陌生環境與語言的小小不安。
Los Angeles County-USC Medical Center ( County USC) : the Profile USC和台大一樣，擁有類似公館總區的校本部(位於Downtown)以及醫學院區(Health Science Campus, HSC)，而我們見習的醫院是屬於公立的洛杉磯郡立醫院，和醫學校區比鄰而居。
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For office use only T1 ________________ T2 ________________ T3 ________________ T4 ________________ Team Control Number3310Problem ChosenCFor office use onlyF1 ________________F2 ________________F3 ________________F4 ________________Finding the Good in Health Care SystemsAbstractAccess to health care is a fundamental human right. This paper analyzes a variety of health care systems, and probes into the six given tasks.To solve Task 1 and Task 2, we give an overall review of various health care systems. 156 metrics and 193 counties are selected, among which 11 metrics and 12 countries are singled out with the method of entropy law. These countries are scored and ranked preliminarily by means of principal component analysis.To solve Task 3, six key metrics are first selected by means of principal component analysis. Then the raw data are standardized by means of normal distribution function. After defining the potential coefficients, a method called Artificial Partial Differential Equations is devised to work out the coefficient’s functional correspondence to present values and the change rates of the metrics. Use the weighted sum of the potential coefficients to calculate the ranks of the countries in terms of their potentials in meeting the future needs of medical care. With principal component analysis to improve the fuzzy factors, the method of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation finally leads to each country’s integrated scores which are determined by the changes in time. To solve Task 4 and Task 5, the weighted sum of potential coefficients is employed to compare the health care systems in America and that in Germany and the Republic of Korea. It leads to the conclusion that the potential of the American health care system is superior to that of Germany, and the potential of the Korean health system is superior to that of America.The solution to Task 6 refers to the method which is applied to solving Task 3. A computer simulation system is developed with MATLAB, which is able to simulate the present and future integrated scores of a certain country if any changes occur to its health care system. Then a neural network is constructed to simulate various changes in the metrics measuring the American health care system.Finally, some suggestions are offered to the American health care system.ContentsIntroduction (3)Symbols and Definitions (4)Analysis of the T asks and The Flow Chart of our Ideas (5)1Analyzing the Tasks (5)2The Flow Chart of our Ideas (5)T ask 1 (6)1Describing the Metrics (6)2Metrics to Evaluate the Potential Health Care Systems (7)3Combining Different Metrics (8)T ask 2 (8)1Collecting National Samples (8)2Selecting the Data and Metrics (8)3Ranking the Sample Countries (11)T ask 3 (14)1singling out the metrics (14)2Standardizing Data (15)3Health Care System’s Potentials with the V ariation of Time (18)4The General Evaluation (25)T ask 4 (30)1An introduction and evaluation of the Health Care System in the U.S. (31)2An introduction and Evaluation of the Health Care System in Germany (323)A comparative analysis Between America and Germany (33)T ask 5 (35)1An introduction and evaluation of the Health Care System in the Korea (35)2 A Comparative Analysis between Korea and America. (36)T ask 6 (38)1improve the United States's health care system (38)2Test of the Change of Each Metric (40)Suggestion (43)Strengths and weaknesses (45)1Strong Points (45)2Weak Points (45)References (45)Appendix (47)It is one of the god-given rights for the citizens to receive a proper health care.Every one in the world is entitles to a healthy life, no matter he was born disabled or not, no matter he is physically strong or not. He has the right to ask for a healthy life from both the state and the society. Health promises everything one can enjoy in his life. Y et in the real world, not every one has his access to the medical service provided by the state. Many people in illness fail to receive a proper medical treatment because of his economic status. So every one is concerned with the medical care offered in his country, from the health care systems to the clinical facilities, from the average medical cost to the availability of medical insurance.On the other hand, the health care system in a country illustrates its conditions of human rights. It decides whether a country can develop in a sustainable way. In one word, the health care system gives a promise to the country’s future.However, media and government reports may not give adequate information on whether the country’s health care system operates efficiently, whether one is given access to physical health by the state, or whether his fundamental rights are protected or derived by the state. When we are given the opportunity to attend this mathematics model building contest, we visited various websites and collected numerous data. With the help of the mathematic knowledge, we worked out a mathematic model to access the current health care system in a variety of country. It is expected that this model contributes to a good knowledge of the health care system operating in a certain country, and the basic human rights to medical care is well protected.