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航海英语154题

航海英语154题[1]Which signal of the follwings is not provided with onboard lifeboat?A.Rocket parachute signalsB.Buoyant smoke signalsC.Hand flare signalsD.Self-igniting signals答案：D下列哪种信号在救生艇上不配备？自动点火信号[2]According to IMO regulations,______shall be posed outside lifeboat?A.the retro-reflective tapesB.the reflective tapesC.the flashing bandsD.the anti-flashing bands答案：A根据国际海事组织规则，反光带应该安放在救生艇外面[3]Which one of the following is not required on survival crafts?A.Anti-seasickness medicineB.Immersion suitsC.axesD.lifebuoys答案：D下面哪一个不是救生筏上要求配备的---救生圈[4]Have the safety belts for _______been examined?A.total enclosed lifeboatsB.totally enclosing lifeboatsC.totally enclosed lifeboatsD.total encloseing lifeboats答案：C全封闭式救生艇的安全带已经检查过了吗？[5]The fire-protected lifeboats are found_____________.A.in satisfactorily conditionB.satisfactorilyC.satisfactoryD.satisfactored答案：C防火救生艇被发现是良好的[6]We test the water spray fire protection system of fire-protected lifeboats every 3 months,___the abandon ship drill.bining withbined withbining tobined to答案：B我们每三个月测试防火救生艇的喷水防火系统，连同弃船训练。

2023年自考专业(英语)《旅游英语选读》考试历年真题摘选附带答案版

2023年自考专业(英语)《旅游英语选读》考试历年真题摘选附带答案第1卷一.全考点综合测验(共20题)1.【单选题】Which of the following is not an international visitor?A.A crew member of a foreign vessel or aircraft stopped in the country on a lay-over.B.An employee of international bodies on a mission lasting less than one year,or a national returning home for a temporary.C.One who visits in the capacity of a diplomat or a member of the armed forces.D.A foreign commercial or business traveler.2.【单选题】______ is recognized as the national flag-carrier.A.The private airlineB.The public airlineC.The chartered airlineD.jet airline3.【单选题】As to the various pollutions,which of the following is NOT true?A.In the US,many dunes have been destroyed by the use of beach buggies.B.In the UK,many dunes have been seriously eroded by motor cycle rallying.C.In Spain,the removal of coral for commercial sale damages coastal regions.D. Footpaths in Snowdonia in Wales have been eroded by over-use.4.【单选题】According to Maslow,self-actualization need excludes _______A.personal developmentB.self-discoveryC.satisfaction of inner desiresD.exploration and evaluation5.【单选题】Please write a report ________ the above subjects are to be covered.A.whichB.in whichC.thatD.in that6.【单选题】He found _______ difficult to study maths.A.itB.thatC.asD.too7.【单选题】In Europe _______ are the two leading contenders for a global reservations system.A.SABRE and GALILEOB.GALILEO and APOLLOC.GALILEO and AMADEUSD.APOLLO and AMADEUS8.【单选题】The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, ________ that he had enjoyed his stay here.A. having addedB.to addC.addingD.added9.【单选题】Neither English nor Chinese ________ difficult to learn.A. hasB.haveC.isD.are10.【单选题】Motivation and personality may ________ the varying d egrees of success in one ’s career.A.account forB.apply forC.risk forD.supply for11.【单选题】______ a little earlier, I would have caught the train.A.Did I leaveB.Would I leaveC.Had I leftD.Have I left12.【单选题】_______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.A.LosingB.Having lostC.LostD.To lose13.【单选题】Scientists doubt wheth er it ’s ________ to regulate one ’s biological clock by drinking.A.feasibleB.incredibleC.fashionableD.valuable14.【单选题】Which of the folloing is NOT included in the fabled Five Mountains in China?A.HuashanB.LushanC.SongshanD.Taishan15.【单选题】In 1995,an average of _______ of domestic travelers went on sightseeing in China.A.52.4%B.54.2%C.56.4%D.54.6%16.【单选题】The first task of a brochure is to _______.A.save spaceB.save costC.attract attentionD.be beautiful17.【单选题】A well-known example of the large scale destruction of an ecosystem through vegetation removal to accommodate tourist facilities is the case of the_______.A.coastal regions of AustraliaB.European AlpsC.Acropolis in AthensD.Snowdonia in Wales18.【单选题】Which of the following statement is NOT true?A.Morris dancing in French rural communities owes much to tourism.B.Through travel,people are finding friends in every corner of the earth.C.Tourism contributes to both preservation and development of the world's culture heritage.D.The social significance of tourism is very true for the individual travelers.19.【单选题】Poor speaker of English though he was at the time, he still managed to make himself ________.A.understandB.understoodC.understandingD.to understand20.【单选题】________ he has many friends, he is often feeling lonely.A. AsB.WhenC.WhileD.Since第2卷一.全考点综合测验(共20题)1.【单选题】The girl was lucky enough to _______ the bad men and ran away.A. break awayB.break away fromC.break outD.break into2.【单选题】China is a mountainous country.Hills,mountains,and plateaus cover_______ of the total area.A. 1/3B.3/4C.2/3D.1/23.【单选题】The volleyball match was televised ________ on CCTV.A.aliveB.lifeC.liveD.lively4.【单选题】This is ________ good reading habits are not only an important study skill for the student, but also an important life skill for anyone.A.thatB.whyC.whereD.when5.【单选题】It _______ for two hours nowA. rainsB.is rainingC.has rainedD.has been raining6.【单选题】The policeman came up to the lonely house with the door _______,_______ there for a while and then entered it.A.open; to standB.opening; stoodC.open; stoodD.opened; standing7.【单选题】Which of the following is not mentioned as WTO's objective?A. To facilitate,in travel,people's access to education and culture.B.To act as an international agency of coordination and cooperation to spread tourism.C. To avoid discrimination between contracting countries.D.To improve the conditions of country dwellers and so to contribute to an expanding world economy.8.【单选题】In 1985,_______ became the first international hotel company to open a hotel in China bearing its own name.A.SheratonB.Holiday InnC.Hilton InternationalD.IBIS(France)9.【单选题】By the middle of the 21st century, the vast majority of the world ’s population will be living in cities _______ in the country.A.other thanB.more thanC.better thanD.rather than10.【单选题】Which of the following country is not a member of OECD?A.FinlandB.LuxembourgC.VietnamD.Italy.11.【单选题】He shook hands with the visitors ________ as to convey his apology.A.by such a wayB.for the wayC.in such a wayD.on the way12.【单选题】In the U.K.,the Queen's Silver Jubilee is in _______.A.1977B.1967C.1987D.195713.【单选题】She was ________ be unable to speakA.such angry as toB.so angry as toC.as angry as toD.angry so as to14.【单选题】The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia, ________ it is not technically legal there.A. ifB.otherwiseC.althoughD.unless15.【单选题】The Western Council for Travel Research in _______ employed the term visitor.A.1965B.1964C.1963D.196216.【单选题】The missing boys were last seen ________ near the river.A. playingB.playedC.playD.to play17.【单选题】______ the new plan can be carried out will be discussed at the meeting tomorrow.A.WhichB.WhatC.ThatD.Whether18.【单选题】______ inns and taverns,in particular,gained a reputation for cleanliness and comfort and set the standard for accommodation in other parts of Europe.A.SwissB.GermanC.FrenchD.English19.【单选题】_______ he goes, she will go, and she never cares _______ happens.A.Wherever, whatB.Wherever, thatC.Where, thatD.Where, what20.【单选题】Why couldn ’t you ________ an answer when I asked you why you were late?e upone up toe up withe out with第1卷参考答案一.全考点综合测验1.正确答案：C2.正确答案：B3.正确答案：C4.正确答案：C5.正确答案：B本题解析：in which the above subjects are to be covered 是report 的定语从句。

QuestionnaireandAnswerSheetMECHANICALGENERAL1

Questionnaire and Answer Sheet:MECHANICAL GENERAL 1机械综合11. QuestionWhat is the purpose of a penetrameter or IQI?使用透度计或者IQI （像质计）的目的是什么？AnswerIndicates radiographic sensitivity and quality of the techniques.显示出射线照相术的灵敏度和该技术的质量。

2. QuestionWhat is meant by the term sensitivity with regard to radiography?关于射线照相术的灵敏度的意思是什么？AnswerThe ability of a radiographic technique to reveal defects of a specific size.是指射线照相术技术显示规定尺寸缺陷的能力。

3. QuestionWhat are the limitations of magnetic particle inspection and liquid penetrant inspection?磁粉检验和液体渗透检验的局限性是什么？AnswerM.P. can be used only on ferromagnetic materials to detect surface subsurface discontinuities.L.P. can be used to detect defects open to the surface.Both M.P. and L.P. require surface preparations before testing.磁粉检验仅使用在铁磁性材料上，从而发现表面、近表面的不连续性。

液体渗透能使用在发现表面开口的缺陷上。

2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一真题考研英语一

2024年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)There's nothing more welcoming than a door opening for you. 1 the need to be touched to open or close, automatic doors are essential in 2disabled access to buildings and helping provide general3to commercial buildings.Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six years4by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitl. They5as a novelty feature, but as their use has grown, their 6 have extended within our technologically advanced world.Particularly7in busy locations or during times of emergency, the doors8crowdmanagement by reducing the obstacles put in people's way.9 making access both in and out of buildings easier for people, the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area10 by them. Automatic doors often open to the side, with the panels sliding across one another. Replacing swing doors, these 11 smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to12 the way for a large, sticking-out door. There are many different types of automatic door, with each13 specific signals to tell them when to open.14 these methods differ, the main15 remain the same.Each automatic door system 16 the light, sound weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal to open. Sensor types are chosen to 17 the different environments they are needed in.18,a busy street might not19 a motion-sensored door, as it would constantly be opening for passers-by. A pressure sensitive mat would be more20 to limit the surveyed area.1.[A]Through [B]Despite [C]Besides [D]Without2.[A]revealing [B]demanding [C]improving[D]tracing3.[A]experience [B]convenience[C]guidance [D]reference4.[A]previously[B]temporarily [C]successively [D]eventually5.[A]held on [B]started out[C]settled down [D]went by6.[A]relations [B]volumes [C]benefits[D]sources7.[A]useful[B]simple [C]flexible [D]stable8.[A]call for [B]yield to [C]insist on [D]act as9.[A]As well as[B]In terms of [C]Thanks to [D]Rather than10.[A]connected[B]shared [C]represented [D]occupied11.[A]allow[B]expect [C]require [D]direct12.[A]adopt [B]lead [C]clear[D]change13.[A]adapting te [B]deriving from [C]relying on[D]pointing at14.[A]Once [B]Since [C]Unless [D]Although15.[A]records [B]positions [C]principles[D]reasons16.[A]controls [B]analyses[C]produces [D]mixes17.[A]decorate [B]compare [C]protect [D]complement18.[A]In conclusion [B]By contrast [C]For example[D]Above all19.[A]identify [B]suit[C]secure [D]include20.[A]appropriate[B]obvious [C]impressive [D]delicateSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Nearly 2000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they left behind a curious treasure:10 tons of nails, nearly a million of the things. The nail hoard was discovered in 1960 in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres of gravel.Why had the Romans bunied a million nails? The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn't want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon-grade iron. The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith's labour in a nail even more than the raw material. As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts, early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes bum down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes. The idea that one might bum down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.The price of nails fell by 90%between the late 1700s and mid-1900s,as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper. According to Sichel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the credit goes to nail manufactures who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sichel studied them because they haven't changed much. Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars,but Roman nails are still clearly nails. It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since 1695,but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of these objects: their price. I am an economist, after all. After writing two books about the history of inventions, one thing Ive leamt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it's thecheap technologies that change the world.The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost-and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on, thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper. Solar panels had few niche uses until they became cheap; now they are transforming the global energy system.21.The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of[A]saving them for future use[B]keeping them from rusting[C]letting them grow in value[D]hiding them from the locals22.The example of early 17th-century Virginians is used to[A]highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists[B]illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period[C]contrast the attitudes of different civilisations toward nails[D]show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time23.What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late 1700s?[A]Increased productivity.[B]Wider use of new energies.[C]Fiercer market competition.[D]Reduced cost of raw materials.24.It can be leamed from Paragraph 5 that nails[A]have undergone many technological improvements[B]have remained basically the same since Roman times[C]are less studied than other everyday products[D]are one of the world's most significant inventions25.Which of the following best summarises the last two paragraphs?[A]Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change.[B]Technological innovation is integral to economic success.[C]Technology defines people's understanding of the world.[D]Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.Text 2Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children, researchers have suggested. The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults. Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and baby-wearing", in which infants are carried in slings, is considered the norm.According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, Known as all oparenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.Dr Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement akin to alloparenting. Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children indifferent school years to miror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which family broke with evolutionary history. This abrupt shift to an "intensive mothering narrative", which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone, was likely to have been harmful. "Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences, "they wrote.By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care. One previous study looked at the Efe people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans'evolutionary history,but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression,which could have a“knock-on"benefit to a child's wellbeing.An infant bom to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers-this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.While hunter-gatherer children leamt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups,researchers said that western"instructive teaching",where pupils are asked to sit still,may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents“might also enhance their own social development”26.According to the first two paragraph,alloparenting refers to the practice of[A]sharing child care among community members[B]assigning babies to specific adult caregivers[C]teaching parenting details to older children[D]carrying infants around by their parent27.The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate[A]an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication[B]an approach to integrating alloparenting into western culture[C]the conventional parenting style in western culture[D]the differences between western African ways ofliving28.According to Paragraph 4,the"intensive mothering narrative"_[A]alleviate parenting pressure[B]considerate family relationships[C]results in the child-centered family[D]departs from the course of evolution29.According to paragraph 6,what can we lean about nursery in the UK?[A]They tend to fall short of official requirements.[B]They have difficulty finding enough caregivers.[C]They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.[D]They should try to prevent parental depression.30.Which of the following would be the best title?[A]Instructive teaching:a dilemma for anxious parents[B]For a happier family,learn from the hunter-gatherers[C]Mix-aged playgroup,a better choice for lonely children[D]Tracing the history of parenting:from Africa to EuropeText 3Rutkowski is a Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes.He has made illustrations for games such as Sony's Horizon Forbidden West,Ubisoft's Anno,Dungeons&Dragons,and Magic:The Gathering.And he's become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generation.His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion,which was launched late last month.The tool,along with other popular image-generation AI models,allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts.For example,type in"Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon GregRutkowski,"and the system will produce something that looks not a milion miles away from works in Rutkowski's style.But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the Internet,often without permission and proper attribution to artists.As a result,they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright.And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.According to the website Lexica,which tracks over 10 million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion,Rutkowski's name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times.Some of the world's most famous artists,such as Michelangelo,Pablo Picasso,and Leonardo da Vinci,brought up around 2,000 prompts each or less.Rutkowski's name also features as a prompt thousands of times in the Discord of another text-to-image generator,Midjourney.Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences.Then he tried searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published.The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn't his.“It's been just a month.What about in a year?I probably won't be able to find my work out there because[the internet]will be flooded with AI art,"Rutkowski says."That's concerning."“There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this,"says Ortiz.The group is in its early days of mobilization,which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation.One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain,and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists,Ortiz says.31.What can be leamed about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?[A]He is enthusiastic about AI generation painting.[B]He is popular with the users of an Al art generator.[C]He attracts admiration from other illustrators.[D]He specializes in classical painting digitalization.32.The problem with open-source AI art generators is that they[A]lack flexibility in responding to prompts[B]produce artworks in unpredictable styles[C]make unauthorized use of online images[D]collect user information without consent33.After searching online,Rutkowski found[A]a unique way to reach audiences[B]a new method to identify Al images[C]AI-generated work bearing his name[D]heated disputes regarding his copyright34.According to Ortiz,AI companies are advised to[A]campaign for new policies or regulations[B]offer their services to public institutions[C]strengthen their relationships with AI users[D]adopt a different strategy for Al model training35.What is the text mainly about?[A]Artists'responses to Al art generation.[B]AI's expanded role in artistic creation.[C]Privacy issues in the application of Al.[D]Opposing views on AI development.Text 4The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths,but in the complexity of its natural construction,the interaction of fresh and saline water and the mix of land and water.The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters,filtering pollutants from water,and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.All this was put at great risk late last month,when the US Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case that provides the EPA far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways.Specifically,a 5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under it Clean Water Act authority must have a“continuous surface connection”to bodies of water.This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders,mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules.And it carries"significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the US,"as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.In Maryland,the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections.But that's a very shortsighted view,particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay.The reality is that water and the pollutants that so often come with it,don't respect state boundaries.The Chesapeake draws from a 64000-square-mile watershed that extends to Virginia,Pennsylvania,New York,West Virginia,the District of Columbia and Delaware.Will thosejurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackett V.EPA?Perhaps some,but all?That seems unlikely.It is too easy,and misleading,to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors.And it's reminder that they EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states.Pennsylvania farmers,to use one telling example,aren't thinking about next year's blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their fields,yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impacts downstream.And so we would also call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved.We can't offer them a trip to the Chesapeake Bay model.It's been gone since the 1980s but perhaps a visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where American bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life.It's worth the scenic drive.36.The Chesapeake Bay is described in Paragraph 1 as[A]a value natural environment[B]a controversial conservation area[C]a place with commercial potential[D]a headache for nearby communities37.The U.S.Supreme Court's ruling in the Idaho case[A]reinforces water pollution control[B]weakens the EPA's regulatory power[C]will end conflicts among local residents[D]may face opposition from mining operators38.How does the author feel about the future of the Chesapeake Bay?[A]Worried.[B]Puzzled.[C]Relieved[D]Encouraged.39.What can be inferred about the EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake BayProgram?[A]It has restored the balance among neighboring jurisdictions.[B]It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries.[C]It has set a fine example of respecting state authorities.[D]It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.40.The author holds that the state lawmakers should[A]be cautious about the influence of landowners[B]attach due importance to wetlands protections[C]recognize the need to expand wildlife refugesPart BDirections:Read the following comments on a report about American museums returning artifacts to their countries of origin and a list of statements summarizing the comments.Choose the best statement from the list A-G for each numbered name(41—45).There are two extra choices which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)(41)HannabSimply,there are people in Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to see that part of their history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes.These should be available to them as part of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of national pride.There is no good reason that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of the generations to which they were left.They serve no purpose in a museum in the United States or elsewhere except as curious objects.They cannot be compared to works of art produced for sale which can be passed from hand to hand and place to place by purchase.(42)BuckWe know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced.Perhaps museums and governments might explore some role for the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means of resolving issues relating to returning works of art and antiquities.The context of any exhibit is more important to me than whether the object being displayed is 2,000 years old or 2 months old.In many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object and what is a forgery.Again,the story an exhibit is trying to tell is what matters.The monetary value of the objects on display is a distant second place in importance.(43)SaraWhen visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art,I came across a magnificentlSth-century Chinese sculpture.It inspired me to learm more about the culture that it represented.Artifacts in museums have the power to inspire,and perhaps spark that need to learn and understand the nature of their creators.Having said that,I do feel that whatever artifacts find their way to public museums should,in fact,be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan,legally purchased,or obtained by treaty.Stealing artifacts from other peoples'cultures is obscene;it robs not only the physical objects,but the dignity and spirit of their creators.(44)VictorAncient art that is displaced in foreign countries should be returned.…(缺失)(45)JuliaTo those of you in the comments section,by all means,who are having strong feeling about artifacts being removed from cities in the US and Britain,I would ask you to consider…(缺失)[A]It is clear that countries of origin have never been compensated for stolen artifacts.[B]It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of origin.[C]Museum visitor can still learn as much from artifacts copies after the originals are returmed.[D]Reproductions,even if perfectly made,cannot take the place of the authentic objects.[E]The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of origin rather than anywhere else[F]Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent and lawful.[G]Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifacts to their countries of origin. 参考答案：41.E 42.C 43.F 44.G 45.BPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)“Elephants never forget”—or so they say—and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundation.The African savanna elephant also known as the African bush elephant,is distributed across 37 African countries.(46)They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water,anc are very good at working out where other elephants are—even when they are out of ing tracking devices,researchers have shown that they have"remarkable spatial acuity",when finding their way to waterholes,they headed off in exactly the right direction,on one occasion from a distance of roughly thirty miles.What is more,they almost always seem to choose the nearest water hole.(47)The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need,and can therefore take shortcuts,as well as following familiar routes.Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood,smell may well play a part.Elephants are very choosy eaters,but until recently litle was known about how they selected their food.(48)One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found,but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy,not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.(49)The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way,and they are very characteristic:Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature.What is more,they can be detected even when they are not actually visible.New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants—and probably other herbivores—to the best food resources.The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely.They then set up a“food station”experiment,in which they gave elephants a series of choices based only on smell.(50)The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat,and secondly to assess the quality ofthe trees within each patch.Free-ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferred food.参考译文：(46)它们有时跋涉六十多英里寻找食物或水，并且非常善于寻找其他大象的位置——即使它们不在视线范围内。

