四川大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语答案解析
四川大学考博英语真题及答案
2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。
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I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant needto prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of productionor to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanistindustrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,”said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row” (Para.1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketedto women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to return on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook” throughthe Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialtiesand can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have femaleboard members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error was plus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a one party police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, thestorm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid to help______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two year s’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his nextmove in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy and prosperityin their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during on e’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life style. (58), people who need to (59) much energy in their work will find relaxation most (60) in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may (61) more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g.(62) of skills and hobbies) in leisure.The specific use of leisure (63) from individual to individual. (64) the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a (65) leisure activity, a change of experience to provide (66) from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by (67) other people’s life experiences as (68) in the programs.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take (69) his interests and preferences and get (70) in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.51. [A] composes [B] consists [C] covers [D] constitutes52. [A] Basically [B] Frankly [C] Primarily [D] Generally53. [A] when [B] as [C] while [D] which54. [A] to [B] as [C] of [D] in55. [A] satisfaction [B] information [C] respect [D] admiration56. [A] out [B] through [C] away [D] off。
四川大学英语语言文学专业和外国语言学及应用语言学专业硕士研究生入学考试科目及推荐参考书
四川大学英语语言文学专业和外国语言学及应用语言学专业硕士研究生入学考试科目及推荐参考书一、适用专业及方向：英语语言文学：现代英美文学、美国文化研究、加拿大文化研究、欧洲文化研究外国语言学及应用语言学：现代英语及语言理论、现代外语教育及教育技术、英语翻译理论与实践三、各科试题结构说明：1. 政治（国家统一考试，略）2. 二外（略）3. 基础英语 (150分)：l Cloze Test或改错（10分）l 阅读理解（30分）l 英译汉（30分）l 汉译英（30分）l 阅读与写作（50分）4. 英语专业综合知识 (150分)l 英语国家社会和文化知识（50分）l 英语文学知识（50分）l 英语语言知识（50分）四、推荐参考书目（版本不限）：基础英语、英语专业综合知识1. Beidler, Peter G. Writing Matters，四川大学出版社。
2. 郭著章，李庆生：《英汉互译实用教程》（第三版），武汉大学出版社。
3. 胡壮麟：《语言学教程》，北京大学出版社，2001年。
4. 李宜燮，常耀信：《美国文学选读》（上、下册），南开大学出版社。
5. 罗经国：《新编英国文学选读》（上、下册），北京大学出版社。
6. 王佐良等:《欧洲文化入门》(第二版)（第1－4章），外语教学与研究出版社。
7. 朱永涛: 《英美文化基础教程》，外语教学与研究出版社。
第二外语1．法语：《新大学法语》(1-3册)，总主编李志清，高等教育出版社。
2．日语：《标准日本语》(初级)，人民教育出版社。
3．德语：《德语速成》(第二版,上、下册)，外语教学与研究出版社。
4．俄语：《大学俄语（东方）》(第1-3册)，北京外国语大学、普希金俄语学院合编。
5．西班牙语：《现代西班牙语》（1-2册），董燕生．刘建．外研社。
6．韩语：延世大学韩国语学堂[韩] 编著：韩国语教程 1-3册（全6册），世界图书出版公司。
四川大学外国语学院英语语言文学专业和外国语言学及应用语言学专业硕士研究生入学考试复试科目及推荐参考书一、适用专业及方向：英语语言文学：现代英美文学、美国文化研究、加拿大文化研究、欧洲文化研究外国语言学及应用语言学：现代英语及语言理论、现代外语教育及教育技术、英语翻译理论与实践二、考试科目及分值：1. 听力（20分）测试要求：(a) 能听懂真实交际场合中各种英语会话和讲话；(b) 英语国家广播电台以及电视台（如CNN）有关政治、经济、文化、教育和科技等方面的专题报道以及与此类题材相关的演讲和演讲后的问答；(c) 能听懂有关政治、经济、历史、文化教育、语言文学和科普方面的一般讲座及讲座后的问答。
考博英语(完形填空)历年真题试卷汇编14(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（完形填空）历年真题试卷汇编14(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 4. ClozeCloze（四川大学2010年试题）You probably know that it’s better for both you and the environment if you buy an organic tomato instead of one that’s been doused in pesticides, but there are lots of other things to consider before venturing down the aisle of your local supermarket(or farmer’s market). The explosion in【C1】______produce and other foods during the last few years has been an extremely【C2】______development in the food industry. However,【C3】______still exists about exactly what the organic【C4】______means. Do you know the difference between a cereal that’s “organic”, 100% organic, and “made with organic【C5】______”? The USDA has clearly defined standards that【C6】______which of those labels can legally go on your raisin bran. You can learn more about them at www. usda. gov. Organic foods are great, but the jury is still very much out【C7】______another new development in the food world; genetically【C8】______organisms(GMOs). No one knows for certain the short and【C9】______effects of these products of gene engineering,【C10】______there’s a chance they could lead to the【C11】______creation of “superweeds” or【C12】______with natural plant stocks. For more information on GMOs, we recommend visiting www. saynotogmos. org. 【C13】______you’re shopping, don’t forget to consider the companies behind the【C14】______names. One cereal company might be an environmental champion,【C15】______the other manufactures its corn flakes via【C16】______environmental practices. An easy way to compare two companies is to use【C17】______such as www. responsible shopper. com. They present both the good and bad sides of every company they【C18】______, and they grade hundreds of companies on social, ethical and environmental issues. Remember;【C19】______conscious shopping is a powerful tool for effecting change. You can make a difference every time you fill your 【C20】______cart.1．【C1】A．greenB．organicC．healthyD．optional正确答案：B解析：空格所在句子大意为：最近几年，——食品和其他食品的急剧增加对食品业的发展产生了非常——影响。
四川大学翻译硕士英语真题2010年
四川大学翻译硕士英语真题2010年(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：30.00)1.Tom is the most ______ pupil in the class.（分数：1.50）A.industrious √B.indulgentC.industrialistD.industrial解析：indulgent放纵的；溺爱的。
industrialist工业家，实业家。
industrial工业的；产业的。
2.The mayor of the city is a ______ old man.（分数：1.50）A.respectiveB.respectfulC.respectingD.respectable √解析：respectable可敬的；有名望的。
respective各自的。
respectful有礼貌的；尊重人的。
respecting 动词现在分词形式。
3.I believe reserves of coal here ______ to last for fifty years.（分数：1.50）A.efficientB.sufficient √C.proficientD.effective解析：sufficient充足的，充分的。
efficient效率高的；有能力的。
proficient熟练的；能手。
4.Mr. Smith complained about the ______ air-conditioner he had bought from the company.（分数：1.50）A.infectiousB.deficientC.ineffectiveD.defective √解析：defective有缺陷的，有瑕疵的。
infectious传染的；有感染力的。
deficient不足的，缺乏的。
ineffective无效的，不起作用的。
四川大学2008年博士研究生入学考试基础英语试题
四川大学2008年博士研究生入学考试基础英语试题考试注意事项1.本试题共12页，考试时间180分钟。
2.1~70题答案请填在机读卡上相应处，否则不给分。
3.翻译和作文写在答题纸上，写在试题上无效，中、英文翻译应做到字迹清晰、书写工整I. Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each):Passage OneThe period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society's definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence was frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial society with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one's life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies .Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status, roles, rights, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted, The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train,qirplane theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increase his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver's license; lie can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen ,the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights. The young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after maturity status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what points adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.1. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because_________.A. the definition of maturity has changedB. the industrialized society is more developedC. more education is provided and laws against child labor are madeD. ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance.2. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to ______A. graduations from schools and collegesB. social recognitionC. socio-economic statusD. certain behavioral changes3.No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is_____.A. eleven years oldB. sixteen years oldC. twenty-one years oldD. between twelve and twenty-one years old4. Starting from 22______.A. one will obtain more basic rightsB. the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will haveC. one won't get more basic rights than when he is 21D. one will enjoy more rights granted by society5. According to the passage, it is TRUE that_______.A. in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing Line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existedB. no one can many without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-oneC. one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has driver's licenseD. one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the armyPassage TwoAt home Theodore Roosevelt had affection, not compliments, whether these were unintentional and sincere or were thinly disguised flattery, And affection was what he most craved from his family and nearest friends, and what he gave to them without stint. As I have said, he allowed nothing to interrupt the hours set apart for his wife and children while he was at the White House; and at Oyster Bay there was always time for them. A typical story is told of the boys coming in upon him during a conference with some important visitor ,and saying reproachfully, "It's long after four o'clock, and you promised to go with us at four." "So I did" said Roosevelt. And he quickly finished his business with the visitor and went. When the children were young, he usually saw them at supper and into bed, and he talked of the famous pillow fights they had with him. House guests at the White House some times unexpectedly caught sight of him crawling in the entry near the children's rooms, with two or three children riding on his back. Roosevelt's days were seldom less than fifteen hours long, and we can guess how he regarded the laboring men of today who clamor for eight and six, and even. fewer hours, as the normal period for a day' s work. He got up at half-past seven and always finished breakfast by nine, when what many might call tile real work of his day began.The unimaginative laborer probably supposes that most of the duties which fall to an industrious President are not strictly work at all; but if any one had to meet for an hour and a half every forenoon such Congressmen and Senators as chose to call on him, he would understand that that was a job involving real work, hard work. They came every day with a grievance, or an appeal, or a suggestion, or a favor to ask, and he had to treat each one, not only politely, but more