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AGP - Definitions of Family farming
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FAO defines the term ‘family farming’ to “include crop, livestock, forestry, fishery and aquaculture production by producers who, despite their great heterogeneity among countries and within countries, have the following key characteristics:
Limited access to land and capital resources;
Predominantly family labour is used with the head of the household participating directly in the production process; therefore, even when there is some division of labour, the head of the household does not just perform management responsibilities but is also a worker in the family unit;
Agricultural/forestry/aquaculture/fishery activity is the main source of income for the family nucleus, which may be complemented with other non-farming activities undertaken inside or outside the family unit (services related to rural tourism, environmental benefits, small-scale production, small agribusinesses, casua l jobs, etc.)”.
FAO, 2012. Ensuring the full participation of family farmers in agricultural innovation systems: Key issues and case studies. Background Document to an FAO e-mail conference (4 June to 1 July 2012)
Family Farming is a productive unit characterized by a strong link between the family and the plot of land - often small or medium in size –that owns and works in order to earn a living in an environmentally and socially friendly manner. Therefore, its development has direct positive impacts on the community as a whole. Furthermore, dealing with the concept of Family Farming, auto-reliance and resilience gain importance, emphasizing their capacities to adapt to environmental and economic changes.
Hence, Family Farming represents a strategic sector due to its economic, social, cultural and environmental functions, reflecting the three components of sustainable development.
World Rural forum. Proposals for the Compliation Document Rio+20, Presented by World rural forum.
Lipton defines family farms a s “operated units in which most labor and enterprise come from the farm family, which puts much of its working time into the farm”
Lipton, M. 2005. The family farm in a globalizing world: The role of crop science in alleviating poverty.2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the Environment Initiative Discussion Paper No. 40. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute.
The World Bank’s Rural Strategy defines smallholders as those with a low asset base, operating less than 2 hectares of cropland
World Bank. 2003. Reaching the rural poor: A renewed strategy for rural development. Washington, D.C.
A recent FAO study defines smallholders as farmers with “limited resource endowments, relative to other farmers in the sector”
Dixon, J., K. Taniguchi, and H. Wattenbach, Eds. 2003. Approaches to assessing the impact of globalization on African smallholders: Household and village economy modeling. Proceedings of a working session on Globalization and the African Smallholder Study. FAO (Agricultural Support Systems Division [AGS] and Agricultural and Development Economics Division [ESA]) and the World Bank. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
The USDA classifies family farms as “any farm organized as a sole proprietorsh ip, partnership, or family corporation. Family farms exclude farms organized as nonfamily corporations or cooperatives, as well as farms with hired managers”.
USDA, Economic Research Service 2007 Family Farm Report
“il soggetto si dedichi direttamente e abitualmente alla coltivazione del fondo, con lavoro proprio o della sua famiglia, e che la sua forza lavorativa non sia inferiore ad un terzo di quella complessiva richiesta dalla normale conduzione del fondo.” *the person who directly and usually takes care of the cultivation of the farm, making use of his own labour and of labour of his family, and whose total labour force covers at least one third of the labour requirements for the cultivation of his farm].
CIRCOLARE N. 3/DF, Roma, 18 maggio 2012, Minist ero dell’economia e delle Finanze, Dipartimento delle Finanze, Direzione Federalismo Fiscale
Family Farming: Brazil
The Brazilian Agricultural Census classifies family farming according to the criteria defined by Law No. 11.326. A family farmer or rural family entrepreneur is someone that practices activities in a rural environment and also meets the following requirements:
Does not have, under title, an area greater than four fiscal properties (the family agricultural unit in each region of the country); a fiscal property varies between 5 and 110 hectares, depending on the municipality, soil conditions and access.
Uses predominantly family labour in the economic activities of the farm or other enterprise;
The family income predominantly originates from economic activities linked to the farm or other enterprise;
The farm or other enterprise is managed by the family.
Businesses that do not meet these requirements are designated as "non-family”.
FAO. 2012. Family Farming in latin America and then Caribbean 2012–2015. Draft version
Rural Family Farming: Chile
Chile’s Institute for Agriculture Development (INDAP) uses the following criteria for family farming:
Farmers must cultivate less than 12 hectares of irrigated land,
Have assets worth less than 3,500 UF (US$ 96,000),
Obtain their income mainly from farming, and Work directly on the land, regardless of their land tenure arrangement.
FAO. 2012. Family Farming in latin America and then Caribbean 2012–2015. Draft version
Small-Scale Agricultural Production: Argentina
The definition is given by the study "Small-scale agricultural producers in Argentina: Their importance in agricultural production and employment based on the 2002 National Agricultural Census", published in June 2006 by PROINDER (SAGPyA) and IICA in Buenos Aires.
Farms of small-scale producers are defined as those in which:
The producer works directly on the land,
Does not employ permanent paid non-family workers,
Cultivates an area of land below the upper limit established by region, and
Excludes private companies.