【黑吉辽卷】东北三省精准教学2024年9月高三联考(暨开学考)(9.3-9.5)英语试卷

东北三省精准教学2024年9月高三联考英语本试卷满分150分，考试时间120分钟。

注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

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第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。

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1.What did the woman do just now?A.She ale some strawbemies.B.She used some hand cream.C.She borrowed a pen from the man.2.What does the man advise the woman to do?A.Get enough sleep daily.B.Have adental check-up.C.Try traditional Chinese medicine.3.What are the speakers mainly talking about?A.A time management methodB.A marketing technique.C.A working cycle.4.Where are probably the speakers?A.On the football feldB.At a coffee shop.C.In the cinema.5.What are the speakers doing?A.Doing the shoppingB.Doing some cleaning.C.Looking for a beach house.第二节 (共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。

Observations of Pulsar Wind Nebulae with the VERITAS Array of Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov

a r X i v :0709.3975v 1 [a s t r o -p h ] 25 S e p 200730TH I NTERNATIONAL C OSMIC R AY C ONFERENCEObservations of Pulsar Wind Nebulae with the VERITAS Array of Imaging Atmo-spheric Cherenkov Telescopes A.K ONOPELKO 1,FOR THE VERITAS COLLABORATION 21Purdue University,Department of Physics,525Northwestern Avenue,West Lafayette,IN 47907-2036,2For full author list see G.Maier,”VERITAS:Status and Latest Results”,these proceedings akonopel@ Abstract:Many of the recently discovered galactic very high-energy (VHE)γ-ray sources are associated with Pulsar Wind Nebulae,which is the most populous Galactic source category at TeV energies.The extended synchrotron nebulae of these objects observed in the X-ray band are a hallmark of the relativis-tic winds,generated by the young,energetic neutron stars,that interact with the matter ejected by the supernova explosion and the surrounding interstellar gas.Relativistic electrons,or protons,accelerated in the pulsar winds,or at their shock boundaries,interact with the magnetic ﬁeld and low energy seed photons to produce the observed VHE γ-ray emission.The VERITAS array of four imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes was designed to study astrophysical sources of γrays in the energy domain from about 100GeV up to several tens of TeV .The sensitivity of the VERITAS array allows detailed stud-ies of the morphology and spectral features of γ-ray emission from PWNe.Three northern sky PWNe,G75.2+0.1,G106.6+2.9,and 3C58,were observed with VERITAS during 2006.No evidence for TeV γ-ray emission at the position of the pulsar associated with these PWNe is demonstrated.Introduction Charged particles accelerated in the vicinity of a rapidly rotating neutron star,or pulsar,ﬂow out into the interstellar medium and encounter the su-pernova ejecta from the pulsar’s birth event and form a shock.The shock may further enhance the acceleration of the particles which can then attain relativistic speeds.This interaction between the accelerated charged particles and the surrounding medium produces a pulsar wind nebula (PWN).PWNe are often observable at wavelengths fromthe radio through the γ-ray.Around the youngest,most energetic pulsars,the radio emitting regionsof these nebulae are rather amorphous,whereasthe X-ray emitting regions can be highly structured[10].The high spatial resolution of the ChandraX-ray Observatory has made it possible to resolvethe structures of PWNe.The presence of a PWNcan also be inferred spectrally.For instance,anon-thermal component is often seen in the ASCAand INTEGRAL observations of pulsars,such asPSR B1509-58and PSR B1046-58.This seems tosuggest that PWNe are a common phenomenon forall energetic pulsars [14].It was widely believed that PWNe are potential sources of VHE γ-ray emission.The emission probably arises from inverse Compton (IC)scatter-ing of low-energy photons by the relativistic elec-trons,while the X-ray emission is associated with the synchrotron radiation from the same popula-tion of electrons.The best example of a PWN is the Crab Nebula,which is an established source of pulsed γ-ray emission up to a few GeV detected by EGRET,as well as a source of steady TeV γrays observed by a number of ground-based Cherenkov detectors and recently with the VERITAS array of four imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes [4].The TeV emission is thought to originate at the base of its PWN.The H.E.S.S.detector,located in the southern hemisphere,discovered a number of previously unknown γ-ray sources in the VHE do-main above 100GeV .A total of ﬁve of these new sources (PSR B1509-58,Vela X,“Kookaburra”,SNR G0.9+0.1,PSR B1823-13)are apparently as-sociated with PWNe.Such associations rest on a positional and morphological match of the VHE γ-ray source to a known PWN at lower energies.It is worth noting that in all cases the pulsar is sig-O BSERVATIONS OF PWN E WITH VERITASPulsarJ2021+3651G106.6+2.951.6210.52234 J0205+6449Table1:Physical parameters of observed pulsars and their PWNe.niﬁcantly offset from the center of the VHEγ-ray source.This offset could be attributed to the inter-action between the PWN and the SNR ejecta[3].A detailed survey of the inner part of the Galac-tic Plane at VHEγ-ray energies has been carried out with H.E.S.S.Fourteen previously unknown, extended sources were detected with high signif-icance[7].Some of these sources have fairly well-established counterparts at longer wavelengths, based exclusively on positional coincidence,but others have none at all.A number of mod-els have been proposed regarding the nature of these unidentiﬁed VHEγ-ray sources.At present, PWNe and shell-type SNRs are considered the most plausible counterparts for the remaining unidentiﬁed VHEγ-ray sources amongst the nu-merous possibilities that have been put forward. TargetsMotivated by the growing catalog of TeV PWNe, VERITAS,in2006,observed three northern sky PWNe,G75.2+0.1,G106.6+2.9,and3C58,asso-ciated with young,energetic pulsars(see Table1). PSR J2021+3651.A Chandra observation showed this pulsar to be embedded in a compact,bright X-ray PWN(PWN G75.2+0.1)with the standard torus and jet morphology[13].Its X-ray spectrum is wellﬁt by a power-law model with photon in-dexΓ=1.7and a corresponding0.3-10keVﬂux of1.9×10−12erg cm−2s−1.This young Vela-like pulsar is coincident with the EGRETγ-ray source GeV2020+3651.Recently,the Milagroγ-ray ob-servatory detected an extended source or multiple unresolved sources ofγrays at a median-detected energy of12TeV[8]coincident with the same re-gion.The radio dispersion measure suggests a dis-tance to PWN G75.2+0.1d≥10kpc,but this measurement could have been contaminated by the gas in the Cygnus region and the true distance may be in fact substantially closer.Presently PWN G75.2+0.1is considered to be one of the best can-didates for the Milagro source(MGRO J2021+37)and it is likely to be seen in the energy range cov-ered by VERITAS.PSR J2229+6114.The Chandra X-ray image of PWN G106.6+2.9shows an incomplete elliptical arc and a possible jet,similar to the Vela PWN [11].PSR J2229+6114is a compelling counter-part of the EGRET source3EG J2227+6122.This young,energetic pulsar is second only to the Crab pulsar in spin-down power,and it is substantially more luminous than the Vela pulsar.Given the rel-atively small distance of3kpc this pulsar has a very high rank among all pulsars in the discrimi-nant˙E/d2.Part of thisﬂux can be converted into a highﬂux of VHEγrays.3C58.3C58is a young Crab-like SNR generally accepted as being the remnant of the historical su-pernova SN1181.A compact object(nebula)at the center of the SNR has been resolved in Chandra X-ray data[16],and is centered on PSR J0205+6449. Given its very high spin-down power,the pulsar is capable of supplying the energy of the X-ray neb-ula,L x=2.9×1034ergs s−1,and may have sub-stantial VHEγ-ray emission.The TeVγ-rayﬂuxes expected from the PWNe around both PSR J2021+3651and PSR J2229+6114in terms of a hadronic-leptonic model for the high-energy processes inside the PWNe[2]exceed10%of the Crab Nebulaﬂux above200GeV(see Table1).This suggests that both PSR J2021+3651and PSR J2229+6114 should be detectable with VERITAS after rather short exposures.A somewhat lowerγ-rayﬂux of a few percent of the Crab Nebula was predicted for3C58[2],however it is still well above the sensitivity limit of the VERITAS detector for a reasonable exposure.VERITAS Observations and Analysis VERITAS is an array of four imaging Cherenkov telescopes sited in Amado,Arizona,and dedicated to the detection of VHEγrays with energies above 100GeV.Each telescope has a tessellated mirror30TH I NTERNATIONAL C OSMIC R AY C ONFERENCEPulsar N tel N runs R(Hz)T(hr)Θ(◦)On OffαLi&Ma S/N(σ)U.L.(Crab)Table2:Summary of data.with an area of≃110m2and a camera consisting of499photomultiplier tubes.Theﬁrst telescope in the array has been operating since February2005. First stereo observations with two telescopes began in April2006,and the full array of four telescopes has been operational since January2007.A full VERITAS array has the sensitivity of7mCrab(5σdetection over50hour exposure).The angular res-olution of better than0.14◦and a3.5◦ﬁeld of view enable VERITAS to detect and study a variety of compact galacticγ-ray sources like PWNe.The VERITAS observations of three PWNe were made while the system was under construc-tion.Observations of PSR J2021+3651and PSR J2229+6114in November2006were made with a two telescope ter a third tele-scope was added to the system and observa-tions of3C58in December2006were made with three telescopes.The data were taken mostly in 20minute runs with a few runs of28minutes using the wobble mode.In this mode,the source direc-tion is positioned±0.3◦(a±0.5◦offset was used for later observations)in declination or right as-cension relative to the center of the cameraﬁeld of view.The sign of the offset was altered in succes-sive runs to reduce systematic effects.The wob-ble mode allows on-source observation and simul-taneous estimation of the background induced by charge cosmic-ray particles.This eliminates the need for off-source observations and consequently doubles the amount of available on-source time. Forﬁnal analysis only those runs passing the data quality criteria are used.The images are cali-brated and then cleaned using a two-threshold pic-ture/boundary selection procedure which requires a pixel to have a signal greater than5.0pedestal variances(PV)and a neighboring pixel to have a signal larger than2.5PV.The pixels with a sig-nal greater than2.5PV are included only if they have a neighbor with a signal greater than5.0PV. After image cleaning the shower images are pa-rameterized using a standard second-moment ap-proach.The shower geometry is reconstructed us-ing stereoscopic techniques with a typical angu-lar resolution of about0.14◦and an average accu-racy of better than20m in the determination of the shower core location.To ensure that images are not truncated by the camera edge,only images with the center of gravity less than1.3◦from the center of the camera are used in the reconstruction.In ad-dition,at least two images are each required to ex-ceed a minimum total signal of400digital counts of the respectiveﬂash analog-to-digital converter to ensure that the showers are well reconstructed. After the shower reconstruction,the cosmic-ray background events are rejected using standard cuts on mean scaled width and mean scaled length parameters.The number of events passing cuts in a circle of standard angular size around the source position gives the number of on-source(On) counts.The background is estimated using all events passing cuts in a number of non-overlapping circles of the same size.The centers of these cir-cles are positioned at the wobble offset from the tracking position.The number of background re-gions may vary depending on the actual wobble offset used in the observation.The use of a larger background region reduces the relative statistical error on the background measurement.For a given number of on-source and background counts ac-quired after event selection the signiﬁcance of the excess is calculated following the method of Equa-tion(17)in the Li&Ma technique[15].It is worth noting that the data have been analyzed using in-dependent analysis packages(see[5,9]for details on the analyses).All of these analyses yield con-sistent results.Results and ConclusionTable2summarizes the results of the VERITAS observations of each of the individual sources. These objects have been observed with VERITAS for rather limited exposure times.The longest ex-posure(T)of12hrs was for PSR J2229+6114.All observations were made at the median zenith an-O BSERVATIONS OF PWN E WITH VERITAS。