or less differently. Early in his Administration I heard it said that he offended some Congressmen by denying their requests in so loud a voice that others in the room could hear him, and this seemed to some a humiliation. President McKinley, on the other hand, they said, lowered his voice, and spoke so softly and sweetly that even his refusal did not jar on his visitor, and was not heard at all by the bystanders. If this happened, I suspect it was because Roosevelt spoke rather explosively and had a habit of emphasis. and not because he wished in any way to send his petitioner's rebuff through the room.Nor was the hour which followed this, when he received general callers, less wearing. As these persons came from all parts of the Union, so they were of all sorts and temperaments. Here was a worthy citizen from Colorado Who, on the strength of having once heard the President make a public speech in Denver, claimed immediate friendship with him. Then might come an old lady from Georgia, who remembered his mother's people there, or the lady from Jacksonville, Florida, of whom l have already spoken. Once a little boy, who was almost Lost in the crush of grown-up visitors, managed to reach the President, "What can I do for you?" the President asked; and the boy told how his father had died leaving his mother with a large family and no money, and how he was selling typewriters to help support her. His mother, he said, would be most grateful if the President would accept a typewriter from her as a gift. So the President told the little fellow to go and sit down until the other visitors had passed and then he would attend to him. No doubt, the boy left the White House well contented-and richer.6. From the stories which exemplify Roosevelt's affection for his family members, we can infer that_________.A. he was not flexible with his scheduleB. the President tried to fulfill his promises to themC. he would stopped whatever he was doing for themD. the President apologized to them when he could not stay with them7. According to the author, Theodore RooseveltA. was a hard-working PresidentB. Tried to reduce the length of his workdayC. really appreciated the idea of eight or six hours per workdayD. wished to work with the laboring men of today8. What might art unimaginative laborer think of the President's duties?A. Those duties were nothing for President Roosevelt.B. What the President did was to meet Congressmen and Senators.C. Many Congressmen and Senators liked to meet the President.D. The President thought his duties involved real and hard work.9. How was President Roosevelt's offending denial of some Congressmen' requests explained?A .The Congressmen fell humiliated.B. The President was easy to lose his temper.C. President McKinley helped to change the embarrassing situations.________.D. President Roosevelt had a rather forceful speaking manner.l0. How did the President treat the boy who had lost his father?A. He asked the boy to leave immediately.B. He accepted a typewriter as a gift from the boy's mother.C. He would rather stay alone with the boy.D. He would help the boy and the poor family.Passage ThreeWorld Trade Organization Director-general Renato Ruggiero predicted that the WTO would boast global incomes by $ 1 trillion in the next ten years. The pact paves the way for more foreign investment and competition in telecom markets. Many governments are making telecom deregulation a priority and making it easier for outsiders to enter the telecommunication business.The pace varies widely. The U. S. and Britain are well ahead of the pack, while Thailand won't be fully open until 2006. Only 20% of the $ 601 billion world market is currently open to competition. That should jump to about 75% in a couple of years-largely due to the Telecom Act in the U. S. last year that deregulated local markets, the opening up of the European Union's markets from Jan. 1, 1998 and the deregulation in Japan. The WTO deal now provides a forum for the inevitable disputes along the way. It is also symbolic: the first major trade agreement of the post-industrial age. Instead of being obsessed with textile quotas, the WTO pact is proof that governments are realizing that in an information age, telecom is the oil and steel of economies in the future. Businesses around the world are already spending more in total on telecom services than they do on oil.Consumers, meanwhile, can look forward to a future of lower prices--by some estimates, international calling rates should drop 80% over several years-and better service. Thanks in part to the vastly increased call volume carded by the fiber-optic cables that span the globe today, calling half a world away already costs little more than telephoning next door. The monopolies can no longer set high prices for international calls in many countries. In the U. S., the world' s most fiercely competitive tong distance market, frequent callers since last year have been paying about 12 cents a minute to call Britain, a price not much more than domestic rates.The new competitive environment on the horizon means more opportunities for companies from the U. S. and U. K. in particular because they have plenty of practice at the rough-and-tumble of free markets. The U. S. lobbied hard for the WTO deal, confident that its firms would be big beneficiaries of more open markets. Britain has been deregulated since 1984 but will see even more competition than before: in December, the government issued 45 new international licenses to join British Telecom so that it will become a strong competitor in the international market. However, the once-cosseted industry will get rougher worldwide. Returns on capital will come down. Risks will go up. That is how free market work. It will look like any otherbusiness.11 . Which of the following statements can best describe the main theme of the passage?A. There is a great potential in the world telecom market.B. The WTO pact has boosted a rapid development of telecom all over the world.C. The WTO pact has opened up bigger telecom markets to competition.D. Governments have realized the importance of telecommunication.12. What does "well ahead of the pack" mean in respect of the U. S. and Britain?A. Their telecom technology is much more advanced.8. Their telecom markets are much more open.C. They have more money invested in foreign telecom business.D. They have more competition in the telecom markets.13. We can reasonably conclude from the passage that_______.A. the world telecom market has been fully explored since the signing of the WTO pactB. telecom companies of the U. S. and U. K. will undoubtedly dominate the world telecom marketC. many- governments have granted a great investment in their telecom businessD. the UNTO pace means tougher competition for telecom companies and gentler price for callers14. in last paragraph, the word "lobby" probably means"_______",A. persuadeB. ApproveC. SeparateD. imitate15. The tone of this passage can be described as_________.A. informative and neutralC. enthusiastic and optimisticB. serious and cautiousD. analytical and worriedPassage FourFor me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements, every kind of historical knowledge).Apart from these sciences is philosophy about which we will tall shortly.In the first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge, sought only for the purpose of understanding, in order to fulfill the need to understand what is essential and substantial to man. What distinguishes man from animal is that he knows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed, and the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world and that he himself was of a certain kind he wouldn't be man. The technical aspects of applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human.But even while enjoying the results of technical progress, he must defend the primacy and independence of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary scope is in large part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall a well-known example. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic sections, zealously and without the least suspicion that it someday be useful, it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, would eventually lead to modem electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life. Pare knowledge is valuable for its own sake, because the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. But, in addition, it is the foundation for practical results *********** have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly.16. In the author's opinion,________.A. both social and natural sciences are aimed at understanding onlyB. both pure knowledge and its applications are equally essential to manC. philosophy is totally independent of the sciences referred to in the textD. the revolutionary results of pure science can hardly be imagined by Utopians17. The most important advances made by man come from______.A. technical applicationsB. apparently useless informationC. the natural sciencesD. the study of philosophy18. The Greeks who studied conic sections_______.A. invented modern mathematical applicationsB. were interested in navigationC. were unaware of the value of their studiesD. were forced to resign themselves to failure19. The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is_______.A.. The importance of Technical ProgressB. A Little Learning Is a Dangerous ThingC. Learning For Its Own SakeD. Man's Distinguishing Characteristics20. It can be inferred from the passage that mans need to know is chiefly important in that it________.A. allows the human race to progress technicallyB. comprises both the physics and social sciencesC. demonstrates human adaptabilityD. defines his essential humanityPassage FiveOne of the good things for men in women's liberation is hat men no longer have to pay women the old-fashioned courtesiesIn an article on the new manners , Ms. Holmes says that a perfectly able woman no longer has to act helplessly in public as if she were a model. For example, she doesn't need help getting in and out of cars. "Women get in and out of ears twenty times a day with babies and dogs. Surely they can get out by themselves at night just as easily."She also says there is no reason why a man should walk on the outside of a woman on the sidewalk. "Historically, the man walked on the inside so he caught the garbage thrown out of a window. Today a man is supposed to walk on the outside. A man should walk where he wants to. So should a woman . If, out of love and respect, he actually wants to take the blows, he should walk on the inside-because that's where attackers are all hiding these days."As far as manners are concerned, I suppose I have always been a supporter of women's liberation. Over the years, out of a sense of respect, I imagine., 1 have refused to trouble women with outdated courtesies.It is usually easier to follow rules of social behavior than to depend on one's own taste. But rules may be safely broken, of course, by those of us with the gift of natural grace. For example, when a man and a woman are led to their table in a restaurant and the waiter pulls out a chair, the woman is expected to sit in the chair. That is according to Ms. Ann Clark. I have always done it the other way, according to my wife.It came up only the other night. I followed the hostess to the table, and when she pulled the chair out I sat on it, quite naturally, since it happened to be the chair I wanted to sit in."Well," my wife said, when the hostess had gone, "you did it again.""Did what?" I asked, utterly confused."Took the chair"Actually, since I'd walked through the restaurant ahead of my wife, it would have been awkward, I should think, not to have taken the chair. I had got there first, after all.Also, it has always been my custom to get in a car first, and let the woman get in by herself. This is a courtesy I insist on as the stronger sex, out of love and respect. In times like these, there might be attackers hidden about. It would be unsuitable to put a woman in a car and then shut the door on her, leaving her at the mercy of some bad fellow who might he hiding in the back seat.21. 