劳动经济学课后习题参考题答案
劳动经济学 课后答案
第一章导言名词解释劳动——有劳动能力和劳动经验的人在生产过程中有目的的支出劳动力的活动劳动力——在早期的概念中，劳动力指从事体力劳动为主的“劳工”，即“工人”或产业工人，马克思理论把劳动力看作可变资本，知识经济时代脑力与体力劳动者的差别已不表现在劳动的本质特征上。
“员工”这一范畴被企业以及各类组织广泛使用劳动市场——劳动力供求的市场劳动经济学——劳动经济学是对劳动力资源配置的市场经济活动过程中的劳动力需求和供给的行为、及其影响因素的分析和研究。
人口经济学——人口经济学研究人口的生产与再生产的经济问题、人口自然增长的经济规律，特别是人口对物质资源消费的影响是其集中要研究的对象和任务人力资源管理——对人力资源进行有效开发、合理配置、充分利用和科学管理的制度、法令、程序和方法的总和。
实证经济学——两个假设前提：稀缺性；理性在一定的假设前提下，人们的行为是怎样的规范经济学——用互惠原则去衡量经济效益的好坏和制度政策的利弊，分析经济行为人的选择应该是什么的问题简答题1、谈谈你对劳动经济学研究对象的理解。
第一，在效用最大化假设下，劳动力资源的投入产出机理。
第二，劳动经济学研究劳动力市场的运行和结果。
第三，劳动经济学是对劳动力资源配置的市场经济活动过程中的劳动力需求和供给的行为、及其影响因素的分析和研究。
2、举例说明运用规范经济学或者实证经济学研究现实劳动经济或人力资源管理问题的价值。
实证经济学实际上是一种对人的经济行为进行研究和分析的一种理论。
它建立在两个假说之上，即稀缺性和人是有理性的。
从稀缺性方面来讲，正是由于稀缺性的存在，才产生了经济学上的“机会成本”概念。
它隐含的一个重要命题是人们对资源的使用存在着供求问题，存在着成本特别是机会成本问题。
所以，劳动力资源也是稀缺的。
而这种稀缺的程度可以通过劳动力的价格---工资反映出来。
比如，每年应届大学生的求职，在多种职业只能有一种选择，而用人单位也只能在李四或者是王五之间做出唯一的聘用选择。
劳动经济学曾湘泉课后答案
劳动经济学曾湘泉课后答案【篇一：曾湘泉劳动经济学课后题目答案】动经济学对“劳动”概念的实际运用情况来分析，在有些情况下，劳动是就劳动的主体而言的，即它指的是劳动力。
在另外一些情况下，他可能指的是劳动过程或一种有目的的工作或活动。
2. 劳动力：是人的劳动能力，即人在劳动过程中所运用的体力和智力的总和。
在现代劳动经济学体系中，劳动力又特指在一定年龄范围内，具有劳动能力和劳动要求。
愿意参加付酬性的市场性劳动的全部人口。
没有就业意愿或就业要求的人口不属于劳动力范畴。
3.4. 人口经济学：人口经济学研究的是人口的生产与再生产的经济问题。
人口经济学是研究社会发展过程中人口与经济相互关系，及其变化规律的学科。
人口运动和经济运动的对立统一运动，构成了人口经济运动及相应的人口经济关系，人口经济学的任务就是揭示人口经济关系运动的规律性。
人口经济学作为一门新兴的边缘学科，主要是考察人口变动对经济增长或经济发展的影响，一般来说，人口经济学属于应用经济学的范畴。
5. 劳动经济学：对劳动力资源配置的市场经济活动过程中的劳动力需求和供给的行为，及其影响因素的分析和研究。
6. 人力资源管理：是依据组织和个人发展的需要，对组织中的人力这一特殊的资源进行有效开发、合理利用与科学管理的机制、制度、流程、技术和方法的总和。
7. 派生需求：8.9.10. 短期：在短期内可变的生产要素只有劳动力，技术和资本都是不变生产要素。
11. 长期：在长期内，劳动力和技术是可变生产要素，只有资本是不变生产要素。
12. 竞争性劳动力市场：产品和要素市场上供求的双方人数都很多，产品要素之间没有区别，产品和要素的供求双方都具有完全的信息并且可以充分自由的流动。
13. 买方垄断企业：是指企业劳动力市场是垄断者，而在产品市场上是完全竞争者。
14. 替代效应: 劳动使用量从la降低到lb，资本使用量从ka上升到kb，即企业用资本代替了劳动。
15. 规模效应: 由于工资率的提高，企业使用劳动的边际成本将上升，从而导致企业生产更少的数量，产量的下降将会导致使用劳动数量的下降，图中变现为从b点到c点的移动，劳动数量随之下降。
《劳动经济学》练习题库及答案
《劳动经济学》练习题库及答案《劳动经济学》练习题库及答案本科1. 劳动经济学研究劳动力市场及其运行规律的学科。
2. 工资刚性货币工资水平一般没有向下浮动的可能性。
3. 自然失业率劳动力市场既不存在过多的供给，也不存在过多的需求时的失业率。
4. 就业弹性就业率与国民经济增长率变动百分比。
5. 工资指导线政府提出的关于工资增长比重的权威性建议。
6. 统计性歧视因统计标志的缺陷而使部分劳动力承受不公平的失业比重。
7. 家庭生产函数说明市场劳动时间、家务劳动时间、消费结构及余暇时间的相互关系的函数式。
8. 理性经济人市场经济下以自利为原则同时又在一定规则下行为的经济主体。
9. 劳动力生产费用指从母亲怀孕起到把子女培养成为劳动力的直接费用和间接费用。
10. 内部劳动力市场指企业中工作岗位上的劳动力供求不通过外部市场，而是通过企业内部原有人员之间进行调剂而实现的一种调整机制。
11. 劳动边际生产力递减规律在短期分析中，其他生产要素不变，唯一可变的生产要素是劳动投入，当等量增加单位劳动投入时，最初会使产量增加，超过一定量时产量开始递减。
12. 劳动力参与率反映一定范围内的人口参加市场性劳动程度的相对数。
13. 余暇时间劳动者在单位时间（24小时）内从事市场性劳动以外的全部剩余时间。
14. 非均衡分析指在市场不完全竞争、主体非自愿、供求不相等的情况下而又研究市场的大致趋向和稳定状态的分析方法。
15. 职业流动率指某两年中改变职业的就业人数与总就业人数与之比。
16. 补偿性工资差别对某些职业必须支付较高的工资以补偿不同职业间的非货币差异从而形成的一种职业间的工资差别。
17. 就业结构指社会劳动力在国民经济各部门、各行业、各地区、各领域的分布、构成和联系。
18. 磨擦性失业指由于劳动者在要求就业和获得工作岗位之间存在时间差而形成的失业现象。
19. 最低社会保障制度指以国家和政府为主体，依据法律通过国民收入再分配，对劳动者在暂时或永久丧失劳动能力而发生生活困难时给予物质帮助，以保障基本生活的制度。
劳动经济学课后练习题答案
第 1 页 共15 页 第一章劳动力的含义：劳动力是人所特有的一种能力。
劳动力是人所特有的一种能力。
劳动力是存在于活的人体中的能力。
劳动力是存在于活的人体中的能力。
劳动力是人在劳动中所运用的能力。
劳动力是人在劳动中所运用的能力。
劳动力是人在劳动中运用的体力和智力的总和。
劳动力需求：（如何理解劳动力需求的含义？） 所谓劳动力需求，是指一定时期内，在某种工资率下雇主愿意并能够雇用到的劳动力的数量。
有三个问题与劳动力需求的概念密切相关。
与劳动力需求的概念密切相关。
（一）（一） 劳动力需求是派生性需求劳动力需求是派生性需求 1、劳动力需求是生产活动的需求。
、劳动力需求是生产活动的需求。
2、劳动力需求是对物质产品和服务需求的一种派生需求。
需求。
（二）边际生产率理论是劳动力需求理论的支持理论之一之一（三）劳动力需求是意愿和支付能力的统一（三）劳动力需求是意愿和支付能力的统一 劳动力需求曲线：是用几何图形的形式表述劳动力需求的概念，劳动力需求曲线是一条从左上向右下倾斜的曲线，它充分说明了在其他条件不变的情况下，劳动力需求量与工资率之间的反向联系。
率之间的反向联系。
短期劳动力需求：所谓短期劳动力需求是指在资本存量不变，惟一可变的因素是劳动投入量时，即在资本投入量不会变化、技术条件也不变的条件下对劳动力的需求。
技术条件也不变的条件下对劳动力的需求。
长期劳动力需求：长期劳动力需求则是指在企业的一切生产要素，不论是资本、技术，还是劳动力要素都是可变的，还是劳动力要素都是可变的，即任何即任何条件都可能变化时对劳动力的需求。
条件都可能变化时对劳动力的需求。
劳动力需求弹性：（何谓劳动力需求弹性？） 劳动力需求弹性是一般需求弹性概念的属概念，也具有一般需求弹性的各种性质。
有一般需求弹性的各种性质。
按绝对值的大小，劳动力需求弹性可以呈现五种状态：态：（1）劳动力需求弹性等于零。
）劳动力需求弹性等于零。
（2）劳动力需求弹性小于1。
劳动经济学习题与答案
第一章1、我们设计了一个简单的模型，模型做出的预测是：如果劳动者在某一职位上所获得的工资水平低于他们在其他地方的类似工作岗位上能够获得的工资，那么他们就会倾向于辞职，以寻找工资水平更高的工作。
假如我们看到一名女性员工在收到老板的多次骚扰或批评之后，辞掉了一份每小时80元的工作，而去从事每小时75元的工作，请回答下列问题：该女性的行为与我们描述的模型的预测结果一致么？我们能否通过这个例子看出这个女性的行为符合理性假设？假如该老板也骚扰了其他员工，但辞职的却只有这一位女性员工，那么，我们是否可以得出这样的结论：经济理论仅仅适用某些人的行为，而不适用于其他人。
2、假设台风季即将来临，为了避免台风引起的洪涝灾害，政府需要一些工人沿一条容易泛滥的河流修筑一条大堤。
从规范经济学的角度来说，下面两种做法之间存在怎样的差别？强迫体格健全的市民都去修筑大堤（向他们支付工资）通过正常的招聘程序，招聘求职者，然后让他们自己自愿决定是否接受这种工作。
答案：1、尽管在劳动力招募的过程中，无论是采用征召制还是志愿制，估计都可以招募到相同数量的劳动者到大堤上工作。
但是，自愿制却有一个重要的规范性优点，这就是它可以保证所有到大堤上来工作的劳动者都把参加这项工作看成自己福利的一种改善。
当劳动者是被征召来的时候，至少一部分人会把这种交易看成是带有强迫性质的，并且是有损于自己的利益的；如果允许这些劳动者改变这种就业方式的话，那么我们通过简单地重新分配资源，就可以实现社会福利的改善。
因此，与强制征召制相比，自愿招募制增加了社会福利。
2、（1）这一行为是完全符合所描述的辞职模型的内容的。
经济理论假设，劳动者是追求效用最大化的。
如果两种工作所有的其他方面都是一样的，那么，经济理论会预期，劳动者会更加偏好工资率较高的工作，而不是工资率较低的工作。
然而，在两种工作之间，常常很多重要的方面都不一样，其中包括工作环境、管理人员的个性以及工作给员工带来的压力等等。
3劳动经济学(人大三版)第三章课后参考答案 第三章
劳动经济学第三章王延博名词解释均衡：古典经济学认为，在均衡状态下，相互对立中的任何一种力量在各种条件制约下不再具有改变现状的动机或能力。
在均衡状态下，队里的行为主体的利益共同达到最大化。
劳动经济学最初研究的均衡是劳动力市场均衡，它包括两方面的含义：（1）对立的力量即劳动力供给和劳动力需求在量上处于均等状态，即变量均等；（2）决定供求的任何一种力量这事不具改变状态的动机或能力，即行为最优。
同时具有以上两个放尿含义的均衡成为古典意义上的经济均衡。
现代经济学继承和发展了古典均衡理论。
现在经济学所说的均衡状态是指经济中各种对立的、变动的因素处于一种力量相当、相对稳定、不再变动的状态。
劳动力市场的均衡：在劳动力市场上，劳动力供给和劳动力雪球相互作用，当供给等于需求时，即实现了劳动力市场的均衡。
内部劳动力市场：内部劳动力市场是相对于外部劳动力市场而言的，是指在一个用人机构（主要是企业）范围内，以特定的规则和习惯来调节劳动力供求的资源配置机制。
内部劳动力市场是相对于外部劳动力市场而言的，是指在一个用人机构(主要是企业)范围内，以特定的规则和习惯调节劳动力供求的资源配置机制。
在内部劳动力市场中，各有关利益之体之间的资源配置是通过合作、竞争以及企业内部计划来实现的，目的是使企业资源达到最优配置。
由于人力资源的效率并不是一个定值，它与产权主体的努力程度密切相关，因此，在这已实施过程中，长期的激励制度是直接提高资源配置效率是基础。
当然，过度竞争又将造成企业资源和竞争的无序，因而企业有关规章制度又成了保障企业激励机制制度发挥作用的保证。
因而，改善管理，促使物质资本和人力资本的积累和有效利用，也就成了提高企业运行效率的基本保证。
雇用调整：雇用活动实际上是以企业组织为前提并将其技能当做媒介来开展的。
雇佣活动意味着以它对企业内各个部门和环节是假影响老体现其自身和组织的调整。
因此，一般可以说企业的雇佣活动就是雇佣调整。
劳动力市场的均衡：在完全竞争的市场结构中，劳动力市场实现均衡，劳动力资源就能达到最优效率的分配。
《劳动经济学》(作者Borjas)第五章习题答案
CHAPTER 55-1. Suppose the labor supply curve is upward sloping and the labor demand curve is downward sloping. The study of economic trends over a particular time period reveals that the wage recently fell while employment levels rose. Which curve must have shifted and in which direction to produce this effect?If the supply curve does not shift, all wage and employment movements must occur along the supply curve, so that the wage rate and the employment level must move in the same direction. Because the wage went down while employment went up in the situation described in the question, it must have been the case that the supply curve shifted outwards (to the right). We do not have enough information to determine whether the demand curve shifted as well.5-2. It takes time to produce a new economist, and prospective economists base their career decision by looking only at current wages across various professions. Further, the labor supply curve of economists is much more elastic than the labor demand curve. Suppose the market is now in equilibrium, but that the demand for economists suddenly rises because a new activist government in Washington wants to initiate many new programs that require the input of economists. Illustrate the trend in the employment and wages of economists as the market adjusts to this increase in demand.Initially, the market is in equilibrium at a wage w0 and an employment level of E0. The increase the demand for economists results in a new equilibrium wage of w1 and a new equilibrium employment level of E1. However, the demand for economists in the short-run is inelastic at E0, so the demand increase simply leads to a rise in the wage of economists (as indicated by point 1). In the next period, students believe this wage will persist and oversupply the market so that the cobweb leads to a new wage at point 2. In the next period, students undersupply (because the wage is too low) and the cobweb leads to a new wage at point 3, and so on. Because of the relative elasticities of supply and demand (as drawn), the cobweb is exploding and will never converge to a stable equilibrium.5-3. Suppose the supply curve of physicists is given by w = 10 + 5E , while the demand curve is given by w = 50 – 3E . Calculate the equilibrium wage and employment level. Suppose now that the demand for physicists increases and the new demand curve is given by w = 70 – 3E . Assume this market is subject to cobwebs. Calculate the wage and employment level in each round as the wage and employment levels adjust to the demand shock. (Recall that each round occurs on the demand curve – when the firm posts a wage and hires workers). What is the new equilibrium wage and employment level?The initial equilibrium is given by 10 + 5E = 50 – 3E . Solving these two equations simultaneously implies that w = $35 and E S = E D = 5. When demand increases to w = 70 – 3E , the new equilibrium wage is $47.5 and the equilibrium level of employment is 7.5.Round Wage Employment1 $55.0 52 $43.0 93 $50.2 6.64 $45.9 8.05 $48.4 7.26 $46.9 7.77 $47.8 7.48 $47.2 7.6The table gives the values for the wage and employment levels in each round. The values in the table are calculated by noting that in any given period the number of physicists is inelastically supplied, so that the wage is determined by the demand curve. Given this wage, the number of economists available in the next period is calculated. By round 7, the market wage rate is within 30 cents of the new equilibrium.01 w 1w 0W age5-4. The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) made it illegal for employers in the United States to knowingly hire illegal aliens. The legislation, however, has not reduced the flow of illegal aliens into the country. As a result, it has been proposed that the penalties against employers who break the law be increased substantially. Suppose that illegal aliens, who tend to be less skilled workers, are complements with native workers. What will happen to the wage of native workers if the penalties for hiring illegal aliens increase?A substantial increase in the penalties associated with hiring illegal aliens will likely reduce the number of illegal aliens entering the United States. The effect of this shift in the size of the illegal alien flow on the marginal product (and hence the demand curve) of native workers hinges on whether illegal aliens are substitutes or complements with natives. As it is assumed that natives and illegal aliens are complements, a