高中人教版英语选修8第4课测试

Test on Unit 4I. V ocabulary (20%)A. Complete the following sentences with the right words or word forms.1.As the pollution caused by the nuclear leakage (核泄漏) in Japan e____________,neighboring nations are taking concrete actions to prevent the potential damages.2.Recipes (食品的做法) should meet personal needs. For example, if you are concerned aboutthe extra calories, you can use a low-fat a__________ to butter while making the course.3.On hearing the story of the poor girl Lin Guangzhu, people started to donate moneyv__________ for her operation, which demonstrated the fact that kindness prevails in our society.4.Huawei manufactures and d__________ tele-communication related products worldwide.You can find its products in more than 90 countries around the world.5.Actress Barbie Hsu and millionaire entrepreneur exchanged vows in front of family andfriends on the beach in Sanya, Hainan on the afternoon of March 22nd and the details of the ceremony were r__________ by Zhang Chaoyang through his microblog.6.M__________ by the devotion to charity course, Jacky Chan announced that he woulddonate all his money to charity instead of leaving it to his son Jaycee Chan.7.KFC has i_________ Malaysian flavor into the fried chicken and added the new Nyonya (娘惹) chicken wings to its menu.8.Irritated by the factory’s failing to pay their wages for months, the d__________ workersdecided to go on a strike.9.Don’t get distracted by _____________ (relevance) facts. Only by adhering to the focus ofour research can we achieve success.10.You really shouldn’t doubt about his __________ (competent). Just have a look at the salesrecord, and you will know he has exceptional talent.11.As a famous book critic, she is hugely ____________ (influence). Whatever has beenrecommended by her will soon come to the list of “best sellers”.12.The general demands strict _______________ (disobedient) from his troops. Anyone whosays no or even shows a sign of hesitation will be severely punished.B. Choose the right phrases below to fill in the blanks.13.It seems to take years for the paint to _______________. Painted last week, it is still wetnow.14.Having been trapped in the traffic jam for almost an hour, Jane got to the theatre late and_______________ nearly half of the play.15.With promotion, she _______________ greater responsibilities, which means even less timecan be spent with the family for her.16.Identical twins as they are, Zoe and Tina differ greatly in preferences. Zoe tends to be quiet,introverted and prefers classical music. _______________, Tina finds great interest in associating with people and cannot even live without rock-and-roll.17.Philips has been engaged in an endless round of restructuring ________________ make itselfmore competitive.18.The importance of exercise to good health is only one example of aspects of life people mostoften _______________. They, however, have no idea why it is important and how important it is.19.Economic overgrowth will _______________ a series of problems, among which inflation isa significant one.20.One common concern that is frequently heard with regard to orphans is the lack of propercare and love, and, as you can imagine, most of the orphans _____________ have a complete family as their peers.II. Multiple Choice (10%)21.The plan has to be _______ to meet the real situation.A. adjustedB. adaptedC. producedD. refounded22.I ______ my university professor in the supermarket near my house, which was out of myexpectation.A. came outB. came acrossC. came aboutD. came along23.The man I ______ yesterday in the street is my manager.A. paid a visitB. had a talkC. metD. dropped24.I was about to go to bed _____ one of my old classmates made a call to me.A. whenB. asC. whileD. that25.Is that the reason _____ you are in favor of the proposal?A. whichB. whatC. whyD. for that26.You may call on me from one to five o’clock, during _____ I am always at home.A. the timeB. what timeC. that timeD. which time27.China is the birthplace of kites, _____ kiteflying（放风筝）spread to Japan, Korea, Thailandand India.A. from thereB. whereC. from whereD. there28.He has to work on Sundays, _____ he does not like.A. and whichB. whichC. and whenD. when29.The general at last got a chance to visit the village _____ he used to fight, _____ he had beendreaming of for years.A. that, whichB. where, thatC. in which, whatD. where, which30._____, the compass was first made in China.A. It is know to allB. It is known thatC. We all knowD. As is known to allIII. Passage Completion (10%)Viennese-born composer Frederick Loewe, 31 we remember from his classical music als including “My Fair Lady”an d “Camelot”, was not always famous. He studied piano with the great masters of Europe and achieved huge success as a 32 (music) and composer in his early years. But 33 he immigrated to the United States, he failed as a pianist. For a while he tried other types of work including gold mining and boxing. 34 he never gave uphis dream and continued to play the piano and write music.35 those difficult years, he could not always afford 36 (make) payments on his piano. One day, bent over the keyboard, he could hear nothing but the music that he played with such rare inspiration. When he finished and looked up, he was astonished to find that he had 37 audience of three moving men who 38 (seat) on the floor.They said nothing and made no movement toward the piano. Instead, they dug into their pockets, pooled together enough money for the payment, placed it on the piano and walked out, empty 39 (hand). Moved by the beauty of his music, these men recognized excellence and responded to 40 .IV. Cloze Test(15%)Where did all the tigers go? That’s what Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh wants to know. India’s Sariska Project Tiger Reserve, once home to 26 tigers, is now home to none. Singh has ordered a police investigation into the ___41___，and created a new taskforce to save the ___42___ animals.Tigers are an endangered species(物种). Half of the world’s tiger ___43___ live in India. For years, tigers have been disappearing from India’s national parks, but Sariska may be the last straw. And the government has to ___44___On Thursday, Singh held the first meeting of ___45___ officials, wildlife experts, and related leaders, aiming to ___46___ the nation’s remaining tigers,and to 47 a plan to keep them safe.It is not hard to guess why the tigers are disappearing. Poachers (偷猎者) can 48 the big cats for $ 50,000 each. Tigher skin and bones are popular in Chinese 49 . A single tiger tooth can fetch $ 120. Recently, a group of poachers admitted killing ten tigers in Sariska and were 50 .“Indian tiger poaching is probably the 51 conservation problem in modern times.” said Belinda Wright, the bead of the Wildlife Protection Society of India.However, poaching isn’t the only 52 . Many poachers use advanced technologies, like night glassed and long – range binoculars. Forest security officers are paid so 53 that few of them 54 to track down the preachers. Even if a security guard were to find a poacher, many carry only a stick to make him obey the law.Tiger fans hope that Singh’s plans mean end for the poachers and 55 for the endangered species.41.A．project B．disappearance C．reserve D．home42.A．dangerous B．huge C．rare D．fierce43.A．population B．percentage C．generation D．group44.A．care B．plan C．react D．wake45.A．business B．trade C．army D．forest46.A．ensure B．count C．keep D．feed47.A．come up with B．put up with C．catch up with D．go on with48.A．raise B．hunt C．sell D．shoot49.A．food B．tradition C．culture D．medicine50.A．found B．arrested C．prohibited D．controlled51.A．oldest B．hottest C．biggest D．latest52.A．problem B．worry C．crime D．factor53.A．commonly B．poorly C．slightly D．highly54.A．determine B．remember C．hesitate D．bother55.A．success B．lamp C．hope D．achievementV. Reading Comprehension (20%)AAs a professor at a large American university, there is a phrase that I hear often from students: “I’m only a 1050.”The unlucky students are speaking of the score on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), which is used to determine whether they will be admitted to the college or university of their choice, or even if they have a chance to get a higher education at all. The SAT score, whether it is 800, 1100 or 1550, has become the focus at this time of their life.It is obvious that if students value highly their test scores, then a great amount of their self-respect is put in the number. Students who perform poorly on the exam are left feeling that it is all over. The low test score, they think, will make it impossible for them to get into a good college. And without a degree from a prestigious university, they fear that many of life’s doors will remain forever closed.According to a study done in the 1990s, the SAT is only a reliable indicator of a student’s future performance in most cases. Interestingly, it becomes much more accurate when it is set together with other indicators – like a student’s high school grades. Even if standardized tests like SAT could show a student’s academic proficiency, they will never be able to test things like confidence, efforts and willpower, and are unable to give us the full picture of a student’s potentialities. This is not to suggest that we should stop using SAT scores in our college admission process. The SAT is an excellent test in many ways, and the score is still a useful means of testing students. However, it should be only one of many methods used.56.The purpose of the SAT is to test student s’ __________.A. strong willB. academic abilityC. full potentialitiesD. confidence in school work57.Students’ self-respect is influenced by their __________.A. scores in the SATB. achievements in mathematicsC. job opportunitiesD. money spent on education58.“A prestigious university” is most probably __________.A. a famous universityB. a technical universityC. a traditional universityD. an expensive university59.This passage is mainly about __________.A. how to prepare for the SA TB. stress caused by the SATC. American higher educationD. the SAT and its effects60.What is the writer’s attitude towards the SA T?A. SubjectiveB. ObjectiveC. CriticalD. ApprovingBNuclear radiation has a certain mystery, partly because it cannot be detected by human senses. It can’t be seen or heard, or touched or tasted, even though it may be all around us. Thereare other things like that. For example, radio waves are all around us but we cannot detect them or sense them without a radio receiver. Similarly, we can’t sense radioactivity without a radiation detector. But unlike common radio waves, nuclear radiation is not harmless to human beings and other living things.At very high levels, radiation can kill an animal or human being outright by killing masses of cells in important organs. Even the lowest level can do serious damage. There is no level of radiation that is completely safe. If the radiation does not hit anything important, the damage may not be significant. This is the case when only a few cells are hit, and when they are killed outright. Your body will replace the dead cells with healthy ones. But if the few cells are only damaged, and if they reproduce themselves, you may be in trouble. They reproduce themselves in an unusual way. They can grow into cancer. Sometimes this does not show up for many years.There is another reason for some of the mystery about nuclear radiation. Serious damage can be done without the knowledge of the person at the time that damage has occurred. A person can be irradiated (放射治疗) and feel fine, then die of cancer five, ten, or twenty years later as a result.A child can be born weak or easy to get serious illnesses as a result of radiation absorbed by its grandparents.61.According to the passage, the danger of nuclear power lies in __________.A. the nuclear mysteryB. radiation detectionC. the radiation levelD. nuclear radiation62.Radiation can lead to serious trouble __________.A. when it kills few cellsB. if it damages few cellsC. though the damaged cells can repair themselvesD. when the damaged cells reproduce themselves63.Radiation can hurt us so much that it can _________.A. kill large numbers of cells in main organsB. replace cells which may grow into cancer years laterC. affect the healthy growth of our younger generationD. both A and C64.Which of the following can be best inferred from the passage?A. The importance of protection from radiation cannot be overemphasized.B. The mystery about radiation has been solved.C. Cancer is only caused by radiation.D. Radiation can hurt those who do know about its danger.65.What would be the best title of the text?A. Radiation can hurt us.B. Radiation is the source of cancer.C. Radiation is a subject scientists work on.D. Radiation is a mystery.CSo long as teachers fail to distinguish between teaching and learning, they will continue to undertake to do for children what only children can do for themselves. Teaching children to read is not passing Reading on to them. It is certainly not endless hours spent in activities about reading.Douglas insists that “Reading cannot be taught directly and schools should stop trying to the impossible.”Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes. They differ in kind and function. The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read. Teaching is also a public activity: it can be seen and observed.Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the world of printed language. Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to public scrutiny.If roles of teacher and learner are not interchangeable, what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in the quest for knowledge? Smith has one principal rule for all teaching instructions “Make learning to read easy, which means making reading a meaningful, enjoyable and frequent experience for children.”When the roles of teachers and learners are seen for what they are, and when both teacher and learner fulfill them appropriately, then much of the pressure and feeling of failure for both is eliminated, leaning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of leaning to read by reading.66.The teaching of reading will be successful if _________.A. teachers can improve conditions at school for the studentsB. teachers can enable students to develop their own way of readingC. teachers can devise the most efficient system for readingD. too much time is spent in teaching activities observable67.The underlined word “scrutiny” (Line 4 Para. 3) most probably means ________.A. inquiryB. observationC. controlD. suspicion68.The main idea of the passage is that __________.A. teachers should do as little as possible in helping students learn to read.B. teachers should encourage students to read as widely as possibleC. reading ability is something acquired rather than taught.D. reading is more complicated than generally believed69.Which should the teacher do when teaching according to the passage?A. Teach students what to read and how to read.B. Tell the students how to understand difficult words and sentences.C. Encourage students to read and give them freedom to enjoy reading.D. Teach students to read to pass tests.70.What can we know from the passage?A. Now students face a lot of pressure from teachers when reading.B. Teachers are not under great pressure to teach reading.C. Teachers are to blame for their misguiding of the students in teaching reading.D. Students should read more books and study harder.DWhether it’s a carol (圣诞颂歌) service or an evening of karaoke down the pub many people will enjoy a good old singsong this Christmas. Singing aloud will not just lift the spirits –it’s good for your physical health as well. Filling the lungs with a ir, increasing the heart rate and getting blood pumping round the body faster can all help our physical health.For the past few years Heart Research UK has been running a Christmas campaign aimed at getting people singing, simply for the benefit it can bring. The organizer of the campaign says singing is a safe, simple and social activity that everyone can enjoy. “Singing is linked to long life, stress reduction, and general health protection. It also brings a great amount of happiness. It is impossible to sing well with a long face because it affects your pitch (音高).”Professor Graham Welch, who leads the International Music Education Research Centre at the University of London, has spent more than 30 years studying the effects of singing. He says that sin ging is a form of exercise. It means we’re also having a strong aerobe activity (有氧运动) when we’re singing, which results in increasing the feeling of pleasure while decreasing that of stress.“And communal singing – like in a singing group, a church service or even a singsong in the pub, helps improve our sense of self – respect. It increases our sense of satisfaction with ourselves, a greater sense of feeling included.”Helen Astrid, a singing teacher, also sees the great effects that singing brings. “It lifts us up on a spiritual level, it helps our self –respect, and it’s great for all ages from small kids to grannies you can have a good sing and let your hair down.”But she warns people not to have too many beers or glasses of wine, though a glass may help them gather courage before taking to the stage during the holidays.71.Heart Research UK holds a campaign to .A．encourage people to sing for God at ChristmasB．study the effects of singing on peopleC．get people to sing and improve their healthD．bring happiness to people celebrating the holiday72.What are the benefits of singing according to Graham Welch?a．Singers living longer. b．Singers general health protection.c．Singers feeling happier. d．Singers stress reduced.e．Singers self-respect improved.A．a,b,c B．b,c,d C．c,d,e D．e,a,b,73.The underlined part “let your hair down” probably means.A．feel at ease B．protect yourselfC．dress casually D．cover your nervousness74.What can we infer from the passage?A．Singing at Christmas is good for health.B．In a low mood one is not able to sing well.C．Experts have disagreements on singing.D．Singing is the same as other aerobic activities.75.Which is the best title of the passage?A．Karaoke-Best Place for Singing!B．Christmas-Best Time for Singing!C．Singing-Healthy but not Easy!D．For heath-Let’s Sing!VI. Writing（25%）阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。

防盗网科学知识英语作文

防盗网科学知识英语作文The Scientific Aspects of Security Grilles.In the modern age, security has become a paramount concern for individuals and communities alike. One of the most visible manifestations of this concern is the widespread use of security grilles, commonly known as burglar bars or anti-theft screens. These structures, typically made of metal, are installed on windows and doors to deter unauthorized entry and protect against burglaries. However, their effectiveness and design involve more than just their physical presence. This essay delves into the scientific aspects of security grilles, exploring their materials, design principles, installation methods, and their role in crime prevention.Materials Used in Security Grilles.The choice of material for security grilles is crucial in determining their durability, strength, and resistanceto corrosion. The most commonly used materials arestainless steel, aluminum, and wrought iron. Stainlesssteel is preferred due to its high tensile strength, corrosion resistance, and durability. Aluminum, on the other hand, is lighter and more cost-effective, while still providing adequate security. Wrought iron, though visually appealing, is heavier and more prone to rusting, requiring regular maintenance.The thickness and gauge of the material also play.。

学术英语(理工)详解答案-Unit-3

3) greenhouse:
is a structure with different types of covering materials, such as a glass or plastic roof and frequently glass or 4p)lamsetitchwanaell:s; it heats up because incoming visible solar radiation from the sun is absorbed by plants, soil, and other things inside the building.
is the simplest alkane, the main component of natural gas, and probably the most abundant organic compound on earth. The relative abundance of methane makes it an attractive fuel.
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翻译文献一

