汉语成语的英译技巧

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汉语成语的英译技巧
10级翻译一班1040501015 肖海丽
摘要:成语是人们长期沿袭使用的、结构基本固定的短语或短句。

这些成语蕴涵着丰富的文化信息,并折射出东方民族独特的思维方式,同时汉语成语中有大量的历史典故和民间传说,因此汉语成语的翻译对传播中国文化、促进两国的交流起着至关重要的作用。

本文旨在通过用直译、音译、音译结合、套译、加注法和增译法来探讨汉语成语的翻译技巧。

关键字:汉语成语、翻译、技巧
引言
汉语成语有三大语言特色:形象鲜明,如“见风使舵”、“遍体鳞伤”、“笨鸟先飞”;常用典故,如“沉鱼落雁”、“邯郸学步”“成也萧何败也萧何”;音韵和谐,如“熙熙攘攘”、“双宿双飞”,翻译时应尽量保留这些特色。

但是由于汉英两种语言和文化的巨大差异,汉语成语这些特色很难全部在译文中得以再现,此时译者必须采取适当的翻译策略以确保主要信息的传递。

1、直译法
汉语成语常用具体的描述来比喻抽象的概念,此时在不违背译文语言规范、不引起错误联想的前提下,译者可以采用直译法,如:
(1)【倾国倾城】宝玉道:“我就是个‘多愁多病的身’,你就是那‘倾国倾城的貌’。


“I’m the one ‘sick with l onging‟ ” Baoyv joked. “And yours is the beauty which caused …cities and kingdoms to fall.‟ ”
(2)打草惊蛇to stir up the grass and alert the snake (相当于wake a sleeping dog) (3)竭泽而渔to drain a pond to catch all the fish (相当于kill the goose that lays the golden eggs)
(4)掌上明珠a pearl in the palm(相当于the apple of one`s eye)
(5)半信半疑half believe and half doubt
(6)悲喜交集mixed feelings of grief and joy
2、意译
汉语成语具有的民族文化特色在很多情况下载译语中难以用直译法再现。

为了确保译文读者准确理解成语的意译,常常采用意译法,如:
(1)开门见山to come straight to the point
(直译: to open the door and see the mountain)
(2)这又是杞人忧天,多余的。

It is unnecessary anxiety.
(3) 明修栈道,暗渡陈仓”
译成“do one thing under cover of another”
(4) 拿手好戏
译成masterpiece
3、直译意译结合
许多汉语成语往往包含两层意思:本意和引申意。

这样的习语直译不能达意,意译又使文化信息丧失,此时可以采取直译和意译相结合的方法,如:(1)“龙飞凤舞”,
a: like dragon flying and phoenixes dancing
b: like dragon flying and phoenixes dancing lively and vigorous flourishes in calligraphy
a句会让人很难理解;b句则传达出该成语的喻义
(2)捉襟见肘pull down ones' jacket to conceal raggedness, only to expose one's elbows in a predicament
梁上君子a gentleman on the beam一a thief
(3) 不到黄河心不死
A: not stop until one reaches the Y ellow River”
B: not stop until one reaches one`s goal
C: not stop until one reaches the Y ellow River一not stop until one reaches one`s goal
A句原成语之核心涵义(the Y ellow River指代one`s goal)未曾点出;
B句用意译又不能展现原成语之风貌(“黄河”之比喻用法即原成语风貌所在)。

C句既点出了核心涵义又展现原成语之风貌
4、套译
当译语中某个成语与汉语成语喻义相近时,可以用套译法来进行翻译。

4.1 两个成语的字面意义和蕴涵意义基本一致是
浑水摸鱼to fish in troubled water
洗心革面turn over a new leaf
(2)你该趁热打铁,把刚学过的几首诗背过。

Y ou should strike while the iron is hot, just try to memorize the poems that have been newly taught to you.
4.2 两个成语的比喻形象有所差异,但比喻意义基本一致
小题大做make a mountain out of a molehill
家喻户晓every barker knows that
徒劳无益hold a candle to the sun
晴天霹雳a bolt from the blue
(2)滴水穿石constant dropping wears the stone
(3)沧海一粟a drop in the ocean
(4)挥金如土to spend money like water
4.3 汉语成语原本是翻译的产物,可直接以英语成语回译
杂乱无章out of order
以牙还牙(tooth for tooth)、
猫有九命(A cat has nine lives)
血浓于水(Blood is thicker than water)、
吠犬不咬人(Barking dogs do not bite)。

5、加注
加注法是在译文中添加读者理解成语所需的文化信息和背景知识,既能保留成语的比喻形象和文化蕴涵,又能确保译文容易为译语读者所理解接受。

(1)穷棒子闹翻身,是八仙过海,各显其能,,
The way we poor folks try to emancipate ourselves is just like the way the Eight Fairies (The eight immortals of Taoism in Chinese folklore) crossed the sea each displaying his own talent...
文中的“八仙过海”采用直译加注法译出,简洁明确地交代了成语的历史文化背景,有助于西方读者透彻地领会这一典故,并进一步了解中国文化。

(2)叶公好龙
Lord Ye’s love of dragons,(Y e was so fond of dragons that he adorned his whole palace with drawings and carvings of them,but when a real dragon heard of his infatuation and paid him a visit,he was frightened out of his wits.),外国读者才能理解它的内涵。

(3)三个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhugeliang the master mind---The wisdom of the masses exceeds that of the wisest individual.
6、增译法
在译文中直接增补理解成语所需的相关信息,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。

(1)你这是在班门弄斧。

Y ou're showing off your proficiency with an axe before Lu Ban,the master carpenter.为了便于读者理解,译者在译文中先增译了showing off your proficiency,点明了“班门弄斧”的喻义,又增译了理解成语所需的背景知识,即鲁班是一名master carpenter
7、结语
我们可以清楚地看到,本文主要从直译、音译、音译结合、套译、加注法和增译法六方面探讨了汉语成语英译的技巧。

那么,在翻译汉语成语时,我们要具体问题具体分析,以便能恰当地翻译。

参考文献
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A Study on Translation Techniques of Chinese Idioms into English Abstract :are fixed phrases or short sentences,which have been used since it occurred. These idioms contain rich cultural and reflect the unique thinking of the oriental nation, as well Chinese idioms include a large number of historical allusions and folklore, so the translation of Chinese idioms is vital to spread Chinese culture and promote the communication. This paper is to explore the translation skills of Chinese idiom by literal translation, transliteration and transliteration etc.
Key words: Chinese Idioms、translation Techniques。

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