1t can be concluded from the passage thatA. It can to break rules of social behaviorsB. in women's liberation men are also liberatedC. women are becoming more competent than beforeD men should walk on the outside of a pavement22. What's the author's attitude about the whole question of manners and women's liberation?A. Serious.B. Critical.C. Joking.D. Satirical.23. Ms. Ann Clark would most probably agree that_________A. Ms. Holmes' opinions on the new manners are justifiedB. the author is a man with the gift of natural graceC. one should follow social custom instead of his own tasteD. men and women are equal in most of the social events24. By saving "you did it again" (Para. 7), the author's wife means that_______.A. the author should have shown his politeness by pulling out the chair for herB. the author should not have sat down before She didC. the author should not have sat in the chair pulled out by the waitressD. the author should have walked behind her25. Which of the following is NOT the reason why the author gets into a car before a woman?A. He intends to he polite to the woman.B. He does that by force of habit.C. He wants to protect the woman from hidden danger.D. He thinks women nowadays are as capable as men..Passage Six"Youth" and "culture" have been a rather more familiar pairing within sociology than "old age" and "culture". Young people's spending on clothes, stereo equipment and cosmetics meant that the "teenager" became a vitally important consumer of leisure goods and services. These features of young people's experiences, along with. their increasing proportion within the total population, inevitably caught the attention of several influential sociologists who went on to describe and analyze the phenomenon of "youth culture". In recent decades, the situation has changed somewhat. With the aging of the population, it is older people who represent an increasing proportion within the total population, some of whom enjoy relative affluence with high levels of disposable income. Consequently, it is older people, rather than younger people, who are increasingly regarded as important consumers of leisure goods and services. Several sociologists have begun to analyze the cultural implications of population aging. Andrew Blaikie in his book first addressed the phenomenon of "gray culture" at length.Blaikie focuses in particular on the change in styles of growing old embodied in notion of the Third Age. This is the stage of the life course after retirement from paid work, where activity ,leisure and pleasure are enjoyed before the onset of old age proper brings social dependency, physical infirmities and death. Blaikie's book is not about how individuals with an accumulation of chronological years actually experience latter life, but is instead an examination of the changing discourses of growing old as these are expressed in popular culture.Btaikie's analysis is sensitive to the issues raised by the reconstruction of old age as a "leisure and pleasure" filled life course stag e, including “its meaningfulness to those without the financial or other resources necessary to enjoy it. Importantly, he also discusses what the cultural reconstruction of the post-retirement phase of the life course means for our understandings and representations of "deep old age " and the biological inevitability of death.For a book so concerned with the analyses of visual representations of later life, there are few actualillustrations. This must be regarded as a weakness. More often than not, the reader is wholly reliant on Blaikie's own description of visual sources and his interpretation of how these represent later life. The reproduction of a greater number of cartoons or photographs would have greatly improved the persuasiveness of his analysis. Nevertheless, this is a timely book which makes an important contribution to the literature on the cultural reconstruction of later life.26. According to the first sentence of the article, you can conclude that_________.A. youth are more familiar with sociology than the elderlyB. the elderly are more familiar with sociology than youthC. there are more researches on behaviors and life styles of the elderly than those of elderly within sociologyD. There are more researches on behaviors and life styles of the elderly than those of youth within sociology27. What are the main contents of Blaikie's book?A. The problems raised by the aging of population.B. The change in styles of growing old.C. The consuming tendency of older people.D. The analysis of visual description of later life.28.What caused the appearance of the "gray culture" phenomenon?A. An increasing proportion of older people within the total population.B. Older people are regarded as important consumers of leisure goods and services.C .Some sociologists have begun to study the cultural implications of an aging populationD. All of the above.29. Which of the following statements about the Third Age in paragraph 2 is true?A. The elderly can't work in this stage.B. The elderly lives are full of pleasure during the whole stage.C. For the elderly, depending on society and death are inevitable finally.D. The elderly are afraid of death very much.30. The significance of the cultural reconstruction of old age mainly lies in_________.A. helping old people in financial difficulties to enjoy their livesB. helping the elderly to communicate with youth easilyC. helping the elderly to improve their life standardsD. helping us to understand the elders and deathII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each):31. By Christmas____ I in this office for ten years.A. will workB. will he workingC: will have been working D. will have worked32. The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is _______ anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.A. everything exceptB. anything butC. no less thanD. nothing more than33. Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger, he box was full of crockery, much of itA. breakB. to breakC. breaking D broken34. Jim's score on the test is the highest; he____ hard.A .should have studied B. could have studiedC. must have studiedD. could study35. The newspapers in my hometown don't have as many pares as they _______ here.A. areB. doC. haveD. can he36. "That English fellow's songs are very poetic ."______the words to the songs, but he also composes the music."A. He also writesB. Although he writesC. Not only does he writeD. It is not all that he writes37.________a research student, I would at least master two foreign languages.A. Should I becomeB. I should becomeC. Would I becomeD. Have I become38. When the stranger walked towards him, he fled, the door ______behind him.A. slammedB. to slamC. slantD. slamming39. It is important that an undergraduate _____a grade point average of B" in his major field.A. maintainsB. maintainC. will maintainD. shall maintain40. The farmer put up iron fences around the flower ______garden neighbor's sheep should beak in.A. on condition thatB. now thatC. lestD. but41. She agreed to take the naughty boy along ___he behaved himself.A. whetherB. thatC. providedD. in case42._______more important, not only the lost cities were recovered, but the new cities were built.A. That isB. It isC. BecauseD. What is43. She bought a knife from the shop ____to peel an apple.A. whichB. with thatC. with whichD. at which44.If it hadn't been for the doctor's care, I ______speaking to you now.A .would not be B. would not have beenC. will not heD. will not have been45. To a highly imaginative writer , _____is a pad of paper and a pen.A. all are requiredB. all which is requiredC. all is requiredD. all that is required46. In November 1987 the government _____a public debate on the future direction of the official sports policy. A, initiated B. designed C. induced D. promoted47. It is unfortunate that the members of the committee do not_______ in opinion.A. coincideB. conformC. complyD. collaborate48. All draughts must be ______ from the room.A .ejected B. expelled C. excluded D. exiled49. Planning our vocation we must take the frequent _______of the weather into considerationA. transformation B .transmission C. transaction D. transition50. USA is one of the Powers in the world, but it's a (n) _____that in such a rich country there should be so many poor people.A. paradoxB. prejudiceC. dilemmaD. conflictIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each):There are three separate sources of hazard (51) _________to the use of nuclear reaction to supply us with energy. Firstly, the radioactive material must travel from its place of manufacture to the power station (52)________the power stations themselves are solidly built, the container used for transport of the material are not. Unfortunately, there are (53) _________only two methods of transport available, (54)______road or rail, and both of these (55)__________close contact with the general public, (56)_______the routes are (57)_______to pass near, or even through, (58) _________populated areas.Secondly, there is a problem of wastes. All nuclear power stations produce wastes which (59) ______will remain radioactive for thousands of years. It is (60) ______to de-active these wastes, and so they must be stored (61) _______one of the ingenious but cumbersome ways that scientists have invented. For example, they must be buried under the ground (62) _______sunk in the sea. However, these (63) _______do not solve the problem completely, they merely store it, since an earth-quake could (64)_____open the containers like nuts.Thirdly, there is the problem of accidental exposure (65) _____to a leak or an explosion at the power station. (66)______with the other two hazards, this is not very likely and does not provide a serious (67) ___to the nuclear program,(68)____it can happen, as the inhabitants of Harrisburg will tell you.Separately; and during short periods, these three types of risk no great cause for concern. (69)______, though, and especially (70)_________much longer periods, the probability of a disaster is extremely high. 51. A. related B. connected C. associated D. affiliated。
