人教版必修一至必修四语法大全上课讲义

人教版必修一至必修四语法大全
语法：
一、倒装结构
1. 副词here,there, in, out,up ,down, away,back,now, then, ahead 等位于句首,当谓语动词是be,come, go, follow,run等表示位置移动的动词，而且主语又是名词时,需要把谓语动词放主语之前，即全部倒装。

Here comes the bus.
注意:A 此类倒装不用进行时态度。

B若主语是代词时，不用倒装。

---Where is your dog? ---There it is.
2. 含有否定意义的词放句首，部分倒装。

A具有否定意义的副词放句首： not,never,seldom,hardly,
rarely.little,scarely,few… Never has she seen a movie like that.
B,含有否定意义的连词放句首:not only…but also..,
neither..nor.., no sooner…than..,
scarely..than..,Hardly..when.., not until...
*not only, no sooner,hardly.scarely要倒,but (also), than, when 后面的句子不倒. neither..nor..两部分都倒装。

No sooner had she fallen asleep than she heard a knock at the door.
Hardly had it grown dark when she realized it is too late to go home.
Not only is the teacher himself interested in football
but all his students are beginning to show an interest in it.
Not until the game had begun did he arrive at the sports ground.
C, 含有否定意义的介词放句首：by no means, In no time,in no case, on no account,under no circumstances...
By no means could he succeed.
3 only＋状语，部分到装 Only when she came home did he learn
the news.
4 表示上文的状况也适合另外一人或事：
肯定:so+助动词(动/情态)+主语 I have finished reading the text, so has my sister.
否定:neither(nor)+助动(动/情态)+主语 I could not persuade him
to accept it, nor could I make him see its importance.
5 as 作“尽管／虽然”，引导让步状语从句 Much as he likes
her,he does get annoyed with her sometimes.
6 so ..that.., such ..that..的句子结构中，若so,such 和与其所修
饰的词置于句首，实行部分倒。

So confused did he become that he didn’t know how to
start his lecture.
7 省略if的虚拟条件倒装句
Were they to arrive/ should they arrive before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. They would certainly have come and helped us had they had time. Had it not been for my illness, I would have lent him a
helping hand.
8为使描绘显得生动，有些与介词同形的副词可以移到句首，谓语放到
主语前面。