cut in the number of illegal aliens reduces the value of the marginal product of natives, shifting down the demand for native labor, and decreasing native wages and employment.5-5. Suppose a firm is a perfectly discriminating monopsonist. The government imposes a minimum wage on this market. What happens to wages and employment?A perfectly discriminating monopsonist faces a marginal cost of labor curve that is identical to the supply curve. As a result, the employment level of a perfectly discriminating monopsonist equals theemployment level that would be observed in a competitive market (at E *) The imposition of a minimum wage at w MIN leads to the same result as in a competitive market: the firm will only want to hire E D workers as w MIN is now the marginal cost of labor, but E S workers will want to find work at the minimum wage. Thus, the wage increases, but employment falls.DollarsE w w *S D5-6. What happens to wages and employment if the government imposes a payroll tax on amonopsonist? Compare the response in the monopsonistic market to the response that would have been observed in a competitive labor market.Initially, the monopsonist hires E M workers at a wage of w M . The imposition of a payroll tax shifts the demand curve to VMP ′, and lowers employment to E ′ and the wage to w ′. Thus, the effect of imposing a payroll tax on a monopsonist is qualitatively the same as imposing a payroll tax in a competitive labor market: lower wages and employment. (It is interesting to note that the same result comes about if the payroll tax is placed on workers, so that the labor supply and marginal cost of labor curves shift as opposed to labor demand.)5-7. An economy consists of two regions, the North and the South. The short-run elasticity of labor demand in each region is –0.5. The within-region labor supply is perfectly inelastic. The labormarket is initially in an economy-wide equilibrium, with 600,000 people employed in the North and 400,000 in the South at the wage of $15 per hour. Suddenly, 20,000 people immigrate from abroad and initially settle in the South. They possess the same skills as the native residents and also supply their labor inelastically.(a) What will be the effect of this immigration on wages in each of the regions in the short run (before any migration between the North and the South occurs)?There will be no effect on the North’s labor supply in the short run, so the wage rate will not change there. In the South, labor supply will have increased by 5 percent, so the wage rate must fall by 5/(0.5) = 10 percent (recall that the elasticity of labor demand is -0.5, so a one percent decrease in wages would have been generated by a 0.5 percent expansion of the labor supply). The new hourly wage in the South, therefore, is $13.50 and total employment in the South is 420,000.DollarsEmploymentw M w ′(b) Suppose 1,000 native-born persons per year migrate from the South to the North in response to every dollar differential in the hourly wage between the two regions. What will be the ratio of wages in the two regions after the first year native labor responds to the entry of the immigrants?After the initial migration, we have seen that wages in the South are $13.50 while wages in the North are $15. This difference leads 1,500 natives migrating from the South to the North in the first year. Employment in the North after one year, therefore is 601,500. Moreover, as the elasticity of labor demand in the North is -0.5 and employment has increased by 0.25 percent, the Northern wage falls by 0.5 percent to roughly $14.93. Likewise, employment in the South after one year is 418,500. As the elasticity of labor demand is -0.5 and employment has decreased by 0.3571 percent, the Southern wage increases by0.71428 percent to roughly $13.60. Thus, the ratio of the Northern to Southern wage after one year is1.09779.(c) What will be the effect of this immigration on wages and employment in each of the regions in the long run (after native workers respond by moving across regions to take advantage of whatever wage differentials may exist)? Assume labor demand does not change in either region.In the long run, people must move from the South to the North to equalize the wage rates in the two regions. Since the wages were equal in the two regions before the influx of immigrants, and they also must be equal after things settle down, the proportional decrease in the wage rate should be the same in the North and in the South. Because the elasticity of labor demand is the same in the two regions, this last observation implies that the percentage increase in employment in the North must be the same as the percentage increase in employment in the South. Thus, as 60 percent of the original workers were employed in the North, 60 percent of the 20,000 increase in Southern employment will eventually migrate to the North. In the long run, therefore, total Northern employment will be 612,000 while total Southern employment will be 408,000. (Note: there is no presumption that only immigrants further migrate to the North.) In each region, therefore, employment increases by 2 percent in the long run, i.e., 12,000 is 2 percent of 600,000 and 8,000 is 2 percent of 400,000. (This can also be seen immediately as 20,000 is 2 percent of the 1 million workers.) Now, given that the elasticity of labor demand is -0.5, the 2 percent increase in employment will cause the wage rate to fall by 4 percent. Hence, the long-run equilibrium hourly wage will be $14.40.5-8. Chicken Hut faces perfectly elastic demand for chicken dinners at a price of $6 per dinner. The Hut also faces an upward sloped labor supply curve ofE = 20w – 120,where E is the number of workers hired each hour and w is the hourly wage rate. Thus, the Hut faces an upward sloped marginal cost of labor curve ofMC E = 6 + 0.1E.Each hour of labor produces 5 dinners. (The cost of each chicken is $0 as the Hut receives two-day old chickens from Hormel for free.) How many workers should Chicken Hut hire each hour to maximize profits? What wage will Chicken Hut pay? What are Chicken Hut’s hourly profits?First, solve for the labor demand curve: VMP E = P x MP E = $6 x 5 = $30. Thus, every worker is valued at $30 per hour by Chicken Hut. Now, setting VMP E = MC E yields 30 = 6 + .1E which implies E* = 240. Thus, Chicken Hut will hire 240 workers every hour. Further, according to the labor supply curve, 240 workers can be hired at an hourly wage of $18. Finally, Chicken Hut’s profits are Π = 240(5)($6) –240($18) = $2,880.5-9. Polly’s Pet Store has a local monopoly on the grooming of dogs. The daily inverse demand curve for pet grooming is:P = 20 – 0.1Qwhere P is the price of each grooming and Q is the number of groomings given each day. This implies that Polly’s marginal revenue is:MR = 20 – 0.2Q.Each worker Polly hires can groom 20 dogs each day. What is Polly’s labor demand curve as a function of w, the daily wage that Polly takes as given?As each worker can groom 20 dogs each day, and using Q = 20E, we have thatVMP E = MR x MP E = ( 20 – 0.2Q ) (20) = (20 – 4E)(20) = 400 – 80E.Thus, as Polly’s demand for labor satisfies VMP E = w, we have that her labor demand curve isE = 5 – 0.0125w.5-10. The Key West Parrot Shop has a monopoly on the sale of parrot souvenir caps in Key West. The inverse demand curve for caps is:P = 30 – 0.4 Qwhere P is the price of a cap and Q is the number of caps sold per hour. Thus, the marginal revenue for the Parrot Shop is:MR = 30 – 0.8Q.The Parrot Shop is the only employer in town, and faces an hourly supply of labor given by:w = 0.9E + 5where w is the hourly wage rate and E is the number of workers hired each hour. The marginal cost associated with hiring E workers, therefore, is:MC E = 1.8E + 5.Each worker produces two caps per hour. How many workers should the Parrot Shop hire each hour to maximize its profit? What wage will it pay? How much will it charge for each cap?First, as Q = 2E, the labor demand curve isVMP E = MR x MP E = (30 – 0.8Q)(2) = 60 – 1.6Q = 60 – 3.2E.Setting VMP E equal to MC E and solving for E yields E = 11. Eleven workers can be hired at a wage of.9(11) + 5 = $14.99 per hour. The 11 workers make 22 caps each hour, and the 22 caps can be sold at a price of 30 – 0.4(22) = $21.20 each.5-11. Ann owns a lawn mowing company. She has 400 lawns she needs to cut each week. Her weekly revenue from these 400 lawns is $20,000. If given an 18-inch deck push mower, a low-skill worker can cut each lawn in two hours. If given a 60-inch deck riding mower, a low-skill worker can cut the lawn in 30 minutes. Low-skilled labor is supplied inelastically at $5.00 per hour. Each laborer works 8 hours a day and 5 days each week.(a) If Ann decides to have her workers use push mowers, how many push mowers will Ann rent and how many workers will she hire?As each worker can cut a lawn in 2 hours, it follows that each worker can cut 4 lawns in a day or 20 lawns in a week. Therefore, Ann would need to rent 20 push mowers and hire 20 workers in order to cut all 400 lawns each week.(b) If she decides to have her workers use riding mowers, how many riding mowers will Ann rent and how many workers will she hire?As each worker can cut a lawn in 30 minutes, it follows that each worker can cut 16 lawns in a day or 80 lawns in a week. Therefore, Ann would need to rent 5 riding mowers and hire 5 workers in order to cut all 400 lawns each week.