语法7--9章整理

第七章动词时态
一一般现在时
1 基本用法
(1)表示习惯或反复发生的动作,常常与always, occasionally, often, frequently经常发生, sometimes, usually, every day, twice a month, seldom很少,不常等连用
The boy goes to school on foot every day.
(2)表示能力,特征,普遍真理,客观事实或格言
Light travels much faster than sound.
Anything that is dropped falls towards the center of the earth because of the pull of gravity.
One swallow does not make a summer.一燕不成夏,一花独放不成春
2 其他用法
(1)在时间,条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来,用现在完成时表达将来完成时态
The moment I arrive there tomorrow morning I will call you.
If you follow my instructions , you will pass the final examination without difficulty.
在make sure 和see(to it )that意思为保证中,一般现在时表示将来
I’ll walk you home, just to make sure no one bothers you.
Please see that all lights in the offices are switched off before you leave.
(2)某些表示起始动作的词,用一般现在时表示按预定计划短时期内即将发生的动作,这些词只有go, come, leave, start, arrive, be , depart, begin, return.
The next train leaves the station at 12 o’clock.
(3)用于新闻标题,故事标题,小说,戏剧,电影等剧情介绍,体育比赛的解说,幻灯片和图片的说明,使读者身临其境,报刊标题要简洁使人一目了然
二一般过去时
1 基本用法
(1) 表示在过去某一特定的时间里发生的动作或存在的状态
(2) 在口语中为了让语气婉转一些，用一般过去时代替一般现在时
I hope you would give me some advice.
2 其他用法
过去的习惯性动作可以用would（用于书面形式）和used to（用于口语）来表示
三现在进行时
1 基本用法
(1) 现在进行时表示说话时正在进行的动作,汉语用”正在”或”着”来表示时间关系.
She is learning English now.
(2) 表示现阶段正在从事而说话时并不一定正在进行的动作
He is writing a novel on World War
(3) 现在进行时表示将来发生的动作,表示将来的时间更近,起始动作只有go , come , leave , stay , start , die, depart等用进行时,表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作
These trains are leaving for New York.
(4) 与always, constantly , continually, forever等副词连用时,表示厌烦,钦佩,赞叹等感情色彩
She is always laughing at me in the public.
(5) 带be动词的进行时态后接形容词或名词时,表示一种暂时的特征或表现,带有一定的感情色彩
You are being simply childish, my dear.你这一刻很孩子气
You son is being a good boy today.今天,你儿子很乖
注意:
表示五官感觉: see hear feel smell taste
表示智力活动: know understand think believe trust remember forget recognize
表示愿望: wish want expect hope
表示情感: love hate like
表示占有,从属和构成等: have possess belong to consist of都不用进行时
但是在某些情况下上面所列举的动词可以用于进行时但意思改变
Are you seeing someone off? 你正在送人吗?
当hope think wonder forget expect suppose want pretend等静态动词用于进行时表示一种委婉语气
Are you wanting to see the manager? 你想见经理吗?
We are hoping you will give us a reply as early as possible. 我们希望能尽快给我们答复
(6) 在体育比赛现场解说中,一般现在时表示短暂,快速的动作那个,而现在进行时表示可以持续性的动作
John shoots the ball
The crowd are cheering and other people are cheering too.
四过去进行时
基本用法
(1)表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作
(2)过去进行时可以表示按计划,安排将要发生的动作
(3)有些动词如hope, wonder, want, wish等用于过去进行时可以表示婉转语气
I was hoping you could lend me a hand.我能否希望你能帮我一下
注意:
过去进行时在这一用法中所表示的是现在的时间,可以用现在进行时或过去进行时表示,过去进行时最婉转
(4)与always , constantly , forever等表示一种感情色彩
He was always seeking for opportunities to complain about what he did.
(5)作为铺叙故事情节的背景
The hostess was doing cooking in the kitchen when the light went our
While he was searching for a route to India, Cloumbus discovered America.
注意:
过去进行时表示未完成的动作,而一般过去时表示完成的动作
I was reading a book.我正在读一本书
I read a book. 我读了一本书
五一般将来时
1 基本用法:
(1) 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常和tomorrow, in three days, next year, soon, tonight.等连用
(2)表示有倾向或规律性的现象或动作,有时可译为会,就会,就能等
Press the button and the wheel will turn.恩一下键,轮子就会转起来
2 表示将来发生的动作或情况的几种形式
(1) be going to do 多用于口语表达中,常用来表示打算做某事,即将发生的事情
(2) be to do 表示按计划将要发生的动作
Secretary of state, Colin Powell , is to speak on television tonight.
(3) be about to do 表示即将发生的动作,眼前马上就要发生
As schedule , work is about to start on a new factory building.