2010年四川大学博士生入学考试英语试题
Translation (30%)Part A (20%)要想真正生活得幸福和平安，一个人至少应该有两三种业余爱好，而且必须是真正的爱好。
到了晚年才开始说“我要培养这个或那个兴趣”是毫无用处的，这种尝试只会增加精神上的负担。
在与自己日常工作无关的领域中，一个人或许能获得渊博的知识，但却很难有所收益或得到放松。
做自己喜欢的事是无益的，你得喜欢自己所做的事。
广而言之，人可以分为三个类别：劳累而死的人、忧虑而死的人和无聊而死的人。
对于那些体力劳动者来说，一周辛苦的工作使他们筋疲力尽，因此在周六下午给他们提供踢足球或者打棒球的机会是没有意义的。
对于政界人士、专业人士或者商人来说，他们已经为棘手的事务操劳或者烦恼了六天，因此在周末请他们为琐事劳神同样毫无意义。
Part B (10%)1.Chengdu is a city that makes you reluctant to leave once you’re here.2.Do not lust for a windfall. Do not drink too much wine.3.Courtesy seats. (Seats reserved for the elderly, infirm, sick, disabled andpregnant.)4.As a job seeker, dressing too casually can be detrimental to your odds of beinghired.5.The survey shows that few people are able to devote themselves fully to theircareer.V. Writing (29%)SampleGo West, Revitalize Our NationAs with the great appeal for the western frontier development in the 19th in the USA, there is also an urgent need for patriotic and energetic young people to go west and make contributions to the western region development nowadays in China. During the decades of years, the eastern region of China has been developing rapidly since its reform and opening up to the outside world. But the western region still remains undeveloped.There are various reasons why the landlocked west has lagged behind in its economic development. The chief reason, I think, is that the opening up policies enables the east to lure more foreign capital and make a fantastic spurt in its development. As a result, the gap between the east and the west has been widened. In addition, the west’s unique unfavorable geographic positions greatly limit its development. In fact, most of the poor population, who still have subsistence problems, live there. If left unchanged, the underdevelopment in the west will greatly affect overall prosperity and even social stability.The large-scale development of West China is of a profound significance. Firstly, it will open a broad development space for central and eastern regions. Besides, it’s essential to China’s overall economic progress. What’s more, it’s theonly effective way to decrease the imbalance of economic development in the East and West so as to revitalize our nation.However, the western region development is a long-term systematic project. The chief goal is to build west China with economic prosperity, social progress, political stability and beautiful landscape. I am deeply convinced that with the joint participation of people from all walks, we can develop the western region soundly in the near future.Sample 2Developing western region is a contemporary social issue in China of common interests, in accordance with the “Go west, young man”, a history topic in the United States that people who are interested in making their lives worthy on the frontier. In the 19century, government has couraged more and more people to devoted their life arising from the striking economic development.Patriotic and energetic young people going west are more likely to be promoted. It is found that there are a number of factors accounting for this phenomenon that make contributions to the western region, of which the following three may be the most significant. First, there are poor education in western, in contrast to the easter confronted stepping into a variety of education around the world. Second, in the western, the pace of economic development was slower than the easterns’. Finally, with many cities in the western dealing with divers social problems.Correction:As for me, there are a couple of reasons accounting for the urgent need to develop the western region of China. First, the west lags far behind the east in the standard of education, which is detrimental to cultivating talents. Second, by contrast, the pace of economic development in the west is much slower than that in the east, and that not only contributes largely to poverty and backwardness here but also triggers frequent occurrences of social unrest, which aggravates poverty and backwardness in turn.In my opinion, never in the history has the issue of developing western region been more provocative than at present. It is imperative that we take the initiative to encourage young people, especially graduated students from college, to induce widely concern about the western development and make a variety of lifestyles in the western.。
四川大学英语考试题参考答案与解析
四川大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷参考答案与解读Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension(略>Part Ⅱ Vocabulary and StructuresSection A16．【答案】B【解读】本题空格处是说现代民主的本质。
B项的essence“本质”符合题意。
其他三项loop“循环”；equivalent“等价物”；velocity“速度，速率”都不正确。
b5E2RGbCAP17．【答案】D【解读】本题中，credible的意思是“可信的，可靠的”；undeniable的意思是“不可否认的”；dynamic的意思是“动态的”；tangible的意思是“可触摸的，有形的，切实的”。
四个选项中，只有D项符合题意。
p1EanqFDPw18．【答案】C【解读】本题中，dissection的意思是“剖析”；casualty的意思是“伤亡”；criteria的意思是“标准”；necessity的意思是“必需品”。
只有C项符合题意。
DXDiTa9E3d19．【答案】A【解读】本题空格处是说蒙古人和他们亚洲祖先的遗产。
A项的legacy“遗产(祖先、前人或过去传下来的某种东西>”符合题意。
其他三项bequest“遗产，遗赠”；converse“相反的事物”；miracle“奇迹”都不正确。
RTCrpUDGiT20．【答案】D【解读】本题中，D项的plausible“似乎有理的”符合题意，如：a plausible excuse(看似有理的借口>。
其他三项stable“稳定的”；absolute“绝对的”；immortal“不朽的”都不正确。
5PCzVD7HxA21．【答案】B【解读】本题空格处是说发现了令人信服的证据。
B项的compelling“强制性的，令人信服的，引人注目的”符合题意，如：compelling ambition and egotism(令人信服的志气和自负>。
[考研类试卷]2010年四川大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2010年四川大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、名词解释1 State what you know about the following terms IN ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH; language as interaction2 recreational function of language3 UG(universal grammar)4 fricative consonant5 IC analysis6 Define the following terms with at least two examples;conceptual meaning7 radiation in word meaning8 performative verb9 conversational implicature10 linguistic relativity二、词汇题11 Determine the original term from which the following words were back-formed:(10 points)asset12 burgle13 enthuse14 greed15 hush16 automate17 donate18 escalate19 homesick20 amusing三、简答题21 Why do we need to teach culture in our language classroom?22 What is communicative competence? How should we develop it in our foreign language learning?23 Please briefly answer the following question IN ABOUT 500 WORDS:(10 points) Anthropological linguists E. Sapir and B. Whorf claim that the language a people use shapes their perspective of perception, which in turn shapes their thought. The key notions of their famous " Sapir-Whorfian Hypothesis" include " language determinism" and " language relativity". Do you know anything about the notions of theirs? If you do, what is your opinion on it? Please briefly express your ideas in a passage.。
2010年四川大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2010年四川大学考博英语真题及详解Ⅰ.Reading Comprehension(30%;one point each):Passage1In the case of mobile phones,change is everything.Recent research indicates that the mobile phone is changing not only our culture,but our very bodies as well.First,let’s talk about culture.The difference between the mobile phone and its parent,the fixed-line phone,is that a mobile number corresponds to a person,while a landline goes to a place.If you call my mobile,you get me.If you call my fixed-line phone,you get whoever answers it.This has several implications.The most common one,however,and perhaps the thing that has changed our culture forever,is the"meeting"influence.People no longer need to make firm plans about when and where to meet.Twenty years ago,a Friday night would need to be arranged in advance.You needed enough time to allow everyone to get from their place of work to the first meeting place.Now,however,a night out can be arranged on the run.It is no longer “see you there at8”,but“text me around8and we’ll see where we all are”.Texting changes people as well.In their paper,“Insights into the Social and Psychological Effects of SMS Text Messaging”,two British researchers distinguished between two types of mobile phone users:the“talkers”and the“texters”—those who prefer voice to text messages and those who prefer text to voice:They found that the mobile phone’s individuality and privacy gave texters the ability to express a whole new outer personality.Texters were likely to report that their family would be surprised if they were to read their texts.This suggests that texting allowed texters to present a serf-image that differed from the one familiar to those who knew them well.Another scientist wrote of the changes that mobiles have brought to body language.There are two kinds that people use while speaking on the phone.There is the“speakeasy”:the head is held high,in a self-confident way,chatting away.And there is the“spacemaker”:these people focus on themselves and keep out other people.Who can blame them?Phone meetings get cancelled or reformed and camera-phones intrude on people’s privacy.So,it is understandable if your mobile makes you nervous.But perhaps you needn’t worry so much.After all,it is good to talk.1.When people plan to meet nowadays,they______.A.arrange the meeting place beforehandB.postpone fixing the place till the last minuteC.seldom care about when and where to meetD.still love to work out detailed meeting plans2.According to the two British researchers,the social and psychological effects are mostly likely to be seen on______.A.talkersB.the"speakeasy"C.the“spacemaker”D.texters3.We can infer from the passage that the texts sent by texters are______.A.quite revealingB.well writtenC.unacceptable by othersD.shocking to others4.According to the passage,who is afraid of being heard while talking on the mobile?A.TalkersB.The“speakeasy”C.The“spacemaker”D.Texters5.An appropriate tide for the passage might be______.A.The SMS Effect.B.Cultural Implications of Mobile Phone Use.C.Changes in the Use of the Mobile.D.Body Language and the Mobile Phone.【答案与解析】1.B本文谈论的是移动电话带来的变化，文中第三段谈论到移动电话最常见的可能永远改变我们文化的一个变化就是对会面的影响，在没有移动电话之前，人们会提前约好见面的地点，但现在，人们可以随时联系确定见面地点。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编33(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编33(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．India’s internal structure can never be ______ with Europe’s.A．sameB．similarC．identicalD．equal正确答案：C解析：identical(with)a.同一个：完全相同的(如：That is the identical pen I lost．The fingerprints of no two persons are identical．This copy is identical with the ones you bought last week．)。
same a.相同的，一样的(习惯上与定冠词the连用)。