In came a girl. Down flew the eagle. 代词作主语时，主谓语序不变。

Out he rushed.
九、There be 句型。

There are many students in the classroom.
巩固练习
1. Only when you have got enough data____ come to a sound conclusion.
A can you
B you can
C would you
D you would
2.____ food and drinks, but they also brought cards when
they had a picnic outside.
A Not only brought they
B Not only they brought
C Not only did they bring
D Not only they did bring
3.____ got into the room____ she found a man lying on the ground.
A She hardly had; then
B Hardly had she; when
C She had not; than
D Not had she; when
4.So hard____ it to live in an English-speaking country that he determined to study English well.
A he has felt
B has he felt
C he did feel
D did he feel
5.There is no need quarreling with him, neither____ no need talking with him.
A there is
B is there
C there are
D are there
6.Only when I was fifty years old____ how important the English is!
A had I realized
B I realized
C did I realize
D I had realized
7.____, I have never seen such beautiful scenery.
A As long as I have traveled
B Much as I have traveled
C Now that I have traveled so much
D As I have traveled so much
8.____, you would have got the first place.
A You had run faster than before
B Had you run
faster than before
C If you should run faster than before
D If you ran faster than before
9. Only in recent years____ begun to realize that they should protect wild animals.
A people have
B since people have
C have people
D people who have
10.“____received high pay as today”. Said a boss of the company.
A Never have so many women
B Never so women have
C The women aren’t ever
D Women who have never
11.Not only____ difficult to study, but it was too dull to learn.
A was it
B it is
C it was
D is it
12.____ a little more time to think, he might have succeeded.
A If he took
B If he has taken
C Had he taken
D should he take
13.____ no air or water, there would be no life in the world.
A There are
B There was
C Is there
D Were there
14. By no means____ their own language well.
A it is true that all people know
B is it true that do all people know
C it is true that do all people know
D is it true that all people know
15.____ so busy, I should go with you to see our teacher in middle school.
A Were I not
B Was I not
C If I am not
D I were not
16.Only after liberation____ to be treated as human beings.
A did the slaves begin
B the slaves had begun
C the slaves did begin
D had the slaves begun
17.――― You ought to have given them some help.
――― ____, but it didn’t work.
A So ought you
B So I ought
C So did you
D So I did
18.____ that even people in the next door could hear him.
A So loudly did Tom speak
B Such loudly did Tom speak
C So loudly he speak
D Such loudly he speak
19. My parents have been married for 50 years and never ____with each other.
A they had quarreled
B they have quarreled
C have they quarreled
D had they quarreled
20.――― You forgot your bag when you went out to the airport. ――― My God, ___.
A so did I
B so I did
C I did so
D I so did
21.Not only____ interested in computer but____ beginning to show an interest in it.
A is the teacher herself; all her students are
B the teacher herself is; are all her students
C is the teacher herself; are all her students
D the teacher herself is; all her students are
22. On the wall ____two large photos of your parents who were dead five years ago.
A hang
B hangs
C hanged
D hanging
23. Only when____ how important the English is.
A did I work I realized
B I worked did I realize
C did I work did I realize
D I worked I realized
24. Only when her teacher scolded her ____ she was wrong to do it.
A she realized
B does she realize
C did she realize
D had she realized
25. No sooner____ home than I found a man lying on the ground.
A had I got
B I had got
C did I get
D I did get
26.____, you won’t be able to succeed except that your teacher helps you.
A Try as you will
B As you will try
C You as will try
D Will you try as
27.―Excuse me, I have left my book at home, could I use yours? ―____.Use mine.
A Here it is
B Here are you
C Here is it
D Here you are
28. ____ that all the teachers and students went out to play volleyball.
A The weather so fine was
B So fine was the weather
C So the weather was fine
D So was the fine weather
29. The man isn’t like a worker, nor____ a teacher.
A he is like
B he looks like
C is he like
D does he like
30. Seldom____ TV during the summer holiday, because the examination is coming.
A they watch
B are they watching
C had they watched
D do they watch
31. Under her arm____ a pair of shoes that she had bought
a few days before.
A was
B had
C is
D there is
32. Many a time____ to see me while I was in hospital
during the Spring Festival.
A did he come
B he did come
C he came
D came he
33. In hardly any situation____ her happy.
A you can find
B that you can find
C can you find
D you found
二、被动语态
1、一般将来时被动语态
1）动作发生在将来；强调动作的承受者，或不能或无须提及动作的执行者。

The people of Beijing will plant more trees and build new roads. ---
More trees will be planted and new roads will be bui lt.
They will pay more to the athletes. ---
More will be paid to the athletes.
They will encourage children to take more exercise. --- Children will be encouraged to take more exercises. 2）否定句：not置于shall /will之
后。

He will not be sent there tomorrow.
疑问句：疑问词+will+主语+be +过去分词+其他？When will the SARS patient be operated on?
By whom will the task be finished next week?
3）表示将来意义的被动结构还有：1. be going to be done; 2. be to be done; 3. will （shall）＋get＋done等。

Some old buildings are going to be pulled down.
The 29th Olympic Games is to be held in Beijing in 2008.
The workers will get paid before the end of December.
注意这些结构的否定式、疑问式等。

例如：
These trees are not going to be cut down. --
Are these trees going to be cut down? --
Yes, they are.
The machines are not to be repaired tonight. --Are they to be repaired tomorrow? --
Yes, they are.
4）注意事项
①在时间、条件状语从句中，应使用现在时表示将来时。

同样，应使用现在时的被动语态表示将来时的被动语态。

例
如：He says he will leave the company if he is p unished for this.
When the dam is completed, the Changjiang River will be controlled.
②使用一般将来时被动语态时，学生易遗漏被动式中的be。

例如：【误】
A new film will shown at the cinema next week．【正】A new film will be shown at the cinema next week．2、现在完成时被动语态
1）现在完成时态和被动语态结构的叠合，即“ have + been + done”。

2）肯定：Her bike has been stolen.
否定：The task has not been finished yet.
一般疑问句：Has a new computer been bought?
特殊疑问句：How many buildings have been built in this school?
3、现在进行时的被动语态：现在进行时的被动语态表示此时此刻某事正在被做。