注意:
在一般将来时时,美国人常用will , will和shall有时可以表示意愿,拒绝,坚持,推论,决心等意义,等于情态动词
If you will listen to me , I will (can )give you some advice.如果你听我的,我愿意给你些建议
六过去将来时
基本用法
(1) 表示从过去某一段时间来看将要发生的动作或状态
At that time , the two robbers intimidated the general manager by saying that they would kill him. 当时，那2个劫匪吓唬总经理将要杀他
(2) 表示过去习惯性的动作
At that time I would get up early to listen to the radio and read English aloud.
七将来进行时
基本用法
(1) 表示将来某时正在进行的动作
The president will be broadcasting his message on all stations this time tomorrow tonight. 明天晚上这个时候,总统将向全国广播国情咨文
(2) 多用于现代口语中,不表示个人的主观意愿或打算,不带有主观色彩,纯粹的将来,表示按计划在未来将要发生的动作
The train from shanghai will be arriving soon.
(3) 用于疑问句,口气比较委婉,表达一种有礼貌的询问,请求
Will you be coming to his 18th birthday party next week?
When will you be lending me your book?
1基本用法
(1) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成,且对现在情况有影响,常与already, yet, before, lately, recently, sometimes, often, rarely, ever, once, twice, today, this week, just.
(2) 表示动作发生在过去,并且一直延续到现在,甚至可能继续延续下去,常与since, for some time, for two months, so far, in the past few years, all this while.
注意:
瞬间动词用完成时态不可与一段时间的状语连用
He has arrived at here for 2 hours. (错)
Her husband has died for 2 years. （错）
2 常用于现在完成时的句型
(1) It has been/is +若干时间+since
It has been/is exactly five years since her husband died.
(2) It/ (This) is the first/second……time/day …..that
It will be the first/second……..time/day…..that…….
It is the third time I have been to china.
(3) This/that/it is the only……..
This/that/it is the best/most/worst/ interesting…….
This is the only novel written by me.
This is the most interesting novel I have read.
3 现在完成时和一般过去是的区别
(1)现在完成时强调过去动作和现在的关系，如对现在的影响，动作可能完成也可能要继续下去
一般过去时表示动作发生在过去，不表示与现在的关系
I have studied English for 2 years
When I was in the university I studied English for 2 years
(2)现在完成时不可与具体的过去时间状语相联，如last week, several days ago, in 2000等这可以与一般过去时连用
注意：
The businessman has been to England several times. 那个商人回来了
The businessman has gone to England. 那个商人现在还在英国
The businessman went to England last week.
九过去完成时
1 基本用法
（1）表示在过去某一段时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作，或者该动作可能延续下去，表示过去的过去，常与already, yet , ever, never, just, hardly, scarcely, by , since, before, until By the time I was 12, the shopkeeper thought I has done such a good job.
（2）有些动词如think, mean, want, intend, hope, plan, was/were to have done用于过去完成时表示打算做却没做成的事
I had intended to call on last night.
注意：
过去完成时不可与ago连用，可以用before.
Only a few months before , her son had died in a traffic accident.
Only a few months ago ,her son died in a traffic accident.
表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作
By the end of the next year , peter will have stayed in England for a decade. 到明年末，披得在英国居住就有10年了
十一现在完成进行时
1 基本用法
表示动作或状态从过去某一段时间开始一直延续到现在或距离现在不远的时间，其动作是否进行下去取决于上下文
live, stay, lie, learn, wait, stand, rest, study等多用于现在完成进行时
since this week , for two years, all this morning, these days等表示一段时间的与现在完成进行时连用
These scientists have been doing experiments to learn more about the effects of alcohol on the brain for a year.
注意：
有些动词如be, have, like, love, know, see, hear不可用于现在完成进行时和现在进行时态，只可以用于现在完成时
He has been ill for a long time and has been lying for 2 weeks.
2 现在完成进行时与现在完成进行时的区别
现在完成时所表示的动作到现在为止已完成或表示在过去曾经发生过
现在完成进行时往往表示该动作或状态仍然在继续
By five o’clock this afternoon, he will have been driving five hours.他继续在开
In this experiment, the volunteers were wakened several times during the night and asked to report what they had just been dreaming.强调动作持续性
十二过去完成进行时
基本用法
表示过去某一时间之前已经开始并延续到过去这个时间,这一动作可能还在继续,也可能已经停止
He had been researching the materials needed in his dissertation for at least 2 months before he finished it.在他完成它的毕业论文之前,他花了至少2个月时间研究论文所需的材料
第八章动词语态
英语有2种语态分别是主动和被动
一被动语态一般构成:
其它特殊结构的被动语态:
1 含情态动词的谓语被动语态的构成:情态动词(can , may, must)+be+过去分词
The work must be finished in 2 days.