FAO. 2012. Family Farming in latin America and then Caribbean 2012–2015. Draft version
Rural Family Farming: Paraguay
The Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock has become one of the main institutions for strengthening family farming in Paraguay, and has encouraged the development of a social definition within the framework of the 7th Specialized Meeting on Family Farming (REAF): "Family farming is a rural productive activity that is performed using mainly family labour for the cultivation of the land; and which does not require more than 20 workers on a temporary basis in certain periods of the production process who reside on the farm or in nearby communities; and that covers no more than 50 hectares in the Eastern Region and 500 hectares in the Western Region, independent of their type of production.”
Law Nº 2419 of the National Institute of Rural Development and Land establishes the legal definition of Rural Family Farming, as follows:
The main residence must be on the farm or in a nearby community.
Size of production: even with the REAF definition, this is still in discussion because without updated statistics the size limit of family farming remains uncertain.
The main labour resource is provided by the family group.
The type of agricultural production or the physical size of each farm does not matter, as long as the productive activity is aimed at the reproduction of the family unit.
Hired labour is limited to 20 workers on a temporary basis at certain times of the year.
There is no minimum or maximum level of income.
FAO. 2012. Family Farming in latin America and then Caribbean 2012–2015. Draft version Family Producer: Uruguay
According to the official 2008 definition by the Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries, a Family Agricultural Producer is defined as a person who meets the following requirements: Performs farming activity with a maximum of two fulltime salaried workers or their equivalent in part-time workers (500 workdays annually).
Cultivates an area up to 500 hectares, according to the CONEAT 100 index, under any form of tenure.
Earns his or her main income from cultivating the land or works on the land.
Lives on the farm or in a community located no more than 50km from the farm.
FAO. 2012. Family Farming in latin America and then Caribbean 2012–2015. Draft version Family Farming Unit (FAU): Colombia
In Law 160 of 1994, the National System of Agrarian Reform and Rural Development defines the Family Agricultural Unit (FAU) as the basic enterprise of agricultural, livestock, aquaculture and forestry production, which given certain agro-ecological conditions and adequate technology allows the family to benefit from its work and produce a saleable surplus which contributes to improving their living conditions.
The FAU does not normally require workers apart from the labour of the owner and his family, although workers may be hired depending on the type of production. Local authorities will decide the criteria for determining the size of the FAU, and the mechanisms of evaluation, review and periodic reforms due to significant changes in productive conditions. It will also set the total maximum value of the FAU in terms of monthly minimum wages.
FAO. 2012. Family Farming in latin America and then Caribbean 2012–2015. Draft version Definition of Family Farming in Central America
According to the report “Identification and analysis of public policies, institutions, programmes and projects for family farming in Central America” by the consultant Hernán González Mejía, family farming in Central America is characterized by:
A “self-managed” economic unit (GEILFUS, 2000, p. 23).
“The predominant use of family labour” (FAO & BID, 2007, p. 38).
Limited access to land and capital.
Application of subsistence strategies based on multiple incomes.
A specific rural territory formed by markets and networks of cooperation and dependence. Heterogeneity.
FAO. 2012. Family Farming in latin America and then Caribbean 2012–2015. Draft version Definition of Family Farming in MERCOSUR
It is important to emphasize the role of family farming in the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR), where the term Family farming was officially recognized in 2004 during the Specialized Meeting on Family Farming (REAF). As a result of REAF, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay have taken on the challenge of implementing public policies to benefit nearly 4.9 million family farms, in other words, 83% of all farms (5.8 million) in the four countries. This commitment is consolidated in Resolution 25/07 of the Common Market Group, which seeks to incorporate into the national legislation of Mercosur countries the legal recognition of this way of life and production.
FAO. 2012. Family Farming in latin America and then Caribbean 2012–2015. Draft version Concept of Family Farming in Costa Rica
“Family farming is a production system involving both agricultural and nonagricultural activities (agro-tourism, the production of organic fertiliser, biogas, prepared foods, among others), either within or outside the productive unit, where the ownership, management and work are predominantly family based. Family farming produces both for self-consumption and for the
market. The labour force is mainly provided by the family, with occasional use of hired labour; and income comes mainly from agricultural activities.” This definition is the result of the consultation process undertaken with participation from grassroots family farming organizations both nationally and in the eight regions of the country. Costa Rica displays two main typologies: (i) family farming for self-consumption or subsistence; and (ii) family farming for self-consumption and sale to markets.
FAO. 2012. Family Farming in latin America and then Caribbean 2012–2015. Draft version
Family farming in the Agricultural Policy of Central America
The Central American Agricultural Policy is mainly oriented towards the economic issues of competitiveness and productivity through an emphasis on agribusiness, but it does not ignore small agriculture businesses, agro-environmental management and institutional development. Public support for small-scale agriculture (family farming), includes the recognition of its special characteristics in order to design measures and policy instruments that address issues such as limited capacities, the technology lag, limited access to financing, exposure to risks and instability in the allocation of resources.