ReviewClay in cement-based materials:Critical overview ofstate-of-the-artM.L.Nehdi ⇑Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,University of Western Ontario,London,Ontario,Canadah i g h l i g h t sCritical overview of effects of clay in cement-based materials is provided. Dimensional stability of aggregates bearing clay minerals is examined. Treatment of clays to mitigate their detrimental effects in concrete is outlined. Research on nano-clays in cement-based materials is highlighted.How to resolve ambiguity related to clays in cement-based materials is discussed.a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 23May 2013Received in revised form 10October 2013Accepted 31October 2013Available online 28November 2013Keywords:Clay SandAggregate Concrete Workability Admixture Swelling Durability Nanoa b s t r a c tLimitations in guidelines and standards on the amount of clay in sand and coarse aggregate micro-ﬁnes and the inﬂuence of such micro-ﬁnes on fresh and hardened concrete properties is often ambiguous for practitioners and quality control professionals.This is compounded by conﬂicting related data in the open literature and the inadequacy of some standard test procedures for capturing the real problems associated with the presence of clays in cement-based materials.This paper examines the various types of clay,limitations on clays in aggregates in various standards,and the test methods used to assess the presence of clays in aggregates.A critical overview of literature on the possible effects of clay in cement-based materials is provided,including effects on water demand,workability,mechanical strength,dimensional stability and chemical admixtures dosage.The problem of dimensional stability of aggre-gates bearing clay minerals is examined.Possible chemical treatment of clays to mitigate their detrimen-tal effects in concrete is also outlined.Finally,emerging research on using nano-clays in cement-based materials is highlighted and recommendations to resolve ambiguity related to the presence of clays in cement-based materials are proposed.Ó2013Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Contents 1.Introduction (373)2.Different clay minerals and their behaviour................................................................................3733.Mechanisms of clay swelling............................................................................................3744.Effects of clay on properties of concrete...................................................................................3745.Effects of clay on chemical admixtures....................................................................................3766.Expansion of aggregates with clay bearing minerals.........................................................................3767.Test methods for clay in cement-based materials ...........................................................................3767.1.Aggregate durability index ........................................................................................3777.2.Sand equivalent test .............................................................................................3777.3.Methylene blue test .............................................................................................3777.4.Grace colorimetric modified methylene blue method ..................................................................3788.Standard limitations on clay content in aggregates..........................................................................3789.Chemical treatment of aggregates to mitigate effects of clay ..................................................................37810.Nano-clay in cement-based materials....................................................................................3790950-0618/$-see front matter Ó2013Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.059⇑Tel.:+1(519)6612111x88308.E-mail address:mnehdi@uwo.ca11.Concluding remarks (381)References (381)1.IntroductionThe Spanish proverb puts it best:‘‘clay and lime conceal much evil’’.This author sensed such perception of clay through personal involvement in high-proﬁle international projects(e.g.two of the tallest buildings in the world,world’s deepest and second largest water pumping and treatment plant,one of the world’s largest air-ports,a world landmark bridge,etc.).Ambiguity arises when stan-dards,technical provisions and subsequently project speciﬁcations may be unnecessarily restrictive on the amount of micro-ﬁnes al-lowed in aggregates used in concrete,while locally available sands and/or coarse aggregates cannot meet such limitations at compet-itive cost.Often futile debate emerges on what exactly is the nat-ure of aggregate micro-ﬁnes at hand,is it responsible for any performance issues of the concrete produced,how such an inﬂu-ence can be accurately quantiﬁed for various microﬁne contents, and can the limits on micro-ﬁnes be relaxed without short-or long-term performance problems of the concrete.The discussion can be fuelled with conﬂicting pieces of information sourced from the open literature or through personal communications.Therefore,this article is an attempt to demystify clay in con-crete,critically overview the state-of-the-art on this issue,and pro-vide a self-contained document that can scrutinise existing related data and the various pieces of evidence,examine the available test methods for evaluating the existence and effects of clays in ce-ment-based materials,and essentially savefort of navigating through this often2.Different clay minerals and theirDetailed information on clay mineralsin Fowden et al.[24].Clay minerals areand layered crystalline substances thatweathering of certain rock formingicates of aluminium and other metallictially two fundamental crystal layers,alumina(octahedral).It is basically theare stacked together with differentthe crystal lattice that differentiates clayite,illite and montmorillonite from onegeological conditions and prevailingmine which type of clay is formed.Clay minerals are commonly found in75l m material)of natural aggregates.ically less than2l m in size,but can be10sized clay materials and their unit cellsative charges on their surfaces.Whenbetween clay particles gets occupied byThe simultaneous presence of negativelyand the dipoles of water create electro-tract and hold the dipoles of water.Claymulti-layer formations.The chargedcharge around the particles are togetherlayer[39].The space between layers and the freeinterlayer space are the chief reasons formineral has a swelling behaviour.Theabsorption of water dipoles to theto be achieved.With decreased interlayeramong the layers become powerful and of water,so swelling does not occur.Conversely,as the interlayer space becomes more signiﬁcant,interlayer forces are so that water absorption in the interlayer space can progress until interlayer bonds fail.Hence,the clay particles get separated and rearranged and swelling occurs.The extent and kinetics of the mechanisms de-scribed above depend on several other parameters acting individ-ually or in combination.These include the density of the surface charge,the type and valence of the cations,the concentration of the electrolytes and the dielectric constant.Therefore,swelling depends on the type of clay mineral.Gener-ally,smectite minerals,with montmorillonite being a chief repre-sentative of this group,are considered swelling.Such smectites encompass repeat units of silica,gibbsite(aluminium hydroxyl groups)and adjacent silica layers joined by Van der Waals bonds (Fig.1).The substitution of aluminium for magnesium in the gibb-site layer and for silicon in the silica layer results in a net negative charge in smectites,thus imparting a high cation exchange capac-ity.In addition to their high cation exchange capacity,the inter-layer spacing between silica layers can increase in smectites through water absorption,causing substantial swelling.Con-versely,clay minerals such as pyrophyllite,margarite and illite are considered non-swelling.For instance,kaolinites comprise re-peat units of silica and gibbsite and lack the inter-layer spacing found between adjacent silica layers in smectites.Hence,their cat-ion exchange capacity is less than that of smectites and is predom-1.Schematic illustration of the layered structure present in montmorillonite (courtesy of J.Plank,2013).M.L.Nehdi/Construction and Building Materials51(2014)372–382373d-spacing when exchangeable cations are hydrated by an aqueous solution[7].The presence of clay minerals in coarse andﬁne aggregates can have remarkable effects on the workability of fresh concrete,effec-tiveness of chemical admixtures,and on the mechanical strength, dimensional stability and durability of hardened concrete.There-fore,it is paramount to determine the type and content of clay minerals in aggregates,develop rapid and reliableﬁeld test meth-ods to quantify deleterious clay minerals in aggregate stockpiles and recommend remedial techniques,if any,to make the clay-con-taminated aggregates adequate for use in concrete.In this article,a critical overview of the effects of clay minerals in cement-based materials is provided.The test methods used to assess the presence of clay in aggregates are examined,and inter-national standards on clay minerals in concrete are highlighted. The problem of dimensional stability of aggregates bearing clay minerals is discussed.Possible chemical treatment of clays to mit-igate their detrimental effects in concrete is also outlined.Finally, emerging research on using nano-clays in cement-based materials is highlighted.It is hoped that this critical analysis of international literature could mitigate existing ambiguity on the topic of clay in concrete among engineers and practitioners.3.Mechanisms of clay swellingThe mechanisms of clay swelling have been extensively dis-cussed in the literature.Only aspects relevant to clays in cement-based materials are considered herein.Much of this discussion is based on a review by Anderson et al.[8].In contact with water, exchangeable cations in the clay interlayer space tend to hydrate, forcing clay layers apart.Swelling can occur via two different re-gimes;crystalline and osmotic swelling.Crystalline swelling can occur in all types of clay minerals.This was shown to be a short-range swelling occurring in a discrete fashion,through the stepwise formation of mixtures of interlayer hydrates.Several layers of water molecules line up to form a qua-si-crystalline structure between unit layers resulting in an in-creased interlayer spacing.For instance,smectite clays absorb water and form one-,two-,three-and four-layer hydrates.The equilibrium layer spacing for a certain clay mineral is the state whereby the thermodynamic potential(free energy)is a global minimum given thermodynamic constraints of temperature,pres-sure,and water chemical potential(Anderson et al.[8]).Typical interlayer spacing recorded in the crystalline swelling regime ranges from9to20Å.Osmotic swelling occurs in particular clay minerals known to contain exchangeable cations in the interlayer region.When the concentration of cations in the interlayer space is higher than that in the surrounding solution,water molecules migrate into the interlayer space to restore cation equilibrium.This type of swelling can cause appreciably larger volume increases(interlayer spacing of20–130Å)than that resulting from crystalline swelling.For in-stance,smectites can swell in this osmotic fashion.Conversely, K+saturated smectite clay do not swell in this manner and form crystalline hydrates even in aqueous suspension[52].Thus,the K+ion can be used to prevent the swelling of sodium saturated clay minerals(Anderson,2010).The type,size and charge of exchangeable cations present in the clay interlayer space have a predominant effect on the magnitude of clay swelling.Water desorption isotherm measurements of montmorillonite intercalated with different monovalent exchange-able cations(Li+,Na+,K+,Rb+and Cs+)indicated that for larger cations,less water is adsorbed[40].Clay minerals incorporating monovalent cations having larger hydration energies tend to swell more than those containing cations with lower hydration energies.Furthermore,the type of substitutions present and layer charge of a clay mineral can signiﬁcantly inﬂuence its swelling characteris-tics.This is discussed in greater detail in Anderson et al.[8].4.Effects of clay on properties of concreteThere has long been concern that clay particles may be harmful to concrete because of their ability to absorb water and swell, which increases the water demand in fresh concrete.As early as 1933,Parsons[48]studied the effects of partially substituting clay for either10%by volume of cement or7.5%by volume ofﬁne aggregate,on the compressive strength,absorption,and perme-ability of concrete.Three different clays were used:red surface clay from Occoquan,blue clay from Baltimore,Maryland and yellow clay from Alexandria,Virginia,It was believed the clays were free from organic matter as they were used in brick manufacturing.It was observed that substituting10%of clay for cement by volume caused around0–10%decrease in compressive strength at ages be-yond three months,but there was no appreciable effect on perme-ability.Also,substituting clay for7.5%ofﬁne aggregate increased compressive strength by up to37%.The effects of clay on the water absorption,permeability,and resistance to freezing and thawing cycles of concrete were not signiﬁcant.In1934,Lyse[37]reported that experimental work at Lehigh University supported the claim that severe limits on the contents ofﬁnes in concrete were unnec-essary and even could become illogical when chemical admixtures are permitted.More recently,Solomon and Ekolu[60]investigated the incor-poration of clay soil into concrete mixtures as a means of making low-cost,low-strength construction materials for infrastructure in developing countries.Four control concrete mixtures with 350kg/m3of cement and water-to-cementitious content(w/cc)ra-tio of0.70,0.75;and with280kg/m3cementitious content with w/ cc=0.80and0.85were tested.Further mixtures had10%,20%,30%, 40%,and60%partial substitution of cement with local raw clay.It was found that clay–cement concrete mixtures with a maximum w/cc=0.80and20–30%clay replacement for cement can be suited to fulﬁl the strength and workability requirements for low-cost, low-strength applications including housing,roads and dams.Olanitori[47]reported that the higher the clay and silt content in sand,the higher was the cement dosage increment needed to maintain the compressive strength of concrete beyond20MPa, which is the value generally speciﬁed at28-d in Nigeria for a mix-ture ratio1:2:4.He recommended carrying out a comparative cost analysis between the cement dosage increments used for sand with a particular clay/silt content,and washing the sand to reduce the clay/silt content,so as to determine which is more cost-effec-tive to maintain20-MPa compressive strength.Li et al.[32]studied the workability,strength and modulus of elasticity,drying shrinkage and creep,freeze–thaw resistance and chloride ion permeability of C60high-performance concrete (HPC)made with manufactured sand(MS)containing 3.5–14% crushed limestone dust,versus that made with river sand(RS)with clay amounts of3%and5%.The clay content in MS decreased work-ability,increased drying shrinkage and accelerated freeze–thaw damage of the C60-HPC,but did not affect its compressive strength and chloride ion permeability.It was concluded that C60-HPC can be made with MS with a high content of crushed limestone dust, but the amount of clay in MS should be controlled.Norvell et al.[46]explored the effects of clay minerals present in natural aggregates versus that of clay-sized particles present in manufacturedﬁne aggregates on concrete performance by‘‘dop-ing’’micro-ﬁne aggregates with clay minerals and non-clay con-taining particles of similar size.Speciﬁcally,they investigated the effects on water demand,water-reducing admixture demand,374M.L.Nehdi/Construction and Building Materials51(2014)372–382compressive strength and drying shrinkage.It was concluded that clays do increase the water and superplasticizer demand in accor-dance with their interlayer absorption and cation exchange capac-ity,respectively(Table1).However,clay-sized particles(particles of similar size to clay but with different mineralogy)did not signif-icantly affect the water and superplasticizer demands at the levels studied.At constant w/c,only smectite(montmorillonite)clay was found to decrease compressive strength and to increase drying shrinkage.Li et al.[33]explored the effects of the clay content and charac-teristics,methylene blue value(MBV ranging from0.35to2.5)of manufactured sand(MS)and the limestoneﬁnes content on the performance of concrete.Results showed that with an increase in MBV,the workability,ﬂexural strength and7-d compressive strength of the MS concrete decreased,while the28-d compressive strength was not affected.Also,increasing MBV enhanced plastic and drying shrinkage cracking of the concrete and remarkably accelerated its freeze–thaw damage and abrasion loss.It was con-tended that the critical MBV was1.4;a value below which the per-formance of MS concrete is not signiﬁcantly compromised by the presence of clay.Since different speciﬁcations and code provisions deﬁne various limits for theﬁne impurities content of the concrete coarse aggre-gate,Seleem and El-Hefnawy[56]evaluated the effects of different levels ofﬁne impurities normally found in coarse aggregates in Egypt on the compressive strength and dimensional stability of concrete.Based on their test results,a higher limit ofﬁne impuri-ties(5%)in coarse aggregate was suggested,particularly when the increase in shrinkage is overcome using a superplasticizer and low-er water-to-cement-ratio.Chan and Wu[14]argued that research has shown silts and clays to be deleterious because in the mixing of concrete con-taining silts and clays more water is added to achieve adequate workability.They reasoned that the use of a superplasticizer at similar w/c ratio to that of a control OPC concrete not containing silts and clays may provide good quality concrete.They con-ducted trial concrete mixtures with particles less than150l m in size consisting of silts and clays obtained from crushed gran-ite stone along with a sulphonated naphthalene superplasticizer. They concluded that durable concrete could be made with25% partial replacement of cement with silt and clay using a w/c ra-tio of0.5.However,Chan and Wu[14]explored workability, strength and permeability of the silt and clay concrete,but did not assess its dimensional stability,abrasion and freeze–thaw resistance.Courard et al.[18]investigated the effects of various limestone ﬁllers on the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting mortars.Six different limestoneﬁllers were used at15%,25%and 35%partial mass replacement of cement.Theﬁllers incorporated clays and had methylene blue absorption values between0.7and 5.0.Among the sixﬁllers,two contained swelling clays.It was found that the water requirement of limestoneﬁllers was primar-ily affected by their content of swelling clay.The water require-ment had a direct correlation with the methylene blue absorption and the BET speciﬁc surface of theﬁllers.The consis-tency of fresh mortars decreased with increasing swelling clay con-tent of the limestoneﬁllers.It was argued that despite the effect on fresh mortar properties,no major inﬂuence of clays on the behav-iour of hardened mortars was observed.Even the swelling clays did not hinder the porosity of limestoneﬁller modiﬁed mortars.It was contended that should superplasticizers be used to solve rheologi-cal problems,ﬁllers from the aggregate industry and stone sawing could be used in concrete manufacturing.Fernandes et al.[22]carried out an experimental study on clay–cement–sand composites.They compared the effects of pure quartz sand to that of two synthesized sands made by dry mixing of this pure sand with either20%by mass of kaolin or20%by mass of montmorillonite.They made various mortars with Type I OPC and variable sand types,water/cement ratios and sand/cement ratios.The28-d compressive strength was measured and X-ray diffraction was employed to examine whether any reactions between the clay and cement had oc-curred.A linear relationship existed between the amount of clay and corresponding amount of water needed to maintain certain workability.XRD analysis did not identify any secondary prod-ucts forming in the presence of clay.Moreover,the mixtures incorporating kaolin clay followed similar strength-w/c relation-ship to that of normal concrete,with lower strengths attributed to increased water demand and/or increased compaction difﬁ-culty,while those including montmorillonite followed a different relationship,suggesting that this clay had other deleterious ef-fects beyond the increased water demand.It was postulated that for the typical w/c and strength values of building materials in developing countries,satisfactory mortar and blocks can be made from clay-contaminated sand.However,the effect of the type of clay is signiﬁcant and structural concrete made with such materials needs proper durability and dimensional stability investigation.The effects of coarse aggregate coatings on concrete proper-ties were explored by Muñoz et al.[43].Seven concrete mixtures were made with coarse aggregates containing two types of coat-ings:naturalﬁeld-coated aggregates,and manufactured coated samples of dust and clayﬁnes.The effects of these coatings on concrete performance were examined by comparing the relative changes in physical and mechanical properties of the concrete versus that of a control concrete made with washed aggregates. It was concluded that microﬁne coatings on coarse aggregates can inﬂuence the properties of fresh and hardened concrete even when their amount in the passing No.200sieve is less than 1.5%.The extent and nature of such inﬂuence depend on the quantity and type of the microﬁne.Thus,ASTM C117,which only accounts for the quantity of micro-ﬁnes present in the aggre-gates,was not considered an adequate monitoring tool for this problem.It was suggested that the product of MBV(methylene blue value)and P200(maximum percentage of material passing the No.200sieve),referred to as the MMBV was the best overall predictor.Table1Water and admixture demand with clay minerals and non-clay sized minerals (modiﬁed after[46].Type of Mineral Waterdemand Superplasticizer dosage (w/c=0.42)Control:granite sand0.47 4.5Clay mineral1%Kaolinite0.50 6.04%Kaolinite0.608.01%Illite0.49 5.54%Illite0.5110.01%Montmorillonite0.6218.54%Montmorillonite0.90186.0Clay sized particles1%Fine calcium carbonate(60%<2l m)0.48–4%Fine calcium carbonate(60%<2l m)0.48 4.01%Ultraﬁne calcium carbonate(90%<2l m)0.49–4%Ultraﬁne calcium carbonate(90%<2l m)0.49 4.01%Ground silica(96%<5l m)0.47–1%Ground silica(96%<5l m)0.47 2.5M.L.Nehdi/Construction and Building Materials51(2014)372–3823755.Effects of clay on chemical admixturesIt is believed that their ability to readily exchange cations is the most deleterious feature of clays in concrete.Cations are ex-changed in order to balance inherent electrical charges on the sur-face of clay particles.Such cations can be readily exchanged with organic materials such as water-reducing admixtures and superp-lasticizers.This high afﬁnity to organic substances competes with the adsorption and dispersing mechanisms of chemical admixtures at the surface of cement and supplementary cementitious materi-als particles.Subsequently,as clay particles consume part of the chemical admixture,a higher dosage will be required to achieve certain workability.This not only has cost implications,but the very high admixture dosage can lead to excessively long setting time,delays in strength gain and formwork removal.Table1exhib-its the substantial effect observed by Norvell et al.[46]of swelling clay on the superplasticizer demand of concrete.In particular,there has been growing evidence that polycarbox-ilate-based superplasticizers(PCEs)are more sensitive to clays than poly-condensate superplasticizers.This is primarily due to their incorporation into the layered clay structure via their side chains,which impedes their dispersing ability.It was observed by several researchers(e.g.[55,31]that different types of PCEs show pronounced sensitivity to clay and their dispersing force de-creases signiﬁcantly in its presence.The predominantly used side chain in PCE superplasticizers is poly(ethylene oxide),which is known to easily intercalate within alumosilicate layers of clays (e.g.[36].Montmorillonite(MMT)was found to be particularly harmful to concreteﬂuidity compared to other clay minerals such as kaolinites(e.g.[27].This is caused by the expanding lattices of MMT,allowing intercalation,swelling and cation exchange[38].Li et al.[34]studied the inﬂuence of clay on the disperse-ability of polycarboxylate superplasticizers.They investigated theﬂuidity and viscosity of cement paste and examined the inﬂuence of clayﬁltrate on the molecular structure and kinetics of adsorption of PCE on the surface of clay particles in a simu-lated alkaline environment consisting of saturated calcium hydroxide solution.Theirﬁndings indicate that PCE has no dis-persing effect on cement paste once the clay content reached 15%.Increasing the PCE dosage mitigated this negative effect of clay.Moreover,it was found that the clayﬁltrate did not change the molecular structure of PCE nor did it affect its disperse-abil-ity.The kinetics of clay adsorption in the simulated alkaline environment on PCE was rapid,with an adsorption capacity about4times that on cement,with clay reaching its equilibrium adsorption within6min.Ng and Plank[44]tested PCEs consisting of methacrylic acid/ MPEG methacrylate-ester with molar ratios of6:1and1.5:1.They found that the tested PCEs sorb chemically and physically onto clay by amounts about100times higher than that on cement.Chemi-sorption appeared to take place via intercalation of the poly(ethyl-ene oxide)side chains into the interlayer region between alumos-ilicate layers,while physic-sorption occurred on positively charged clay surfaces through uptake of Ca2+.The type of sorption was dos-age dependent,with side chain intercalation dominating at higher PCE dosage,while electrostatic attraction via the clay surfaces an-ionic backbone prevailed at lower dosage.Since PCEs possessing high grafting density were more vulnerable to clay effects,it was argued that poly-glycols can be utilised as sacriﬁcial agents when highly grafted PCEs are employed at high dosages.Lei and Plank[31]asserted that new PCE superplasticizers pos-sessing modiﬁed chemical structure for enhanced robustness to-wards clay need to be developed.Hence,they synthetized modiﬁed PCEs from methacrylic acid and hydroxyl-alkyl methac-rylate esters and tested their dispersion performance in cement with and without montmorillonite clay.The new PCE was found to disperse cement effectively in the presence of clay and was much less affected by clay than conventional PCEs.A mechanistic study including adsorption and XRD experiments revealed that the new PCE only adsorbs on the surface of clay and does not incor-porate into its layered structure,which explains its tolerance to clay contamination.6.Expansion of aggregates with clay bearing mineralsThe dimensional stability of aggregates versus moisture changes has been discussed in detail by Shayan[59].Generally, dense and un-weathered aggregates are not affected by changes in moisture content.Their water absorption is generally less than 1%by mass of rock.Hence they usually retain their dimensions un-der wet or dry conditions.However,some vesicular rocks may ex-hibit high water absorption,yet can remain dimensionally stable provided they are free of expansive clay minerals.Once altered or weathered,rocks can exhibit expansive minerals,yielding high water absorption due to the ability of clay minerals to accommo-date water in its interlayer spaces.The formation of expansive clay minerals has been reported by several authors in basaltic rocks and in granophyre(e.g.in[59];its effects on the properties of the rock as a source of concrete aggregate have also been well documented.Water absorption by clay minerals in aggregates can cause expansion of the granular matrix,hence causing expansion of the concrete.Drying can exhibit excessive shrinkage,possibly leading to cracking,especially under repeated wetting/drying conditions (e.g.[16,54].Water vapour and nitrogen absorption studies and measurements of internal and external surface area of basalts (e.g.[16,58]revealed a direct relationship between the length change of rock prisms subjected to wetting/drying cycles and their clay content.Similar relationships have also been established for granophyre and basalt[58,67].The dimensional stability and moisture sensitivity of rocks can be experimentally measured on prism specimens subjected to re-peated wetting–drying cycles and monitoring the associated length changes using accurate length measurement comparators (e.g.[16,57].Some indirect methods including correlating drying shrinkage with moisture absorption of aggregate or with adsorp-tion of other polar molecules such as methylene blue dye,have been used to predict the drying shrinkage of aggregates[59].In particular,the MBV value had a reasonable correlation with the clay content of tested materials and was successfully used to eval-uate a source rock for drying shrinkage before the development of a quarry at the site[57].Using124test specimens,a correlation was developed by Sha-yan[57]between drying shrinkage of aggregate and its MBV value. It was shown that MBV levels beyond1.75ml/g were associated with unacceptable aggregate drying shrinkage.Table2lists typical ranges of moisture-induced length changes measured on different rock prisms from Australian aggregate source rocks and reported by[59].It can be observed that andesitic tuffs,grey basalts and sandstones undergo signiﬁcant length changes upon wetting and drying,at times exceeding1000micro-strains.Except grey basalt, substantial dimensional instability in rocks has been linked to higher clay content.Likewise,when clay occurred in the form of an interconnected network in basalt(e.g.[17]or in the form of veins in granophyre(e.g.[57],the length change was much larger than when a similar amount of clay was present in isolated patches or in vesicles.7.Test methods for clay in cement-based materialsConsidering the signiﬁcant inﬂuence of the type and content of clay on the water and chemical admixture demand,mechanical376M.L.Nehdi/Construction and Building Materials51(2014)372–382。

美国GMP指南(英文)