similar(to)a.相似的，类似的。
equal(to／with)a.相等的，同样的：平等的；胜任的。
2．Louis was asked to ______ the man who stole her purse.A．identifyB．recognizeC．claimD．confirm正确答案：A解析：identify vt．认出，鉴定(身份)；认为……等同于(with)(如：She identified him as her attacker．I cannot identify this signature．Wealth cannot be identified with happiness．)。
recognize vt．认出，识别；承认。
claim vt．声称，主张；说……是自己的，索取。
confirm vt．确定，批准，使巩固，使有效。
3．There was snow everywhere, so that the shape of things was difficult to ______. (2010年四川大学考博试题)A．identifyB．authorizeC．justifyD．rationalize正确答案：A解析：在给出的选项中：identify“识别，鉴定，认明，认同，感同身受”：authorize“授权给，全权委托，允许，认可，批准”；justify“替……辩护，证明合法”：rationalize“使合理化，使有理化”。
2010年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案
2010年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案2010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。
2.试卷一（paper one）和试卷二（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时必须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between twospeakers. At the end of eachconversion, you will hear a questionabout what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA BCDNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1.A. She’s looking for a gift.B. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2.A. She hears noises in her ears day andnight.B. She has been overworking for a longtime.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, istroubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble dayand night.3.A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlierappointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4.A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C.8:40 D. 8:455.A. In a hotel. B.At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D.In the department store.6.A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.T o think twice before he make the decision.D.T o receive further training upon hisresignation.7.A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.S he had to work in the ER.D.S he went skiing.8.A. A customs officer. B.The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D.An immigration officer.9.A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.I t feels as if she is falling down.D.I t feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.J ohn has a dog that barks a lot.D.J ohn is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.T he math homework is difficult.D.T he math homework is fun.12. A. His backache. B.His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D.His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox andmeasles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.W hooping cough, smallpox and Germanmeasles.D.W hooping cough, chickenpox and Germanmeasles.14. A. Saturday morning. B.Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D.Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.H e’ll miss class latter this week.D.H e cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, youwill hear five questions. After eachquestion, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.H e has just recovered from an illness.D.H e will be discharged from the hospital thisafternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.H e was suffering from influenza.D.H e had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B.Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D.Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.T o stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.T o move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B.From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.D.From 7 pm to 9 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleepdeprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleepdeprivation.C.T he link between weight loss and physicalexercise.D.T he link between weight gain and physicalexercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B.More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D.More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained moreweight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight overtime than 7-hour ones.C.S hort-sleepers were 15% more likely tobecome obese.D.S hort-sleepers consumed fewer caloriesthan long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.L ower metabolic rate resulting from lesssleep.D.H igher metabolic rate resulting from lesssleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B.Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D.Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.S he is always considerate of my feelings.D.S he is the meanest mother in theneighborhood.27. A. A university instructor.B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.T hey usually wait and see.D.T hey usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.T hey are psychologically dependent.D.T heir brains are still immature in someareas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.C.S ay no to your teen when necessary.D.D on’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statementsare incomplete, beneath each ofwhich are four words or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D. Choosethe word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement andmark the letter of your choiceon the ANSWER SHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by thepolice.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurablecancer of the throat is in terrible pain,which can no longer besatisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported byfrom foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisementsD. accounts37. More legislation is needed to protectthe property rights of thepatent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligentD.intelligible38. Officials are supposed tothemselves to the welfare and healthof the general public.A. adaptB. confineC.commit D. assess39. You should stop yourcondition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown hisremarkably keen into humannature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a wordor phrase underlined, beneathwhich are four words or phrase.Choose the word or phrasewhich can best keep the meaningof the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlinedpart. Then mark the letter ofyour choice on the ANSWERSHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimentalto human health.A. toxicB. immuneC.sensitive D. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for thepatient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation inthe most graphic detail.A. verifiableB. explicitC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity ofeven the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that hehad to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of notbelieving her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way oftelling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office jobor not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery forthe patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil whenevents suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertPart III Cloze(10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choice markedA, B, C and D listed on the right side.Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normalweight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young women to 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only 61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron in the blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may becomedependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposelyC. particularlyD. passionately52. A. from B. ofC. atD. in53. A. kill B. starveC. abuseD. worsen54. A. When B. WhileC. AsD. Since55. A. lost B. derivedC. generatedD. synthesized56. A. what B. whyC. howD. which57. A. good B. highC. lowerD. poor58. A. represent B. makeC. presentD. exert59. A. medication B. illusionC. motionD. action60. A. habit B. behaviorC. disorderD. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by fivequestions. For each question thereare four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answerand mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobilephone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit.The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.John Tattersall, a researcher on the health effects of radiation at the Defense Evaluation and Research Agency’s site at Porton Down,agrees that it might be wise to limit phone use by children. “If you have a developing nervous system, it’s known to be more susceptible to environmental insults,”he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the InternationalCommission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,” says Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yetwhether mobile phone emissions can harmhuman tissue, according to thegovernment report, does not meanthat .A. the government should prohibitchildren from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for thesake of safetyC. the industry can have a right topromote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrainmobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible healtheffects63. On the issue in question,Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in thewayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that theUK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voiceof Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the currentsafety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards onsafety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit onthe mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passage?A . Brain WaveB. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.Evidence of the smile’s ascent may be seen infamous paintings in museums and galleries throughout the world. The vast majority of prosperous bigwigs(要人),voluptuous nudes, or middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey R.Ball.In some non-Western cultures, Trumblenotes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples, to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’sbeauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except”Have a nice day？”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems thatwhether there is a smile or not in theportraits or pictures is decidedby .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .A. a fortune to come with cosmetic advancesB . an identical smile for everybobyC . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection of his many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian ofmicrobiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it,Wainwright says, but the small quantities that were available were weak and impure. “It’s g enerally accepted that it was no good,”says Wainwright.He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infections if he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.”And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell get it?Wainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.“I have proof the Allies were sending it tothese countries,”says Wainwright. “I’m saying this would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving a car-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,”says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infected73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’s personal doctor .A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Whichof the following can be the best title for the passage?A.HowHitler Manage to Survive Assassination Attempts?B.Morrell Loyal to His German Primier?C.HitlerSaved by Allied Drugs?D.Penicillin Abused in German?Passage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing a few pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on its own, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and this is subtracted from their normal weight togive the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential to spare?A. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner . A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and。