The inclusion of small-scale agriculture in markets, as well as their regional integration through strengthening organizations and cooperatives, is another purpose of this policy which raises the need to create instruments and measures for specific conditions and requirements. The Central American Agricultural Policy also includes a type of family farming with a higher level of capitalization and development called "small business agriculture", although this is not precisely defined. In addition to the Central American Agricultural Policy, there are other programmes like the Regional Agro-Environmental and Health Strategy (ERAS) and the Central American Strategy for Rural Territorial Development (ECADERT), which have incorporated family farming as a major component in their strategies
FAO. 2012. Family Farming in latin America and then Caribbean 2012–2015. Draft version
The family farming sector can be classified in three large groups: (a) Almost 10 million subsistence farms, with 100 million hectares, where households derive a large proportion of their income from non-farm jobs, remittances and/or social subsidies; (b) an intermediate group of 4 million farms with 200 million hectares, that are integrated in agricultural markets but face significant constraints derived both from their asset endowment and from the proximate contexts in which they operate; (c) about 1 million family farms that hire some permanent labor and that manage about 100 million highly productive hectares.
IFAD. 2011. Latin America: The State of Smallholders in Agriculture. Bergegue, J.A and Fuentealba, R. Conference on New Directions for Smallholder Agriculture 24-25 January 2011, Rome IFAD HQ First, unlike the subsistence farm, it provides for the family a satisfactory living and in addition a chance to accumulate savings for old age; and second, unlike the highly commercialized farm, the family farm depends very largely on the labor and management of the farm family with some exchange help from neighbors to carry on its productive activities. Family farm operation does not depend on hired labor.
Johnson, O. R. (Aug 1944), “The Family Farm”. Journal of Fa rm Economics, Vol. 26 (3). pp. 530.
1. A family farm is one on which the farm operator makes most of the managerial decisions, participates regularly in farm work, and on which his role as employer of labor is minor relative to his other functions.
2. A family size farm is one which, operated by a family of average size and managerial ability, will permit reasonably efficient use of labor-saving equipment and of the family labor force over the life cycle of the family.
3. The desirable size of farm for the family of average managerial ability would be a farm that would permit the reasonably efficient use of labor-saving equipment and of the family labor force over the life cycle of the family and provide with average management a labor and management return adequate to maintain a socially acceptable level of living.
Scoville, Orlin J. (May 1947), “Measuring the Family Farm”. Journal of Farm Economics, Vol. 29 (2). pp. 518-519.
Gasson and Errington (1993). They presented the following six elements regarding “the relationship between the farm and the household:
1. Business ownership is combined with managerial control in the hands of business principals.
2. These principals are related by kinship or marriage.
3. Family members (including these business principals) provide capital to the business.
4. Family members including business principals do farm work.
5. Business ownership and managerial control are transferred between the generations with the passage of time.
6. The family lives on the farm.
FAO. ESW Wo rking Paper. Draft 1. June, 2012. Defining the “Family Farm”. Ana Paula de la O Campos, Elisabeth Garner. Gender Equity and Rural Employment (ESW) Division.
1. The notional family farm is characterised by an overlapping between three functional units: (a) the unit of production (i.e., the farm), (b) the unit of consumption (i.e., the household) and (c) the unit of kinship (i.e., the family).
2. For its reproduction, the notional family farm requires family labour, i.e., labour performed by members of the family/household, (and here we are not referring mainly to managerial work). This implies that, if the farm no longer requires family labour for its reproduction, it is no longer a notional family farm, although it may still be a farm family business
Djurfeldt, Göran, Venkatesh Athreya, N. Jayakumar, Staffan Lindberg, A. Rajagopal and R. Vidyasagar (Nov 2008), “Agrarian Change and Social Mobility in Tamil Nadu”. Economic and Political Weekly , Vol 43 (45). pp. 52.
The family farm constitutes that form of production in which the ownership of the means of production and labour power co-exist in the same production unit, without a discrete division between capital and labour, with family members.
Kisimis, Charalambos and Apostolos G. Papadopoulos (1997), “Famil y Farming and Capitalist Development in Greek Agriculture: A Critical Review of the Literature”. Sociologia Ruralis, Vol 37 (2). pp. 210. AND Jervell, Anne Moxness (1999), “Changing Patterns of Family Farming and Pluriactivity” European Society for Rural S ociology, Vol 39 (1).pp. 103.
As referenced in Thapa (2009):
“Small farms, also known as family farms, where the primary aim of the farm is to produce the bulk of the household’s consumption of staple foods (Hazell et al., 2007).”
FAO. ESW Working Paper. Draft 1. June, 2012. Defining the “Family Farm”. Ana Paula de la O Campos, Elisabeth Garner.Gender Equity and Rural Employment (ESW) Division.
Family farms are implicitly of modest size, but size is defined in terms of what family labor can care for. Acreage, investment or volume of sales figures are less applicable.
Breinmyer H.F. and Frederick,A.L. 1993. Does the Family Farm Really Matter?。