考研阅读逐句译2002年第4篇
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考研阅读逐句译2002年第4篇
唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2002年第4篇第1句The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
词汇:
supreme //adj. 最高的,至高无上的;最重要的,最大的
court //n. 法庭,法院;宫廷,朝廷;球场
physician //n. 医生,内科医生
implication //n. 含义,暗含
relieve //v. 减轻,解除
结构:
The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide (主语)//carry important implications (谓语动词和宾语)//for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering (for介词后面跟了一个how宾语从句,整个for介词短语充当状语).
译文:
最高法院关于医生帮助病人自杀这一问题的裁决,对于医学界寻求如何减轻病危者的痛苦与折磨,具有重要的意义。
翻译思路:翻译思路的展开
有人总说,“觉得自己英语看懂了,可就是觉得中文怪怪的,为什么呢?”
这里有两个问题:
1.觉得自己英语看懂了——要确信是真的看懂了,对英语主干和修饰的关系很清晰。
2.如果“真的看懂了”,“可是中文怪怪的”——问题就出在中文表达的时候,逻辑整理或者顺序安排不够清楚;还有可能是对某一个英语词的中文表达不到位。
怎么办呢?我试图通过这个句子来帮大
家展开一下翻译思路。
The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide
决定
最高法院的决定
最高法院的裁决(法院的决定,就是裁决,这里是一种中文表达方式的替换)最高法院关于医生帮助自杀的裁决
最高法院关于医生帮助病人自杀这一问题的裁决(医生帮助自杀,有点怪怪的,逻辑不清,补充说明白)
carry important implications
具有了重要的意义(注意carry implication for的搭配)
for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering
对于医药如何寻求减轻正在死亡的病人的痛苦和折磨
对于医学界寻求如何减轻病危者的痛苦与折磨(医药如何减轻,怪怪的;正在死亡的病人,逻辑不对;通通替换)
唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2002年第4篇第2句Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
词汇:
rule //v. 统治,管理;控制;裁定
constitutional //adj. 宪法的,符合宪法的;(某人)体质的,体格的
in effect // 实际上
principle //n. 原则,原理;准则,规范
permissible //adj. 容许的
结构:
参见翻译思路
译文:
尽管裁决规定,宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利,但最高法院实际上还是认可“双重效应”的医疗原则。
这一延续了数百年的道德原则认为,若某个行为具有两种结果——想要达到的好和可以预见的坏——如果行为执行者只想达到好结果,那么这个行为就是可以允许的。
翻译思路:难句拆分之后易理解
Although it ruled (although引起的让步状语从句,it指代上文的the Supreme Court,要注意rule 在法律上的意义是“做出裁决”)//that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide(that引导的宾语从句,做ruled这个动词的宾语), //the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”(是although 从句对应的主句),
//a centuries-old moral principle (同位语,解释上文的principle of “double effect”)
//holding (holding分词短语作定语,修饰principle,holding 在这里是“认为”的意思)
//that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible (that引导的宾语从句,作holding的宾语,这个宾语从句的主语是an action,having two effects又是分词短语作定语;谓语是is permissible;中间的破折号在解释two effects)
//if the actor intends only the good effect(if条件状语从句,其对应的主句是an action is permissible).
(拆分与组合翻译法,请看封面图,图上有个下载地址,放大图片可以看到,在右上角。
可以下载到1990年到96年翻译真题的逐句详细讲解,还有1990年到2015年的翻译真题的音频。
注意“拆分与组合翻译法”,讲的考研翻译真题,而不是阅读真题)
唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2002年第4篇第3句Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
词汇:
justify //v. 证明…是合理或者公正的
dose //n. 一次剂量
morphine //n. 吗啡
dosage //n. 剂量
结构:
Doctors have used that principle in recent years (主句的主干)//to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’ pain,(to介词短语做状语)//even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient(even though 状语从句).
译文:
近年来,医生们一直在利用这项原则来证明,使用大剂量的吗啡控制晚期病人的病痛是合理,尽管他们知道,不断加大剂量最终会杀死病人。
唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2002年第4篇第4句Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medic ation to control their pain if that might hasten death”.
词汇:
contend // v. 主张,争辩,认为
shield //v. 保护,庇护
sufficient //adj. 足够的,充足的
hasten //v. 加快,促进
结构:
Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends (主句)//that the principle will shield doctors (that宾语从句)//who “until now have very, very strongly insisted (who定语从句)//that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain (that宾语从句)//if that might hasten death(if条件状语从句)”.