GUIDELINE FORGOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICESINSPECTIONSPAN AMERICAN NETWORK FOR DRUG REGULATORY HARMONIZATION WORKING GROUP ON GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICESMEMBERS*Justina Molzon*, Associate Director for International Programs, FDA/USA. Group CoordinatorArgentina: Carlos Chiale; Rodolfo Mocchetto*, Coordinator INAME/ANMATBrazil: Antonio Bezerra, Suzana Avila*, Inspección y Control de Medicamentos, ANVISACanada: France Dasereau, Stephen McCaul; Louise Jodoin*, Inspection Unit, Health CanadaChile: Magadalena Reyes*, Inspector GMP. Instituto de Salud Pública (ISP) Guatemala: Esmeralda Villagran; José Luis Aguilar; Norma de Pinto*, Jefe Monitoreo y Vigilancia de Medicamentos, Ministerio de SaludMexico: Rosa María Morales, Suleta García*, COFEPRISVenezuela: Elsa Castejón*, Asesora Dirección de Drogas y Cosméticos, Ministerio de Salud.ALIFAR: Miguel Maito, Gerente Laboratorios Farmacéuticos Argentina; Marisela Benaim*, CIFAR, VenezuelaFIFARMA, Marco Vega, QA/QC Manager, Lilly; Carmen Araujo, Laboratorios Elmor, Marisela Poot,* GSK Regulatory DirectorResource Persons:Rebecca Rodríguez, National Expert Drugs Investigator. FDA/USAMillie Barber, International Programa Manger, FDA/USASecretariatRosario D’Alessio, PAHO/WHOJuana M. De Rodriguez, PAHO-GuatemalaMiguel A. Lopez, PAHO-Venezuela*Current membersINTRODUCTIONThis Guideline for Good Manufacturing Practices Inspection for the pharmaceuticalindustry was prepared by the Working Group on Good Manufacturing Practices (WG/GMP), inMay 2003. The Guideline addresses the requirements of the WHO Technical Report onGood Manufacturing Practices # 32 and the particular considerations of all members of thegroup.The WG/GMP proposed a plan for Guideline validation, to the Steering Committee of thePan-American Network for Drug Regulatory Harmonization, which was approved and was developed in two parts:1. The Guideline was implementation in a pilot phase at volunteering pharmaceuticalindustry plants. PAHO/WHO Consultants, Drug Regulatory Officers and people from thepharmaceutical industry conducted the pilot implementation at several plants in differentcountries of the Americas Region. The guideline was later revised according to theircomments and suggestions regarding the contents and usefulness.2. The Guideline was published in the PAHO/WHO web page to promote participation anddiscussion by institutions and professional experts in this topic. This gave all those whowere interested, the opportunity to send suggestions, comments, or to simply give theiropinion. The Guideline remained in the web page since June 2004 in order to receivecomments and others input.Associations like (ALIFAR and FIFARMA) and countries (Argentina, Guatemala andVenezuela) also sent their comments.The GMP Working Group reviewed and analyzed all the comments received and preparedthis revised version of the Regional Guideline of GMP Inspection for the Americas, which is submitted for consideration to the IV Pan American Conference on Drug Regulatory Harmonization.Some of the advantages of the Guideline are:1. The guideline will help to establish the standards for GMP inspections;2. It will be more comprehensive than what is in place in the economic blocks (countries)and will send the message that countries need to work as a community to meetestablished standards; and therefore, improve the quality of pharmaceutical products;3. It will serve as a work model necessary for common criteria;4. It should not be used as a check list, but it should show principles important toconsider in association with an inspection;5. It can be used as a training document for GMP inspections; and6. It will be helpful to countries in educating inspectors with unified criteria.TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 1 (5)ADMINISTRATION AND GENERAL INFORMATION (5)CHAPTER 2 (8)PERSONNEL (8)CHAPTER 3 (10)PREMISES (10)GENERAL CONDITIONS (10)ANCILLARY AREAS (11)MAINTENANCE (12)CHAPTER 4 (13)WATER SYSTEMS (13)POTABLE WATER (13)PURIFIED WATER (14)WATER FOR INJECTION (17)CHAPTER 5 (21)STORAGE AREAS (21)CHAPTER 6 (29)RETURNED PRODUCTS (29)CHAPTER 7 (30)PRODUCTS RECALL (30)CHAPTER 8 (31)DOCUMENTATION (31)CHAPTER 9 (40)SAMPLING AREA (40)CHAPTER 10 (41)WEIGHING AREA (41)WEIGHING AREA (42)WEIGHING AREA (43)CHAPTER 11 (44)PRODUCTION (44)NON-STERILE PRODUCTS (44)PRODUCTION (53)SEGREGATED PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS (53)PRODUCTION (54)STERILE PRODUCTS (54)CHAPTER 12 (68)QUALITY CONTROL (68)CHAPTER 13 (78)QUALITY ASSURANCE (78)CHAPTER 14 (83)VALIDATION (83)CHAPTER 1REF:ADMINISTRATION AND GENERAL INFORMATIONWHO 321 What is the company's name?________________________________________________________________________2 What is the company's legal address?_______________________________________________________________________3 What is the manufacturing site’s address?______________________________________________________________________4 Does the company have authorization, according to the regulations of each country, at other address(es)(warehouses, quality control laboratory, etc.) which are under the company’s responsibility?If "YES", indicate which companies and provide their addresses._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5 Is there evidence of registration of the qualified person responsible by the Regulatory Authority?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6 Is the qualified person responsible, according to company's organization chart, present at the time of theinspection?YESPROVIDE INFORMATION REGARDING THIS PERSON (WHO RECEIVES THE INSPECTION)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO7 Is there evidence of a license to operate issued by the Regulatory Authority?Indicate all authorized activities.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________REF:ADMINISTRATION AND GENERAL INFORMATIONWHO 328 Does the company develop exclusively those production and quality control activities properly authorizedby the Regulatory Authority?YESNO9 Does the company manufacture dietary supplements?YESNO10 Does the company manufacture cosmetic products?YESNO11 Does the company manufacture veterinary products?YESNO12 Does the company manufacture reagents for “in vitro” diagnostic use?YESNO13 Does the company manufacture reagents for “in vivo” diagnostic use?YESNO14 Does the company manufacture other products not indicated above?YESIf “YES” indicate below__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO15 Does the company manufacture products with beta-lactam active ingredients (penicillins /cephalosporins)?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO16 Does the company manufacture products with cytostatic / cytotoxic active ingredients?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO17 Does the company manufacture products with hormone active ingredients?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NOREF:WHO 32ADMINISTRATION AND GENERAL INFORMATION17.1 Does the company manufacture products with corticosteroids active ingredients?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO18 Does the company manufacture products with active ingredients from biological origin?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO19 Does the company manufacture products with active ingredients from biotechnological origin?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO20 Is there a list available of current licensed products? Attach the listYESNO21 Is there a list available of marketed products? Attach the listYESNO21.1 Do all marketed products and its pharmaceutical presentations have current (valid) license?YESNO22 Are the updated building schematics approved by the Regulatory Authority shown, if required?YESNO23 Section 8. Does the company have contract production activities? YESNO24Section 8 Is there documentation certifying registration/authorization of the third party contracted by the Regulatory Authority?YESNO25 Section 8.15 Is there batch documentation issued by the third party in charge of production? YESNO26 Section 8 Does the company act as a third party producer? YESNO27 Sections 8.1, 8.3, 8.12 and8.13 If the company produces by or for third parties, are there contracts that link the parties? YESNOCHAPTER 2PERSONNELREF:WHO 32YES NO1 Sections 10.1, 10.4, 10.11,10.23. Are there Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) related to personnel, including professional qualification, training?2Section 10.3.Is there an updated organization chart of the company? Attach copy3 Section 10.3 Is there a description of the responsibilities and functions of production and quality control personnel?4 Section 10.6. Are the responsibilities of production and quality control personnel independent of each other?5 Section 10.7. Are there trained personnel for the supervision of production and quality control activities?6 Section 10.12. Is there a program for training new employees on GMP, including specific training appropriate to the duties assigned to them?6.1 Section 10.4,10.12. Is there a program for continuous training on GMP for all staff, including specific training appropriate to the duties assigned to them?6.2Section 10.12Are records kept?7 Section 10.15,10.23 Is there a SOP dealing with the use of proper clothing for other persons who enter production areas (technical service/maintenance, cleaning personnel, quality control inspectors, quality assurance inspectors, and visitors)?8 Section 10.23 Are there visible written instructions and/or diagrams for the right use of clothing in the change rooms and other areas where they are required?9 Section 10.16 Are the personnel required to undergo a medical examination prior to being employed (including sensitivity test to beta-lactam substances, if required)?10Section 10.1Are the personnel subject to periodic medical examinations, at least once a year?10.1Sections 10.18,10.19.Are the personnel required to report health problems?11 Section 10.16,10.18 Is there a procedure to prevent any person who has an apparent illness from entering areas in which they may adversely affect the quality of the product or affect their own health?12 Section 10.22 Is smoking, eating, drinking and chewing prohibited in production, storage and laboratory areas?REF:WHO 32PERSONNEL YES NO13Section 10.17Are the personnel instructed to wash their hands before entering production areas?13.1 Section 10.17 Are there signs posted outlining mandatory hand washing before exiting, in change rooms and washrooms?14Section 10.21.Are the personnel using the appropriate uniform for the specified area?12.1Section 11.12.Are the uniforms clean and in good condition?CHAPTER 3PREMISESGENERAL CONDITIONSREF:WHO 32YES NO1Section11.1Is the building exterior in good conditions?2 Section 11.2. Are there any sources of environmental contamination in the area surrounding the building?2.1Section11.2.If "YES", are protective measures undertaken?3 Section 11.2. Are the free and non-productive areas belonging to the company in good clean and orderly conditions?4 Section 11.2. Are the roads leading to the building tarred and/or built so that dust from the road is not a source of contamination inside the plant?5 Section 11.6 Is there any protection against the entry of rodents, insects, birds and other animals?6Section14.46(f)Is there a written pest control program with its respective records?7Section14.46(f)Is there a SOP for pest control?7.1 Does the SOP indicate the substances used for pest control?7.2 Does the Regulatory Authority authorize the used substances?8 Section 4.1 Does the SOP ensure the avoidance of contamination of starting materials, packaging materials, in process-products and finished products with rodenticides and/or fumigant agents?9 Sections 11.1;11.2and 11.21 Is the flow of personnel and materials such that they prevent product contamination?10 Are corridors free of in-transit materials?11 Sections 11.5 and 11.26 Are air conditioning and/or ventilation systems for each area in accordance with the operation to be carried out?WHO 32GENERAL CONDITIONSYES NO12Section11.5.Are visible electric installations in good conditions?13 Section 12.4. Are water, gases, electricity, steam, compressed air and other gas pipelines identified?14 Does the company comply with the national legislation on fire control andprevention?15 Sections 13.38 13.39 Are there SOPs for waste classification and treatment? Are they followed (or complied with)?16Sections13.38 and13.39Is waste treatment undertaken in the premises?16.1 Sections 13.38 and 13.39 If "YES", is there a specific area for waste treatment, completely separated from manufacturing areas?REF:WHO 32 ANCILLARY AREAS YES NO 1Section11.8.Are there general change rooms in the plant?2 Section 11.8. Are toilets, change rooms and showers separated from manufacturing areas?Are they of easy access, and in good condition with respect to cleanliness, sanitation, order and conservation?Are they adequate for the number of users?3 Section 11.7 Are the dining room, social areas and cafeteria (rest and snacks) separated from production areas?4 Sections 10.21 and 10.23. Are plant staffs (temporary and permanent) provided with proper working clothes for each area, including protective coverings to avoid direct contact with products and to protect themselves?5 Are there SOP’s for washing uniforms separately depending on the type of area(sterile, non sterile, maintenance, special products)?6 Is there a laundry area for uniforms which is separate from production areas?7 If an outside laundry facility is used, are personnel and the person responsibleinstructed about the corresponding SOP?7.1 Are there instruction records?WHO 32 ANCILLARY AREAS YES NO7.2 Is this outside laundry facility periodically audited?7.3 Are there audit records?REF:WHO 32 MAINTENANCE YES NO 8Section11.9.Are the maintenance areas physically separated from production areas?9 Is there a SOP of the use, cleaning and maintenance of different servicegenerated equipment?10 Are there preventive maintenance programs for equipment and critical supportsystems?Are performance records for this preventive maintenance program kept?11 Sections 18.18 and 12.11 Is equipment identified as out-of-service or in reparation identified as such? Are they removed from production areas as soon as possible?12 Section 14.46 (c) Is there a preventive maintenance program for the premises?Are there performance records for this preventive maintenance program?13Section14.47 (c)Are records of the usage of critical equipment showed?14 Section 12.1 Is there a preventive maintenance program for quality control equipment? Is there a performance record for this preventive maintenance program?REF:WHO 32 GENERAL SERVICES YES NO15Section15.11Is there a pure steam generator, if necessary?16Section15.11Is there a compressed air generator free of oil, if necessary?17 Sections 15.17Is there an electricity generator for the maintenance of critical systems and processes to be used in case of problems with the electricity supply occur?18Section11.2Are the system generators for different services separated from production areas?19 Do they use gases that will be in direct contact with products?19.1 Are gas piping and valves in good conditions and are they dedicated for each gas?CHAPTER 4 WATER SYSTEMSREF: WHO 32POTABLE WATERYes No NA What is the source of water used in the company?Public Network?Artesian Well, semiartesian well?1Others?2 If necessary, is any treatment for making water potable undertaken before the water isstored?2.1 Does the selected treatment assure potability, according to each country’s requirements?3 Are the system schematics shown?Are the distribution network layouts shown?Are the sampling points shown?4 Does the company have water tanks?4.1 What materials is the water tanks made of?5 Are the cleaning and disinfecting procedures for water and cistern tanks documented?Does the procedure include a justifiable frequency and sampling points?5.1 Are performance records shown?6 Are physicochemical tests of potable water undertaken?Are physicochemical tests of potable water recorded?Indicate frequency7 Is potable water used as a source of purified water or water for injection production?8 Is microbiological control of potable water undertaken?Is microbiological control of potable water recorded?Indicate frequency9 Is potable water used for the initial washing of equipment and tools?10 Is the visible piping used for the transportation of potable water maintained in goodconditions?WHO 32 POTABLE WATER Yes No NA11 Is there a preventive maintenance program that includes the potable water system?Is there a performance record for this preventive maintenance program?REF:WHO 32 PURIFIED WATER Yes No NA1 Is the purified water used, produced by the company?Which is the system used to obtain purified water?Ionic exchange resins?Reverse Osmosis?Distillation?2Others (specify which)?3 Section 17.33 Are the system schematics shown?Are the distribution network layouts shown? Are the sampling points shown?4Section17.33What is the production capacity in liters/hour?4.1 What is the average consumption?5Section14.35Are there written procedures for the operation of the system?7Section17.33Is the purified water stored?7.1 What is the reservoir capacity?7.2 Is the reservoir constructed of sanitary type material?8 If purified water remains stored longer than 24 hours, is there any treatment to preventmicrobiological contamination?8.1Section17.33Does the selected treatment prevent microbiological contamination?9 Are the pipes and valves used to distribute purified water made of sanitary material?10Section15.21Are the visible piping used in water distribution maintained in good conditions?11Sections15.2117.42Is the distribution system of purified water sanitized?WHO 32 PURIFIED WATER Yes No NA 11.1 Is there a SOP for the sanitation of purified water storage and distribution system?11.2 What is the sanitation method used?11.3 In the case of an open distribution system that is not used in 24 hours or more, issanitation undertaken the day before its use?11.4 Are records kept?11.5 In the case of chemical sanitation, are sanitizing agent residues tested?11.6 Arethererecords?12 Is there any type of filter in the distribution system?12.1 In the case that filters exist, are they sanitized?12.2 Are the filter sanitation records shown?12.3 Are the filter replacement records shown?12.4 In the case of open distribution system not used in 24 hours or more, is sanitation donethe day before its use?13 Is any other system, to reduce bacterial burden from purified water, used in thedistribution system?Which type?14 Is the purified water used as a raw material to manufacture non-parenteral products?15 Is the purified water used for washing production equipment and utensils?15.1 Is the purified water used for the final rinse of the equipment used in the manufacture ofnon-parenteral products?15.2 Is the purified water used for the final rinse of the equipment used in the manufacture ofnon-parenteral products?16 Is a non-continuous purified water production system used?16.1 Section 17.42 Does each batch or production day release, by Quality control, undergo physicochemical test established official pharmacopoeias or by alternative validated methods?16.2Section17.42Are microbiological controls undertaken on the day of use?16.3 Is an action limit established?16.4 Is the action limit no more than 100 cfu / mL?WHO 32 PURIFIED WATER Yes No NA 16.5 When the action limit is exceeded, is an investigation always undertaken to ensurequality of the batches of products made with such water?16.6 Is the documentation shown?17 Is a continuous system of purified water production used?17.1Section17.42Is there a continuous monitoring of the quality of the purified water?17.2 Is there an automatic system to prevent use of the purified water, if this is out ofspecifications?17.3 If there is an automatic system, is this checked to verify that it is functioning properly?17.4 Are physicochemical analyses undertaken daily or with an established frequencyaccording to the procedures established by current editions of official pharmacopoeias orby alternative validated methods?17.5 Are microbiological analysis undertaken on the days of use or with an establishedfrequency which is properly validated?17.6 Is an action limit established?17.7 Is the action limit no more than 100 cfu / mL?17.8 When the action limit is exceeded, is an investigation always undertaken to ensurequality of the batches of product made with that water?17.9 Is the documentation shown?18Section17.42Are the sampling points rotated to cover all points of use?19 Is there a SOP for sampling?20 If the water that feeds the system is chlorinated, is there a system to remove thechlorine?21 Are ionic exchange resins used?21.1 Section 17.42 Is there a SOP that considers the criteria to follow for the regeneration of resins and the frequency of regeneration?21.2Section17.42Are records kept?22 Are there SOPs for the sanitation of the purified water system?22.1 What is the sanitation system used?WHO 32 PURIFIED WATER Yes No NA 22.2 What is the sanitation frequency?22.3 Are records kept?23 Is there a preventive maintenance program that includes the components of the purifiedwater system?23.1 Are records kept?REF:WHO 32 WATER FOR INJECTION Yes No NA1 Which treatment system is used to get Water for Injection?2 Section 17.33Are system schematics shown?Are distribution network layouts shown? Are sampling points shown?3Section14.35Are there written procedures for the operation of the system?4Section17.33What is the production capacity in liters/hour?4.1 What is the average consumption?5 If a reverse osmosis system is used:5.1 Is a two-steps system or double osmosis system used on line?5.2 Is the water that feeds the system pre-treated?5.3 What is the pre-treatment system?5.4 Is the system sanitized?5.4.1 What is the sanitation frequency?5.4.2 Are records kept?5.5 In case that chemical sanitation is undertaken, are sanitizing agent residuesinvestigated?5.5.1 Are records kept?6 If distillation is used:6.1 Is the water that feeds the system pre-treated?WHO 32 WATER FOR INJECTION Yes No NA6.2 Which is the pre-treatment system?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________7 Is there a storage tank for the Water used for injection?7.1 Is the tank made of sanitary material?7.2 What is its capacity?7.3 Does it have a hydrophobic vent absolute filter?7.4 Are periodic integrity tests undertaken?7.5 Are records kept?8 Are pipes used in the distribution of Water for Injection up to the point of use?8.1 Are pipes made of sanitary material?8.2 Is there any type of heat exchanger in the system?8.3 If “YES", are there guarantees that the heat exchanger is not a source of contamination?9 Is there a SOP for the sanitation of the water storage and distribution system?9.1 What is the sanitation method used?9.2 What is the sanitation frequency?9.3 Are records kept?9.4 In case of chemical sanitation, is the existence of sanitizing agent residues investigated?9.5 Are records kept?9.6 If sanitation is thermal, is it undertaken periodically by a fluent steam circulation?9.7 Are records kept?10 Section 17.33 If water is not used the same day of its production, is the water maintained above 80 °C or below 4º and with constant recirculation through a loop up to points of use?11 If recirculation is below 4o C, ¿are additional precautions taken to prevent access ofmicrobial contaminants and its proliferation?WHO 32 WATER FOR INJECTION Yes No NA 11.1 What are those precautions?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________11.2 Do the storage and recirculation of the water at this temperature ensure its qualityaccording to its use?12 If the water is produced by reverse osmosis, is there any system to maintain its quality?13 If the company manufactures parenteral products, does it use water for injections as araw material?14 If the company manufactures parenteral products, does it use water for injections for thefinal rinse of equipments and components used in manufacturing?15 Is a non-continuous and non-recirculated production system of Water for injection used?15.1 If this is the case: is water used only during the day of its production?15.2 Is water disposed at end of the day of its production?15.3 Is each batch released by Quality control by physicochemical and bacterial endotoxinstests according to the procedures established by current editions of officialpharmacopoeias or by alternative methods validated?15.4 Are microbiological tests of each batch undertaken?15.5 Is an action limit established?15.6 Is action limit no more than 10 cfu /100mL ?15.7 When the action limit is exceeded, is an investigation of the system always undertaken?15.8 Is the investigation report shown?15.9 Are measures undertaken?15.10 What measures are undertaken?16 Is there a continuous system of for the production of water for injections used?Is there a continuous monitoring of the water quality?16.1Section17.4216.2 Is there an automatic system to prevent the use of the water for injections, if it is out ofspecifications?。

研究生考试考研英语(二204)试卷及答案指导(2025年)