1）构成：be + being+过去分词
2）肯定：The car is being repaired.
否定：Some animals are not being protected well.
一般疑问句：Is this bridge being repaired now?
特殊疑问句：What is being done to the machine?
4、巩固练习
1. Hundreds of jobs ________if the factory closes.
A. lose.
B. will be lost.
C. are lost.
D. will lose
2. Would you like to_______the 2008 Olympic Games______in Beijing?
A. join; hold.
B. join in; will be held.
C. take part in; which will hold.
D. take part in; which will be held.
3. My uncle____until he was forty-five.
A. married.
B. didn’t marry.
C.was not marrying.
D. would marry.
4. ----. How long_____you ____? ------For five years. We
_______ in 2001
A. have; been married; got married.
B. did; marry;
got married;
C. have got married; married.
D. were; married; married.
5. Sandy could do nothing but ________to his teacher that he was wrong.
A. admit.
B. admitted
C. admitting.
D. to admit
6.
7. I was ______by the _____news of George’s sudden death.
A. amazed; amazing.
B. amazing; amazed.
C. upset; surprised.
D. surprised; upset.
8. I’m sure he______in the new kindergarten.
A. will be taken good care.
B. will be taken good care of
C. will take care
D. will take care of.
9. The headmaster, as well as some teachers and
students_________to visit the sick students in hospital this afternoon.
A. is going. B are going. C. had gone. D. have gone
10. I have to go to work by taxi because my car _____ at the garage.
A. will be repaired
B. is repaired
C. is being
repaired D. has been repaired
11._____ a new library _____ in our school last year?
A. Is; built
B. Was; built
C. Does; build
D.
Did ; build
12. An accident ____ on this road last week.
A. has been happened
B. was happened
C. is happened
D. happened
13. So far, the moon ____ by man already.
A. is visited
B. will be visited
C. has been
visited D. was visited
14. Older people ____ well.
A. looks after
B. must be looked after
C. must
look after D. looked after
15.A talk on Chinese history _____ in the school hall next week.
A. is given
B. has been given
C. will be
given D. gives
16. A lot of things ____ by people to save the little girl now.
A. are doing
B. are being done
C. has been
done D. will be done
17.--When ___ this kind of computers______? --Last year.
A. did; use
B. was; used
C. is; used
D. are; used
18.The Great Wall ____ all over the world.
A. knows
B. knew
C. is known
D. was known
19. With the development of science, more new technology _____ to the fields of IT.
A. has introduced
B. is being introduced
C. is introduced
D. was introduced
20. More money _____ for the Hope Project.
A. is being collected
B. is collecting
C. has collected
D. be collected
21. Cellphones _____ by more and more teens.
A. are using
B. is used
C. are being used
D. being used
22. A new library _____ in our school.
A. is building
B. is built
C. have built
D.
is being built
23. Many new functions _____ to cellphones nowadays.
A. have added
B. are adding
C. were added
D. are being added
24. Some courses _____ in English in many universities..
A. are being taught
B. are teaching has
taught D. have been taught
25. --Can we move into our new house now? --No, because it _____.
A. is painted
B. is being painted
C. has been painted
D. is painting
三、情态动词
1. 用法是：情态动词+行为动词原形
2. 情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列:
can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would),have (to) ,had better.
3. 具体用法
1）can和could的用法
①表示能力或客观可能性，可用be able to代替。

I can paint pictures.
②还可以表示请求和允许。

Can/Could you open the door?
③cannot…too\enough表示“无论怎样……也不过分”，“越……越好”。

You cannot be too careful to cross the road.
2) may和might的用法
①表示许可。

May I play outside? 回答时(口语中常用) no , you can’t . yes, please 用mustn’t表示强烈禁止。

②表示推测、可能 He may be wrong.
③用于祈使句中表示祝愿。

May you be happy.
3) must和have to的用法
①表示必须、必要。

（must表示主观多一些而have to则表示客观
多一些）
回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustn’t，
而要用needn’t或don’t have to。

②“must be + 表语”的结构表示推测，它的否定或疑问式用can
代替must。

4) dare和need的用法
need表示“需要”或“必须”，作情态动词时，往往用于否定句或
疑问句中。

Dare作情态动词时，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，一般
不用在肯定句中。

Dare和need常用作实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化，所不同
的是，作实义动词时，在肯定句中，dare后面通常接带to的不定式，
在否定和疑问句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。