译文:
蒙特非奥里医疗中心主任南希·道布勒认为,这项原则将保护这样的一些医生,他们“直到现在还坚定地认为,如果给病人足量的药物止痛会加速他们的死亡的话,那就不能这样做”。
翻译思路:转述动词
写文章,经常会涉及到引用别人观点的情况,这时候,就会用到“转述动词”。
转述的方式有直接和间接两种,使用的动词总的来说,大概有say, add, tell, ask, write, describe, demand, according to, acknowledge, argue, accuse, urge, call, believe, announce, reply, admit, vow, respond, insist, maintain, propose, speak of…as, conclude, hail, shout, estimate, wish, think, continue, imply, claim, quote, report, promise, boast, suggest, advice, explain, confirm, state, reveal, mention, point out, emphasize, stress等等。
唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2002年第4篇第5句George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.
词汇:
maintain //v. 维持,保持;保修,保养;坚持说
prescribe //v. 开药方;规定
legitimate //adj. 法定的,依法的,合法的;正当的,合理的
结构:
George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston
University, maintains (主句)//that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose(that宾语从句,其中as long as引导条件状语从句), //the doctor has done nothing illegal (状语从句对应的主句)//even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death(even if引导让步状语从句).
译文:
波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治·安纳斯坚持认为,只要医生开药是出于合理的医疗目的,那么即使病人因服药该药而加速死亡,医生也不算做了什么违法的事情。
唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2002年第4篇第6句和第7句“It’s like surgery,” he says. “We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death.”
词汇:
surgery //n. 外科手术;门诊,门诊时间,门诊大楼
homicide //n. 杀人;杀人者
结构:
We don’t ca ll those deaths homicides (主句)//because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients(because原因状语从句), //although they risked their death (although让步状语从句).
译文:
“这就像外科手术,”他说,“我们不认为那样的死亡案例是谋杀,因为医生并没有故意要杀死病人,尽管他们可能会让病人冒着死亡的危险。
”
翻译思路:状语从句的位置
一般来说,无论英语位置怎样,翻译成汉语,会优先考虑把“时间、条件、让步、原因”状语从句翻译到主句之前。
但是,这并不是一成不变的法则,因为英汉语两种语言中,状语的位置都很灵活。
我常常这样举例,条件状语从句:如果你觉得有点累了,可以不听课回
家休息。
(如果,条件在前)
当然也可以说:
你可以不听课回家休息,如果你觉得有点累了。
(如果,条件在后)
严格意义上讲,这两个中文句子语气上是有差异的。
但是,就英汉翻译而言,条件状语从句,翻译在主句前后,我觉得都可以接受。
所以,在We don’t call those deaths homicides (主句)//because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients (because原因状语从句), //although they risked their death (although让步状语从句)中,按照英语原顺序翻译,我觉得,完全可以接受。
唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2002年第4篇第8句“If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”
词汇:
physician //n. 医生,内科医生
结构:
If you’re a physician(if条件状语从句), //you can risk your patient’s suicide (主句)//as long as you don’t intend their suicide(as long as条件状语从句).
译文:
“如果你是一名医生,只要你目的不是想让病人自杀,你就可以冒这个风险”。
唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2002年第4篇第9句On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
词汇:
fuel //v. 给燃料;使…加剧
despair //n. 绝望
prolong //v. 延长
agony //n. 极度痛苦
结构:
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge(主句)//that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients(that宾语从句)//for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying (whom定语从句).
译文:
另一方面,许多医疗界人士承认,医生协助病人自杀的这场争论之所以升温,部分原因是病人的绝望情绪。
对这些病人来说,现代医学只是延长了他们弥留之际肉体上的痛苦。
翻译思路:随感
看完这一句话,或者说翻译这篇文章。
学习之际,大家想想,什么最重要?身体!珍惜。
身体第一,学习,努力第二。
别追名,别逐利;年轻,朝自己的理想去奋斗,能奋斗,在奋斗就好。
唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2002年第4篇第10句Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on ph ysician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life.
词汇:
release //v. 释放;发布,发表;免除…责任
结构:
Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide(时间状语), //the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report(主干), //Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life(同位语,说明report).