(c) Suppose the weekly rental cost (including gas and maintenance) for each push mower is $250 and the weekly rental cost (including gas and maintenance) of each riding mower is $1,800. What equipment will Ann rent? How many workers will she employ? How much profit will she earn?If Ann uses push mowers, her weekly cost of mowers is $250(20) = $5,000 while her weekly labor cost is $5(20)(40) = $4,000. Under this scenario, her weekly profit is $11,000. If Ann uses riding mowers, her weekly cost of mowers is $1,800(5) = $9,000 while her weekly labor cost is $5(5)(40) = $1,000. Thus, under this scenario, her weekly profit is $10,000. Therefore, under these conditions, Ann will rent 20 push mowers and employ 20 low-skill workers.(d) Suppose the government imposes a 20 percent payroll tax (paid by employers) on all labor and offers a 20 percent subsidy on the rental cost of capital. What equipment will Ann rent? How many workers will she employ? How much profit will she earn?Under these conditions, the cost of labor has increased to $6.00 per hour, while the rental costs for a push mower and a riding mower have decreased to $200 and $1,440 respectively. Ann’s profits under the two options, therefore, arePush-Profit = $20,000 – $200(20) – $6(20)(40) = $11,200.Rider-Profit = $20,000 – $1,440(5) – $6(5)(40) = $11,600.Thus, under these conditions, Ann rents riding mowers, hires 5 low-skill workers, and earns a weekly profit of $11,600.5-12. In the United States, some medical procedures can only be administered to a patient by a doctor while other procedures can be administered by a doctor, nurse, or lab technician. What might be the medical reasons for this? What might be the economic reasons for this?The American Medical Association might argue that doctors have more training and experience than nurses, and therefore, are the only professionals who can make certain decisions or perform certain procedures.Economically, the AMA has an incentive to restrict the number of people who can practice medicine (or perform certain procedures) in order to keep doctor wages high. If nurses were allowed to do everything they were capable of, fewer doctors would be demanded, and doctor wages would fall. From an economic viewpoint, therefore, the AMA restricts the supply of doctors, which keeps doctor wages artificially high.WageW restW unrestRestricted Supply ofDoctorsUnrestricted Supplyof DoctorsL rest L unrest Services Provided by DoctorsLabor Market For Medical Services Provided by Doctors。
劳动经济学课后习题答案整理
第一章导言1、劳动、劳动力、劳动经济学、劳动关系、人口经济学、人力资源管理如何理解。
劳动：在有些情况下，劳动是指“劳动力”。
而在其他情况下，它可能指劳动过程或一种有目的的工作或活动。
劳动在劳动经济学中的含义更多的是涉及劳动力。
劳动力：传统或者早期的概念是指从事体力劳动为主的“劳工”，即“工人阶级”或产业工人。
马克思理论把劳动力划分为生产部门的劳动者和非生产部门的劳动者。
知识经济时代脑力与体力劳动者的差别已不表现在劳动的本质特征上。
“员工”这一范畴被企业以及各类组织广泛使用。
劳动经济学：劳动经济学是对劳动力资源配置市场经济活动过程中的劳动力需求和供给行为，及其影响因素的分析和研究。
劳动关系：，除吸收劳动经济学的基本理论分析之外，借鉴社会学、法学、组织行为学和政治科学等学科领域成果，成为了一个跨学科训练的领域。
人口经济学：人口经济学研究人口的生产与再生产的经济问题。
自然人口增长的经济规律，特别是人口对物质资源消费的影响是其集中要研究的对象和任务。
它更多地将人作为消费者来看待。
人力资源管理：2、谈谈你对劳动经济学的研究表述的理解。
劳动经济学的研究特点：劳动经济学与普通经济学有所不同，前者将问题的注意力投向了人们工作的范围，后者主要是将人从消费者的角度加以观察和认识的。
对劳动力的需求是一种派生需求，是对产品的需求所派生和导引出的一种需求。
商品市场和资本市场的波动变化将影响劳动力市场。
因此，在研究劳动经济问题时，不能摆脱商品市场和资本市场来孤立进行劳动经济的分析和研究，即所谓不能就劳动来谈劳动，不能就劳动力来谈劳动力。
劳动经济学研究应注意的问题：(1)应加强对劳动力市场的经济学分析。
(2)应结合产品市场和资本市场来研究和处理劳动力市场的问题。
(3)不能脱离一个国家一定时期的劳动力市场上的制度和全球化及网络经济发展的背景。
(4)注意与企业人力资源管理问题相结合。
如运用经济学的工具分析企业内部组织结构变化与企业兼并和收购带来的人力资源问题。
现代劳动经济学第十版课后答案
现代劳动经济学第十版课后答案1、无形资产是指企业拥有或控制的没有实物形态的可辨认的（）。
[单选题] *A.资产B.非流动性资产C.货币性资产D.非货币性资产(正确答案)2、企业对应付的商业承兑汇票，如果到期不能足额付款，在会计处理上应将其转作（）。
[单选题] *A.应付账款(正确答案)B.其他应付款C.预付账款D.短期借款3、企业自创的专利权与非专利技术，其研究开发过程中发生的支出，应当区分研究阶段支出与开发阶段支出分别处理。
无法区分研究阶段支出和开发阶段支出，应当将其所发生的研发支出全部费用化，计入当期损益中的（）。
[单选题] *A.管理费用(正确答案)B.财务费用C.营业外支出D.销售费用4、下列各项中，不会引起无形资产账面价值发生增减变动的是（）。
[单选题] *A.对无形资产计提减值准备B.转让无形资产使用权(正确答案)C.摊销无形资产D.转让无形资产所有权5、企业生产经营期间发生的长期借款利息应计入（）科目。
[单选题] *A.在建工程B.财务费用(正确答案)C.开办费D.长期待摊费用6、某企业去年发生亏损235 000元，按规定可以用本年度实现的利润弥补去年全部亏损时，应当（）。
[单选题] *A.借:利润分配——弥补亏损235 000 贷:利润分配——未分配利润235 000B.借:盈余公积235 000 贷:利润分配——未分配利润235 000C.借:其他应收款235 000 贷:利润分配——未分配利润235 000D.不做账务处理(正确答案)7、企业交纳的下列税款，不需要通过“应交税费”科目核算的是（）。
[单选题] *A.增值税B.印花税(正确答案)C.土地增值税D.资源税8、．（年宁波二模考）根据权责发生制原则，以下属于本期的收入或费用的是（）[单选题] *A支付明年的房屋租金B本期已经收款，但商品尚未制造完成C当期按照税法规定预缴的税费D商品在本期销售，但货款尚未收到(正确答案)9、企业因自然灾害造成的损失，在扣除保险公司赔偿后应计入（）。
劳动经济学课后习题参考答案完整版
劳动经济学课后习题参考答案集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]《劳动经济学》课后思考题参考答案第一章绪论二、思考题1．如何理解劳动经济学的价值（1）劳动经济学研究的是社会经济问题。
例如，民工荒、政府要求增加最低工资、劳动生产率下降、农民工工资急剧上升、工资增长不均等、工作培训、国有企业高管人员的高工资受到质疑、收入分配不平、农村移民增加、劳动力市场全球化扩大等等。
（2）数量上的重要性。
在西方经济中，大部分国民收入并不是来源于资本收入（利润、租金和利息），而是来源于工资。
绝大多数居民户的主要收入来源是提供劳务。
从数量上看，劳动才是我们最重要的经济资源。
（3）独有的特性。
劳动力市场的交易完全不同于产品市场的交易。
劳动力市场是一个极有意义和复杂的场所。
劳动力市场的复杂性意味着供给和需求概念在应用于劳动力市场时必须做出重大的修改和调整。
在供给方面，劳动者“出售”给雇主的劳务与该劳动者不可分离。
除了货币报酬，工人还关注工作的健康和安全性、工作难度、就业稳定性、培训和晋升机会等，这类非货币因素也许与直接收入同样重要。
这样，工人的供给决策要比产品市场的供给概念复杂得多。
（4）收益的广泛性。
无论是个人还是社会，都可以从劳动经济学中得到许多启示和教益。
从劳动经济学得到的信息和分析工具有助于人们做出与劳动力市场有关的决策。
从个人角度看。
大量内容将直接与我们有关，如工作搜寻、失业、歧视、工资、劳动力流动等。
对于企业管理者来说，从对劳动经济学的理解中所得到的知识背景和分析方法，对做出有关雇用、解雇、培训和工人报酬等方面的管理决策也应该是十分有用的。
从社会角度看，了解劳动经济学将使人们成为更有知识、更理智的公民。
2．劳动经济学的研究方法有哪些首先要明确劳动经济学的基本假设。
劳动经济学的假设主要表现在以下四个方面：（1）资源的相对稀缺性。
如同商品和资本是稀缺的一样，劳动力资源也是有限的。
《劳动经济学》(作者Borjas)第五章习题答案
CHAPTER 55-1. Suppose the labor supply curve is upward sloping and the labor demand curve is downward sloping. The study of economic trends over a particular time period reveals that the wage recently fell while employment levels rose. Which curve must have shifted and in which direction to produce this effect?If the supply curve does not shift, all wage and employment movements must occur along the supply curve, so that the wage rate and the employment level must move in the same direction. Because the wage went down while employment went up in the situation described in the question, it must have been the case that the supply curve shifted outwards (to the right). We do not have enough information to determine whether the demand curve shifted as well.5-2. It takes time to produce a new economist, and prospective economists base their career decision by looking only at current wages across various professions. Further, the labor supply curve of economists is much more elastic than the labor demand curve. Suppose the market is now in equilibrium, but that the demand for economists suddenly rises because a new activist government in Washington wants to initiate many new programs that require the input of economists. Illustrate the trend in the employment and wages of economists as the market adjusts to this increase in demand.Initially, the market is in equilibrium at a wage w0 and an employment level of E0. The increase the demand for economists results in a new equilibrium wage of w1 and a new equilibrium employment level of E1. However, the demand for economists in the short-run is inelastic at E0, so the demand increase simply leads to a rise in the wage of economists (as indicated by point 1). In the next period, students believe this wage will persist and oversupply the market so that the cobweb leads to a new wage at point 2. In the next period, students undersupply (because the wage is too low) and the cobweb leads to a new wage at point 3, and so on. Because of the relative elasticities of supply and demand (as drawn), the cobweb is exploding and will never converge to a stable equilibrium.5-3. Suppose the supply curve of physicists is given by w = 10 + 5E , while the demand curve is given by w = 50 – 3E . Calculate the equilibrium wage and employment level. Suppose now that the demand for physicists increases and the new demand curve is given by w = 70 – 3E . Assume this market is subject to cobwebs. Calculate the wage and employment level in each round as the wage and employment levels adjust to the demand shock. (Recall that each round occurs on the demand curve – when the firm posts a wage and hires workers). What is the new equilibrium wage and employment level?The initial equilibrium is given by 10 + 5E = 50 – 3E . Solving these two equations simultaneously implies that w = $35 and E S = E D = 5. When demand increases to w = 70 – 3E , the new equilibrium wage is $47.5 and the equilibrium level of employment is 7.5.Round Wage Employment1 $55.0 52 $43.0 93 $50.2 6.64 $45.9 8.05 $48.4 7.26 $46.9 7.77 $47.8 7.48 $47.2 7.6The table gives the values for the wage and employment levels in each round. The values in the table are calculated by noting that in any given period the number of physicists is inelastically supplied, so that the wage is determined by the demand curve. Given this wage, the number of economists available in the next period is calculated. By round 7, the market wage rate is within 30 cents of the new equilibrium.01 w 1w 0W age5-4. The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) made it illegal for employers in the United States to knowingly hire illegal aliens. The legislation, however, has not reduced the flow of illegal aliens into the country. As a result, it has been proposed that the penalties against employers who break the law be increased substantially. Suppose that illegal aliens, who tend to be less skilled workers, are complements with native workers. What will happen to the wage of native workers if the penalties for hiring illegal aliens increase?A substantial increase in the penalties associated with hiring illegal aliens will likely reduce the number of illegal aliens entering the United States. The effect of this shift in the size of the illegal alien flow on the marginal product (and hence the demand curve) of native workers hinges on whether illegal aliens are substitutes or complements with natives. As it is assumed that natives and illegal aliens are complements, a cut in the number of illegal aliens reduces the value of the marginal product of natives, shifting down the demand for native labor, and decreasing native wages and employment.5-5. Suppose a firm is a perfectly discriminating monopsonist. The government imposes a minimum wage on this market. What happens to wages and employment?A perfectly discriminating monopsonist faces a marginal cost of labor curve that is identical to the supply curve. As a result, the employment