华慧四川大学考博英语阅读理解题型分析及专项训练
四川大学考博英语阅读理解，共30分四川大学阅读理解有六篇短文，三十个选择题，1分1个，共30分。
主要测试考生在规定时间内通过阅读获取相关信息的能力。
考生须完成1800～2200词汇的阅读量。
题目从四个选项中选出最佳答案。
四川大学考博英语阅读理解专项训练 Well, for a fortnight it was a splendid party. Now for the Olympic bills-and that hangover will last for years. The Greek Olympic committee reckons it can break even: half of its $2.3 billion budget for running the games will come, via the International Olympic Committee, from broadcasters, most of the rest from commercial sponsors, ticket sales and merchandising. But what about the taxpayer? Overall, Greek and （modestly） other European Union taxpayers have spent $300m helping to run the games, nearly $1.5 billion keeping them secure, and some $7 billion preparing facilities for them. In all, that means near 5% of 2003 Greek GDP, roughly $800 for every single inhabitant, pensioner or babe, taxpayer or not. Top-level sport is a business, albeit not, in the Olympic version, one aiming for profit-nor answerable to outside shareholders. Should it be subsidized to this extent? Most Greeks think so. They were told the games would be costly. Few can have doubted the costs would go wildly over budget; in the event, by about 50%. That figure of $800 per head was not put flatly to them, but if the opinion polls are any guide, four Greeks in five welcomed the games-and probably still do: their country rebutted the sneers thatnothing would be ready, it ran the show well, it has had a terrific time and weeks of exposure to the world's cameras, and it is left with some durable improvements to its infrastructure. Anyway, these Greeks can say, an elected government, backed by public opinion, is entitled to do what it likes: others send men into space, we run the Olympics-as we should have been allowed to do in 1996, centenary of their first modern celebration. That is true. But democratic governments can do damn-fool things; sending men into space, for example. Was the Greeks' spending wise? Prestige, publicity and proud memories are not to be ignored. But what else is left? A magnificent stadium and its accompanying public park in Athens, plus various other venues in the city or nearby; four big provincial stadiums; some cheap housing in the capital; better roads there, a bigger and better metro system, a new suburban rail line and a new tramway to the southern beaches. As one Athenian version puts it, 20 years' infrastructure improvements in five. Actually, that is not what they got. Less than $1.5 billion of the money spent has gone into the EU-subsidised transport improvements, sensible as they may be. Two weeks of security apart, most of the rest has gone into the new sports facilities. Some of these will be useful in the future, some less so. It is a fair bet that all will lose money, unless Greece can somehow achieve that rich and sports-mad Australia, with its inheritance from the Sydney games of 2000, has not. Thatseems unlikely. Granted, sports facilities can be a public good, and one that most voters approve of. But are world-class sports facilities really the public good on which the hugely indebted government of a small and not very rich country such as Greece should rush to spend over $5.5 billion? What about schools and hospitals, or the roads and other bits of infrastructure that might generate business investment, and so produce genuine economic growth, rather than mere prestige? In this context, the Greek government's claim that “oh, we'll cut spending in other ways” is hardly persuasive or even to the point. If public spending ought to be or can readily be cut, cut it anyway. If you need better public infrastructure, invest in what you need, not in what suits the International Olympic Committee. 31.The majority of Greeks, according to the text, are supportive_____. [A] preparing a splendid of horticultural party [B] abiding by the Olympic chapter [C] manufacturing commercial facilities for world expo [D] overfunding the 2003 Olympic Games 32.It is implied in the second paragraph that Greeks stilldoubt_____. [A] the comment made IOC members [B] centenary of their first national anniversary [C] the hosting right of 1996 Olympic Games [D] the 2003 failure of the International Olympic Committee 33.“Sending men into space” is quoted to_____. [A] exemplify absurd conducts [B] prove the strength of an average nation [C] report the rapid development of aeronautical science [D] survey the current exploitation of the extraterritorial conditions 34.The author's attitude toward the official assertionis_____. [A] approval [B] ambivalence [C] denial [D] confusion 35.Which of the following could be the best title of text? [A] Great sport, great feat. [B] Greek Sport Events. [C] Pity about the misspent billions. [D] Money can make the mare go. 参考答案：31. D 32. C 33. A 34. C 35. C四川大学考博英语备考专题2016年四川大学考博英语VIP保过班-全程1对1辅导考川大更轻松！2016年四川大学考博英语协议全程班-5次1对1辅导考川大更轻松！2016年四川大学考博英语系统全程班-考川大更轻松！华慧四川大学川大考博英语一本通含独家历年试题答案解析四川大学/川大考博英语历年真题汇总四川大学考博英语复习资料：《四川大学考博英语一本通》-华慧考博网《四川大学考博英语历年试题及参考答案解析》-华慧书城《华慧考博英语10000词汇详解》-天猫商城：华慧旗舰店《华慧考博英语阅读220篇》-天猫商城：华慧旗舰店《华慧考博英语完形专项训练》-华慧书城《华慧考博英语写作专项训练》-华慧书城《华慧考博英语翻译专项训练》-华慧书城华慧考博网四川大学考博英语辅导班：四川大学考博英语VIP保过班-全程1对1辅导四川大学考博英语系统全程班-赠《华慧考博英语一本通》四川大学考博英语协议全程班-5次1对1辅导四川大学考博英语真题班-近三年四川大学考博英语真题详解。
2010年四川大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷答案
一、名词解释1 【正确答案】 Language as interaction involves not just vocal behavior but many kinds of behavior and to engage in face-to-face communication is to co-monitor with the other person on a behavioral continuum along which a succession of integrated events can be expected to occur.【试题解析】 (考查语言交际论的定义)2 【正确答案】 It refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, such as singing or poetry writing.【试题解析】 (考查语言的娱乐功能)3 【正确答案】 Universal grammar holds that there are certain fundamental grammatical ideas which all humans possess without having to learn them, which acts as a way to explain how language acquisition works in humans by showing the most basic rules that all languages have to follow.【试题解析】 (考查普遍语法的定义)4 【正确答案】 Fricative consonant is produced when there is close approximation of two articulators so that the airstream is partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced, which includes[f],[v],[θ], and so on.【试题解析】 (考查摩擦音的定义)5 【正确答案】 IC analysis, short for Immediate Constituent Analysis, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents—word groups(or phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.【试题解析】 (考查直接成分分析法)6 【正确答案】 Conceptual meaning, also called denotative meaning, involves the relationship between a linguistic unit and the nonlinguistic entities to which it refers. Forexample, a desk is a piece of furniture with a flat top and four legs, at which one reads and writes; and a dog is an animal kept as a pet, for guarding buildings, or for hunting.【试题解析】 (考查概念意义)7 【正确答案】 Radiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays. The meanings are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning. For example, the primary meaning of the word "neck" is that part of a man or animal jointing the head to the body, but it can also mean the neck of an animal used as food. Therefore, we can say "neck" has developed through the process of radiation. Another example is the word " head". In the phrases like the head of a school, to come to a head, the word " head" has different meanings, but they all derive from special application of the central idea of head as a part of the body.【试题解析】 (考查词义辐射)8 【正确答案】 Performative verbs are verbs carried out simply by means of uttering them aloud. The uttering of the verbs is, or is a part of, the doing of the action. Performative verbs include "promise" ,"invite" /'apologize" , and so on. For example, when a judge sentences someone to jail time, the action is completed when he or she says, "I hereby sentence you to five years in prison," or in sentences like "I name this ship the Queen Elizabeth. "【试题解析】 (考查施为性动词)9 【正确答案】 Conversational implicature is proposed by H. P. Grice. It refers to a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. In this sense, implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or 言外之意 in Chinese. For example, the sentence "Mary had a baby and got married" strongly suggests that Mary had the baby before the wedding, but the sentence would still be strictly true if Mary had her baby after she got married. To make it clearer, we can see another Chinese examplein a film. A boy says to a girl “你不戴眼镜时很漂亮”, and the girl immediately responds “我戴眼镜时一定很丑了”. Now the boy may have reason to deny that the girl's interpretation is what he said. But he may not be able to deny in all fairness that this is, at least partly, what he implied.【试题解析】 (考查会话含义理论)10 【正确答案】 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express our unique ways of understanding the world. The hypothesis has two important points, linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. The principle of linguistic relativity holds that the structure of a language affects the ways in which its speakers are able to conceptualize their world, i. e. their world view. One of the examples is that there are many words for "snow" in the Inuit language, and the other example is that there are many words for "horse" in the Mongolian language.【试题解析】 (考查语言相对论)二、词汇题11 【正确答案】assets→asset12 【正确答案】 burgl ar→burgle13 【正确答案】enthusiasm→enthuse14 【正确答案】greedy→greed15 【正确答案】hushed→hush16 【正确答案】automation→automate17 【正确答案】donation→donate18 【正确答案】escalator→escalate19 【正确答案】homesickness→homesick20 【正确答案】amusingly→amusing三、简答题21 【正确答案】 We have to teach culture in the language classroom because language is an indispensable carrier of culture. Culture finds a better representation through language use. A joint study of these two subjects will definitely broaden the horizon of the students' knowledge and enhance the study of language. The correlation highlights the pursuit of the relationship between the two.(2 points)Therefore, we have to keep in mind that it is a rather difficult job to know another culture. At the same time, we have to realize the fascinating role of cultural knowledge in language teaching.(1 point)In language teaching, we have to get the students familiar with cultural differences; to help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture will; and to emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practices. All in all, successful mastery of a given language has much to do with an understanding of that culture.(2 points)【试题解析】考查文化在外语教学中的重要意义。
