新视野大学英语读写教程（第三版）第二册课文语法讲解-Unit5

新视野⼤学英语读写教程（第三版）第⼆册课⽂语法讲
解-Unit5
新视野三版读写 B2 U5 Text A
Spend or save — The student's dilemma
1 Do you feel as confused and manipulated as I do with this question, "Should
I spend or should I save?" I think that the messages we get from our environment seem to defy common sense and contradict each other. The
government tel s us to spend or we'l never get out of the recession. At the
same time, they tel us that unless we save more, our country is
in grave danger.Banks offer higher interest rates so we increase savings. Then the same banks send us credit card offers so we can spend
more.
2 Here's another familiar example: If we don't pay our credit card bil on time,
we get demanding, nasty emails from the credit card company saying
something like: "Your failure to pay is unacceptable. Pay immediately or you'l
be in trouble!" Then, as soon as we pay, we get a fol ow-up email in a
charming tone tel ing us how valuable a customer we are and encouraging us
to resume spending. Which depiction is correct: a failing consumer in trouble
or a valued customer? The gap between these two messages is enormous.
3 The paradox is that every day we get two sets of messages at odds with
each other. One is the "permissive" perspective, "Buy, spend, get it now. You
need this!" The other we could cal an "upright" message, which urges us,
"Work hard and save. Suspend your desires. Avoid luxuries. Control your appetite for more than you truly need." This message comes to us from
many sources: from school, from parents, even from political figures referring
to "traditional values". Hard work, family loyalty, and the capacity to postpone
desires are core American values that have made our country great. *4 B ut the opposite message, advertising's permissive message, is inescapable. Though sometimes disguised, the messages are everywhere we
look: on TV, in movies on printed media and road signs, in stores, and on
buses, trains and subways.Advertisements invade our daily lives. We are
constantly surrounded by the message to spend, spend, spend. Someone
recently said, "The only time you can escape advertising is when you're in your
bed asleep!"
5 It's been calculated that by the age of 18, the average American wil have
seen 600,000 ads; by the age of 40, the total is almost one mil ion. Each
advertisement is doing its utmost to influence our diverse buying decisions,
from the breakfast cereal we eat to which cruise line we wil use for our
vacation. There is no shortage of ideas and things to buy! Now, of course, we
don't remember exactly what the products were, but the essential message
is cemented into our consciousness, "It's good to satisfy your desires. You
should have what you want. You deserve the best. So, you should buy it -
now!" A famous advertisement said it perfectly, "I love me. I'm a good friend to
myself. I do what makes me feel good. I derive pleasure from nice things and
feel nourished by them. I used to put things off. Not anymore. Today I'l buy
new ski equipment, look at new compact cars, and buy that camera I've
always wanted. I live my dreams today, not tomorrow."
6 What happens as we take in these contradictory
but explicit messages? What are the psychological and social consequences
of this campaign to control our spending habits? On one hand, we want more
things because we want to satisfy our material appetite. Most of us derive
pleasure from treating ourselves. On the other hand, a little voice inside
us echoes those upright messages: "Watch out, take stock of your life, don't let
your attention get scattered. Postpone your desires. Don't fal into debt.
Wait! Retain control over your own life. It wil make you stronger."
7 Anyway, many of the skil s you need as a successful student can be applied
to your finances. Consider your financial wel -beings a key ingredient of your
university education as money worries are extremely stressful and distracting. They can make you feel terrible and hinder your ability to focus on
your prime objective: successful y completing your education.
*8 How can you be a smart and educated consumer? Many schools,
community organizations, and even some banks offer financial literacy
classes. Consider consulting with your school's financial aid office or
seek input from your parents or other respected adults in setting up a budget. An additional option is finding a partner to help you stay on track and
find pleasure in the administration of your own financial affairs. Most
importantly, if you find yourself getting into financial trouble, don't let
your ego get in your way; urgently get help with tackling your problem before it
spins out of control and lands you in legal troubles.
9 Al this wil help you become an educated consumer and saver. As you learn
to balance spending and saving, you wil become the captain of your own ship,
steering your life in a successful and productive direction through the choppy waters.
Language Points：
1 Do you feel as confused and manipulated as I do with this question, ―Should I
spend or should I save?‖ (Para. 1)
Meaning: When asking yourself whether you should spend or save, do you feel puzzled and control ed as I do?
Meaning beyond words:According to the conventional concept, we are the master or
the boss of the money we have earned
. It is up to us to decide how to use our money. However, the sentence gives us the hint that we are actual y no longer in control of our money.
2 I think that the messages we get from our environment seem to defy common
sense and contradict each other. (Para. 1)
Meaning: In my opinion, the messages we get in our daily life about the question “Should I spend or should I save?” are against common sense and they often don’t agree with each other.
Usage note: defy, deny
defy 和deny 都是及物动词，词形相近，但实际上两者词义有别，⽤法也不同。