level of a perfectly discriminating monopsonist equals theemployment level that would be observed in a competitive market (at E *) The imposition of a minimum wage at w MIN leads to the same result as in a competitive market: the firm will only want to hire E D workers as w MIN is now the marginal cost of labor, but E S workers will want to find work at the minimum wage. Thus, the wage increases, but employment falls.DollarsE w w *S D5-6. What happens to wages and employment if the government imposes a payroll tax on amonopsonist? Compare the response in the monopsonistic market to the response that would have been observed in a competitive labor market.Initially, the monopsonist hires E M workers at a wage of w M . The imposition of a payroll tax shifts the demand curve to VMP ′, and lowers employment to E ′ and the wage to w ′. Thus, the effect of imposing a payroll tax on a monopsonist is qualitatively the same as imposing a payroll tax in a competitive labor market: lower wages and employment. (It is interesting to note that the same result comes about if the payroll tax is placed on workers, so that the labor supply and marginal cost of labor curves shift as opposed to labor demand.)5-7. An economy consists of two regions, the North and the South. The short-run elasticity of labor demand in each region is –0.5. The within-region labor supply is perfectly inelastic. The labormarket is initially in an economy-wide equilibrium, with 600,000 people employed in the North and 400,000 in the South at the wage of $15 per hour. Suddenly, 20,000 people immigrate from abroad and initially settle in the South. They possess the same skills as the native residents and also supply their labor inelastically.(a) What will be the effect of this immigration on wages in each of the regions in the short run (before any migration between the North and the South occurs)?There will be no effect on the North’s labor supply in the short run, so the wage rate will not change there. In the South, labor supply will have increased by 5 percent, so the wage rate must fall by 5/(0.5) = 10 percent (recall that the elasticity of labor demand is -0.5, so a one percent decrease in wages would have been generated by a 0.5 percent expansion of the labor supply). The new hourly wage in the South, therefore, is $13.50 and total employment in the South is 420,000.DollarsEmploymentw M w ′(b) Suppose 1,000 native-born persons per year migrate from the South to the North in response to every dollar differential in the hourly wage between the two regions. What will be the ratio of wages in the two regions after the first year native labor responds to the entry of the immigrants?After the initial migration, we have seen that wages in the South are $13.50 while wages in the North are $15. This difference leads 1,500 natives migrating from the South to the North in the first year. Employment in the North after one year, therefore is 601,500. Moreover, as the elasticity of labor demand in the North is -0.5 and employment has increased by 0.25 percent, the Northern wage falls by 0.5 percent to roughly $14.93. Likewise, employment in the South after one year is 418,500. As the elasticity of labor demand is -0.5 and employment has decreased by 0.3571 percent, the Southern wage increases by0.71428 percent to roughly $13.60. Thus, the ratio of the Northern to Southern wage after one year is1.09779.(c) What will be the effect of this immigration on wages and employment in each of the regions in the long run (after native workers respond by moving across regions to take advantage of whatever wage differentials may exist)? Assume labor demand does not change in either region.In the long run, people must move from the South to the North to equalize the wage rates in the two regions. Since the wages were equal in the two regions before the influx of immigrants, and they also must be equal after things settle down, the proportional decrease in the wage rate should be the same in the North and in the South. Because the elasticity of labor demand is the same in the two regions, this last observation implies that the percentage increase in employment in the North must be the same as the percentage increase in employment in the South. Thus, as 60 percent of the original workers were employed in the North, 60 percent of the 20,000 increase in Southern employment will eventually migrate to the North. In the long run, therefore, total Northern employment will be 612,000 while total Southern employment will be 408,000. (Note: there is no presumption that only immigrants further migrate to the North.) In each region, therefore, employment increases by 2 percent in the long run, i.e., 12,000 is 2 percent of 600,000 and 8,000 is 2 percent of 400,000. (This can also be seen immediately as 20,000 is 2 percent of the 1 million workers.) Now, given that the elasticity of labor demand is -0.5, the 2 percent increase in employment will cause the wage rate to fall by 4 percent. Hence, the long-run equilibrium hourly wage will be $14.40.5-8. Chicken Hut faces perfectly elastic demand for chicken dinners at a price of $6 per dinner. The Hut also faces an upward sloped labor supply curve ofE = 20w – 120,where E is the number of workers hired each hour and w is the hourly wage rate. Thus, the Hut faces an upward sloped marginal cost of labor curve ofMC E = 6 + 0.1E.Each hour of labor produces 5 dinners. (The cost of each chicken is $0 as the Hut receives two-day old chickens from Hormel for free.) How many workers should Chicken Hut hire each hour to maximize profits? What wage will Chicken Hut pay? What are Chicken Hut’s hourly profits?First, solve for the labor demand curve: VMP E = P x MP E = $6 x 5 = $30. Thus, every worker is valued at $30 per hour by Chicken Hut. Now, setting VMP E = MC E yields 30 = 6 + .1E which implies E* = 240. Thus, Chicken Hut will hire 240 workers every hour. Further, according to the labor supply curve, 240 workers can be hired at an hourly wage of $18. Finally, Chicken Hut’s profits are Π = 240(5)($6) –240($18) = $2,880.5-9. Polly’s Pet Store has a local monopoly on the grooming of dogs. The daily inverse demand curve for pet grooming is:P = 20 – 0.1Qwhere P is the price of each grooming and Q is the number of groomings given each day. This implies that Polly’s marginal revenue is:MR = 20 – 0.2Q.Each worker Polly hires can groom 20 dogs each day. What is Polly’s labor demand curve as a function of w, the daily wage that Polly takes as given?As each worker can groom 20 dogs each day, and using Q = 20E, we have thatVMP E = MR x MP E = ( 20 – 0.2Q ) (20) = (20 – 4E)(20) = 400 – 80E.Thus, as Polly’s demand for labor satisfies VMP E = w, we have that her labor demand curve isE = 5 – 0.0125w.5-10. The Key West Parrot Shop has a monopoly on the sale of parrot souvenir caps in Key West. The inverse demand curve for caps is:P = 30 – 0.4 Qwhere P is the price of a cap and Q is the number of caps sold per hour. Thus, the marginal revenue for the Parrot Shop is:MR = 30 – 0.8Q.The Parrot Shop is the only employer in town, and faces an hourly supply of labor given by:w = 0.9E + 5where w is the hourly wage rate and E is the number of workers hired each hour. The marginal cost associated with hiring E workers, therefore, is:MC E = 1.8E + 5.Each worker produces two caps per hour. How many workers should the Parrot Shop hire each hour to maximize its profit? What wage will it pay? How much will it charge for each cap?First, as Q = 2E, the labor demand curve isVMP E = MR x MP E = (30 – 0.8Q)(2) = 60 – 1.6Q = 60 – 3.2E.Setting VMP E equal to MC E and solving for E yields E = 11. Eleven workers can be hired at a wage of.9(11) + 5 = $14.99 per hour. The 11 workers make 22 caps each hour, and the 22 caps can be sold at a price of 30 – 0.4(22) = $21.20 each.5-11. Ann owns a lawn mowing company. She has 400 lawns she needs to cut each week. Her weekly revenue from these 400 lawns is $20,000. If given an 18-inch deck push mower, a low-skill worker can cut each lawn in two hours. If given a 60-inch deck riding mower, a low-skill worker can cut the lawn in 30 minutes. Low-skilled labor is supplied inelastically at $5.00 per hour. Each laborer works 8 hours a day and 5 days each week.(a) If Ann decides to have her workers use push mowers, how many push mowers will Ann rent and how many workers will she hire?As each worker can cut a lawn in 2 hours, it follows that each worker can cut 4 lawns in a day or 20 lawns in a week. Therefore, Ann would need to rent 20 push mowers and hire 20 workers in order to cut all 400 lawns each week.(b) If she decides to have her workers use riding mowers, how many riding mowers will Ann rent and how many workers will she hire?As each worker can cut a lawn in 30 minutes, it follows that each worker can cut 16 lawns in a day or 80 lawns in a week. Therefore, Ann would need to rent 5 riding mowers and hire 5 workers in order to cut all 400 lawns each week.(c) Suppose the weekly rental cost (including gas and maintenance) for each push mower is $250 and the weekly rental cost (including gas and maintenance) of each riding mower is $1,800. What equipment will Ann rent? How many workers will she employ? How much profit will she earn?If Ann uses push mowers, her weekly cost of mowers is $250(20) = $5,000 while her weekly labor cost is $5(20)(40) = $4,000. Under this scenario, her weekly profit is $11,000. If Ann uses riding mowers, her weekly cost of mowers is $1,800(5) = $9,000 while her weekly labor cost is $5(5)(40) = $1,000. Thus, under this scenario, her weekly profit is $10,000. Therefore, under these conditions, Ann will rent 20 push mowers and employ 20 low-skill workers.