5）shall和should的用法
shall用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意愿。

should表示劝告、建议，其同义词是ought to。

出现在虚拟语气中。

表示建议、要求、命令等动词（order, request, command, insist, suggest）后的从句用should。

if 条件句引导的虚拟语气中，should, would, could的选择看情况
而定。

6）will和would的用法
表示请求、建议等，would比will委婉客气。

would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。

would表过去习惯时比used to正式，并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。

7）ought to的用法
表示推测。

注意与must表示推测时的区别：
He must be at home by now. （断定他已到家）
He ought to be home by now. （不十分肯定）
This is where the oil must be. （比较直率）
This is where the oil ought to be. （比较含蓄）
8）used to，had better，would rather的用法
1. used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，在间接引语中，其形式可不变。

如：
He told us he used to play football when he was young.
疑问句
Did you use to go to the same school as your brother?
Used you to go to the same school as your brother?
否定句
I usedn't to go there. （usedn't 亦可拼作usen't，但发音皆为['ju:snt]。

）I didn't use to go there.
否定疑问句
Usen't you to be interested in the theatre? Didn't you use to be interested in the theatre?
Had better意为“最好”，后接v.原型。

注：①had best与had better同意，但较少用。

②You had better…用于同辈或小辈，对长辈不可用。

Would rather意为“宁愿”，表选择，后接v.原型。

由于would rather表选择，因而后可接than。

4、巩固练习
1. “I thought you wouldn’t mind.” “Well, as a matter of fact I don’t, but you _____ me first.”
A. should ask
B. should have asked
C. must ask
D. must have asked
2. “I called you yesterday. A woman answered, but I didn’t recognize her voice.” “Oh, it _____ my aunt Jean.”
A. must be
B. must have been
C. might be
D. can have been
3. That car nearly hit me; I ______.
A.might be killed
B.might have been killed
C. may be killed
D.may been killed
4. It’s a very kind offer, but I really _____ accept it.
A. mustn’t
B. needn’t
C. can’t
D. don’t
5. The police still haven’t found her, but they’re doing all they _____.
A. may
B. can
C. must
D. will
6. You _____ practise the drums while the baby is sleeping.
A. needn’t
B. mightn’t
C. mustn’t
D. won’t
7. You _____ him the news; he knew it already.
A. needn’t tell
B. needn’t have told
C. mightn’t tell
D. mightn’t have told
8. As she’s not here, I suppose she _____ home.
A. must go
B. must have gone
C. might go
D. might be going
9. Are you still here? You ______ home hours ago.
A. should go
B. should have gone
C. might go
D. may have gone
10. “I called you yesterday. A woman answered, but I didn’t recognize her voice.” “Oh, it _____ my aunt Jean.”
A. must be
B. must have been
C. might be
D. can have been
11. I _______ have met him a long time ago. Both his name and face are very familiar.
A. may
B. can
C. would
D. should
12. “Shall we go shopping?” “Sorry, we _______ buy anything now because none of the sho ps are open.”
A. mustn’t
B. needn’t
C. can’t
D. shouldn’t
13. They often go to the restaurants for meals. They _____ be very poor.
A. mustn’t
B. can’t
C. may not
D. needn’t
14. I didn’t see her in the meeting room this morning. She
______ have spoken at the meeting.
A. mustn’t
B. shouldn’t
C. needn’t
D. couldn’t
15. He ______ the test again, in which case, his mother will be very disappointed.
A. might fail
B. must have failed
C. should fail
D. could have failed
四、虚拟语气
1、if条件句的虚拟语气
2、表示建议，命令，要求，忠告，等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
表示“提议，劝告，建议”的：
propose,suggest,recommend,advise.
表示“要求”的：ask,desire,
request,demand,require,beg
表示“同意，坚持”的：insist
表示“决定，命令”的：decide,order
3、巩固练习
1. You did not let me drive. If we ____in turn, you ____ so tired
A. drove; didn’t get
B. drove; wouldn’t get
C. were driving; wouldn’t get
D. had driven ; wouldn’t have got
2. I suggested the person _____ to be put into prison
A. refers
B. referring
C. referred
D. refer
3. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it____
A. breaks
B. has broken
C. were broken
D. had been broken
4. I insisted _____to see a doctor, but he insisted nothing
___ wrong with him
A. on him to go; should be
B. he went; be
C. he go; was
D. he should to; is
5. ---Would you have called her up had it been possible
---Yes, but I ____busy doing my homework
A. was
B. were
C. had been
D. would be
6. I was ill that day, otherwise I ____ the sports meet
A. would have taken part in
B. took part in
C. had taken part
in D. would take part in
7. ___the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky
easily
A. Had it not been for
B. If it were not
C. If it had not
been for D. Were it not for
8. ____hard, he would have passed the exam
A. If he were to work
B. Had he worked
C. Should he work
D.
Were he to work
9. If only I ___my car
A. hadn’t lost
B. wouldn’t lose
C. didn’t lose D
10. The teacher demanded that the exam _____ before eleven
A. must finish
B. would be finished
C. be finished
D. must be finished
11. _____it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit
to the Yangpu Bridge
A. Were
B. Should
C. Would
D. Will
五、名词性从句
1、宾语从句：
①引导词为that：That只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，可省略
He said (that) he wanted to stay at home. I am sure (that) he will succeed.
②由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。

Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for? He asked whose handwriting was the best.
③由if或whether引导的宾语从句：表示是否。

二者一般情况下可以互换，但在构成whether…or not 句式只用whether。

I want to know if (whether) he lives there. He asked me whether or not I could help him.
注意：①如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。

Please tell us what they bought in the mall yesterday.
②主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。

He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.
③宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理，其时态常用一般现在时。

Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.
2、主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。

主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。

3、同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。

同位语从句通常由that 引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。

同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。

试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here．（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）
Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）
4、表语从句
① 从属连词引导
The question is whether we should ask them for help. The fact remains that you are still behind the others.
② 连接代词引导
Guilin is not what it used to be. What she wants to know is which dress she should buy.
③ 连接副词引导
That is where Lu Xun used to live. That is why he didn’t pass the exam. That was how they were defeated.
注：还可由as if 或as though引导。

It looks as if it were going to rain.
5、巩固练习
1. We should respect food and think about the people who
don’t have____we have here and treat food nicely.
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. whether
2. Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew_____ she was so angry.
A. where
B. whether
C. that
D. why
3. As a new graduate, he doesn’t know____it takes to start a business here.
A. how
B. what
C. When
D. which
4. _____ some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others.
A. Whether
B. What
C. That
D. How
5．—How about camping this weekend, just for a change?
—OK, you want.
A．whichever B．however C．whatever D．whoever
6． It is uncertain_____side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it. A．that B．what C．how
D．whether
7. One reason for her preference for city life is ____ she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants.
A. that
B. how
C. what
D. why
8. Before the sales start, I make a list of ______ my kids
will need for the coming season.
A. why
B. what
C. how
D. which
9. When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know______ .
A. he is entering which lane
B. which lane he is entering
C. is he entering which lane
D. which lane is he entering
10． How much one enjoys himself travelling depends largely
on____ he goes with，whether his friends or relatives．
A．what B．who C．how D．why
11. We haven’t discussed yet ______ we are going to place our new furniture.
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. where
12. I want to be liked and loved for____ I am inside.
A. who
B. where
C. what
D. how
13.—Have you finished the book?
---No,I’ve read up to_________the children discover the
secret cave.
A.which
B.what
C.hat
D.where
14.—I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all
day on Sundays.
—That’s_______I don’t agree .You should have a more
active life.
A.where
B.how
C.when
D.what
15. Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel,
David Copperfield, was __ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.
A. what
B. that
C. why
D. whether
16. _____a certain doubt among the people as to the practical value of the project.
A. It has
B. They have
C. It remains
D. There remains
17. She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do____it takes to save her life.
A. whichever
B. however
C. whatever
D. whoever
18. The fact has worried many scientists ______ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.
A. what
B. which
C. that
D. though
19. Could I speak to _____is in charge of International Sales please?
A. who
B. what
C. whoever
D. whatever
20. One of the most important questions they had to consider was___of public health
A. what
B. this
C. that
D. which
21. The how to book can be of help to____wants to do the job.
A. who
B. whomever
C. no matter who
D. whoever
22. As a new diplomat, he often thinks of____ he can react more appropriately on such occasions.
A. what
B. which
C. that
D. how
23. News came from the school office ________Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University.
A. which
B. what
C. that
D. where
24. It is obvious to the students ______ they should get well prepared for their future.
A. as
B. which
C. whether
D. that
25. －Is there any possibility ______ you could pick me up at
the airport? －No problem.
A. When
B. that
C. whether
D. what
26. We should consider the students’ request ___ the school library provide more books on popular science.
A. that
B. when
C. which
D. where
27. Many young people in the West are expected to leave
__could be life’s most important decision—marriage—almost entirely up to luck.
A. as
B. that
C. which
D. what
28. The little girl who got lost decided to remain
_________she was and wait for her mother.
A. where
B. what
C. how
D. who
29. The companies are working together to create ____they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. who
30. The last time we had great fun was _____ we were visiting
the Water Park.
A. where
B. how
C. when D
31. Students are always interested in finding out＿＿＿they
can go with a new teacher.
A．how far B．how soon C．how often D．how
long
32. When asked ____ they needed most，the kids said they
wanted to feel important and loved.
A.what
B.why
C.whom
D.which
33. Tomorrow is Tom’s birthday. Have you got any idea___the
party is to be held?
A. what
B. which
C. that D
34. People in Chongqing are proud of ____they have achieved in
the past ten years.
A.that
B.which
C.what
D.how
35. Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from ______ their parents speak at home.
A. what
B. that
C. which
D. one
36. _____ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing.
A.It
B.What
C.As
D.Which
37. ______was most important to her，she told me，was her family.
A.It
B.This
C.What
D.As
六、主谓一致
重难点：
1. many a+单数名词作主语，意义虽为“许多”，但谓语要用单数形式。

