现在分词和过去分词的用法

现在分词和过去分词的用法
现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示“主动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。

分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。

表示伴随
1. 分词作状语：分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果（补充说明）、让步、伴随等。

分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。

作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。

【例】Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word.
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.
Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mother's illness.
分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。

【例】Not shavings enough hands, we turned to them for help.(we don't have enough hands)
Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (we are taught/teach us)
Inspired by Leifeng, the people in China worked very hard to achieve their modernization.
____the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge. (CET-4 1996,6)
A) Having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed
本句意思为：相信地球是平的，许多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去。

许多人与相信之间是主谓关系，及分词与主语之间为主谓关系。

No matter how frequently ____, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. (CET-4 1995, 6)
A) performing B) performed C) to be peerformed D) being performed
本句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案为B.
____as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (CET-4 1996,1)A) Being published B) Published C) Publishing D) To be published
2)“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)＋分词”结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when, once, although, until, if等连词。

【例如】When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.
While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work.
2. 分词作定语分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。

现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(与名词是动宾关系)。

【例如】This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries.
The young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack.
3. 分词作宾语补足语现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。

【例如】On the top of the hill, we could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the village.
The boy sat beside the railway line and watched the trains roaring by.
We should not leave him wondering what he should do.
I am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.
I caught him doing something else in class.
4. 过去分词可以在allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, like, make, observe, order, permit, prefer, remember, request, require, see, urge动词等后面作宾语补足语。

【例如】You should keep her informed of what is going on here.
I expected you well prepared for the examination.
在动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice，perceive，observe, listen to, look at后既可用现在分词做补语,也可用不定式做补语。

用现在分词表示动作正在进行,用不定式表示的动作的全过程已经完成。

【例】I saw Mr. White get off a bus.
I saw Mr. White looking into a shop window.
——Do you hear someone knocking at the door?
——Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.
5. 分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。

现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的心理感受或状态，主语多为人。

【例】The film “Harry Potter” is really exciting, and I am excited about it.
分词练习题(附答案)练习题
1) After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well boys____ to go to school. (CET-4 1997,1)
A) to be encouraged B) been encouraged C) being encouraged D) be encouraged
2) ____,a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. (CET-4 1997,6)
A) Other things being equal B) Were other things equalC) To be equal to other things D) Other things to be equal
3)All things ____, the planned trip will have to be called off. (CET-4 1998,6)
A) considered B) be considered C) considering D)shavingsconsidered
4) The house was very quiet, ____as it was on the side of a mountain. (CET-4 1999,6)
A) isolated B) isolating C) being isolated D)shavingsbeen isolated
5) This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, ____both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil. (CET-4 1999,6)
A) being B) been C) to be D)shavingsbeen
6) Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ____ in Cuba. (CET-4 2000,1)
A) being cultivated B) been cultivated C)shavingscultivated D) cultivating
7) ____in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing. (CET-4 2000,1)
A) To look B) Looking at C) Looked at D) To be looked at
8) You will see this product ____ wherever you go. (CET-4 2000,6)
A) to be advertised B) advertised C) advertise D) advertising
9) ____in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarship totaling 21,000 dollars. (CET-4 2000,12)
A) To be judged the best B)shavingsjudged the best
C) Judged the best D) Judging the best
10) From the dates ____ on the plates, we decided that they were made in Song Dynasty.
A) marking B)shavingsbeen marked C) marked D) to be marked
11) She stood by the window, ____.
A) thinking B) think C) thought D) thinks
12) ____ to meet anybody, he went in from the back door.
A) Not wishing B) Wishing C) Not wished D) No wishing
13) The editorial ____ now will appear in tomorrow's newspaper.
A) writing B) to write C) being written D) write
14) It ____ now pretty late, we took our things and retired to our room.
A) is B) being C) turned D) got
15) ____ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.
A) When compared B) While comparing C) Compare D) Comparing
16) The old man came upstairs with great strength, his right hand ____ a stick for support.
A) held B) holding C) being holding D) was holding
17) ____ three times in a row, the boxer decide to give up fighting.
A)shavingsdefeated B) To have defeate
C)shavingsbeen defeated D) To have been defeated
18) ____neglecting our education, my father sent me to school.
A) Accused of B) Accusing of C) To be accused of D) That he was accused of
19) ____ mainly for the invention of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell devoted his life to helping the deaf.
A) He is remembered B) While being remembered
C) To be remembered D) Though remembered
20) ____ that they are fresh from university, the young people have done a good job.
A) Given B) Because C) Giving D) As
21) ____ on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.
A) If walking B) While walking C) Walking D) When one is walking
22) I understood you were third-year students ____ in English.
A) who majors B) who major is
C) have majored D) majoring
23) A cool rain was falling, ____ with snow.
A) mixed B) mixing C) to mix D)shavingsmixed
24) ____ by the police, the kidnappers had no choice but to surrender.
A) Surrounded B) Surrounding
C)shavingssurrounded D) To be surrounded
25)____ equal educational opportunities, American Indians in the reservations remained backward and illiterate for a long time.
A) Deprived off B) Depriving off
C) Deprived of D) Depriving of
26) All the exam papers ____, the teacher sent the class home.A)shavingsbeen handed in
B)shavingshands in C) handing in
D) being handed in
27) ____ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.
A) Founding B) It was founded C) Being founded D) Founded
28) There ____ no fresh drinking water and no good farm land, it was not a comfortable place in which to live.
A) be B) was C) were D) being
29) ____ in Beijing for quite a few years, Mr. Park had little difficulty understanding Chinese.
A)shavingslived B) Lived C) Living D) To live
30) Any packet ____ properly will not be accepted by the post office.
A) not to be wrapped B) not being wrapped
C) not wrapped D) notshavingsbeen wrapped
31) The lab ____ next year will be more advanced than the old one.
A) built B) to be built C) being built D) to build
32) Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ____ to the outside world.
A) being lost B) losing C)shavingslost D) lost
33) He was sitting in the chair, ____ a book.
A) read B) was reading C) reading D) with reading
34) Such ____ the case, there were no grounds to justify your complaints.
A) is B) was C) be D) being35) Peter is a good student, ____ his best subject.
A) as English B) English as C) being English D) English being
分词部分练习题答案：1)C 2)A 3)A 4)A 5)A 6)A 7)C 8)B 9)C 10)C 11)A 12)A 13)C 14)B 15)A 16)B 17)C 18)A 19)D 20)A 21)D22)D 23)A 24)A 25)C 26)A 27)D 28)D 29)A 30)C 31)B32)D 33)C 34)D 35)D。