2 含有be going to ,be to 时,应为be going to be+过去分词
Another subway is going to be built in the city.
3 get+及物动词的过去分词
Be用于书面get用于口语,get加过去分词只能与表示动作的动词连用,不可以与表示状态的动词连用
The boy often gets scolded by his father.
Our department manager is known as a man of intelligence.(对)表示状态
Our department manager gets known as a man of intelligence.(错)表示状态Get+过去分词的疑问句式和否定句式由助动词do各种形式表示
4 某些词组call on , put off, look down upon, make use of 等这些短语转为被动语态,不能丢弃短语中的介词,副词
二被动意义的其他表示
1 介词短语
介词on , in ,under, beyond, for, past等加名词可以表示被动意义.
On sale廉价出售, on display展出, on trail正在被试用/某人正在被审判, under arms在服兵役, under discussion被讨论, under arrest被逮捕, under consideration, in sight在视野中, in question被讨论, in dispute被争论, for rent, beyond cure无法医治, above suspicion不能被怀疑
The solution to the problem is still under consideration.这个问题的街道需要被讨论
2 形容词
通常以-ible, -able, -ble, worthy等结尾的形容词可以表示被动意义
Feasible, visible, available, reliable, trustworthy.
3 一些不及物动词和某些短语,用主动表示被动意义
这类不及物动词:blow, clean, cut, cook, keep, lock, open, sell, read
短语:come out, come down, give place.
The book sells well
The old museum came down last week.老博物馆上个星期被拆除了
三被动语态中几个常用介词的用法比较
包括by, with, of , from
By表示动作的执行者或施力者,物品也可以
The novel was written by me.
No one can be judged by his clothes
With表示使用某种工具
A pencil can be sharpened with knife.
Of表示原料可见的,物理变化
This desk is built of stones
From表示原料不可见,化学变化
Do you know what the wine is made from?
四被动语态与系表结构的区别:
1 被动语态表示动作,系表结构表示状态或主语的特点,因此前者可以用by,后者一般不使用by
The novel is written by me.被动语态
The novel is well written.系表结构
2 被动语态有多种时态,而系表结构主要表示状态,因此只用于一般现在时和一般过去时
3 被动语态中的过去分词不可以用very等副词修饰(但有时可以用much)
系表结构中的过去分词可以用very等副词修饰
4 被动语态中的过去分词没有固定介词搭配,而系表结构中有固定的介词搭配
5 被动语态只有被动意义,而系表结构可以有主动意义
五其它
1 不定式to可以在被动语态中不可省略
I saw her enter a shop
She was seen to enter a shop.
In some factories, bosses often make people work overtime.
In some factories, people are made to work overtime.
2 有些固定词组不可变为被动语态
Lose one’s mind. Take one’s place accept full responsibility for 等等
第九章虚拟语气
一虚拟语气在名次性从句中的应用
1 在宾语从句中的应用
在表示建议,提议,命令,请求等意义的动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词要用(should)+原形,或者省略should,直接用动词原形.
常见表示建议,提议,命令,请求这类动词有:
建议:suggest, order, demand, propose
命令command, request请求, desire渴望, insist坚持, advise, beg乞求, decide, determine决定, prefer, recommend建议, require要求, urge督促, vote 投票, ask, suppose, move提议
(1)在wish后宾语从句中的应用
I wish we had traveled yesterday when the weather was fine.我真希望昨天天好时我们就出发了
I wish she would come tomorrow. 我希望她明天来
(2) I would/had rather, would/had/sooner, would as soon都表示宁愿,宁可的宾语从句之后
He would rather it were winter now.他真愿意现在就是冬天
I’d just as soon she were not here tomorrow. 我真愿意她明天不会在这里
Jim would rather bill had gone to the class. JIM宁愿比尔当时去上了课
2 在主语从句中的应用
(1)It is+ 形容词/过去分词+that+主语从句中的主语+(should)+原形动词
常用的这类形容词有:strange, necessary, urgent紧急的, possible, essential 必不可少的, advisable合情合理的,明智的, natural通常的, important, vital重要的, preferable, crucial至关重要的, insistent坚持的, imperative极其重要的, best , better
常用的这类过去分词有:desired , suggested, proposed, requested, ordered, decided, arranged, recommended等
It is desired that we (should)get everything ready by tonight. 希望我们能在晚上将一切准备就绪
(2)It is a pity/shame/must必要+that+主语从句中的主语+(should)+原形动词
It is a burning shame that little children should have to beg in the street.小孩们必须上街乞讨,太令人遗憾了
It seems such a pity that you should have to spend the day at the hotel.