Many a student has been to Shanghai.
2. more than one+单数名词作主语，谓语用单数。

More than one student has ever been to Beijing.
3. 表示时间，价格，重量，数目，长度，数学运算等的词或短语作主语时，这些通常作一个整体概念，谓语用单数形式。

Two months is a long holiday. Twenty kilograms isn’t so heavy.
Ten miles isn’t a long distance. Five minus four is one.
4. 主语是each/every+单数名词+and(each/every)+单数名词时，谓语动词用单数。

Each boy and each girl has got a seat.
5. one and a half+复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。

例如：One and a half hours is enough.
6. 动词不定式，动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

例如：
To see is to believe Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes.
7. a/an+单数名词+or two 作主语，谓语动词用单数。

例如： A student or two has failed the exam.
8. 当主语部分含有with，together with，along with，as well as，besides，except，but，like等介词或介词短语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

例如：
Mike with his father has been to England.
Mike,like his brother,enjoys playing football
9. a/the+单数名词+and+单数名词，指同一个人或物，谓语动词用单数形式。

例如：
The writer and teacher is coming. 那位作家兼教师来了。

(作
家和教师指同一个人)
The writer and the teacher are coming. 作家和老师来了。

(作家和老师是两个人)
10. people,police等集体名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式，
family,class,group,team等集体名词作主语，若指一个整体时，谓语动词用单数形式，若指具体成员时，谓语动词复数形式。

例如：People here are very friendly.
His family isn’t large. 他家的人不多。

My family all like watching TV. 我们一家人都喜欢看电视。

11.
somebody,someone,something,anybody,anything,everybody,everyone ,everything,nobody,no one,nothing作主语，谓语动词用单数，例如：
Is everyone here today? Something is wrong with him.
12. each,either,neither,another,the other 作主语，谓语动词用单数。

例如：
Each of them has an English dictionary.
Neither answer is correct.
13. 以—s 结尾的名词本身不表示复数意义，谓语通常用单数形式，如news,maths,physics等，
No news is good news. Maths is very popular in our class
14. 由both…and…连接两个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；由or,either…or…，neither…nor…,not only…but
also…,not…but…,连接两个名词或代词作主语时，根据就近原则决定谓语动词形式。

例如：
Both his father and his mother are both teachers.
Tom or Jack is wrong.
Either this one or that one is ok.
15. a number of+复数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数；the number of +复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。

例如：
A number of famous people were invited to party.
The number of the students is over eight houndred.
16. 当kind of,pair of, glass of 等表示确定数量的名词短语修饰主语时，谓语与kind,pair,glass等一致。

例如：
This pair of shoes is Tom’s. There are two glasses of wather on the table.
17. the+形容词表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数形式，表示抽象概念时，用单数形式。

例如：
The poor are very happy,but the rich are sad. The beautiful lives forever.。