(d) Suppose the government imposes a 20 percent payroll tax (paid by employers) on all labor and offers a 20 percent subsidy on the rental cost of capital. What equipment will Ann rent? How many workers will she employ? How much profit will she earn?Under these conditions, the cost of labor has increased to $6.00 per hour, while the rental costs for a push mower and a riding mower have decreased to $200 and $1,440 respectively. Ann’s profits under the two options, therefore, arePush-Profit = $20,000 – $200(20) – $6(20)(40) = $11,200.Rider-Profit = $20,000 – $1,440(5) – $6(5)(40) = $11,600.Thus, under these conditions, Ann rents riding mowers, hires 5 low-skill workers, and earns a weekly profit of $11,600.5-12. In the United States, some medical procedures can only be administered to a patient by a doctor while other procedures can be administered by a doctor, nurse, or lab technician. What might be the medical reasons for this? What might be the economic reasons for this?The American Medical Association might argue that doctors have more training and experience than nurses, and therefore, are the only professionals who can make certain decisions or perform certain procedures.Economically, the AMA has an incentive to restrict the number of people who can practice medicine (or perform certain procedures) in order to keep doctor wages high. If nurses were allowed to do everything they were capable of, fewer doctors would be demanded, and doctor wages would fall. From an economic viewpoint, therefore, the AMA restricts the supply of doctors, which keeps doctor wages artificially high.WageW restW unrestRestricted Supply ofDoctorsUnrestricted Supplyof DoctorsL rest L unrest Services Provided by DoctorsLabor Market For Medical Services Provided by Doctors。
《劳动经济学》(作者Borjas)第二章习题答案
CHAPTER 22-1. How many hours will a person allocate to leisure activities if her indifference curves between consumption and goods are concave to the origin?A worker will either work all available time or will not work at all. As drawn in Figure A, pointB is preferred to points A andC . Thus, the worker chooses not to enter the labor market. As drawn in Figure B, point C is preferred to both points A and B . Thus, the worker chooses not to consume any leisure and work all available time.Figure A Figure B2-2. What is the effect of a rise in the price of market goods on a worker’s reservation wage, probability of entering the labor force, and hours of work?Suppose the price of market goods increases from p to p ′ and the person’s non-labor income is V . If she chooses not to work, she can purchase V/p ′ units of consumption after the price change, whereas she could have consumed V/p units of consumption prior to the price increase. Thus, her endowment point has moved from E to E ′ in Figure A. As long as leisure is a normal good, the indifference curve is steeper as we move up a vertical line, indicating that the slope of the indifference curve is steeper at E than at E ′. Thus, an increase in the price of goods lowers the reservation wage and makes the person more likely to work.Hours of LeisureHours of LeisureGoods GoodsBCA ABCU 1U 1U 0U 0Figure A.To simplify the illustration of the effect on hours of work, assume for simplicity that V = 0. The increase in the price of goods shifts the budget line from FE to GE , moving the worker from P to point R . This shift induces both an income effect and a substitution effect. The price increase in effect lowers the person’s real wage rate, increasing the demand for leisure and leading to fewer hours of work. Thissubstitution effect is illustrated by the move from point P to point Q in Figure B. The price increase also reduces the worker’s wealth, lowering the demand for leisure and leading to more hours of work. This income effect is illustrated by the move from Q to R . As drawn the income effect dominates thesubstitution effect and the price increase lowers the demand for leisure and increases hours of work. It is, of course, possible for the substitution effect to dominate the income effect (not pictured), so that hours of work decreases. Thus, without further restrictions on preferences, an increase in the price of market goods has an ambiguous effect on hours worked.Figure B.GoodsV /p ′V /LeisureHours of Leisure2-3. Sally can work up to 3,120 hours each year (a busy social life and sleep take up the remaining time). She earns a fixed hourly wage of $25. Sally owes a 10 percent payroll tax on the first $40,000 of income. Above $40,000 of income, there is no payroll tax. Sally also faces a progressive income tax rate. There is no income tax on the first $10,000 of income. From $10,000 up to $60,000, the marginal income tax rate is 25 percent. Above $60,000, the marginal income tax rate is 50 percent. Graph Sally’s budget line.Sally’s budget line will have kinks at gross income levels of $10,000, $40,000, and $60,000. As her wage is $25 per hour, these kinks occur after 400 hours, 1,600 hours, and 2,400 hours of work respectively, or, similarly, at 2,720, 1,520, and 720 hours of leisure.•From 0 to 400 hours, Sally’s after-tax wage is $22.50 (90 percent of $25). If she works exactly 400 hours, her after-tax income is $9,000.•From 400 to 1,600 hours, Sally’s after-tax wage is $16.25 (65 percent of $25). If she works exactly 1,600 hours, her after-tax income is $9,000 + $16.25 (1600-400) = $28,500.•From 1,600 to 2,400 hours, Sally’s after-tax wage is $18.75 (75 percent of $25). If she works exactly 2,400 hours, her after-tax income is $28,500 + $18.75 (2400-1600) = $43,500.•From 2,400 to 3,120 hours, Sally’s after-tax wage is $12.50 (50 percent of $25). If she works exactly 3,120 hours, her after-tax income is $43,500 + $12.50 (3120-2400) = $52,500.2-4. Tom earns $15 per hour for up to 40 hours of work each week. He is paid $30 per hour for every hour in excess of 40. Tom faces a 20 percent tax rate and pays $4 per hour in child care expenses for each hour he works. Tom receives $80 in child support payments each week. There are 168 hour in the week. Graph Tom’s weekly budget line.•If Tom does not work, he leisures for 168 hours and consumes $80.•For all hours Tom works up to his first 40, his after-tax and after-child care wage equals (80 percent of $15) – $4 = $8 per hour. Thus, if he works for 40 hours, he will be able to leisure for 128 hours and consume $80 + $8(40) = $400.•For all hours Tom works over 40, his after-tax and after-child care wage equals (80 percent of $30) – $4 = $20. Thus, if he works for 168 hours (128 hours at the overtime wage), he will notleisure at all, but he will consume $80 + $8(40) + $20(128) = $2,960.2-5. What happens to a worker’s desired hours of work if employers pay an overtime premium equal to “time and a half”(that is, 1.5 times the straight-time wage) for any hours worked in excess of 40 hours? What would happen to hours of work if the overtime premium were raised to double the straight-time wage?The availability of overtime pay generates a new (steeper) segment of the budget line originating at the point where the person works 40 hours per week. The figure below illustrates three different possibilities. If the person works 40 hours per week (person B), he or she will be better off by moving to the tangency point labeled X. This person, therefore, will take advantage of the overtime pay and work more hours. If the person is working more than 40 hours per week initially (as is the case for person C), the move from C to X involves both income and substitution effects, and hence we cannot determine which effect dominates. If the person works many fewer than 40 hours per week (person A) he or she will not be affected by the possibility of overtime pay. If the overtime pay were increased to double-pay, it would steepen the line segment originating at 40 hours of work, and perhaps induce some of the persons like A to take advantage of the overtime pay. Person B would continue to work more than 40 hours under a double-time rate, while the double-time rate would have an ambiguous effect on the hours worked of person C.Dollars of Consumption$2,960$400 $80128 168 Hours of LeisureTom’s Weekly Budget Line2-6. A person owns a small farm near a large city and must decide whether to work on that small farm or take a job in the city. Her utility depends on her income per day, Y , and the number of hours allocated to leisure activities, L . Daily income from farm work is:220f f f h h Y −=,where h f is hours of work on the farm; and daily income from the city job is:Y C = 14h C ,where h C is hours of work in the city.To calculate the budget lines associated with each of the opportunities, it is easiest to work through a numerical calculation of what a worker’s earnings would be if he or she allocated 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, etc., to each of the sectors and worked in that sector exclusively. This calculation leads to:Total Earnings Marginal EarningsHours of Work Farm City Farm City1 19 14 19 142 36 28 17 143 51 42 15 14 4 64 56 13 145 75 70 11 146 84 84 9 147 91 98 7 14 8 96 112 5 14Consumption ($)Leisure(a) If she can work on the farm or in the city, but not both, which sector would she choose?The table above suggests the budget line associated with working exclusively in the city is given by CE and on the farm is the parabola FE . As a result, if a worker can only work in either the city or on the farm, a worker with indifference curves like person A is better off working on the farm, while a worker with indifference curves like person B is better off in the city.