1 defy 主要表⽰“违抗；反抗；蔑视”，后接名词；⽽deny 主要表⽰“否认；拒绝承认”，后接名词或 that 引导的从句。

*Nearly 11 thousand people have been arrested for defying the ban on street trading. 近⼀万⼀千⼈因违抗在街上交易的禁令⽽被捕。

The government has denied that the authorities have uncovered a plot to assassinate the *president. 政府已否认当局发现了⼀个暗杀总统的阴谋。

2 defy 后接动词不定式表⽰“挑战；刺激某⼈做某事”时，不能⽤动名词形式；deny 表⽰“否认；拒绝承认”时，后⾯不能接动词不定式，只能接动名词形式。

*I defy you to come up with one major accomplishment of the current prime minister. 我倒要看看你能否讲出⼀项现任⾸相作出的重⼤成就。

He denied doing anything il egal. 他否认做过任何违法的事。

3 The government tells us to spend or we’ll never get out of the recession. (Para. 1) Meaning beyond words:To help the country recover from the economic recession, the government is encouraging people to spend, which will help stimulate production, job markets and bank liquidity.
4 At the same time, they tell us that unless we save more, our country is in grave danger. (Para.1)
Meaning:Meanwhile, they warn us that if we don't save more money the economic recession wil grow and severely harm our country.
Usage note: unless
1 unless 作连词，表⽰“除⾮… ；如果不…”，引导条件状语从句，意为“如果某个条件不出
现，某件事就不会进⾏”。

使⽤unless 时必须留意从句中动词的时态。

虽然 unless 所说的
条件都是未出现或未发⽣的，但必须⽤⼀般现在时或过去时，不能⽤表⽰将来的时态。

例如：
*I will not go to Beijing unless the company pays for the trip.
如果公司不⽀付旅费，我不会
去北京。

（不能⽤ wil pay）
She wouldn’t do that unless I allowed her. 如果我不允许，她不会去做那件事。

（不能⽤
would allow）
*She wil keep on singing unless she is told to stop.
她会⼀直唱下去，除⾮有⼈叫她停⽌。

（不能⽤ wil be told）
She would not come to work as before unless her mother’s health condition turned for the
*better.
她不会像以前那样来上班了，除⾮她母亲的病情好转。

（不能⽤ would turn）
2 unless 和if … not 都可以引导条件状语从句，但适⽤情况不同，很容易混淆，要注意区别。

指将来可能发⽣或可能真实的情况⽤
unless；如果知道事情没有发⽣或不真实则⽤if … not。

可以说If you weren’t always in such a hurry, your work would be much better。

不说 Your
work would be much better unless you were always in such a hurry。

见更多例句：
Unless they get protection, they will not testify. (= If they do not get protection, they will not
*testify.) 如果得不到保证，他们不会作证的。

*I would go out if it wasn’t raining. (= But it is raining, so I am not going out.) 要是不下⾬，
我就出去了。

5 Banks offer higher interest rates so we increase savings. Then the same banks
send us credit card offers so we can spend more. (Para. 1) Meaning beyond words:Here is the “spend or save” paradox. On one hand, the
government tells us to spend, and, on the other hand, they want us to save more. While
the banks offer high interest rates to attract us to deposit money, they send us credit cards
to encourage us to spend.
6 Here's another familiar example: If we don't pay our credit card bill on time, we
get demanding, nasty emails from the credit card company saying something like:
―Your failure to pay is unacceptable. Pay immediately or you'll be in trouble!‖ (Para.
2)
Meaning: If we fail to pay our credit card bil on time, the credit card company will send us
harsh and unfriendly email messages to warn us that either we pay at once or we'l get
penalties.
Sentence structure note:祈使句+ or/and +陈述句
1 “祈使句+ or +陈述句”结构表⽰“…否则…”，其中，or 还可以换成 and，表达的意思发⽣相应的变化，表⽰“如果…，就…”。

对连词or 或者and 的选择，主要根据相应连词前后句表达的意义，如果前后句有转折关系，就⽤
or，⼀般表达⼀种负⾯的结果；如果前后句表⽰
意义顺承，⽆转折关系，就⽤ and。