●The samples selected represent the most typical examples of the health caresystems in the world, which are available in both the developed and developing countries.●The metrics listed in this paper are based on the unbiased and reliable dataissued on line or by the authorities concerned.●The ranking of health care systems in various countries is based on the WHOreports.●The health care systems referred to in Task 3 remain constant and unchanged.●The metrics are able to give an overall description to all the respects in ahealth care system.Symbols and DefinitionsF--------------------------The metric to evaluate the i th health care systemiG--------------------------The general potential of the i th health care system iy'--------------------------The value of the j th metric of the i th countryijy--------------------------The dimensionless value derived from the value of the ijj th metric of the i th countryω-------------------------- The standardized value of the j th metric of the i th ijcountryη--------------------------- The potential coefficient of the i th health care system ijcorresponding to the annual changes in the j th metricAnalysis of the Tasks and the Flow Chart of our Ideas1Analyzing the TasksHealth care system is deeply related to people's immediate needs. In this paper, We carry out an in-depth research into the six given tasks. According to the tips, we believe that the establishment of an effective and reasonable health care system is our goal. The selection and reasonable combination of the various evaluating metrics are the bottleneck in completing the tasks.We start with Task1 and Task 2. By searching various web sites we find a large amount of data for the solution of Task 3. We use SPSS software for data processing and principal component analysis for satisfactory metrics. Meanwhile, we define potential coefficient, and use fuzzy mathematic theory to build mathematical models. The calculation and solution are completed in Task 4 and Task 5. while solving Task 6,suggestions are offered on the basis of the findings in the previous five tasks.2The Flow Chart of our IdeasFigure 0 The Flow Chart of our IdeasTask 11Describing the MetricsMetrics to evaluate the health care systems are complicated systems of multi-goal, multi-function, multi-level and multi-component. They should describe the special features of health care statistics, and clear the ground for justifying, accessing, controlling and optimizing the medical service. So far, there is no record of a well-established metric in this field.●to ease the patients from their illness and improve their health status. Healthstatus should not be measured on the basis of improving traditional lifeexpectancy, but on the basis of the Average healthy life expectancy.●The focus of this objective is to minimize the unfair distribution of healthstatus and to give the best support to the underdeveloped area.●to maximize the availability of health care. Medical care should cover asmany people as possible. It should be within both the economic andgeographic reach of people at all levels, especially those who have animmediate and desperate need for medical support.●to improve fairness in medical care. People of different races, genders, orsocio-economic classes should have equal access to the basic medical care.The medical services should be reasonably distributed, funded and practiced The degree to which the three objectives are achieved are measured by the following metrics. The first objective is measured respectively by the metrics of Mortality, Morbidity, Health Service Coverage and Risk Factors, the second objective respectively by Health Systems and Communication Technology, and the third respectively by Demographic and Socioeconomic Statistics, and Information and Communication Technology. Given the influence of these component on the scores of each health care system, these metrics are further divided into 29 subordinates, which are illustrated in Table1.1.Table 1.1 Systems of Metrics2Metrics to Evaluate the Potential Health Care SystemsWe give a full consideration to the feasibility of comparing the existing and potential systems of health care. With the help of WHO statistics, we adopt the metric of Health Systems to evaluation the existing and potential health care systems.Firstly, there are a sufficient set of statistics concerning Health Systems, which contributes positively to the comparison. Secondly, Health Systems plays a constantly important role in the medical care systems. The WHO members vary significantly inthis item. Therefore, Health Systems is good at indicating the changes between the existing and the potential health care systems. Finally, Health Systems covers the expenditures in complementary health care. A probe into this will reveal the efficiency of a certain health care system, and illustrate the trend from the existing to the potential systems of health care.3 Combining Different Metrics.Since a single metric can only measure one aspect of a country ’s health care system, an overall evaluation calls for an active combination of all the possible metrics. To achieve this end, we integrate the metrics by means of Principal Component Analysis and work out the scores and ranks of each country ’s health care system.Task 2 1 Collecting National Samples●Countries for evaluation are selected on the following principles.