真是遗憾,你必须在那家旅馆度过一天
3 在表语从句和同位语从句中的应用
在表示提议,建议,命令,要求等名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中,谓语动词用(should)+原形
常见的这类名词有:advice, demand, arrangement, command, decision, desire, motion建议, necessity, plan , proposal, regulation规则, recommendation介绍, requirement, suggestion.
My suggestion is that we (should) start out at once.我建议我们立刻出发
二虚拟语气在状语从句中的应用
If I were you ,I would consider their proposal.
How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer.
If I had known of your arrival, I would have met you at the station.
2 错综时间条件句
有时,条件从句和主句表示的时间不一致,这时,动词要根据不同的时间用适当的形式来表示
If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better. 假如当时天气再好一点,现在庄稼会长的更好一些
(从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反)
3 省略if的条件句
条件句中有had, should , could, were等时可以省略if , 用倒装语序,及上述词须放在主语之前
Had we made(=if we had made) adequate preparations, we might have succeed.
4 含蓄条件句
假设的情况不用if条件句,而用其它的形式表示,有时可能有标志词
That would have been considered miraculous in the past
===if it had been in the past, it would have been considered miraculous.那在过去会被看作是奇迹
Without his help, I couldn’t have done it.
===if he hadn’t helped me, I couldn’t have done it没有他的帮助,我不可能做这件事情
But for the rain we would have had a pleasant journey.
===if it had not been for the rain, we would have had a pleasant journey.要不是下雨，我们的旅途会很愉快的。

5 用于if only 引导的从句中
If only 引导的从句中 ,谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示强烈的愿望,不满或遗憾,其形式相同于if 或wish引出的虚拟从句中
If only our doctor were here.要是我们的医生在这里就好了
6 用于as if /as though, even if/even though引导的状语从句中
在as if /as though引导的方式状语从句中,虚拟语气用过去时表示和现在事实相反
或对其表示怀疑,用过去完成时表示对过去事实的假设
She is so kind and beautiful as if she were an angel.
注意:
As if /as though 引导的从句中如果用于客观陈述,则用陈述语气
It looks as if it is going to rain.
在even if/even though引导的让步状语从句中有时也用虚拟语气,谓语形式同if 引导的虚拟条件句
Even if you had enough money, you could not buy the time.
7 用于whether……or ……, no matter how/what, however, whatever等词引导的让步状语从句中
在whether……or ……, no matter how/what, however, whatever等词引导的让步状语从句中,谓语动词常用may, might, should+ 原形动词, may, might, should常省略,尤其是用于be开头的让步状语从句
Whether the figures be accurate or not, they have to be rechecked.不管这些数字精确与否,都必须重新检查.
注意:
如果是过去的动作,动词要用完成式
You mustn’t be proud, however much you may have achieved.
8 用于lest, for fear that, in case都是万一,以防的意思
In order that, so that 想办法实现的意思,这些所引导的目的状语从句中以lest, for fear that, in case引导的目的状语从句中,谓语动词用should+原形动词,should一般不省略
以In order that, so that所引导的目的状语从句中常用should, may , can +原形动词(表示现在), might, could+原形动词(表示过去)
注意:
In case 常用于陈述语气
Here is some money in case you should need it.这里有些钱以防你万一需要三虚拟语气在一些习惯句型和结构中的应用
1 用于it is (high/about) time(that)……句型中
it is (high/about) time(that)……后接过去是的从句,意为该做某事了或早该做某事了,它指的是现在或将来,而不是过去
It is about time that you had you hair cut!你该理发了
It is high time he were taught a lesson. 该是他接受教训的时候了
2 用于suppose/supposing 引出的句子中
suppose/supposing 引出的句子中除可用陈述语气外,也常引出表示假设的条件句
Supposing the train were late, what should we do? 假如火车晚点,我们怎么办?
3 用于except, believe, think, suspect等引出的句子
在except, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定式或疑问式后常用should+原形动词表示惊奇，怀疑，惶恐，不满等意思
They just couldn’t believe that the new stadium should be so big.
4 用于其它结构中
虚拟语气也可以用于介词,介词短语,连词,动词不定式等结构表达的虚拟条件句中
But for my deskmates’help , I would have failed in the experiment.
I could do nothing without you.
In the absence of /without maths , science would not exist.
She ran;otherwise, she would have missed her bus.
四虚拟语气在口语中的运用
1 虚拟语气用在口语中能使语气显得客气委婉,谓语动词常用should , would , could ,might+ 原形动词
Could you come a little earlier next time?
Would you mind turning the light on?
2 在表示祝愿,诅咒等句子中,谓语动词常由原形动词或may+ 原形动词构成
“God bless you ,”said the priest.教士说愿上帝保佑你
May you succeed! Success attend you !
Wish you success
Long live the friendship between our two peoples!我们两国人民之间的友谊万岁
So be it then! 那就这样吧。