2025年研究生考试考研英语(二204)模拟试卷及答案指导一、完型填空（10分）In the following passage, there are 20 blanks. For each blank, choose the most appropriate word or phrase from the options given. Write the corresponding letter (A, B, C, D, or E) in the blank.The Internet has become an indispensable part of our lives, and its influence on society is both vast and far-reaching. It has revolutionized the way we communicate, access information, and conduct business. However, this digital transformation also brings about numerous challenges and ethical issues.1.The Internet has transformed the way we ______________, making communication more convenient and efficient.A. interactB. travelC. studyD. workE. exercise2.Social media platforms have______________our lives, allowing us to connect with friends and family across the globe.A. enrichedB. constrainedC. isolatedD. interruptedE. diminished3.The Internet has made access to information ______________, enabling us to find answers to our questions within seconds.A. limitedB. expensiveC. overwhelmingD. effortlessE. inaccessible4.E-commerce has______________the traditional retail industry, leading toa shift in consumer behavior.A. enhancedB. weakenedC. diversifiedD. disruptedE. stabilized5.However, the______________of the Internet also raises concerns about privacy and security.A. innovationB. popularityC. complexityD. accessibilityE. diversity6.Cyberbullying has become a significant issue, affecting the mental health of many ______________.A. individualsB. companiesC. organizationsD. governmentsE. schools7.The______________of the Internet has made it easier for people to spread false information, leading to misinformation and confusion.A. decentralizationB. centralizationC. globalizationD. localizationE. isolation8.Many______________argue that the Internet is a double-edged sword, with both positive and negative impacts on society.A. expertsB. politiciansC. economistsD. journalistsE. educators9.To mitigate the negative impacts of the Internet, it is crucial to promote______________and ethical behavior.A. innovationB. regulationC. freedomD. technologyE. diversityernments around the world are working on______________policies to address the challenges posed by the Internet.A. economicB. socialC. environmentalD. educationalE. healthcare11.The Internet has______________the way we consume media, with video streaming services becoming increasingly popular.A. revolutionizedB. preservedC. duplicatedD. diminishedE. stabilized12.Online shopping has______________the retail sector, with more consumers opting to purchase products online.A. revitalizedB. diminishedC. diversifiedD. stabilizedE. disrupted13.The Internet has______________the speed of information dissemination, making it easier for news to reach a wider audience.A. slowed downB. acceleratedC. limitedD. diversifiedE. stabilized14.Cybersecurity is a critical concern, as______________pose a threat to the privacy and security of individuals and organizations.A. hackersB. virusesC. regulationsD. algorithmsE. consumers15.The Internet has______________the way we learn, with online education becoming more prevalent.A. revolutionizedB. preservedC. duplicatedD. diminishedE. stabilized16.Many______________believe that the Internet has a positive impact on education, making learning more accessible and engaging.A. expertsB. politiciansC. economistsD. journalistsE. educators17.The______________of the Internet has made it easier for people to share and exchange knowledge.A. decentralizationB. centralizationC. globalizationD. localizationE. isolation18.Online communities have______________the way we interact with others,allowing us to connect with like-minded individuals.A. enrichedB. constrainedC. isolatedD. interruptedE. diminished19.The Internet has______________the way we conduct business, making it easier to reach a global audience.A. revolutionizedB. preservedC. duplicatedD. diminishedE. stabilized20.Despite the challenges, the Internet remains a powerful tool that can______________our lives and society as a whole.A. enhanceB. limitC. disruptD. isolateE. diminishAnswer: AThe correct answer for the first blank is “interact,” as it is the mostappropriate word to describe the transformation of communication brought about by the Internet.二、传统阅读理解（本部分有4大题，每大题10分，共40分）First QuestionPassageIn the heart of the bustling city of London, there stands an old library known for its vast collection of rare books and manuscripts. Established in the early 19th century, the London Literary Society Library has been a beacon of knowledge and a sanctuary for scholars from all over the world. Its wooden shelves groan under the weight of centuries-old wisdom, preserved within the yellowed pages of countless volumes.In recent years, however, the library has faced a significant challenge. With the advent of digital technology and the internet, fewer people visit the physical space, opting instead for the convenience of online resources. The library’s trustees have had to make some tough decisions about how to preserve the library’s heritage while also ensuring its relevance in the modern age.One innovative solution proposed by the librarian, Ms. Amelia Thompson, w as to digitize the collection. This would not only make the library’s treasures accessible to a wider audience but would also help preserve the fragile materials by reducing the need for physical handling. The proposal met with initial resistance from some purists who feared that the charm and experience of turningthe pages of a centuries-old book would be lost forever. However, after a successful pilot project where a few hundred texts were digitized and made available online, the benefits became clear, and support for the initiative grew.Today, the London Literary Society Library stands as a testament to the power of blending tradition with innovation. It continues to welcome visitors eager to explore its physical collection, while also serving a global community through its digital platform.Questions1、What is the main challenge faced by the London Literary Society Library? Answer: The main challenge faced by the library is the decrease in physical visits due to the preference for digital and online resources.2、Who proposed the idea of digitizing the library’s collection? Answer: The idea was proposed by the librarian, Ms. Amelia Thompson.3、What concern did some purists raise about the digitization plan? Answer: Some purists were concerned that the charm and experience of handling centuries-old books would be lost.4、How did the library address the concerns raised by the purists? Answer: The library addressed the concerns by conducting a successful pilot project which demonstrated the benefits of digitization.5、What does the passage suggest about the current state of the library? Answer: The passage suggests that the library now successfully blendstraditional methods with modern innovations, serving both local visitors and a global online community.第二题Reading PassageIn the small town of Willow Creek, nestled between rolling hills and a serene lake, there stood an old, ivy-covered library that had been a cornerstone of the community since the late 19th century. The Willow Creek Library was more than just a repository of books; it was a place where dreams were nurtured, knowledge was shared, and memories were made.The library was founded by a group of visionary citizens who believed in the power of education and the importance of preserving cultural heritage. Over the years, the library had seen many changes, but its core mission remained the same. It was a place where people of all ages could come to learn, grow, and connect.One of the most beloved features of the Willow Creek Library was its children’s section. Here, young readers discovered the magic of storytelling through the pages of beloved classics and the latest chapter books. The children’s librarian, Mrs.Thompson, was known far and wide for her engaging storytelling sessions and her ability to connect with the young minds that visited her corner of the library.The library also had a strong commitment to the local community. It hosted a variety of events, from book clubs and author readings to educational workshopsand art exhibitions. These events brought people together and fostered a sense of community pride.However, as the years passed, the Willow Creek Library faced new challenges. The rise of digital media and the shift towards online learning threatened the traditional role of the library. Many feared that the library might fade into obscurity, becoming just another relic of the past.Despite these challenges, the Willow Creek Library remained resilient. It adapted to the changing times by offering new services, such as e-books, online research databases, and technology workshops. It also continued to be a beacon of hope and a source of inspiration for the community.One summer afternoon, a young girl named Emily visited the library for the first time. She had always been fascinated by books and stories, but she had never found a place that felt like home. That day, as she wandered through the aisles, she stumbled upon the children’s section. She was immediately drawn to Mrs. Thompson, who was leading a storytelling session. The session was magical, and Emily knew she had found her sanctuary.The Willow Creek Library had a profound impact on Emily’s life. It sparked her love for reading, encouraged her curiosity, and provided her with a safe space to explore the world beyond her small town. She grew up to become a librarian herself, inspired by the legacy of the Willow Creek Library.Questions1、What was the original mission of the Willow Creek Library?2、Which section of the library was particularly beloved by young readers?3、What events did the library host that brought the community together?4、How did the Willow Creek Library adapt to the changing times?5、What impact did the Willow Creek Library have on Emily’s life?Answers1、The original mission of the Willow Creek Library was to provide a place for education, knowledge sharing, and cultural heritage preservation.2、The children’s section was particularly beloved by young readers.3、The library hosted events such as book clubs, author readings, educational workshops, and art exhibitions that brought the community together.4、The Willow Creek Library adapted to the changing times by offering new services like e-books, online research databases, and technology workshops.5、The Willow Creek Library had a profound impact on Emily’s life by sparking her love for reading, encouraging her curiosity, and providing her with a safe space to explore the world beyond her small town.Third QuestionPassage:In the heart of Africa lies a vast rainforest known as the Congo Basin. It is the second-largest tropical forest in the world, covering approximately 3 million square kilometers and supporting a diverse range of flora and fauna. The Congo Basin is home to more than 10,000 plant species, over 400 mammal species, and countless insects. However, the Congo Basin faces numerous threats,including deforestation due to agricultural expansion, logging, and mining activities. Conservation efforts have been ongoing, but they require international cooperation to be truly effective.Questions:1、What is the Congo Basin primarily noted for?A. Its vast desert landscapesB. Its extensive tropical forestC. Its large urban areasD. Its mountainous terrainAnswer: B2、How many plant species are mentioned as being native to the Congo Basin?A. Over 100B. Less than 1,000C. More than 10,000D. Exactly 5,000Answer: C3、Which of the following is NOT listed as a threat to the Congo Basin?A. Agricultural expansionB. LoggingC. Mining activitiesD. OverpopulationAnswer: D4、What does the passage suggest is necessary for successful conservation of the Congo Basin?A. Local government policies aloneB. Only financial support from non-governmental organizationsC. Efforts led exclusively by African nationsD. International cooperationAnswer: D5、Based on the information provided, which of the following best describes the C ongo Basin’s biodiversity?A. Limited and unremarkableB. Rich and varied with numerous plant and animal speciesC. Dominated by a few species of plants and animalsD. Focused primarily on marine lifeAnswer: BThis is a simulated section of the exam designed for practice purposes. Each question is followed by its correct answer to facilitate self-assessment. Please note that this passage and questions are fictional and not taken from any actual exam.第四题The rise of the Internet has brought about significant changes in the way we communicate, access information, and even conduct business. This technological revolution has not only transformed our daily lives but alsoreshaped the traditional media landscape. In this article, we will explore the impact of the Internet on the media industry and its implications for society.The Internet has revolutionized the way we consume news and information. Traditional media outlets, such as newspapers and television stations, have faced increased competition from online platforms. Websites like Google, Facebook, and Twitter have become the primary sources of news for many people. However, this shift has raised concerns about the quality and accuracy of information disseminated online. The rapid spread of false news and the difficulty in verifying information have become significant challenges in the digital age.Moreover, the Internet has changed the dynamics of media ownership and control. In the past, a few large media conglomerates held significant power over the content that was distributed to the public. Today, the Internet has democratized information, allowing individuals and small organizations to create and share content with a global audience. This shift has given rise to a diverse range of voices and perspectives, which can be both beneficial and problematic.1、What is the main topic of the article?A. The advantages of the Internet in the media industryB. The impact of the Internet on traditional mediaC. The challenges of the digital ageD. The role of social media in shaping public opinion2、Which of the following statements is true about the Internet’s impact on news consumption?A. It has increased the quality and accuracy of news.B. It has decreased the importance of traditional media outlets.C. It has made it easier to verify the accuracy of information.D. It has increased the control of media conglomerates over information.3、What is the author’s attitude towards the democratization of information on the Internet?A. He is optimistic about its potential benefits.B. He is concerned about the lack of quality control.C. He believes it is a threat to traditional media.D. He is indifferent to the changes in media ownership.4、According to the article, what are the main challenges of the digital age regarding information?A. The difficulty in verifying the accuracy of information.B. The loss of privacy and personal data.C. The spread of false news and misinformation.D. The decline of traditional media outlets.5、How has the Internet changed the dynamics of media ownership and control?A. It has increased the power of media conglomerates.B. It has decreased the influence of traditional media outlets.C. It has allowed individuals and small organizations to create and sharecontent with a global audience.D. It has made it easier for governments to control information.Answers:1.B2.B3.A4.A5.C三、阅读理解新题型（10分）Postgraduate Entrance Examination English (II)Part III: New Type Reading ComprehensionDirections: Read the following passage carefully. The passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.PassageIn recent years, the impact of technology on education has become a subject of intense debate among educators and policymakers. With the advent of digital tools such as tablets, laptops, and online learning platforms, students have unprecedented access to educational resources. However, critics argue thatthese technological advances may not necessarily lead to better educational outcomes. They point out that while technology can enhance the accessibility of information, it does not guarantee improved comprehension or retention of material. Moreover, there is concern that reliance on technology might undermine the development of essential skills like critical thinking and problem-solving.On the other hand, proponents of integrating technology into the classroom believe that it is a necessary step towards modernizing education. They claim that digital literacy is becoming increasingly important in today’s job market, and thus schools should prepare students accordingly. Furthermore, technology can be used to personalize learning experiences, catering to individual student needs and paces, which traditional methods often fail to achieve effectively.The debate also extends to the issue of equality. While some argue that technology can help bridge the gap between different socio-economic groups by providing equal access to quality education, others worry about the digital divide, where those without access to these tools are at a disadvantage.Ultimately, whether the integration of technology in education is beneficial depends on how it is implemented and the broader educational goals it serves.Questions:1.According to the passage, what is one concern raised by critics regarding the use of technology in education?A) It distracts students from their studies.B) It reduces the need for physical textbooks.C) It may hinder the development of critical thinking skills.D) It increases the cost of education for students.2.What do supporters of technology in education claim?A) Technology ensures equal educational opportunities for all.B) Digital literacy is irrelevant in today’s workforce.C) Personalized learning cannot be achieved without technology.D) Technology can adapt to the individual needs of learners.3.Which of the following is mentioned as a potential benefit of using technology in education?A) It guarantees better academic performance.B) It enhances the memorization of facts.C) It helps in preparing students for the current job market.D) It eliminates the need for teachers.4.What does the passage suggest about the relationship between technology and equality in education?A) Technology has no impact on educational equality.B) Technology ensures that all students receive the same quality of education.C) There is a risk of creating a digital divide.D) All students prefer learning through digital means.5.The author concludes that the effectiveness of technology in education is contingent upon:A) The age of the students using it.B) The brand of devices used.C) How it is integrated into the curriculum.D) The number of hours spent on technology daily.Answers:1.C) It may hinder the development of critical thinking skills.2.D) Technology can adapt to the individual needs of learners.3.C) It helps in preparing students for the current job market.4.C) There is a risk of creating a digital divide.5.C) How it is integrated into the curriculum.四、翻译（本大题有5小题，每小题3分，共15分）第一题Translate the following paragraph into English.“随着科技的飞速发展，人工智能已经渗透到我们生活的方方面面。

东南亚的蝴蝶2014版

Cirrochroatyche
幸运辘蛱蝶
2
Banded Yeoman
Cirrochroaorissa
黄带辘蛱蝶（未见网上命名）
79
1
Royal Assyrian
Terinosterpander
皇室黑紫帖蛱蝶（未见网上命名）
2
Small Leopard
Phalantaalcippe
奥绮珐蛱蝶、小拟豹纹蛱蝶
三环矍眼蝶
2
Yellow-barred Pan
Xanthotaeniabusiris
黄带眼蝶
Owls-Amathusiini(Satyrinae)眼蝶亚科
66
1
Common Faun
Fauniscanens
普通串珠环蝶
2
Graceful Faun
Faunisgracilis
细纹串珠环蝶
67
1
Pallid Faun
闪紫斑环蝶
71
1
Tufted Jungle King
Thauriaalirs
梳毛大环蝶
2
Common Duffer
Discophorasondaica
凤眼方环蝶
Beaks-Libytheinae喙蝶亚科
72
1
Club Beak
Libytheamyrrha
棒纹喙蝶
2
White-spotted Beak
Euremanicevillei
马来黄粉蝶
2
Tree Yellow
Gandacaharina
玕黄粉蝶
Brushfoots:MilkweedButterflies斑蝶
Brushfoots-Nymphalidae蛱蝶亚科

智慧树答案工程流体力学知到课后答案章节测试2022年

第一章1.液体的粘度随温度的升高而降低，随压力的升高而增大。

答案:对2.无黏性流体的特征是黏度为常数。

答案:错3.一切流体都是牛顿流体。

答案:错4.下列流体的作用力中，不属于质量力的是( )答案:粘性内摩擦力5.在连续介质假设下，流体的物理量( )。

答案:是空间坐标及时间的连续函数第二章1.重力作用下流体静压强微分方程为dp=( )。

答案:-ρgdz2.相对压强的起量点是( )。

答案:当地大气压强3.压力体内( )。

答案:可能有液体，也可能没有液体4.金属压力表的读数是 ( )。

答案:相对压强5.已知大气压强为98.1kN/m2，管道内的绝对压强为117.7kN/m2时，相对压强为 ( )。

答案:19.6kN/m2第三章1.定常流动的（）加速度为0 。

答案:当地2.流线和迹线在本质上是相同的。

答案:错3.不满足连续性方程的流动一定是不存在的。

答案:对4.皮托管入口处流体的流速为（）。

答案:05.动量方程是矢量方程。

答案:对第四章1.螺旋流是点涡和点汇的叠加。

答案:对2.任意曲线上的速度环量等于曲线两端点上速度势函数值之差。

答案:对3.在三维流场中，表示哪种流体微团运动速度。

答案:剪切变形速度4.已知某二维流场的速度分布为u = 7y，v =9x，则圆周x2+y2=1上的速度环量为（）。

答案:2π5.对于不可压缩流体平面有旋流动，下列表述正确的是（）。

答案:仅存在流函数y第五章1.翼型的绕流阻力主要来源于（）。

答案:压差阻力2.水和空气等黏度很小的流体，在大雷诺数下绕物体流动时，黏性对流动的影响仅限于紧贴物体壁面的薄层中，而在这一薄层外黏性影响很小，完全可以忽略不计，这一薄层称为边界层。