●The samples include the most typical systems of health care.●The samples include countries in various economic status.●The samples include countries in similar conditions to that in the United States. 2 Selecting the Data and MetricsFrom the eight superordinate metrics and 156 subordinate metrics given to us, we take advantage of Entropy Law and select the representative subordinates from their superordinates. All together 11 subordinates under 8 superordinates are selected.2.1. The Model of Entropy LawIn information theory , entropy is a measurement of uncertainty . The characteristics of entropy decide the discrete degrees of the metrics. The greater the difference coefficient of the metrics are, the greater influence they leave on the comprehensive evaluation.●Take the six subordinates under the superordinate of Health Systems in 12 country ’s health care systems. Let ij x be the value of the j th metric in the i th country ’s health care system （1,212;1,26i j == ）. The correspondence between them is illustrated in the following table.Table 2.1 The Correspondence between Countries and Metrics●Calculate the weight of Health Systems in the j th metric in the i th country .121,(1,212;1,26)ijij ij i x p i j x====∑ ●Calculate the entropy value of the j th metric.611ln(),0,,0ln(12)j ij ij j i e k p p k k e ==->=≥∑其中Table 2.2 The Entropy Values of the Various Metric.●coefficient of the j th metric. The greater the difference is, or the greater the discrete degrees are, the greater role the metric plays in evaluation, and the smaller the entropy value is. Define the difference coefficient:1e 2e 3e 4e 5e 6e 0.967 0.920 0.950 0.985 0.96 0.9466111,,01,1j j e j j j j j e e g E e g g m E ==-==≤≤=-∑∑式中 Table 2.3 The Difference Coefficients of Various MetricsAccording to the data in Task 2.2 and Task 2.3, we have the three subordinate metrics which leave the greatest influence on the health care system: the Density of Dentists, the Density of Health Workers, and Hospital Beds.Identifying the Metrics● In the same way , we find that the subordinate of Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE) at Birth, and the subordinate of Infant, Neonatal, Maternal Mortality Rate have the smallest entropy in the superordinate of Mortality .● The subordinate of Incidence of Tuberculosis has the smallest entropy in the superordinate of Morbidity .● The subordinate of One-year-olds Immunized with One Dose of Measles has the smallest entropy in the superordinate of Health Service Coverage.● The subordinate of Prevalence of Adults (15 years and old) Who are Obese has the smallest entropy in the superordinate of Risk Factors.● The subordinate of Population Annual Growth Rate and the subordinate Total Expenditure on Health as Percentage of GDP have the smallest entropy in the superordinate of Demographic and Socioeconomic Statistics.● Information and Communication Technology has the smallest entropy in the superordinate of Main Telephone Lines per 1000.With the model of entropy law, we have the following 12 subordinates:Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE) at BirthInfant , Neonatal , Maternal mortality rateIncidence of TuberculosisOne-year-olds Immunized with One Dose of MeaslesPrevalence of Adults (15 years and old) Who are ObesePublic and Environmental Health WorksDentistsHospital Beds1g 2g 3g 4g 5g 6g 0.118 0.290 0.178 0.055 0.145 0.214Team # 3310 Population Annual GrowthRatePage 11 of 51 Total Expenditure on Health as Percentage of GDP Main Telephone Lines per 10003Ranking the Sample CountriesWe build a principal component analysis model with the help of the selected metrics and data to rank the 12 sample countries.3.1.Source of the DataAmerica and another 11 countries are selected as the subjects in evaluating their respective systems of health care in 2004. All the data are supplied by the WHO websites. The raw data of the evaluating metrics are shown in Table2.4.Table 2.4 The Raw Data of for the Metrics to Evaluate Various Countries’ Health Care SystemsTotal Healthy Life expectancy Maternal (HALE) mortality of measles at birth rate are obese works domestic product tuberculosis with one dose old) who Infant, One-year-olds of Neonatal, Incidence Immunized of years and health rate of gross inhabitants adults(15 environmental Dentists beds growth percentage 100 and Hospital annual as lines per Population on health telephone Prevalence Public expenditure MainChina6497100.386.05.80.70.1220.84.746Germany72167.293.025.95.20.8840.110.6436France722312.987.042.14.20.7750.410.5314USA69354.593.064.35.11.6331.015.4551Singapore701828.796.012.02.30.3282.23.7504Russia58.583119.09916.84.10.397-0.36.041UK70.51914.28228.06.31.0390.38.1423Brazil59.530159.69922.02.11.1261.58.882Poland65.52126.19835.62.80.35306.2230Team # 3310Japan 75 14 28.2 99 5.2 4.5 0.7Page 12 of 51129 1.3 7.8 449Canada72134.79419.85.30.6361.09.8513ROK683096.4994.71.40.3660.65.55523.2.Processing the Raw DataDifferent units are transformed into dimensionless values by dividing the average value of a certain metric with value in the same metric of one particular country.yij 11 yij yj 111, i 1, 212ij3.3.Identifying the Principal ComponentsWe adopt the principal Component analysis based on a Correlation coefficient matrix. We then use SPSS to solve the coefficient relative matrix and calculate the eigenvalue in the matrix, as is shown in Table 6。