例如：
*Listen to the teacher careful y in class, or you can’t catch what he is saying. 上课时要仔细听⽼师讲课，否则你就⽆法了解他在说什么。

*Walk down our street, and you’l see kids playing.
你要是⾛上街头，就会看到孩⼦们在玩
耍。

2 在“祈使句+ or/and +陈述句”结构中；陈述句通常⽤将来时态, 即“wil +动词原形”，也可⽤情态动词can，may 等。

但通常不能⽤⼀般现在时或现在进⾏时。

例如：
*Work hard, and you can make rapid progress in your study.
努⼒吧，你会在学业上突飞猛
进的。

*Fol ow the advice of the doctor, or you won’t be well very soon.
遵从医⽣的叮嘱，否则你的⾝体就不会很快好起来。

3 “祈使句+ or/and +陈述句”结构可与if 引导的条件状语从句互换。

例如:
*Get up quickly, or you will be late. (= If you don’t get up quickly, you will be late.) 快点起床，不然你会迟到的。

Work hard, and you will pass the exam. (= If you work hard, you wil pass the exam.) 如果你努⼒学习，你就会通过考试。

4“祈使句+ or/and +陈述句”结构中，祈使句有时可以省略动词。

例如：
Make more effort, or you won’t be successful. (= More effort, or you won’t be successful.)如果不多些努⼒，你就不会成功。

Give me one more hour, and I’l get the work finished. (= One more hour, and I’l get the
*work finished.) 再给我⼀个⼩时，我就能把⼯作做完。

7 Then, as soon as we pay, we get a follow-up email in a charming tone telling us
how valuable a customer we are and encouraging us to resume spending. (Para. 2) Meaning: To lure us into more spending, once our credit card bil is paid, a fol ow-up email in an entirely different tone wil be sent to us, claiming that we are valuable customers.
Note:The word resume can be used either as a transitive or intransitive verb. As a transitive verb, it may be fol owed by a noun or a v.-ing form.
8 Which depiction is correct: a failing consumer in trouble or a valued customer?
The gap between these two messages is enormous. (Para. 2) Meaning beyond words:As there is such a huge difference between the two email
messages, we feel confused about who we are: a failing consumer in trouble or a valued
customer?
9 The paradox is that every day we get two sets of messages at odds with each
other. (Para. 3)
Meaning:The contradiction is that every day we get two sets of messages disagreeing
with each other.
10 One is the ―permissive‖ perspective, ―Buy, spend, get it now. You need this!‖
(Para. 3)
Meaning:One reflects a viewpoint of tolerance, “Buy, spend, get it now. You need this!”
Note: The word permissive is an adjective, a derivative from permit. Being “permissive”
implies a very easy and too relaxed position on something and usual y lacks good
judgment. For example:
They were permissive parents and their children grew up to be spoiled and il -behaving
*adults.
他们是太过放任的⽗母，他们的孩⼦长⼤后会变成被宠坏
、⾏为举⽌⽋妥的成年⼈。

Usage note: permissive, tolerant
The synonym of permissive is tolerant, but tolerant is positive in meaning. Permissive carries a negative connotation. Tolerant implies good judgment with
a right balance of perspective or actions. For example:
The employee’s tol erant position on the differences in working style meant that the team
*performed well.
员⼯对⼯作作风的差异持宽容的⽴场意味着这个团队表现出⾊。

11 The other we could call an ―upright‖ message, which urges us, ―Work hard and
save. Suspend your desires. Avoid luxuries. Control your appetite for more than
you truly need.‖ (Para. 3)
Meaning:We could cal the other one an “honest” message, which advises us to work
hard and save money, stop having too many desires, avoid spending too much, and limit
our purchases to what we real y need.
Usage note: urge, persuade
1 从词义上说，urge 的基本意思是“⼒劝；敦促”，引申可表⽰“强烈要求”等，⽐较
正式；
persuade
主要表⽰“说服；劝说”，指通过劝说、感情交流等使对⽅做劝说者所希望的事。

urge 语⽓强，但不⼀定“⼒劝；敦促”成功；persuade 语⽓不如urge 强，但强调不仅“劝”，
⽽且使之“服”。

例如：
*We will urge them to adhere to the Paris Agreement.
我们将敦促他们遵守《巴黎协议》。

*My husband persuaded me to come. 我丈夫劝我来的。

*2 从⽤法上说，urge 和persuade 都可⽤作及物动词。

urge 可⽤于 urge sb. to do sth. 结构，。