答案:对3.边界层内沿厚度方向，存在很大的速度梯度。

答案:对4.理想流体绕流圆柱面的特点是流体与圆柱面分离。

答案:错5.因为斯特劳哈数为0.21，只要测得漩涡的脱落频率，便可根据斯特劳哈数公式求得管内流体的流速，进而确定管内流体的流量。

航海英语改革版海上搜索

Ê®Æß º£ÉÏËÑ¾È14.1 º£ÉÏËÑË÷[4601]______ the survivors known more of how to cope with cold water in the sinking of MV Titanic in 1912 countless lives ______.A. Have£¯could have been savedB. Have£¯could have savedC. Had£¯could has savedD. Had£¯could have been savedKEY: D[4602]A marker pole£¬with a horseshoe buoy and a sea anchor attached£¬should be used to ______.A. mark the position of a lost mooringB. determine your vessel's sideslip underwayC. determine your speed through the waterD. indicate location of a man overboardKEY: D[4603]A rescuer can most easily determine whether or not an adult victim has a pulse by checking the pulse at the ______.A. carotid artery in the neckB. femoral artery in the groinC. brachial artery in the armD. radial artery in the wristKEY: A[4604]A seaman has a small£¬gaping laceration of the arm that is not bleeding excessively. What can be done as an alternative to suturing to close the wound?A. Wrap a tight bandage around the wound.B. Apply a compression bandage.C. Use temporary stitches of sail twine.D. Apply butterfly strips£¬then a sterile dressing.KEY: D[4605]A seaman is reported missing in the morning and was last seen after coming off the mid-watch. Which type of turn would you use to return to the trackline steamed during the night?A. WilliamsonB. RacetrackC. 180turnD. AndersonKEY: A[4606]A ship must have on board a first-aid kit that is approved by the ______.A. Minerals Management ServiceB. Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationC. Mine Safety and Health AdministrationD. American Bureau of ShippingKEY: C[4607]A shipmate chokes suddenly£¬cannot speak£¬and starts to turn blue. You should ______.A. perform the Heimlich maneuverB. make the victim lie down with the feet elevated to get blood to the brainC. immediately administer CPRD. do nothing until the victim becomes unconsciousKEY: A[4608]A shipmate suffers a heart attack and stops breathing. You must ______.A. administer oxygenB. immediately check his pulse and start CPRC. make the victim comfortable in a bunkD. immediately give a stimulant£¬by force if necesssaryKEY: B[4609]A snag or other underwater obstruction may form a ______.A. V-shaped ripple with the point of the V pointing upstreamB. V-shaped ripple with the point of the V pointing downstreamC. small patch of smooth water on a windy dayD. smoothing out of the vessel's wakeKEY: A[4610]A survival craft being used to pick up a person who has fallen overboard from a vessel should approach the person ______.A. at a high rate of speedB. under oarsC. against the windD. with the windKEY: C[4611]A tourniquet should be used to control bleeding ONLY ______.A. with puncture woundsB. when all other means have failedC. when the victim is unconsciousD. to prevent bleeding from minor woundsKEY: B[4612]A tug is approaching a broken down steamer in moderately heavy weather preparing to take it in tow. In most cases the ______.A. steamer will drift stern downwindB. tug will drift faster than the steamerC. tug should approach stern toD. tug should approach from downwindKEY: D[4613]After you activate your emergency position indicating radiobeacon£¬you should ______.A. turn it off for five minutes every half-hourB. turn it off and on at five-minute intervalsC. turn it off during daylight hoursD. leave it on continuouslyKEY: D[4614]All casualties such as personnel injuries or illness£¬oil spills£¬accidental fire£¬collision£¬stranding£¬and unusually severe weather damage£¬whether at sea£¬in port£¬or in shipyard£¬must be promptly ______to the company.A. spokenB. saidC. toldD. communicatedKEY: D[4615]AN APPOINTMENT BETWEEN VESSELS NORMALLY MADE ON RADIO TO MEET IN A CERTAIN AREA OR POSITION defines ______.A. Bona fideB. Rendez-vousC. Prima facieD. Action in personamKEY: B[4616]An emergency sea anchor may be constructed by using ______.A. a boat bucketB. an air tank filled with waterC. an oar and canvas weighted downD. All of the aboveKEY: D[4617]An immersion suit must be equipped with a(n) ______.A. air bottle for breathingB. whistle and lightC. whistle£¬light£¬and reflective tapeD. whistle£¬light£¬and sea dye markerKEY: C[4618]If you see anybody fall overboard£¬act as follows except __________.A. tell an officer/crew the person's position in the water£¬or telephone the bridge immediatelyB. throw lifebuoys overboardC. call out "Man overboard" and keep your eyes on the person in the waterD. try to find medicine for the person to use when he is rescuedKEY: D[4619]If£¬for any reason£¬it is necessary to abandon ship while far out at sea£¬it is important that the crew members should ______.A. separate from each other as this will increase the chances of being rescuedB. get away from the area because sharks will be attracted to the vesselC. immediately head for the nearest landD. remain together in the area because rescuers will start searching at the vessel's last known positionKEY: D[4620]Immediately after abandoning a vessel£¬lookouts should be posted aboard liferafts to look for ______.A. survivors in the waterB. food and waterC. landD. bad weatherKEY: A[4621]In a racetrack turn£¬to recover a man overboard£¬the vessel is steadied for the SECOND time after a turn of how many degrees from the original heading?A. 60B. 135C. 180D. 360KEY: D[4622]In relation to the turning circle of a ship£¬the term advance means the distance ______.A. gained at right angles to the original courseB. gained in the direction of the original courseC. moved sidewise from the original course when the rudder is first put overD. around the circumference of the turning circleKEY: A[4623]Information on search and rescue procedures will be found in the ______.A. World Port IndexB. International Code of SignalsC. Sailing DirectionsD. Merchant Ship Search and Rescue Manual (MERSAR)KEY: D[4624]MOVING OF AN ANCHOR OVER THE SEA BOTTOM INVOLUNTARILY BECAUSE IT IS NO LONGER PREVENTING THE MOVEMENT OF THE VESSEL defines ______.A. Dredging (of anchor)B. Dragging (of anchor)C. Weighing anchorD. Walking out anchorKEY: B[4625]One of your crew members falls overboard from the starboard side. You should IMMEDIATELY ______.A. apply left rudderB. throw the crew member a life preserverC. begin backing your enginesD. position your vessel to windward and begin recoveryKEY: B[4626]The best method to secure a towline to bitts is to ______.A. take a round turn on the bitt farthest from the pull and use figure-eightsB. take a round turn on the bitt closest to the pull and use figure-eightsC. use figure-eights and take a round turn at the top of the bittsD. use only figure-eightsKEY: B[4627]The distance a vessel moves at right angles to the original course£¬when a turn of 180has been completed£¬is called the ______.A. advanceB. pivoting pointC. tactical diameterD. kickKEY: C[4628]The distance a vessel moves parallel to the original course from the point where the rudder is put over to any point on the turning circle is called the ______.A. advanceB. drift angleC. pivoting pointD. transferKEY: A[4629]The distance gained in the direction of the original course when you are making a turn is known as ______.A. advanceB. driftC. tactical diameterD. transferKEY: A[4630]The major cause of anchor buoy pendant wire failures is ______.A. corrosionB. rough weatherC. defective socketsD. mishandlingKEY: B[4631]The most likely location for a liquid cargo fire to occur on a tanker would be ______.A. in the midships houseB. at the main deck manifoldC. at the vent headerD. in the pumproomKEY: D[4632]The only type of helicopter that may be refueled with the engine running and the blades turning is ______.A. a helicopter carrying cargo onlyB. a turbine-equipped helicopterC. a SikorskyD. a helicopter carrying injured personnel in an emergency situationKEY: B[4633]The patrolman£¬while on duty on a passenger vessel£¬must have in his possession a(n) ______.A. nightstickB. flashlightC. passenger list showing assigned berthsD. A-I fire extinguisherKEY: B[4634]The signal for fire alarm on a ship must be indicated ______.A. at each alarm bellB. at each alarm actuatorC. near all exitsD. on the station billKEY: D[4635]The survival craft is manufactured with fire retardant ______.A. foamB. marine plywoodC. steelD. fiberglassKEY: D[4636]Upon receipt of a distress message£¬a merchant vessel is bound to proceed to the scene of the distress. Under which of the following cases would this NOT be true?A. The vessel would arrive at the distress scene more than 36 hours after the receipt of the initial distress message.B. There are vessels closer to the distress scene that are proceeding to assist.C. The Master of the vessel in distress has requisitioned another vessel£¬and that vessel has accepted the requisition.D. You are on a tanker and the distress involves a major fire on board the other vessel.KEY: C[4637]What is one of the FIRST actions you should take after abandoning and clearing away from a vessel?A. Identify the person in charge.B. Gather up useful floating objects.C. Prepare for arrival of rescue units.D. Arrange watches and duties.KEY: A[4638]What should you do if you have transmitted a distress call a number of times on channel 16 and have received no reply?A. Repeat the message using any other channel on which you might attract attention.B. Key the microphone several times before transmitting again.C. Turn up the volume on the receiver before transmitting again.D. Report the problem to the head electrician.KEY: A[4639]When evacuating a seaman by helicopter lift£¬the vessel should be ______.A. stopped with the wind dead aheadB. stopped with the wind on the beamC. underway with the wind 30on the bowD. underway on a course to provide no apparent windKEY: C[4640]When evacuating a seaman by helicopter lift£¬which course should the ship take?A. Downwind so that the apparent wind is close to nil.B. A course that will keep a free flow of air£¬clear of smoke£¬over the hoist area.C. A course that will have the hoist area in the lee of the superstructure.D. With the wind dead ahead because the helicopter is more maneuverable when going into the wind.KEY: B[4641]When evacuating a seaman by helicopter lift£¬which statement is TRUE?A. The vessel should be stopped with the wind dead ahead during the hoisting operation.B. Flags should be flown to provide a visual reference as to the direction of the apparent wind.C. The drop line should be grounded first then secured as close to the hoist point as possible.D. The hoist area should be located as far aft as possible so the pilot will have a visual reference while approaching.KEY: B[4642]When joining a vessel£¬do not forget personal documents and your spectacles£¬and ______ if necessary.A. drugB. remedyC. medicineD. healerKEY: C[4643]When jumping into water upon which there is an oil-fire£¬you should ______.A. break the water surface with your hands when diving head-firstB. use your hands to hold your knees to your chestC. cover your eyes with one hand while pinching your nose shut and covering your mouth with the otherD. enter the water at the bow or stern on the windward side of the vesselKEY: D[4644]When retrieving the survival craft£¬the winch operator should stop the winch and check ______.A. that all personnel are seated in the craftB. that the cable has not jumped any grooves on the drumC. which way the wind is blowingD. the hydraulic fluid level before liftingKEY: B[4645]Which condition is necessary for a substance to burn?A. The temperature of the substance must be equal to or above its fire point.B. The air must contain oxygen in sufficient quantity.C. The mixture of vapors with air must be within the explosive range.D. All of the aboveKEY: D[4646]Which is the proper method of determining whether a portable CO2 fire extinguisher needs recharging?A. Check the tag to see when the extinguisher was last charged.B. Release a small amount of CO2; if the CO2 discharges£¬the extinguisher is acceptable.C. Weigh the extinguisher and compare the weight against that stamped on the valve.D. Recharge the extinguisher at least once each year.KEY: C[4647]Which of the following is not a maritime perils£¿ ______.A. Stranding or grounding£®B. Striking upon rocks or shoalsC. Collision between shipsD. FireKEY: D[4648]Which of the following statements regarding low expansion foam and its application is INCORRECT£¿ ______.A. Foam should not be used on electrical firesB. One kilo of low expansion foam solution produces much more foam£®C. Foam is only efficient when it covers the top of burning combustibles£®D. A stream of foam should be deflected off the deck in order to best agitate the fireKEY: D[4649]Which procedure should be followed when individuals are rescued in cold climates and suffer from hypothermia?A. Give them brandy.B. Keep them in motion.C. Immerse them in a warm bath (105F£¬40C).D. Cover them with an electric blanket set for maximum temperature.KEY: C[4650]Which statement about firefighting foam is TRUE?A. Foam conducts electricity.B. To be most effective£¬foam should be directed at the base of the fire.C. Foam is most effective on burning liquids which are flowing.D. Foam can ONLY be used to extinguish class A fires.KEY: A14.2 º£ÉÏ¾ÈÖú[4651]As a vessel sinks to a depth of 15 feet£¬the hydrostatic trip releases the liferaft container from its cradle by ______.A. breaking the weak linkB. releasing the tie-down strapC. pulling the operating cordD. releasing the CO2 canisterKEY: B[4652]An inflatable liferaft should be manually released from its cradle by ______.A. cutting the straps that enclose the containerB. removing the rubber sealing strip from the containerC. loosening the turnbuckle on the securing strapD. pushing the button on the hydrostatic releaseKEY: D[4653]An inflatable liferaft is hand-launched by ______.A. pulling a cordB. cutting the wire restraining bandsC. removing the rubber packing stripD. throwing the entire container overboardKEY: D[4654]An inflatable liferaft can be launched by ______.A. the float-free method ONLYB. breaking the weak link on the painterC. throwing the entire container overboard and then pulling on the operating cord to inflate the raftD. removing the securing strapsKEY: C[4655]Progressive flooding may be indicated by ______.A. ballast control alarmsB. excessive draftC. excessive list or trimD. a continual worsening of list or trimKEY: D[4656]You are proceeding to a distress site and expect large numbers of people in the water. Which statement is TRUE?A. You should stop to windward of the survivors in the water and only use the ship's boats to recover the survivors.B. If the survivors are in inflatable rafts you should approach from windward to create a lee for the survivors.C. An inflatable liferaft secured alongside can be an effective boarding station for transfer of survivors from the boats.D. Survivors in the water should never be permitted alongside due to the possibility of injury from the vessel.KEY: C[4657]A breeches buoy is being rigged from the shore to a stranded vessel. The initial shot line passed to the vessel is normally made fast to a ______.A. hawser which is used to pass a tail-block and whip to the vesselB. hawser with breeches buoy and harness attachedC. hawser which should be made fast to the vessel below the intended location of the tail-blockD. tail-block and whip which may be used to pass a hawser to the vesselKEY: D[4658]A cable used by helicopters for lifting or lowering persons in a pick-up operation is a ______.A. HoistB. RopeC. CableD. LineKEY: A[4659]A capsized small sail vessel is best righted when what part of the vessel is downwind?A. SternB. BowC. CenterboardD. MastKEY: D[4660]A floating ship with an initial negative metacentric height ______.A. will capsizeB. will incline furtherC. may lie at an angle of lollD. may be initially levelKEY: C[4661]A helicopter making a round trip from a helideck with refueling capabilities to an unmanned platform will take 45 minutes each way. The helicopter should be carrying enough fuel to last ______.A. 45 minutesB. 1 hour and 15 minutesC. 1 hour and 30 minutesD. 2 hoursKEY: D[4662]A mechanical davit is designed to automatically ______.A. position the boat at the embarkation stationB. lift the boat off the inboard chocksC. energize the winch for the fallsD. set the brake on the winchKEY: B[4663]A minor heat burn of the eye should be treated by ______.A. gently flooding with waterB. warming the eye with moist warm packsC. laying the person flat on his backD. mineral oil drops directly on the eyeKEY: A[4664]A negative metacentric height ______.A. will always cause a vessel to capsizeB. should always be immediately correctedC. always results from off-center weightsD. All of the above are correctKEY: B[4665]A person has fallen overboard and is being picked up with a lifeboat. If the person appears in danger of drowning£¬the lifeboat should make ______.A. an approach from leewardB. an approach from windwardC. the most direct approachD. an approach across the windKEY: C[4666]A person has suffered a laceration of the arm. Severe bleeding has been controlled by using a sterile dressing and direct pressure. What should you do next?A. Apply a tourniquet to prevent the bleeding from restarting.B. Apply a pressure bandage over the dressing.C. Remove any small foreign matter and apply antiseptic.D. Administer fluids to assist the body in replacing the lost blood.KEY: B[4667]A person may operate an air compressor in which of the following areas on board a tank barge?A. PumproomB. Generator roomC. A space adjacent to a cargo tankD. A space two meters from a cargo valveKEY: B[4668]A person who gets battery acid in an eye should IMMEDIATELY wash the eye with ______.A. boric acid solutionB. waterC. baking soda solutionD. ammoniaKEY: B[4669]A person with diabetes has received a minor leg injured. The symptoms of the onset of a diabetic coma include ______.A. reduced appetite and thirstB. sneezing and coughingC. only a low grade feverD. slurred speech and loss of coordinationKEY: D[4670]A racetrack turn would be better than a Williamson turn in recovering a man overboard if ______.A. the man has been missing for a period of timeB. the sea water is very cold and the man is visibleC. there is thick fogD. the wind was from astern on the original courseKEY: B[4671]A rescuer can most easily determine whether or not an adult victim has a pulse by checking the pulse at the ______.A. carotid artery in the neckB. femoral artery in the groinC. brachial artery in the armD. radial artery in the wristKEY: A[4672]A right-handed propeller will cause the survival craft to ______.A. walk the stern to starboard in reverseB. walk the stern to port in reverseC. run faster than a left-handed propellerD. right itself if capsizedKEY: B[4673]A shipmate chokes suddenly£¬cannot speak£¬and starts to turn blue. You should ______.A. perform the Heimlich maneuverB. make the victim lie down with the feet elevated to get blood to the brainC. immediately administer CPRD. do nothing until the victim becomes unconsciousKEY: A[4674]A towline should be fastened to ______.A. the chocks at the bow of a towed vesselB. the most forward£¬centermost point of a towed vessel such asa sturdy bow railC. the mast of a towed sailboatD. a secure fitting near the bow of the towed vesselKEY: D[4675]Aboard a survival craft£¬ether can be used to ______.A. start the engine in cold weatherB. aid in helping personnel breatheC. prime the sprinkler systemD. prime the air supplyKEY: A[4676]AN ILLNESS PREFERABLY OF AN INFECTIOUS NATURE SEIZING MORE THAN TWO PERSONS ON BOARD AT THE SAME TIME defines ______.A. Disease of CrewB. Crew illnessC. Group illnessD. Mass diseaseKEY: D[4677]An obstruction on a helideck is any object that might present a hazard to the______.A. rotor blades and landing gearB. unloading of passengersC. loading of cargoD. pilot's visibilityKEY: A[4678]Any vessel in need of carrying out deck washing must be ______ by the department concerned beforehand£®A. requestedB. allowedC. approvedD. inquiredKEY: C[4679]For a ship not on an international voyage£¬an approved substitute for an impulse projected rocket-type line throwing appliance is a ______.A. spring loaded line throwerB. hand thrown buoyant lineC. shoulder-type line throwing gunD. heaving lineKEY: C[4680]If the coxswain of your lifeboat gives the command HOLD WATER you should ______.A. complete the stroke£¬raise your oar slightly£¬swinging the oar slightly forward£¬and place it in the boatB. lift the oar in a vertical positionC. complete the stroke and hold the oar out of the waterD. dip the blade of your oar into the water vertically and hold it perpendicular to the keel lineKEY: D[4681]If you have to jump in the water when abandoning a vessel£¬your legs should be ______.A. spread apart as far as possibleB. held as tightly against your chest as possibleC. in a kneeling positionD. extended straight down and crossed at the anklesKEY: D[4682]If you must land on a beach with an oar-propelled lifeboat through a heavy surf£¬the recommended method is to ______.A. keep the bow directly in toward the beach£¬and tow the sea anchor off the sternB. ride in on the back of a large breakerC. keep the bow into the seas with the sea anchor out over the bow£¬and row to meet the breaking wavesD. head directly into the beach by staying between the crests of the waves KEY: C[4683]In an open lifeboat£¬the lifeboat compass is usually ______.A. placed in a fixed bracket when being usedB. clamped to any position convenient for the coxswain to see itC. permanently mounted on the lifeboat's centerlineD. mounted in the center of the boat to eliminate deviationKEY: A[4684]In heavy seas the helmsman should steer the motor lifeboat ______.A. into the seasB. broadside to the seasC. in the same direction as the seasD. in a series of figure-eightsKEY: A[4685]In heavy seas you decide to heave to. The lifeboat should be ______.A. brought to a position with the stern into the seasB. allowed to take its own headC. brought to lay in the troughD. brought bow into the seasKEY: D[4686]In which situation could a vessel most easily capsize?A. Running into head seasB. Running in the troughC. Running with following seasD. Anchored with your bow into the seasKEY: B[4687]Inflatable liferafts are less maneuverable than lifeboats due to their ______.A. shapeB. shallow draftC. large sail areaD. All of the aboveKEY: D[4688]Large volumes of carbon dioxide are safe and effective for fighting fires in enclosed spaces£¬such as in a pumproom£¬provided that the ______.A. persons in the space wear gas masksB. persons in the space wear damp cloths over their mouths and nostrilsC. ventilation system is secured and all persons leave the spaceD. ventilation system is kept operatingKEY: C[4689]Multiple fire pumps may be used for other purposes provided that one pump is ______.A. on line to the fire mainB. kept available for use on the fire main at all timesC. capable of being connected to the fire mainD. rated at or above 125 psiKEY: B[4690]Oil fires are best extinguished by ______.A. cutting off the supply of oxygenB. removing the fuelC. cooling below the ignition temperatureD. spraying with waterKEY: A[4691]On a rigid liferaft which is equipped with all of the required equipment you may NOT find a ______.A. boathookB. fishing kitC. lifeline or grab railD. sea painterKEY: B[4692]On a ship£¬a fire pump may be used for other purposes if ______.A. the other services are run off a reducing station with a pressure gageB. a separate fire pump is available for use on the fire mainC. all other services are operated by a manifold near the pumpD. All of the aboveKEY: B[4693]On a vessel£¬if someone fell overboard and you did not know over which side the person fell£¬you should ______.A. immediately reverse the enginesB. stop the propellers from turning and throw a ring buoy over the sideC. increase speed to full to get the vessel away from the personD. first put the rudder hard over in either directionKEY: B[4694]Releasing oil from the sea anchor of a lifeboat may ______.A. keep the propeller from being fouledB. increase propeller speedC. help calm the waves in the vicinity of the craftD. increase the holding power of the sea anchorKEY: C[4695]Seasickness is caused by rolling or rocking motions which affect fluids in the ______.A. stomachB. lower intestinesC. inner earD. bladderKEY: C[4696]Separation cloths may be used to ______.A. absorb moisture from hygroscopic cargoesB. fill gaps between layers of cargoC. wrap cargo that leaks from packagingD. keep bagged cargo leakage from contacting the deckKEY: D[4697]Severe exposure to chlorine gas can be fatal. Chlorine gas is primarily a ______.A. respiratory irritantB. skin burning agentC. blood poisoning agentD. nerve paralyzing irritantKEY: A[4698]Steering a motor lifeboat broadside to the sea could cause it to ______.A. capsizeB. run smootherC. run fasterD. sinkKEY: A[4699]Steering a survival craft broadside to the sea could cause it to ______.A. capsizeB. run smootherC. run fasterD. sinkKEY: A[4700]Survival practice in the mooring system is to slack off the tensions on the leeward side and ______.A. deballast the unit to transit draftB. adjust as evenly as practical the windward tensionsC. release the anchors on the windward sideD. tighten the anchor buoys on the leeward side anchorsKEY: BÊ®°Ë º£ÉÏÏû·À18.1 È¼ÉÕÓë±¬Õ¨[4701]The emergency signal for fires is sounded on the ship's whistle and general alarm as ______ £®A. a continuous ringing for 10 secondsB. one short ring followed by one long ringC. two long rings of at least 20 secondsD. a continuous ringing until the fire is extinguishedKEY: A[4702]A carbon dioxide fire extinguisher should be recharged ______.A. at least annuallyB. whenever it is below its required weightC. only if the extinguisher has been usedD. before every safety inspectionKEY: B[4703]A carburetor is required to have a safety device called a(n) ______.A. pressure releaseB. backfire flame arrestorC. automatic shut off。

