Unit9 Social Movements of the____ 1960s

Unit9 Social Movements of the 1960sI. Background---Greensboro Sit-in (格林斯博罗静坐)On February 1, 1960, 4 freshmen from a black college in Greensboro, North Carolina (北卡罗莱纳州), sat down at a department lunch counter and ordered coffee. When refused, they continued to sit at the counter, openly defying the segregation law prevailing in the state. The next day, more students joined them. Thus began the civil rights movement (黑人民权运动), which spread from the south to the north. Later, this quiet “sit-in” became the major nonviolent direct action tactics to be used by black civil rights activists.*The civil rights movement, and the youth anti-war, and the women’s liberation movements had long roots in United States history.（黑人民权运动、青年反战运动以及后来的妇女解放运动都深深地植根于美国历史之中）II. Definition---One professor argues that “a social movement is a type of behavior in which a large number of participants consciously attempt to change existing institutions and establish a new order of life.”---Two basic characteristics of all social movements: “structure”(有组织) and “spontaneity”（自发性）---Other necessary parts of a social movement are:1. a social base of people 人这一社会基础2. a “message” or ideology 思想体系3. the ability to spread the message and get more supporter 传播思想和得到更多支持者的能力III. The Civil Rights Movement---One of the most important of all social movement in the 1960s U.S. history. Rosa Park’s (罗莎·帕克斯) spontaneous action (自发行为) in 1955 was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement. The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off (触发，激起) thenationwide civil rights movement. During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like SNCC(the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee学生非暴力统一行动委员会), CORE (the Congress of Racial Equality争取种族平等大会), and SCLC(the Southern Christian Leadership Conference南部基督教领导联合会) struggled for racial integration by providing leadership, tactics, network and the people. In the latter half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self image of the blacks. The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X, who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in the U.S.---Montgomery Bus Boycott蒙哥马利抵制公交车隔离政策运动In December 1955, Rosa Parks, a NAACP （National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (美国)全国有色人种协进会）member in Montgomery Alabama, refused to give up her seat to a white man on a public bus. Alabama law required that blacks sit at the back of the bus, and when asked, surrender their seats to whites. Mrs. Parks was arrested. Local black leaders decided to boycott the city’s bus system. Black people in the city spontaneously began to boycott the bus system refusing to ride on public buses. In the year long Montgomery bus boycott, blacks young and old, walked to work. With the bus company near bankruptcy, and the aid of a 1956 Supreme Court decision, Montgomery blacks triumphed. IN fact, the boycott was believed to be the true.---Direct Action Tactics直接行动策略When the civil rights movement began, non-violent direct action tactics like“sit-ins” and “freedom rides”(自由乘车运动), voter registration (投票者登记). Later, anti-war activists added “teach-ins” on college campuses, （(大学师生举行的）时事宣讲会，讨论会，辩论会)to educate people about the war in Vietnam as well as protest marches and rallies and etc.---Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr., an Atlanta-born Baptist minister (浸礼会牧师), was the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s. To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”, including the March on Washington of August, 1963, when Kingdeliv ered his famous “I have a Dream” speech. As a civil rights leader, King worked not only to end racial discrimination（种族歧视）and poverty, but also to raise the self image of the blacks. Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. He was assassinated in the city of Memphis(孟斐斯) in April 1968.---Contrary to King’s nonviolent tactics, Malcom X (马尔科姆·艾克斯) spoke in favour of black separatism (分离主义) and against nonviolence in fighting racial discrimination.---Some of SNCC(学生非暴力统一行动委员会) members thought they needed a strong leader rather than collective leadership. In 1965, they elected a new chairman, Stokeley Carmichael (斯托克利·卡迈克尔) who spoke about Black Power.*The most notorious terrorist group against black civil rights workers in the South was known as Ku Klux Klan三K党*Those who worked in the civil rights movement included Negro leaders, black and white young people, and some professionals and some housewives.IV. The Youth Movement*Many young people were involved in the social movements of the 1960 because they resented traditional white male values in U.S. society.---Free Speech MovementMario Savio(马里奥·萨维奥), a student who had just returned from working with SNCC in the Mississippi Freedom Summer, took off his shoes and stood on top of the police car. He demanded that the CORE worker be freed and the rules against free speech be changed. The students sat around the car for 32 hours inspontaneous, nonviolent, direct action. Other students “sat-in” at the administration buildings and organized “Free University” classes. The California governor called hundreds of police to the campus. 800 students were arrested. Graduate students organized a strike and closed the university. The teachers and professors voted to change the rule that violate the 1st and 14th Amendments. The young people’s“Free Speech Movement” began with success.---“counter culture”(反主流文化)In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared aphe nomenon that historians called the “counter culture”. The Counter Culturerejected capitalism and other American principles. They had morals different from taught by their parents. Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life. Among the most famous were the hippies(嬉皮士). They sought newexperience through dropping out, drugs. But it was music, rock music in particular, that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on traditionalAmerican society. The counter culture exerte d a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social mores, marriage, career, and success.---The Anti-War Movement (against the war in Vietnam)V. Women’s Liberation MovementThe women’s movement in the 1960s was started by three groups of women an d an accident.---1. a group of professional women who were appointed to a Commission on the Status of Women(妇女地位委员会) by President Kennedy in 1961.---2. white housewives and mothers who read Betty Friedan’s(贝蒂·弗里丹) book, The Feminine Mystique《女性之迷》, published in 1963.---3. young activists (激进主义分子, 行动主义分子)in the civil rights and anti-war movements.NOW((美国)全国妇女组织)---With the publication of The Feminine Mystique in 1963, Betty Friedan became the chief spokesperson of the Women’s Liberation Movement. In he r book, she compared the American family, or the American society as a whole, to a “comfortable concentration camp”, where women were discriminated against and oppressed. In 1966, she helped to found the National Organization for Women (NOW). A reform orga nization, NOW battled for “equal rights in partnership with men.”。