(b) If she can work both on the farm and in the city, how would she allocate her time?If a worker can allocate her time to both the city and the farm, the worker is then better off allocating the first few hours of work to the farm sector. As the table indicates, the first hour allocated to the farm sector generates $19 worth of income, the second hour generates $17, the third hour generates $15, the fourth hour generates $13, and so on. The worker is thus best off by allocating the first three hours to the farm sector and working any remaining hours she wishes in the city where each additional hour of work generates a constant $14.2-7. Cindy gains utility from consumption C and leisure L . The most leisure she can consume in any given week is 168 hours. Her utility function is U(C,L) = C × L . This functional form implies that Cindy’s marginal rate of substitution is C / L . Cindy receives $630 each week from her great-grandmother – regardless of how much Cindy works. What is Cindy’s reservation wage?The reservation wage is the MRS when not working at all. Thus, w RES = MRS at maximum leisure = C / L = $630 / 168 = $3.75.Leisure2-8. The utility function of a worker is represented by U(C, L) = C ×L, so that the marginal utility of leisure is C and the marginal utility of consumption is L. Suppose this person currently has a weekly income of $600 and chooses to enjoy 70 hours of leisure per week. How many additional dollars of income would it take to entice the worker to work 10 more hours?Initially the person’s utility is U(C,L) = U(600,70) = 600 × 70 = 42,000. She would agree to work 10 more hours (i.e., give up 10 hours of leisure) if the increase in consumption would allow her to achieve at least the same level of utility. Letting Y be her new total income, therefore, Y must solve 60Y = 42,000, which requires Y = $700. Thus, the person’s income would have to rise by $100 to compensate her for the loss of 10 hours of leisure.2-9. You can either take a bus or drive your car to work. A bus pass costs $5 per week, whereas driving your car to work costs $60 weekly (parking, tolls, gas, etc.). You spend half-an-hour less on a one-way trip in your car than on a bus. How would you prefer to travel to work if your wage rate is $10 per hour? Will you change your preferred mode of transportation if your wage rate rises to $20 per hour? Assume you work five days a week and time spent riding on a bus or driving a car does not directly enter your utility.Taking a bus will save you $55 a week, but it will cost you 5 hours of leisure time due to the longer commute. Since the price of leisure is equal to the wage rate, the monetary value of the time lost is $50 when the hourly wage is $10 and $100 when the hourly wage is $20. Therefore, it makes sense for you to take a bus to work if you are paid $10 per hour, but you will switch to driving your car if your wage increases to $20 per hour.2-10. Shelly’s preferences for consumption and leisure can be expressed asU(C,L) = ( C – 200 )× ( L – 80 ).This utility function implies that Shelly’s marginal utility of leisure is C – 200 and her marginal utility of consumption is L – 80. There are 168 hours in the week available to split between work and leisure. Shelly earns $5 per hour after taxes. She also receives $320 worth of welfare benefits each week regardless of how much she works.(a) Graph Shelly’s budget line.If Shelly does not work, she leisures for 168 hours and consumes $320. If she does not leisure at all, she consumes $320 + $5(168) = $1,160.(b) What is Shelly’s marginal rate of substitution when L = 100 and she is on her budget line?If Shelly leisures for 100 hours, she works for 68 hours and consumes $320 + $5(68) = $660. Thus, her MRS when doing this is:23$204608010020066080200==−−=−−==L C MUcMU MRS L .(c) What is Shelly’s reservation wage?The reservation wage is defined as the MRS when working no hours. When working no hours, Shelly leisures for 168 hours and consumes $320. Thus,36.1$8812080168200320≈=−−=RES w .Dollars of Consumption$1,160$320168 Hours of LeisureShelly’s Weekly Budget Line(d) Find Shelly’s optimal amount of consumption and leisure.Her optimal mix of consumption and leisure is found by setting her MRS equal to her wage and solving for hours of leisure given the budget line: C = 320 + 5(168–L )..1365960400580200)168(53205802005=−=−−−−+=−−==L LL L L L C MRSwThus, Shelly will choose to leisure 136 hours, work 32 hours, and consume $320 + $5(32) = $480 each week.2-10. Among single, college-educated women aged 22 – 25, average annual hours worked is 2,160 and the average wage is $22.50. If the average wage increases to $25 per hour, average annual hours worked increases to 2,340. What is the elasticity of labor supply for this group of workers?The elasticity of labor supply is75.09112150.2250.2200.25160,2160,2340,2%%==−−=∆∆=wL S σ.2-11. Mike’s utility for consumption and leisure is U(C,L) = C × L so that his marginal rate ofsubstitution between leisure and consumption is C/L . There are 168 hours in the week and he earns $10 per hour.(a) What is Mike’s optimal amount of consumption and leisure?Mike’s optimal mix of consumption and leisure is found by setting his MRS equal to his wage and solving for hours of leisure given that the budget line is C = 10(168–L ).. 84101680 1010=−== =L LLLCMRS wThus, Mike will choose to leisure 184 hours, work 84 hours, and consume $10(84) = $840 each week. (b) If the government starts a welfare policy that pays B to all non-workers and pays $0 to all workers, at what value of B will Mike opt out of the labor force in order to go on welfare?Given our answer in part (a), we know that if Mike opts to work, his utility will be u work(840,84) =840(84) = 70,560. If he opts out of the labor market, his utility will be u welfare(B,168) = 168B. Mike will not work, therefore, as long as u welfare≥ u work, which requires that B≥ $420.2-12. Explain why a lump sum government transfer can entice some workers to stop working (and entices no one to start working) while the earned income tax credit can entice some people who otherwise would not work to start working (and entices no one to stop working).A lump sum transfer is associated with an income effect but not a substitution effect, because it doesn’t affect the wage rate. Thus, if leisure is a normal good, a lump sum transfer will likely cause workers to work fewer hours (and certainly not cause them to work more hours) while possibly enticing some workers to exit the labor force. On the other hand, the Earned Income Tax Credit raises the effective wage of low-income workers by 20 percent (at least for the poorest workers). Thus, someone who had not been working faces a wage that is 20 percent higher than it otherwise was. This increase may be enough to encourage the person to start working. For example, if a worker’s reservation wage is $6.50 per hour but the only job she can find pays $6.00 per hour, she will not work. Under the earned income tax credit, however, the worker views this same job as paying $7.20 per hour, which exceeds her reservation wage. Furthermore, the EITC cannot encourage a worker to exit the labor force, as the benefits of the EITC are received only by workers.2-13. In 1999, 4,860 TANF recipients were asked how many hours they worked in the previous week. In 2000, 4,392 of these recipients were again subject to the same TANF rules and were again asked their hours of work during the previous week. The remaining 468 individuals were randomly assigned to a “Negative Income Tax” (NIT) experiment which gave out financial incentives for welfare recipients to work and were subject to its rules. Like the other group, they were asked about their hours of work during the previous week. The data from the experiment are contained in the table below.TotalNumber OfRecipients Number ofRecipients Who Worked At Some Time in the SurveyWeek Total Hours Of Work By All Recipients in the Survey Week1999 2000 1999 2000TANF 4,392 1,217 1,568 15,578 20,698NIT 468 131 213 1,6382,535Total 4,860 1,348 1,781 17,21623,233(a) What effect did the NIT experiment have on the employment rate of public assistance recipients? Develop a standard difference-in-differences table to support your answer.EmploymentRate1999 2000 Diff Diff-in-DiffTANF 27.7% 35.7% 8.0%NIT 28.0% 45.5% 17.5% 9.5%The NIT increased the probability of employment by 9.5 percentage points.(b) What effect did the NIT experiment have on the weekly hours worked of public assistance recipients who worked positive hours during the survey week? Develop a standard difference-in-differences table to support your answer.Weekly Hours Worked Per Working Person1999 2000 Diff Diff-in-DiffTANF 12.8 13.2 0.4NIT 12.5 11.9 -0.6 -1.0The NIT decreased weekly hours worked, of those working, by 1 hour.11。
2劳动经济学(人大三版)第二章课后参考答案(王松峰 刘娇伟)
劳动经济学第二章课后习题答案一、关键词解释劳动力供给：从性质上说：是指劳动力的供给主体（劳动者个人，在某些情况下可以指家庭）在一定劳动条件下自愿对存在于主体中的劳动力使用权的出让;从量的角度说：是指一个经济体（大至一个国家，小至一个企业，一个雇请了保姆的家庭）在某一段时期中，可以获得的劳动者愿意提供的劳动能力的总和。
劳动力参与率：指劳动范围内的人口参与市场性劳动的比率，是反映就业和劳动人口参与劳动程度的重要指标。
劳动力供给曲线：是指在其他条件不变，市场工资率作为影响劳动力供给的唯一因素的条件下，根据劳动力供给量相对于市场工资率的变动程度绘制而成的曲线劳动力供给弹性：指劳动力供给量变动对工资率变动的反映程度效用理论：效用是指消费者在消费商品或劳务时的满足程度，与此相关的理论就叫效用理论，主要包括基数效用理论和序数效用理论收入约束线：表示个人在时间和劳动能力状况约束下所能消费余暇和获得收入的最大组合线余暇-收入无差异曲线：可以带来一定水平的余暇时间与收入的组合点连接所形成的曲线称为余暇-收入无差异曲线主体均衡：所谓主体均衡，就是在资源约束的条件下余暇和收入的组合能使主体获得最大效用的状态收入效应：收入效应指由商品价格的变动所引起的实际收入水平的变动，进而由由实际收入水平的变动所引起的商品需求量的变动替代效应：因该商品名义价格的变动而导致消费者所购买的商品组合中，该商品与其他商品之间的替代个人劳动力供给曲线：揭示劳动者个人劳动力供给意愿随工资率变动而变动的规律，工资率的上升会导致个人劳动力供给时间的增加，而在此工资率水平之上，工资率的上升反而会导致个人劳动力供给时间的减少。
市场劳动力供给曲线：将一个市场中的个人劳动力供给曲线相加即是市场劳动力供给曲线劳动力的流量：把就业、失业等各种各样的劳动力状况在某个时间点的劳动力的存量向某个方向的流入或流出的量称为劳动力的流量劳动力的流量表：把劳动力人口分为就业、失业、非劳动力三种状态，以观察存量劳动力状况的时间点的变化而形成的劳动力流量，由此而绘制成的表格就是劳动力流量表转移率：从流动量和存储量，到流动的概率，换言之对原本的存量也可以计算流动的变化概率二、问答题1．如何理解劳动力供给的含义？劳动力供给是指在某一特定时间内，在一定工资率水平下，劳动者愿意并且能够提供的劳动力数量深入理解劳动力供给概念，需把握以下三点：个体决策：在市场经济体制下，劳动者是寄寓于其身上的劳动力的法定产权所有者劳动者有充分的自由使用权和处置权，并有凭借直接提供劳务或出租劳动力使用权获得收益的权利主体意愿，劳动力市劳动者的私有财产，劳动者是否愿意提供劳动取决于多种因素，如工资率高低、工作时间长短、个人家庭经济状况等，因此劳动力供给的量和质在很大程度上受到劳动力供给者主观愿望的影响时间要素：包括两层含义：劳动者愿意提供的工作时间、劳动力供给分析的时间2.分析劳动力供给通常有哪些假设（1）劳动力供给主体的目标假设，该假设认为劳动者在作出供给决策时，以追求效用最大化为目标（2）市场环境假设：假定市场是完全竞争状态（3）关于劳动力质量的假设：假定劳动力是同质的3、影响劳动力个人供给的主要因素有哪些?答：一般说来，影响劳动力个人供给的因素包括以下几方面：劳动者受教育时间的长短；工资政策及工资关系；工资水平；个人非劳动收入；居民家庭生产率的变化；社会保障制度；宏观经济状况；其它社会文化、风俗习惯、社会心理等。