园艺英语试题及答案解析

园艺英语试题及答案解析一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "horticulture" refers to:A. The practice of growing plants for foodB. The science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plantsC. The study of plant diseasesD. The cultivation of flowers for decoration2. Which of the following is not a type of fertilizer?A. NitrogenB. PhosphorusC. PotassiumD. Chlorine3. The process of grafting involves:A. Joining two plants together so they grow as oneB. Removing the top of a plant to encourage branchingC. Planting seeds in a greenhouseD. Covering plants to protect them from frost4. What is the purpose of pruning in horticulture?A. To remove dead or diseased parts of the plantB. To encourage the plant to grow tallerC. To increase the yield of fruit or flowersD. All of the above5. What is the primary function of photosynthesis in plants?A. To produce oxygenB. To convert sunlight into energy for growthC. To absorb water from the soilD. To store nutrients for later use6. The term "biennial" describes a plant that:A. Lives for two yearsB. Produces flowers every two yearsC. Grows twice as fast as other plantsD. Requires two seasons to complete its life cycle7. Which of the following is a common method of plant propagation?A. Seed sowingB. Tissue cultureC. Both A and BD. None of the above8. What is the role of the cambium in a tree?A. To transport water and nutrientsB. To provide structural supportC. To produce new cells for growthD. To protect the tree from pests9. The pH scale ranges from:A. 0 to 14B. 1 to 10C. 2 to 12D. 3 to 1310. What is the purpose of mulching in a garden?A. To improve soil aerationB. To retain moisture and regulate soil temperatureC. To provide a decorative effectD. To increase the soil's pH level二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The scientific classification of plants is known as__________.12. A plant that is grown for its leaves rather than its flowers is called a __________.13. The process by which plants absorb water and nutrients is called __________.14. The primary component of natural gas is __________.15. A plant that is adapted to grow in dry conditions is known as a __________.16. The root system of a plant that is adapted to absorb water in arid conditions is called __________.17. The process of a plant changing from vegetative growth to reproductive growth is called __________.18. The study of the effects of environmental factors on organisms is called __________.19. A plant that is grown for its edible seeds is known as a __________.20. The process of a plant adapting to its environment is called __________.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）21. Explain the difference between annual and perennial plants.22. Describe the process of photosynthesis in simple terms.23. What are the benefits of companion planting in a garden?24. Discuss the importance of soil testing in horticulture.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）25. Discuss the role of horticulture in sustainable agriculture.26. Explain the significance of plant breeding in modern horticulture.五、答案解析1. B - Horticulture is the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants.2. D - Chlorine is not a type of fertilizer; it is a chemical element.3. A - Grafting is the process of joining two plants together so they grow as one.4. D - Pruning serves multiple purposes, including removing dead or diseased parts, encouraging growth, and increasing yield.5. B - Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy for growth.6. D - A biennial completes its life cycle over two growing seasons.7. C - Both seed sowing and tissue culture are common methods of plant propagation.8. C - The cambium produces new cells for growth in a tree.9. A - The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral.10. B - Mulching helps retain moisture and regulate soil temperature.11.。

厦门“PEP”2024年小学6年级下册第10次英语第二单元真题(含答案)

厦门“PEP”2024年小学6年级下册英语第二单元真题(含答案)考试时间：80分钟（总分:140）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 听力题：The sun is _____ (shining/raining) today.2. 填空题：The sun is _______ (hot/cold) today.3. Carta was signed in __________ (1215). 填空题：The Magn4. 填空题：The _______ (The Cold War) was defined by tensions between the US and the USSR.5. 填空题：My brother is good at ________ (运动).6. 听力题：Indicators are substances that change color in the presence of an ______.7. 听力题：The chemical formula for lithium hydroxide is _______.8. 选择题：What is the name of the process that plants use to make food using sunlight?A. RespirationB. PhotosynthesisC. DigestionD. Fermentation答案:B9. 选择题：What is the name of the famous clock in London?A. Big BenB. Big ClockC. London ClockD. Tower Clock答案:A10. 选择题：What do we call the place where we can see historical artifacts?A. MuseumB. GalleryC. LibraryD. Archive答案：A11. 填空题：The _____ (土壤改良) can improve crop yield.12. 听力题：The chemical symbol for molybdenum is _____.13. 填空题：My mother works as a __________ (医生).14. 填空题：A lion is a powerful _______ that rules its territory.15. 听力题：The capital of Tonga is __________.16. 选择题：What is the name of Saturn's largest moon?A. TitanB. EnceladusC. RheaD. Iapetus17. 填空题：My brother is very __________ (合作的) during group projects.18. 选择题：What do we call a scientist who studies the ocean?A. OceanographerB. BiologistC. ChemistD. Geologist答案:A. Oceanographer19. 填空题：In China, the _____ (8) River is one of the longest rivers.20. 听力题：The chemical symbol for nitrogen is ______.21. 填空题：The __________ was a time of significant social change in the 1960s. (女性解放运动)22. 填空题：My dad teaches me to be __________ (尊重他人).23. 听力题：The ______ is high in the sky. (moon)24. 填空题：The __________ (历史研究) can influence current events.25. 选择题：What can you find in a library?A. FoodB. BooksC. ClothesD. Toys26. 填空题：The __________ (历史的交互) invites engagement.27. 选择题：What do we call a sweet dessert made from fruit and sugar?A. TartB. PieC. CrumbleD. All of the above28. 填空题：A ______ (生态保护) program can save endangered species.29. 填空题：My grandmother has a beautiful ________ garden.30. 填空题：My dog enjoys _______ (散步) with me.31. 选择题：How many days are in a week?b. Sixc. Sevend. Eight答案:c32. 填空题：I often play games with my ____.33. 听力题：My sister is a ______. She loves fashion.34. 听力题：The ant carries food on its ____.35. 选择题：What do you call the person who studies stars?A. GeologistB. BiologistC. AstronomerD. Meteorologist答案:C36. 选择题：What do we call a picture made by placing pieces of colored paper together?a. Drawingb. Paintingc. Collaged. Sculpture答案:C37. 听力题：The chemical reaction that occurs when fuel burns is called _______.38. 选择题：Which day comes before Monday?A. SaturdayB. SundayC. FridayD. Thursday39. 填空题：A _____ is a large area of land used for farming.40. 选择题：How many strings does a violin have?B. 4C. 6D. 8答案:B41. 填空题：A __________ (生物化学反应) occurs within living organisms.42. 填空题：The ______ (香味) of herbs can enhance meals.43. 填空题：Cows give us _______ (牛奶).44. 听力题：The ______ teaches us about drama.45. 听力题：The _____ (grass/flower) is green.46. 听力题：Leaves capture _______ from the sun.47. 选择题：What is the name of the famous landmark located in London?A. Eiffel TowerB. Big BenC. ColosseumD. Statue of Liberty答案：B48. 填空题：I can build many things with my ________ (玩具名称).49. 听力题：My sister loves to ___ (dance/sing).50. 填空题：My sister’s favorite _____ is a unicorn.51. 选择题：What is the capital of Ethiopia?A. Addis AbabaB. NairobiC. AsmaraD. Djibouti答案:A52. 填空题：A ____(community workshop series) offers skills training.53. 听力题：I have a ___ (secret) to tell you.54. 填空题：The first person to receive a heart transplant was _______. (路易斯·阿尔巴赫)55. 选择题：What do we call the study of weather patterns?A. MeteorologyB. ClimatologyC. GeographyD. Astronomy56. 听力题：My dad works in an ________.57. 选择题：What do you call the story of someone's life written by themselves?A. BiographyB. AutobiographyC. NovelD. Fiction答案:B58. 填空题：My sister likes to draw __________ (画画) in her free time.59. 听力题：The chemical formula for hydrochloric acid is ______.60. 选择题：What is the capital of the Central African Republic?A. BanguiB. BimboC. BerberatiD. Bambari答案:A61. 听力题：The ______ teaches us about math.What is the name of the fairy tale character who had a glass slipper?A. Snow WhiteB. CinderellaC. Sleeping BeautyD. Rapunzel答案:B63. 听力题：A _______ can be a wonderful hobby for individuals and families.64. 听力题：We enjoy ______ (taking) walks in the park.65. 听力题：The snow is ______ on the ground. (falling)66. 填空题：I love to ______ (体验) different cultures.67. 听力题：The teacher is _____ (kind/strict) to us.68. 填空题：The ______ (植物的繁殖方式) can vary widely.69. 选择题：What is the capital of Brazil?A. Rio de JaneiroB. BrasiliaC. Sao PauloD. Salvador答案: B70. 听力题：__________ is the process of combining substances to create new ones.71. 选择题：What do we call a celebration of someone’s birth?A. WeddingB. HolidayC. BirthdayD. Anniversary72. 填空题：My family celebrates ______ together. (我的家人一起庆祝______。

catti 英语题

catti 英语题Multiple-Choice Questions:What is the average lifespan of a domestic cat?a) 5-8 yearsb) 10-15 yearsc) 20-25 yearsd) 30-35 yearsWhich of the following is NOT a breed of cat?a) Siameseb) Persianc) Labradord) Maine CoonWhat is the scientific name for a domestic cat?a) Felis catusb) Canis lupusc) Panthera leod) Ursus arctosHow many whiskers does an average cat have on each side of its face?a) 4b) 8c) 12d) 16What is the purpose of a cat's whiskers?a) To help them see in the darkb) To detect movement and navigate in narrow spacesc) To communicate with other catsd) To keep their balance while climbingWhich sense is most developed in cats?a) Sightb) Hearingc) Smelld) TasteWhat is the term for a female cat?a) Queenb) Tomc) Kittend) SireWhat is the typical gestation period for a cat?a) 30 daysb) 60 daysc) 90 daysd) 120 daysWhich of the following is NOT a common behavior of cats?a) Purringb) Meowingc) Barkingd) ScratchingWhat is the largest breed of domestic cat?a) Siameseb) Persianc) Maine Coond) RagdollFill-in-the-Blank Questions:Cats are known for their ___________ agility and flexibility.The scientific term for a cat's retractable claws is ___________.Cats have a specialized ___________ on their tongues that helps them groom themselves.The process of a cat giving birth is called ___________.Cats are obligate ___________, which means they require a diet primarily consisting of meat.The average body temperature of a healthy cat is around ___________ degrees Celsius.。

高三英语期末试卷

高三英语期末试卷考试范围：xxx ；考试时间：xxx 分钟；出题人：xxx 姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________1．答题前填写好自己的姓名、班级、考号等信息 2．请将答案正确填写在答题卡上一、单项选择1.I can still remember that it is since the 1990’s, _____ we began to use cell phones,_______ the number of mobile users has greatly increased ． A ．while; when B ．when; what C ．before; that D ．when; that 2.---- When did the couple die?---- It was on May 12 _______ the earthquake hit Wenchuan County.A ．thatB ．whichC ．whenD ．what3.It is sometimes said that a society can be judged ____the way it cares ____ its weakest members.A ．on; aboutB ．by; forC ．under; withD ．with; on4.The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time _____ we meet them again. A ．after B ．before C ．since D ．when5. Last year the well-known actress did _______ she ________ help the poor children in the mountain village.A ．what; could toB ．everything; couldC ．all; couldD ．that; could to6.When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster, many teachers would prefer to see him step aside ________ younger men. A ．in terms of B ．in need of C ．in favor of D ．in praise of7.Unsatisfied _______ with the payment, he took the job just to get some work experience.A．though was heB．though he wasC．he was thoughD．was he though8.My English teacher, as well as her students, ____ to perform at the party last night.A．were invitedB．was invitedC．have been invitedD．has been invited9.Two thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but will help cover my living _______.A．fees B．expenses C．fares D．charges10.The poor man , ________，ran out of the dark cave.A．tiring and frightenedB．tired and frightenedC．tired and frightening D．tiring and frightening二、完形填空11.第二节完形填空 (共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分)请认真阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

2024年04版小学4年级下册第9次英语第2单元期末试卷

2024年04版小学4年级下册英语第2单元期末试卷考试时间：80分钟（总分:140）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、填空题：My dad takes care of our _______ (我爸爸照顾我们的_______).2、填空题：中国的________ (artifacts) 让我们了解过去的文明。

3、听力题：The chemical properties of a substance depend on its _____.4、What type of animal is a frog?A. MammalB. ReptileC. BirdD. Amphibian答案: D. Amphibian5、填空题：A ____(community development strategy) fosters growth and empowerment.6、听力题：The __________ is a theoretical model of earth's geological activity.7、听力题：The chemical symbol for mercury is ______.8、听力题：Meteor showers occur when Earth passes through a trail of ______.9、填空题：The zebra is known for its _______ (条纹).10、What is the main purpose of a map?A. To decorateB. To show directionsC. To write storiesD. To cook答案:B. To show directions11、听力题：The _____ (castle) is old.12、小鸟) chirps cheerfully at dawn. 填空题：The ___13、听力题：The chemical symbol for lithium is ______.14、填空题：A rabbit can jump up to three feet in the air, which is about the height of a ________________ (桌子).15、听力题：The capital of Rwanda is __________.16、填空题：The peacock shows off its beautiful _______ (羽毛).17、听力题：The chemical formula for isopropyl alcohol is ______.18、听力题：The stars are very _______ (bright) tonight.19、听力题：The crust is thinner under ______ than under continents.20、听力题：I can ___ (throw) a ball far.21、填空题：A bumblebee is important for _______ (授粉).22、填空题：My rabbit loves to dig in the ______ (草地).23、What do we call a young llama?A. CalfB. KidC. FoalD. Pup答案:A. Calf24、填空题：I like to bake ________ (蛋糕) for special occasions.25、听力题：They are ______ a picnic. (having)26、听力题：The chemical formula for sulfuric acid is ______.27、What is the capital of Kenya?A. NairobiB. KampalaC. Addis AbabaD. Dar es Salaam答案: A. Nairobi28、填空题：__________ (环境保护) often involves understanding chemical interactions in nature.29、听力题：The ______ is the point where an object pivots.30、选择题：What do you call the process of growing plants?A. GardeningB. FarmingC. PlantingD. Cultivation31、填空题：The owl is a symbol of _________. (智慧)32、听力题：Oxygen is necessary for _______.33、听力题：The Andromeda Galaxy is on a collision course with the _______.34、听力题：I drink _____ (water/coffee) with lunch.The Earth's crust is essential for providing ______ resources.36、Which drink is made from tea leaves?A. CoffeeB. JuiceC. TeaD. Milk答案:C37、填空题：A chameleon can blend into its ______ (环境).38、听力题：A ______ is a cold-blooded animal that lays eggs.39、填空题：My grandma loves to garden ____.40、填空题：He loves to _______ (爬山) on weekends.41、填空题：The fish in the tank are very _______ (活泼).42、填空题：The kitten loves to chase its own ______ (尾巴). It is very ______ (搞笑).43、听力题：The kitten is ___ (sleeping) in my lap.44、填空题：The owl is ______ (夜间活动的) and hunts at night.45、听力题：My dad cooks ______ on weekends. (breakfast)46、填空题：The _____ (草坪修剪) keeps the yard looking neat.47、填空题：The _____ (季节性) changes bring different flowers to bloom.48、填空题：The __________ (历史的交响) resonates throughout time.Black holes are regions in space where gravity is so strong that nothing can _______.50、填空题：The ________ brings joy to everyone.51、填空题：Gardening can provide an enriching experience that fosters community ______. (园艺可以提供丰富的体验，促进社区凝聚力。

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As the Burmese workers eat lunch, they also practice their new language skills. They sit in small groups with an English-speaking volunteer.
Lisa Chertok has a child at Bollman Bridge. She is also a manager at Coastal Sunbelt. She helped Ms. Conran develop the lessons, which she says have really helped.
This is the VOA Special English Education Report.
About eighteen thousand refugees from Burma have come to the United States each year since two thousand seven. Some have settled in Howard County, Maryland, between Baltimore and Washington. A local school began teaching English to the children of the refugees.
But while the children learned the language, their parents did not. That makes communication with teachers difficult.

Burmese children in class in Howard County, MarylandCurrently almost fifty Burmese youngsters attend Bollman Bridge Elementary School. Laurel Conran is a teacher there.
SPEAKER: "Please welcome Laurel Conran and Lisa Chertok."
For their work, the two women received a Community Builders Award from Howard County.
LAUREL CONRAN: "I love this program. As a community we want to work together, collaboratively, because when everybody works together it is a win-win situation."
LISA CHERTOK: "Well, when the Burmese employees got here, they were very, very shy. Now I find that they are more responsive as employees. They're more communicative. They're also, as parents, they are more involved in their children's school."
LAUREL CONRAN: "The main idea is the global idea."
She teaches English to speakers of other languages.
LAUREL CONRAN: "Today we were doing text structures. I wanted them to know the vocabulary, the language of text structures, so when they go back into the classroom and work with their peers, they can do this successfully in the classroom."
Laurel Conran started classes at the company to help refugees from the country also known as Myanmar learn English.
LAUREL CONRAN: "The program is a six-week session. It's once a week, on every Wednesday, from twelve to one o'clock. So every Wednesday I go to Coastal Sunbelt."
___
Contributing: June Soh
Jonathan Davis is the principal of Bollman Bridge Elementary School.
JONATHAN DAVIS: "I really see it as the beginning of a great partnership between a business and a school, and we've just begun to scratch the surface with how that could benefit, really, the greater community."
One of her students is Tha Neih Ciang. Another student is Tha Neih's mother, Tin Iang. Ms. Conran practices English with Tin Iang at the mother's workplace. Many Burmese refugees work at Coastal Sunbelt Produce, a supplier of fruits and vegetables to restaurants and other businesses.
And that's the VOA Special English Education Report. You can read, listen and learn English and much more with our programs and activities at . You can watch a video about the Howard County program on our website. And you can find captioned videos at the VOA Learning English channel on YouTube. I'm Steve Ember.
Mr. Davis hopes the lessons will help Burmese parents feel better about communicating with the school.
JONATHAN DAVIS: "Even as simply as making a phone call to say that their son or daughter is sick, even if that's the amount of English that they have gotten from the program, that truly will help us."