译文:
就在最高法庭对医生协助病人自杀的行为做出裁决的前三周,国家科学院(NAS)发表了一份长达两卷的报告《走近死亡:完善临终护理》
唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2002年第4篇第11句It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying”as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
词汇:
identify //v. 辨认,认出;认为
undertreatment //n. 处理不足,处理不力
aggressive //adj. 侵略的,好攻击的;攻击性的,强硬的
ineffectual //adj. 无效的,无能的
procedure //n. 程序
dishonor //v. 违背;使…受耻辱
结构:
It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures (主句,其中and并列的是the undertreatment和use这两个宾语中心词)//that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying”(that 定语从句)//as the twin problems of end-of-life care(as介词短语作宾语补足语,整个句子的主干结构是It identifies…as…).
译文:
该报告指出,临终护理存在两个问题:对减轻病痛处理不力;不顾后果地使用“无效的并且强制性的医疗手段,这些手段可能会延长死亡期,甚至会使病人在此期间蒙受屈辱”。
翻译思路:先译主干,再做陈述
这个句子的主干It identifies…as…,翻译中麻烦的是动词identifies后面的宾语太长,而宾语补足语as the twin problems of end-of-life care和宾语中心词分隔太远。
一个最简单的方法,就是借用这里的It identifies…as the twin problems这个主干,先翻译主干“该报告认为,存在两个问题”,再来翻译到底是哪两个问题。
这样逻辑就很清晰。
唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2002年第4篇第12句The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
词汇:
hospice //n. 临终休养所;救济院
therapy //n. 治疗,疗法
bill //v. 开账单;宣布
assess //v. 评估;核算金额
结构:
The profession is taking steps (主干)//to require young doctors to train in hospices(第一个并列的to不定式), //to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies(第二个并列不定式), //to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care(第三个并列不定式), //and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life(第四个并列不定式,做状语).
译文:
医疗行业正在采取措施,要求年轻医生去晚期病人休养所培训;测试各种大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识;为住院护理制定医保收费标准;同时还建立新标准来评估并处理病人弥留之际的痛苦。
唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2002年第4篇第13句Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. 词汇:
well-meaning //adj. 善意的,出于好意的
initiative //n. 主动性,积极性;(为解决困难而采取的)主动行
为
结构:
Annas says (主句)//lawyers can play a key role in insisting (宾语从句)//that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care(that作insisting的宾语从句).
译文:
安纳斯说,要坚持让善意的医疗动机转化成更好的护理行为,对此,律师可以发挥关键作用。
翻译思路:translate竟然不是“翻译”
上下文,在翻译中至关重要。
我们都知道translate是“翻译”的意思,可是我们明明知道把these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care这个句子中的translate翻译为“翻译”不通顺,这时候,一定要根据上下文来作引申。
怎么引申,还是根据本义来推导。
想想,translate有“翻译”的意思,那就是“把一种语言变为”另外一种语言,所以,围绕着“变、改变、表达、表现、导致”等意思来考虑,肯定不会出错了。
不知道我这样讲,大家以后会不会对单词的意思进行引申。
要“大胆去想”,但是“又不要太过分”。
这就是翻译!
唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2002年第4篇第14句“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”.
词汇:
unconcerned //adj. 不关心的,冷漠的;不忧虑的,无烦恼的
constitute //v. 构成,组成;授权,建立
结构:
“L arge numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain (主句)//their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”(省略了引导词that的定语从句), //to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”(to the extent that相
当于so that,它引导一个结果状语从句).
译文:
“不少医生对病人所遭受的毫无必要的,可预见的痛苦无动于衷”,甚至成了“蓄意虐待病人”。
唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2002年第4篇第15句He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and s hould result in license suspension”.
词汇:
license //v. 给…发执照,准许
board //n. 委员会,理事会,董事会
presumptively //adv. 推定地,推测地;可能地,假设地
suspension //n. 暂停,悬挂
结构:
He says (主句)//medical licensing boards “must make it clear...(says后面的宾语从句,其中有一个形式宾语it)//that painful deaths are presumptively ones (that引导真正的宾语部分)//that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”(that定语从句).
译文:
他说,行医执照颁发委员会“必须明确表明……病人痛苦地死亡可以推定为是由于医生治疗不力造成的,应当吊销其行医执照”。