8劳动经济学(人大三版)第八章课后参考答案第八章 就业与失业 (李佩昂 历佳)
关键词就业：指到达法定劳动年龄、具有劳动能力的劳动者，运用生产资料依法从事某种社会劳动，并获得赖以为生的报酬收入或经营收入的经济活动。
失业：失业是指有劳动能力并愿意就业的劳动者找不到工作的一种社会现象。
其实质是劳动者与生产资料相分离，劳动者不能与生产资料相结合进行社会财富的创造，从而也失去了获得劳动报酬的机会。
充分就业：指劳动力供给与劳动力需求处于均衡，国民经济的发展充分满足劳动者对就业岗位需求的状态。
失业率：衡量一个国家宏观经济中失业状况最基本的指标是失业率。
失业率是指失业人数占劳动力总数的百分比。
自然失业率：指在整个劳动力市场既不存在过多的劳动力供给，也不存在过多劳动力需求的失业率。
就业失业理论：就业理论产生于解决失业问题的实践中。
失业现象最初产生于18世纪，19世纪以后日益严重，迫使经济学家们对其展开研究，就业理论成了经济学说的重要内容之一。
就业结构：一般是指社会劳动力在国民经济各部门、各行业、各地区、各领域的分布、构成和联系。
摩擦性失业：是由于劳动者在要求就业和获得工作岗位之间存在时间差而形成的。
摩擦性失业是一种正常失业，是竞争性劳动力市场的一个自然特征，可以与充分变就业状态并存。
结构性失业：由于劳动者的技能结构与现有的就业岗位技能结构错位，造成失业与岗位空缺并存得一种失业现象。
周期性失业：又称为需求不足失业，是指由于经济运行总是处于周期性的循环状态，从而对就业需求产生周期性波动而形成的失业。
隐性失业：指经济部门中存在着边际生产率等于或小于零的现象。
自愿失业：是指虽然有就业愿望，但由于才能得不到发挥，或由于兴趣、爱好、工资、保险福利及人际关系等原因自愿放弃就业机会而形成的失业。
技术性失业：指由于引进技术代替人力劳动而产生的失业现象。
季节性失业：是由于季节性的生产或市场的变化等原因而引起生产对劳动力的需求出现季节性波动，从而导致劳动者就业岗位的丧失。
复习思考题1、请说明研究就业和失业问题的重要性。
劳动经济学课后答案
名词解释：1、派生需求：是由阿弗里德·马歇尔在其《经济学原理》一书中首次提出的经济概念，是指对生产要素的需求，意味着它是由对该要素参与生产的产品的需求派生出来的，又称“引致需求”。
对一种生产要素的需求来自（派生自）对另一种产品的需求。
其中该生产要素对这一最终产品会作贡献，如对轮胎的需求派生自对汽车运输的需求。
1.短期：在短期内可变的生产要素只有劳动力，技术和资本都是不变生产要素。
2.长期：在长期内，劳动力和技术是可变生产要素，只有资本是不变生产要素。
3.卖方垄断企业：指企业在产品市场上市垄断者，但在劳动市场上市完全竞争。
4.买方垄断企业：是指企业劳动力市场是垄断者，而在产品市场上是完全竞争者。
5.替代效应:劳动使用量从LA降低到LB，资本使用量从KA上升到KB，即企业用资本代替了劳动。
6.规模效应:由于工资率的提高，企业使用劳动的边际成本将上升，从而导致企业生产更少的数量，产量的下降将会导致使用劳动数量的下降，图中变现为从B点到C点的移动，劳动数量随之下降。
7.互补性生产要素：当生产要素A的价格下降，数量增加时，对生产要素B的需求上升，则称生产要素A与生产要素B是互补。
8.替代性生产要素：当生产要素A的价格下降，数量增加时，生产要素B的数量下降，则生产要素A是生产要素B的替代性生产要素。
9.劳动需求的工资弹性：a)劳动需求的工资弹性是指当工资率变化一个百分率所引起的劳动需求变化的百分率的比值。
b)公式：ed ＝－(△L/L)/(△W/W)＝－(△L/△W)/(W/L)1.ed为劳动需求的工资弹性，△L和△W分别是劳动需求数量L和工资率W的变动量。
10、劳动的边际产品价值：VMP=MP•P，指的是增加额外一单位劳动要素的投入所带来的收益。
（三）1.劳动力：是人的劳动能力，即人在劳动过程中所运用的体力和智力的总和。
在现代劳动经济学体系中，劳动力又特指在一定年龄范围内，具有劳动能力和劳动要求。
劳动经济学课后习题参考答案
《劳动经济学》课后思考题参考答案第一章绪论二、思考题1．如何理解劳动经济学的价值？（1）劳动经济学研究的是社会经济问题。
例如，民工荒、政府要求增加最低工资、劳动生产率下降、农民工工资急剧上升、工资增长不均等、工作培训、国有企业高管人员的高工资受到质疑、收入分配不平、农村移民增加、劳动力市场全球化扩大等等。
（2）数量上的重要性。
在西方经济中，大部分国民收入并不是来源于资本收入（利润、租金和利息），而是来源于工资。
绝大多数居民户的主要收入来源是提供劳务。
从数量上看，劳动才是我们最重要的经济资源。
（3）独有的特性。
劳动力市场的交易完全不同于产品市场的交易。
劳动力市场是一个极有意义和复杂的场所。
劳动力市场的复杂性意味着供给和需求概念在应用于劳动力市场时必须做出重大的修改和调整。
在供给方面，劳动者“出售”给雇主的劳务与该劳动者不可分离。
除了货币报酬，工人还关注工作的健康和安全性、工作难度、就业稳定性、培训和晋升机会等，这类非货币因素也许与直接收入同样重要。
这样，工人的供给决策要比产品市场的供给概念复杂得多。
（4）收益的广泛性。
无论是个人还是社会，都可以从劳动经济学中得到许多启示和教益。
从劳动经济学得到的信息和分析工具有助于人们做出与劳动力市场有关的决策。
从个人角度看。
大量内容将直接与我们有关，如工作搜寻、失业、歧视、工资、劳动力流动等。
对于企业管理者来说，从对劳动经济学的理解中所得到的知识背景和分析方法，对做出有关雇用、解雇、培训和工人报酬等方面的管理决策也应该是十分有用的。
从社会角度看，了解劳动经济学将使人们成为更有知识、更理智的公民。
2．劳动经济学的研究方法有哪些？首先要明确劳动经济学的基本假设。
劳动经济学的假设主要表现在以下四个方面：（1）资源的相对稀缺性。
如同商品和资本是稀缺的一样，劳动力资源也是有限的。
时间、个人收入和社会资源的稀缺性构成了经济学分析的基本前提。
（2）效用最大化。
由于劳动资源的稀缺性，人类社会进行生产经营活动时，必须研究劳动资源的合理配置和利用。
《劳动经济学》(作者Borjas)第七章习题答案
CHAPTER 77-1. Debbie is about to decide which career path to pursue. She has narrowed her options to two alternatives. She can either become a marine biologist or a concert pianist. Debbie lives two periods. In the first, she gets an education. In the second, she works in the labor market. If Debbie becomes a marine biologist, she will spend $15,000 on education in the first period and earn $472,000 in the second period. If she becomes a concert pianist, she will spend $40,000 on education in the first period and then earn $500,000 in the second period.(a) Suppose Debbie can lend and borrow money at a 5 percent annual rate. Which career will she pursue? What if she can lend and borrow money at a 15 percent rate of interest? Will she choose a different option? Why?Debbie will compare the present value of income for each career choice and choose the career with the largest present value. If the discount rate is 5 percent,PV Biologist = – $15,000 + $472,000/(1.05) = $434,523.81andPV Pianist = – $40,000 + $500,000/(1.05) = $436,190.48.Therefore, she will become a pianist. If the rate of interest is 15 percent, however, the present value calculations becomePV Biologist = – $15,000 + $472,000/(1.15) = $395,434.78andPV Pianist = – $40,000 + $500,000/(1.15) = $394,782.61.In this case, Debbie becomes a biologist. As the interest rate increases, the worker discounts future earnings more, lowering the returns from investing in education.(b) Suppose musical conservatories raise their tuition so that it now costs Debbie $60,000 to become a concert pianist. What career will Debbie pursue if the discount rate is 5 percent?Debbie will compare the present value of being a biologist from part (a) with the present value of becoming a pianist. The relevant present values are:PV Biologist = – $15,000 + $472,000/(1.05) = $434,523.81andPV Pianist = – $60,000 + $500,000/(1.05) = $416,190.48.Debbie will, therefore, become a biologist.7-2. Peter lives for three periods. He is currently considering three alternative education-work options. He can start working immediately, earning $100,000 in period 1, $110,000 in period 2 (as his work experience leads to higher productivity), and $90,000 in period 3 (as his skills become obsolete and physical abilities deteriorate). Alternatively, he can spend $50,000 to attend college in period 1 and then earn $180,000 in periods 2 and 3. Finally, he can receive a doctorate degree in period 2 after completing his college education in period 1. This last option will cost him nothing when he is attending graduate school in the second period as his expenses on tuition and books will be covered by a research assistantship. After receiving his doctorate, he will become a professor in a business school and earn $400,000 in period 3. Peter’s discount rate is 20 percent per period. What education path maximizes Peter’s net present value of his lifetime earnings?The present discounted values of Peter’s earnings associated with each of the alternatives are167,254$2.1000,902.1000,110000,1002=++=HS PV , 000,225$2.1000,1802.1000,180000,502=++−=COL PV , and 778,227$2.1000,4002.10000,502=++−=PhD PV .Thus, the best option for Peter is to start working upon completely high school.7-3. Jane has three years of college, Pam has two, and Mary has one. Jane earns $21 per hour, Pam earns $19, and Mary earns $16. The difference in educational attainment is due completely to different discount rates. How much can the available information reveal about each woman’s discount rate?The returns to increasing one’s education from one to two years of college and then from two to three years of college are%75.1816$16$19$21=−=to r and %53.1019$19$21$32=−=to r .Having observed their educational choices, we know that Mary’s discount rate is greater than 18.75 percent, Pam’s is between 10.53 percent and 18.75 percent, and Jane’s is less than 10.53 percent.7-4. Suppose the skills acquired in school depreciate over time, perhaps because technologicalchange makes the things learned in school obsolete. What happens to a worker’s optimal amount of schooling if the rate of depreciation increases?If the rate of depreciation is very high, the payoff to educational investments declines. As a result, a worker’s optimal amount of schooling will also fall as the benefits of education erode rapidly.7-5. Suppose workers differ in their ability, but have the same discount rate. Is it possible for the more able workers to choose less schooling?This result is possible as long as more able workers have lower marginal-rate-of-discount curves. For example, if an 18-year-old basketball player can earn $3 million per year by entering the NBA after high school whereas he would earn $3.25 million per year by entering the NBA after college, the opportunity cost of college ($3 million per year) may be so great that the player opts to skip college. (A similar story might explain why Bill Gates dropped out of Harvard.)7-6. Suppose Carl’s wage-schooling locus is given byYears of Schooling Earnings6 $10,0007 $12,8008 $16,0009 $18,50010 $20,35011 $22,00012 $23,10013 $23,90014 $24,000(a) Derive the marginal rate of return schedule. When will Carl quit school if his discount rate is 4 percent? What if the discount rate is 12 percent?The marginal rate of return is given by the percentage increase in earnings if the worker goes to school one additional year.Schooling Earnings MRR6 $10,00028.07 $12,80025.08 $16,0009 $18,50015.610 $20,350 10.011 $22,000 8.112 $23,100 5.013 $23,900 3.514 $24,000 0.4Carl will quit school when the marginal rate of return to schooling falls below his discount rate. If his discount rate is 4 percent, therefore, he will quit after 12 years of schooling; if his discount rate is 12 percent, he will quit after 9 years of schooling.(b) Suppose the government imposes an income tax of 20 percent on both labor earnings and interest income. What is the effect of this income tax on Carl’s educational attainment?This is a tricky problem. If Carl is making his educational decision by comparing the marginal rate of return to schooling to some rate of discount that does not depend on the government’s tax policies, then it turns out that Carl’s optimal schooling level is unchanged. It is easy to verify that if the governmentimposes a 20 percent tax rate on labor earnings in the second column of the table above, the marginal rate of return to schooling (column 3) remains unchanged. If, however, Carl’s rate of discount is affected by the government’s tax policies (for example, Carl’s rate of discount might be affected by the rate of interest banks pay), then Carl’s educational decision will be affected. For example, if Carl’s rate of discount falls by 20 percent then the amount of schooling acquired goes up because the marginal rate of return schedule in column 3 of the table has changed.7-7. In the typical signaling model, it is assumed that the costs of acquiring an education are higher for low-ability than for high-ability workers. Suppose the government subsidizes low-ability workers for the higher costs they incur in obtaining an education. What happens to the signaling value of education? Can there be a perfectly separating equilibrium in this labor market?If the government subsidizes schooling so that the cost of schooling is the same for all workers, then the signaling value of schooling is lost. There cannot be a perfectly separating equilibrium because all workers would have the same incentive to obtain the same amount of schooling.7-8. Suppose there are two types of persons: high-ability and low-ability. A particular diploma costs a high-ability person $8,000 and costs a low-ability person $20,000. Firms wish to use education as a screening device where they intend to pay $25,000 to workers without a diploma and $K to those with a diploma. In what range must K be to make this an effective screening device?In order for a low-ability worker to not pursue education, it must be that $25,000 ≥K – $20,000 which requires K≤ $45,000. Similarly, in order for a high-ability worker to pursue education, it must be that K – $8,000 ≥ $25,000 which requires K≥ $33,000. Thus, in order to use education as a signaling device, it must be that educated workers are paid between $33,000 and $45,000.7-9. It has been argued that the minimum wage prevents workers from investing in on-the-job training and discourages employers from providing specific training to low-income workers. Why would the minimum wage have an adverse effect on human capital accumulation for low-income workers?First, when the minimum wage is high, the marginal return to on-the-job investment falls (assuming one can always find a job), and therefore the lowest skill workers may no longer find it useful to engage in on-the-job training.Second, a firm that offers general or specific training in the first period pays the worker a wage below his or her marginal product while the investment is taking place and above his or her marginal product in the post-investment period. If the minimum wage prevents the investment-period wage from falling sufficiently, however, firms may not be able to offer the training.7-10. Jill is planning the timing of her on-the-job training investments over the life cycle. What happens to Jill’s OJT investments at every age if(a) the market-determined rental rate to an efficiency unit falls?The marginal revenue of investing in OJT declines so that Jill will invest less at each age.(b) Jill’s discount rate increases?If Jill’s discount rate increases she becomes more “present oriented”, reducing the future benefits associated with OJT. Thus her OJT investments fall.(c) the government passes legislation delaying the retirement age until age 70.The marginal revenue of investing in OJT increases because the payoff period to the investment is longer. Thus, she undertakes more OJT in this case.(d) technological progress is such that much of the OJT acquired at any given age becomes obsolete within the next 10 years.The marginal revenue to investing in OJT declines and the amount of OJT acquired falls.7-11. In 2000, there were about 9 million students in four-year college institutions in the United States. Believing that education is the key to the future, a presidential candidate proposes that the federal government pay the first $3,000 of college expenses each year for everyone attending a four-year college. It is expected that this proposal will encourage 3 million more people to enroll in a four-year college each year, but that the graduation rate will fall from 80 percent to 75 percent. What is the yearly projected cost of the program? What is the average cost of the plan per new student attending a four-year college? What is the average cost of each new four-year college graduate?Under the old plan, 9 million students attended a four-year college each year, with 80 percent (7.2 million) eventually graduating. Under the new plan, 12 million students will attend a four-year college each year, with 75 percent (9 million) eventually graduating. The annual cost of the program, therefore, is 12 million × $3,000 = $36 billion. The average cost of the plan per new college student is $36b / 3m = $12,000. The average cost of each new graduate is $36b / 1.8m = $20,000.7-12. In 1970, men aged 18 to 25 were subject to the military draft to serve in the Vietnam War. A man could qualify for a student deferment, however, if he was enrolled in college and made satisfactory progress on obtaining a degree. By 1975, the draft was no longer in existence. The draft did not pertain to women. Using the data in Table 255 of the 2002 edition of the U.S. Statistical Abstract, use women as the control group to estimate (using the difference-in-differences methodology) the effect abolishing the draft had on male college enrollment.The difference-in-differences table isCollege Enrollment (percentage)Diff-in-diff1970 1975 DiffMen 55.2 52.6 -2.6 -3.1Women 48.5 49.0 0.5Thus, abolishing the draft is estimated to lower the college enrollment rate of men by 3.1 percentage points.。
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《劳动经济学》课后思考题参考答案第一章绪论二、思考题1．如何理解劳动经济学的价值？（1）劳动经济学研究的是社会经济问题。
例如，民工荒、政府要求增加最低工资、劳动生产率下降、农民工工资急剧上升、工资增长不均等、工作培训、国有企业高管人员的高工资受到质疑、收入分配不平、农村移民增加、劳动力市场全球化扩大等等。
（2）数量上的重要性。
在西方经济中，大部分国民收入并不是来源于资本收入（利润、租金和利息），而是来源于工资。
绝大多数居民户的主要收入来源是提供劳务。
从数量上看，劳动才是我们最重要的经济资源。
（3）独有的特性。
劳动力市场的交易完全不同于产品市场的交易。
劳动力市场是一个极有意义和复杂的场所。
劳动力市场的复杂性意味着供给和需求概念在应用于劳动力市场时必须做出重大的修改和调整。
在供给方面，劳动者“出售”给雇主的劳务与该劳动者不可分离。
除了货币报酬，工人还关注工作的健康和安全性、工作难度、就业稳定性、培训和晋升机会等，这类非货币因素也许与直接收入同样重要。
这样，工人的供给决策要比产品市场的供给概念复杂得多。
（4）收益的广泛性。
无论是个人还是社会，都可以从劳动经济学中得到许多启示和教益。
从劳动经济学得到的信息和分析工具有助于人们做出与劳动力市场有关的决策。
从个人角度看。
大量内容将直接与我们有关，如工作搜寻、失业、歧视、工资、劳动力流动等。
对于企业管理者来说，从对劳动经济学的理解中所得到的知识背景和分析方法，对做出有关雇用、解雇、培训和工人报酬等方面的管理决策也应该是十分有用的。
从社会角度看，了解劳动经济学将使人们成为更有知识、更理智的公民。
2．劳动经济学的研究方法有哪些？首先要明确劳动经济学的基本假设。
劳动经济学的假设主要表现在以下四个方面：（1）资源的相对稀缺性。
如同商品和资本是稀缺的一样，劳动力资源也是有限的。
时间、个人收入和社会资源的稀缺性构成了经济学分析的基本前提。
（2）效用最大化。
由于劳动资源的稀缺性，人类社会进行生产经营活动时，必须研究劳动资源的合理配置和利用。
而在市场经济条件下，市场运作的主体是企业和个人。
它们都有自己的目标，都力争实现各自的效用最大化。
当然，并不是说任何一个市场主体的每一种经济选择和经济决策行为都达到了效用最大化的目标，而是说主体的行为可以用效用最大化的观点加以分析和预测。
（3）行为的有目的性。
稀缺性这一假设所隐含的重要命题是，人们对资源的使用存在着供求问题，存在着成本，特别是机会成本的问题。
劳动力资源也是稀缺的。
对劳动者个人而言，选择一种职业必须有所放弃，其本身不仅具有直接的成本和收益，还有因个人劳动力的有限而引起的放弃另外其它选择的成本和收益问题。
用人单位的情况也是一样，招聘张三，也面临着放弃对王五的雇用。
（4）行为的适应性。
认为劳动力市场参与者的行为是理性的，并不是说他们总能达到预期的目标。
信息的不完全或信息传递的不完全、无法预料事件的发生和其他人的选择都会影响我们选择的结果，但即使我们后来认为是“较差”的选择，也被认为是基于净收益的预期而做出的。
劳动经济学的研究方式主要有两个：（1）实证研究方法。
实证研究方法是认识客观现象，向人们提供实在、有用、确定、精确的知识的方法，其重点是研究现象本身“是什么”的问题。
（2）规范研究方法。
规范研究方法以某种价值判断为基础，说明经济现象及其运行应该是什么的问题。
3．简述劳动经济学的研究内容。
本书共分十二章。
第一章是总论，主要分析劳动的概念、种类，劳动经济学的概念和研究方法等，以便读者对本书内容有一基本的了解。
第二章和第三章、第四章和第五章分别通过考察劳动需求和劳动供给，以奠定劳动经济学的基础。
劳动需求是一种派生需求，它源自人们对产品的需求。
雇主打算为劳动支付的价格，取决于他由该劳动产品所能够获取的价格以及劳动生产率。
因此，获取企业的劳动需求函数，必须把生产函数和产品需求函数结合起来。
我们首先考察企业的劳动需求曲线，结合各种不同市场结构进行分析。
最后还要研究劳动需求弹性问题和政府的特殊就业促进政策的影响。
劳动供给分析始于考察个人选择：是否参与劳动市场、工作多长时间。
在长期分析中，个人决策还包括教育和训练方面的投资（这一内容在第六章作专门分析）。
人们对劳动供给理论的发展体现在考察家庭生产与劳动市场供给之间的关系、家庭作为一个决策单位时的情况以及整个生命周期中的劳动供给决策。
第六章探讨劳动经济学的一个重要领域，即人力资本投资。
本章首先从人力资本及其投资的概念出发，分析了投资的决策模型。
然后，分析教育的成本和收益。
最后，考察培训的成本和收益。
第七章讨论工资理论。
主要研究工资的影响因素，重点讨论什么是激励性工资、什么是差异性工资理论、什么是效率工资理论。
第八章讨论劳动力流动。
大量的劳动流动可能发生于企业内部，而不是发生于企业之间、即内部劳动市场可能与外部劳动市场同时运行。
所有劳动力流动都是有成本的，当然也是有收益的，这需要进行成本效益分析。
第九章分析劳动力歧视问题。
劳动歧视现象由来已久，短期内恐怕也难以消除。
劳动歧视的原因有哪些？对歧视者和被歧视者有什么不同的影响？第十章分析就业与失业问题。
通过分析影响就业的因素，进一步理解失业的影响。
通过失业理论的回顾，分析失业问题的原因，提出解决失业问题的一些思路。
第十一章分析收入分配问题。
市场经济是竞争经济，各种要素贡献不一，收入不等。
一方面要执行劳动分配原则，另一方面也要防止收入分配过大，目的促进社会经济和谐稳定发展。
第十二章，研究劳动与宏观经济问题，包括政府与劳动市场、失业与通货膨胀关系、二元经济、经济增长与就业增长的关系等。
4．下述的两种论点中哪个更好地反映了这种经济学的视角？“在我国，即使没有退休金，大多数工人也会在60岁退休，这是因为该年龄一直是通常的退休年龄。
”“在我国，大多数工人在60岁退休，是因为该年龄是他们合法取得个人退休金和全部社会保障金的年龄。
”前者反映的是实证经济总题，因为目前大多数人都是在60岁退休；后者反映的是规范经济总题，因为退休后没有收入来源，应该得到相应的社会福利。
5．为什么需要一种理论来理解现实世界的劳动问题？（1）人类历史是一个不断发展的历史，为人的幸福生活是最高的目标追求。
（2）要创造财富需要利用各种资源，其中人是最重要的资源。
（3）现实世界是的很多问题与劳动有关，有就业、失业、流动、工资、人力资本、歧视、收入分配等总题层出不穷。
（4）企业有企业的目标，劳动力有劳动力的目标，如何协调，需要一定的理论来指导。
6．实证经济学与规范经济学有何不同？实证研究方法是认识客观现象，向人们提供实在、有用、确定、精确的知识的方法，其重点是研究现象本身“是什么”的问题。
经济学与劳动经济学所运用的实证研究方法与哲学中的实证主义虽有渊源关系，但却是有差异的。
实证研究方法试图超越或排斥价值判断，只揭示经济现实内在的构成因素及因素间的普遍联系，归纳概括现象的本质及其运行规律。
实证研究方法具有以下两个特点：（1）实证研究方法的目的在于认识客观事实，研究现象自身的运动规律及内在逻辑。
（2）实证研究方法对经济现象研究所得出的结论具有客观性，并可根据经验和事实进行检验。
规范研究方法以某种价值判断为基础，说明经济现象及其运行应该是什么的问题。
规范研究方法研究客观现象的目的在于：提出一定的标准作为经济理论的前提，并以该标准作为制定经济政策的依据，以及研究如何使经济现象的运行符合或实现这些标准。
规范研究方法具有以下两个特点：（1）规范研究方法以某种价值判断为基础，解决客观经济现象“应该是什么”的问题，即要说明所要研究的对象本身是好还是坏，对社会具有积极意义还是具有消极意义。
规范研究方法研究经济现象的出发点和归宿离不开价值判断。
这里的价值概念不是仅指经济学中商品的价值，而是指经济现象的社会价值规范研究方法，就是从上述价值判断出发来研究经济现象，并研究如何实现相应标准。
（2）规范研究方法研究经济现象的目的主要在于为政府制定经济政策服务。
实现互惠的交换当然对社会有积极意义，它有利于社会总体福利水平的提高。
三、案例分析：分析“体面劳动”的价值和实现“体面劳动”的途径。
1、体面劳动的价值（1）“体面劳动”的本质含义反映着一种广义的社会劳动关系，而这种劳动关系，并非是一种纯粹的经济利益关系，它是一种反映了组织内部与外部，组织与员工之间所体现的劳动地位、劳动者行为和价值观念的文化，体现的是包括社会政治、价值、法律、道德、习俗、礼仪等关系等文化范畴。
（2）从“体面”的角度讨论劳动和就业，将其作为劳动的重要属性专门提出，在当前局面下确实很有必要。
无数经验证明，体面的劳动是更高效率、更有质量的劳动，让更多人实现体面劳动，是经济发展的活力之源。
（3）知之者莫如好之者，好之者莫如乐之者。
同样一个人，做同样的一件事情，其完成的质量与其精神状态息息相关。
对绝大多数人来说，只有能够让自己感觉到体面的职业才能真正热爱，而热爱了就更容易提高劳动水平，通过同样的劳动形式和时间创造出更多的价值。
（4）让更多的劳动者获得体面的感觉，从小处说可以提高一件产品、一项工程的质量，从大处说可以促进一个国家的发展。
（5）当某个劳动者长期感觉不到职业的尊严，很可能修正自己的行为标准；当过多的劳动者感觉不到体面，就会形成一种不良的社会价值取向，最终导致对自身的行为标准和道德要求不断降低，终至模糊了法律的界限。
（6）让劳动者在体面的劳动中得到尊严和自身价值的体现，进而形成进取向上的职业精神，不断提升各行各业的职业化、专业化水平，社会经济的发展才能获得永不枯竭的精神动力。
2、如何实现“体面劳动”。
（1）劳动必须是安全的。
（2）劳动必须是快乐的。
（3）劳动必须获得对等的报酬。
（4）帮助劳动者实现自我价值。
（5）体面劳动要彰显劳动者人格尊严。
（6）体面劳动是让职工共享发展成果的劳动。
第二章劳动需求二、思考题1．劳动需求的特点和影响因素有哪些？劳动需求是指一定时期内，一定工资率条件下，企业和社会愿意而且能够雇用的劳动数量。
其特点表现在以下几个方面：（1）它是一种派生需求。
（2）它是一种愿意需求。
（32）它是一种有效需求。
（4）它是一种共同需求。
影响劳动需求的因素很多，主要包括工资、产品需求、厂商使用的技术、厂商的经济目标、时间的长短以及社会制度环境等。
2、如何理解完全竞争下的短期内厂商的劳动需求决策？在短期中，企业的资本存量被固定在某一水平K，变动的只有劳动量L。
由于企业假定是在产品和要素市场上的利润最大化追求者，因此，企业使用劳动要素的原则是增加一单位劳动的使用所带来的边际收益和边际成本必须相等。
（1）使用要素的边际收益设完全竞争企业在短期内只能变动的生产要素是劳动，则产量为劳动的函数。
劳动的边际产品MP与既定产品价格P的乘积MP·P表明增加使用一单位劳动所增加的收益。