2010年四川大学翻译硕士英语真题讲解
2010年四川大学翻译硕士英语真题讲解I，1-5 ADBDD6-10 CCDDB11-15 CDBCA16-20 BDCCDIISection 1Passage A, 1-5 ADCCBPassage B, 6-10 ADDBCSection 2Question 1-31, Sing Sing is a prison town.One function of Sing Sing is to remove prisoners from society and keep them from doing further harm, and another one is to help prisoners and encourage them and turn them into law-abiding citizens.2, Sing Sing is a school, hospital and factory as well as a prison. Anything you couldn't do on the outside, you can't do on the inside. Sing Sing respect every prisoner inside and help them to develop their talents, they have everything like outsiders, just with restricted freedom.3,"Good time", an important source of hope, refers to the time by which, through prisoner's own good conduct, a prisoner may reduce his minimum sentence.It has great importance to the prisoners, because it may reduce his minimum sentence, and it gives aprisoner the hope of freedom.Question 4-54, The purpose of the article is to demonstrate what Mexicans gave to the United States, because in the first paragraph the author mentioned that " The truth is that the cowboy's horse, clothes and trade are all part of the rich heritage contributed by Mexico to her northern neighbor, and in the following paragraphs the author demonstrate his argument through different aspect, such as language, how to make a living, region expanded, and also roads built, etc.5, It suggests that the United States are indebted to the Mexicans in countless ways.III. Writing根据所提供的信息，写一篇400字左右的评论。
(推荐)四川大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题
四川大学2005年博士研究生入学英语考试题Passage 1As the horizons of science have expanded, two main groups of scientists have emerged. One is the pure scientist; the other, the applied scientist.The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to understand the basic laws of nature that govern our world. The applied scientist adapts this knowledge to practical problems. Neither is more important than the other, however, for the two groups are very much related. Sometimes, however, the applied scientist finds the "problem" for the theoretical scientist to work on. Let's take a particular problem of the aircraft industry: heat-resistant metals. Many of the metals and alloys which perform satisfactorily in a car cannot be used in a jet-propelled plane. New alloys must be used, because the jet engine operates at a much higher temperature than an automobile engine. The turbine wheel in a turbojet must withstand temperatures as high as 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, so aircraft designers had to turn to the research metallurgist for the development of metals and alloys that would do the job in jet-propelled planes.Dividing scientists into two groups is only one broad way of classifying them, however. When scientific knowledge was very limited, there was no need for men to specialize. Today, with the great body of scientific knowledge, scientistsspecialize in many different fields. Within each field, there is even further subdivision. And, with finer and finer subdivisions, the various sciences have become more and more interrelated until no one branch is entirely independent of the' others. Many new specialties --geophysics and biochemistry, for example -- have resulted from combining the knowledge of two or more sciences.1. The applied scientist ______.A. is not always interested in practical problemsB. provides the basic knowledge for practiceC. applies the results of research to practiceD. does original research to understand the basic laws of nature2. The example given in the passage illustrates how ___.A. pure science operates independently of applied scienceB. the appliedscientist discovers the basic laws of natureC. applied science defines all the areas in which basic research is doneD. applied science suggests problems for the basic scientist3. The problem discussed in the second paragraph called for____.A. selecting the best hear-resistant metal from existing metalsB. developing a turbine wheel capable of generating heat up to 1,600 degrees FahrenheitC. developing metals and alloys that would withstand terrific temperaturesD. causing the jet engine to operate at higher temperatures4. Finer mad finer subdivision in the field of science has resulted in_____.A. greater independence of each scienceB. greater interdependence of all the various sciencesC. the eradication of the need for specialistsD. the need for onlyon classification of scientists5. "The horizons of science have expanded" means that____.A. the horizon changes its size from year to yearB. science has developed more fields of endeavorC. scientists have made great progress in studying the horizonD. scientists can see further out into spacechow Passage 2In The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society, Revised and Enlarged Edition (W. W. Norton) Schlesinger provides deep insights into the crises of nationhood in America. A new chapter assesses the impact both of radical multiculturalism and radical monoculturalism on the Bill of rights. Written with his usual clarity and force, the book brings a noted historian's wisdom and perspective to bear on America's "culture wars".Schlesinger addresses the questions: What holds a nation together? And what does it mean to be an American? Describing the emerging cult of ethnicity, Schlesinger praises its healthy effect on a nation long shamed by a history of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. But he warns against the campaign of multicultural advocates to divide the nation into separate ethnic and racial communities. From the start, he observes, the United States has been a multicultural nation, rich in its diversity but held together by a shared commitment to the democratic process and by the freedom of intermarriage. It was this national talent for assimilation that impressed foreign visitors like Alexis de Tocqueville and James Bryce, and it is this historic goal that Schlesinger champions as the best hope for the future. Schlesinger analyzes whathe sees as grim consequences of identity politics: the widening of differences. Attacks on the First Amendment, he argues, threaten intellectual freedom and, ultimately, the future of the ethnic groups. His criticisms are not limited to the left. As a former target of McCarthyism, he understands that the radical right is even more willing than the radical left to restrict and weaken the Bill of Rights.The author does not minimize the injustices concealed by the "melting pot" dream. The Disuniting of America is both academic and personal, forceful in argument, balanced in judgment. It is a book that will no doubt anger some readers, but it will surely make all of them think again. The winner of Pulitzer Prizes for history and for biography, an authoritative voice ofAmerican liberalism, Schlesinger is uniquely positioned to bring bold answers and healing wisdom to this passionate debate over who we are and what we should become.6. According to Schlesinger, the United States is_____.A. a melting potB. a nation with diverse cultures held together by the democratic processC. a federation of ethnic and racial communitiesD. a nation with various ethnic and racial groups7. We can infer from the passage that Schlesinger______.A. advocates the assimilation of different cultures into one nationhoodB. prefers multiculturalism to monoculturalismC. gives full support to the emerging cult of ethnicityD. holds that each racial group should keep its distinct identity8. The author wants to tell us that America_____.A. is experiencing a crisis of nationhoodB. is trying to restrict the Bill of RightC. has ended its history of racial prejudiceD. has tried to obstruct intellectual freedom9. According to the author, Schlesinger's book will____.A. cause anger among the radical rightB. cause anger among the radical leftC. put an end to the culture wars in AmericaD. provoke thinking among the readers10. This passage is most probably taken from __.A. a history bookB. a book introductionC. a book reviewD. a journal of literary criticismchow Passage 3The El Nino ("little boy" in Spanish) that pounded the globe between the summers of1997 and 1998 was in some measure the most destructive in this century. Worldwide damage estimates exceed ~20 billion --not to mention the human death toll caused by resulting droughts, floods and bushfires. El Nino and La Nina ("little girl") are part of a seesawing of winds and currents in the equatorial Pacific called ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) that appears every two to eight years. Normally, westward-blowing trade winds caused by the rotation of the earth and conditions in the Tropics push surface water across the Pacific towards Asia. The warm water piles up along the coasts of Indonesia, Australia and the Philippines, raising sea levels more than a foot above those on the South American side of the Pacific. As El Nino builds the normal east-to-west trade winds wane. Like water splashing in a giant bathtub, the elevated pool of warm water washes from Asian shores back towards South America.In last season's cycle, surface temperatures off the west coast of South America soared from a normal high of 23°C degrees to 28°C degrees. This area of warm water, twice the size of the continental US, interacted with the atmosphere, creating storms and displacing high-altitude winds. El Nino brought rain that flooded normally dry coastal areas of Ecuador, Chile and Peru, while droughts struck Australia and Indonesia. Fires destroyed some five million acres of Indonesian forest. The drought, along with the economic crisis, left about five million people desperate for food and water. These conditions helped set the stage for riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto. El Nino also took the blame for extreme temperatures in Texas last summer over 38°C degrees for a record 30 days in a row. In Florida, lush vegetation turned to tinder and bushfires raged. Even Britain has been sweltering with our hottest year on record in 1997.11. As El Sino builds, _____ .A. the normal westward trade winds weakenB. the normal eastward trade winds weakenC. the normal westward trade winds strengthenD. the normal eastward trade winds strengthen12. Which of the following statements is true?A. El Nino results from droughts, floods and bushfires.B. El Nino brought rain to most areas that were affected,C. When El Nino appeared, some of the world's rainforests were attacked by droughts.D. Most areas that were affected by El Nino got droughts.13. Once El Nino even played a role in the political world. What was it?A. President Suharto was overthrown by the drought caused by El Nino.B. El Nino caused riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto.C. President Suharto resigned because of the drought caused by El Nino.D. The drought caused by El Nino together with the economic crisis prevailing in Indonesia helped to overthrow President Suharto.14. The phrase "in a row" in the last paragraph means____.A. continuouslyB. in a lineC. awfullyD. now and then15. The writer of this passage is most likely to be____.A. an Australia observerB. a British nationalC. an American geographerD. an Indonesia journalistchow Passage 4In patients with Huntington's disease, it's the part of the brain called the basal ganglia that's destroyed. While these victims have perfectly intact explicit memory systems, they can't learn new motor skills. An Alzheimer's patient can learn to draw in a mirror but can't remember doing it: a Huntington's patient can't do it but can remember trying to learn. Yet anotherregion of the brain, an almond-size knot of neural tissue seems to be crucial in forming and triggering the recall of a special subclass of memories that is tied to strong emotion, especially fear. These are just some of the major divisions. Within the category implicit memory, for example, lie the subcategories of associative memory –the phenomenon that famously led Parlov's dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell which they had learned to associate with food and of habituation, in which we unconsciously file away unchanging features of the environment so we can pay closer attention to what's new and different upon encountering a new experience.Within explicit, or declarative memory, on the other hand, there are specific subsystems that handle shapes, textures such as faces, names -- even distinct systems to remember nouns vs. verbs. All of these different types of memory are ultimately stored in the brain's cortex, within its deeply furrowed outer layer -- a component of the brain dauntingly more complex than comparable parts in other species. Experts in brain imaging are only beginning to understand what goes where, and how the parts are reassembled into a coherent whole that seems to be a single memory is actually a complex construction. Think of a hammer, and your brain hurriedly retrieves the tool's name, its appearance, its function, its heft and the sound of its clang, each extracted from a different region of the brain. Fail to connect person's name with his or her face, and you experience the breakdown of that assembly process that many of us begin to experience in our 20s and that becomes downrightworrisome when we reach our 50s.It was this weakening of memory and the parallel loss of ability to learn new things easily that led biologist Joe Tsien to the experiments reported last week. "This age-dependent loss of function," he says, "appears in many animals, and it begins with the onset of sexual maturity."What's happening when the brain forms memories -- and what fails with aging, injury and disease -- involves a phenomenon known as "plasticity". It's obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember new things, but it's equally obvious that the organ doesn't change its overall structure or grow new nerve cells wholesale. Instead, it's the connections between new cells -- and particularly the strength of these connections that are altered by experience. Hear a word over and over, and the repeated firing of certain cells in a certain order makes it easier to repeat the firing pattern later on. It is the pattern that represents each specific memory.16. Which of the following symptoms can be observed in a person who suffers from the Huntington's disease?A. He cannot remember what he has done but can remember trying to learn.B. He cannot do something new but he can remember doing it.C. He suffers from a bad memory and lack of motor skills.D. He suffers from a poor basal ganglia and has intact explicit memory.17. According to the passage, which of the following memories has nothing to do with implicit memory?A. Associating a signal with an action.B. Recognizing of new features.C. Focusing on new environment.D. Remembering a familiar face of a friend.18. Which of the following may happen to a patient who suffered from damages tohis explicit memory?A. When he is in a new environment, he is always frightened.B. When he plays football, he cannot learn new tricks.C. When he sees a friend, it's hard for him to remember his name.D. When he finds a hammer, he cannot tell anything about it.19. The word "extract" in the second paragraph means_____.A. obtainB. removeC. pullD. derive20. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that_____.A. Scientists have found the mechanism underlying the memorizing activitiesB. More research must be done to determine the brain structure.C. Some researchers are not content with the findings.D. It is obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember. chow Passage 5Mobility of individual members and family groups tends to split up family relationships. Occasionally the movement of a family away from a situation which has been the source of friction results in greater family organization, but on the whole mobility is disorganizing. Individuals and families are involved in three types of mobility: movement in space, movement up or down in social status, and the movement of ideas. These are termed respectively spatial, vertical and ideational mobility.A great increase in spatial mobility has gone along with improvements in rail and water transportation, the invention and use of the automobile, and the availability of airplane passenger service. Spatial mobility results in a decline in the importance of the traditional home with its emphasis on family continuity and stability. It also means that when individual family members or the family as a whole move away from a community, the person or the family is removed from the pressures of relatives, friends, and community institutions for conventionality and stability. Even more important is the fact that spatial mobility permits some members of a family to come in contact with and possibly adopt attitudes, values, and ways of thinking different from those held by other family members. The presence of different attitudes values, and ways of thinking within a family may, and often does, result in conflict and family disorganization. Potential disorganization is present in thosefamilies in which the husband, wife and children are spatially separated over a long period, or are living together but see each other only briefly because of different work schedules.One index of the increase in vertical mobility is the great increase in the proportion of sons, and to some extent daughters who engage in occupations other than those of the parents. Another index of vertical mobility is the degree of intermarriage between social classes. This occurs almost exclusively between classes which are adjacent to each other. Engaging in a different occupation, or intermarriage, like spatial mobility, allows one to come in contact with ways of behavior different from those of the parental home, and tends to separate parents and their children.The increase in ideational mobility is measured by the increase in publications, such as newspapers, periodicals and books, the increase in the percentage of the population owning radios, and the increase in television sets. All these tend to introduce new ideas into the home. When individual family members are exposed to and adopt the new ideas, the tendency is for conflict to arise and for those in conflict to become psychologically separated from each other.21. What the passage tells us can be summarized by the statement___.A. potential disorganization is present in the American familyB. social development results in a decline in the importance of traditional familiesC. the movement of a family is one of the factors in raising its social statusD. family disorganization is more or less the result of mobility22. According to the passage, those who live in a traditional family ___A. can get more help from their family members if the are in troubleB. will have more freedom of action and thought if they move away from itC. are less likely to quarrel with others because of conventionality and stabilityD. have to depend on their relatives and friends if they do not move away from it23. Potential disorganization exists in those families in which ____A. the family members are subject to social pressuresB. both parents have to work full timeC. the husband, wife and children, and children seldom get togetherD. the husband, wife and children work too hard24. Intermarriage and different occupations play an important role in family disorganization because____.A. they enable the children to travel around without their parentsB. they enable the children to better understand the ways of behavior of their parentsC. they allow one to find a good job and improve one's social statusD. they permit one to come into contact with different ways of behavior and thinking25. This passage suggests that a well-organized family is a family whose members __A. are not psychologically withdrawn from one anotherB. seldom quarrel with each other even when they disagreeC. often help each other with true love and affectionD. are exposed to the same new ideas introduced by books, radios and TV sets chow Passage 6A design for a remotely-controlled fire engine could make long road or rail tunnels safer. It is the brainchild of an Italian fire safety engineer, who claims that his invention -- dubbed Robogat -- could have cut the death toll in the disastrous Mont Blanc tunnel fire in March 1999 which killed 41 people.Most of the people who perished dies within 15 minutes of smoke first being detected. Quick action is needed when fire breaks out in a tunnel. Robogat can travel at about 50 kilometers per hour. The Mont Blanc fire was 5 kilometers from the French end of the tunnel, so a machine could have got there in about six minutes.The Robogat has been designed and patented by Domenico Piatti of the Naples fire department. It runs on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnel. When the Robogat reaches a fire, it plugs into a modified water main running along the tunnel and directs its hoses at the base of the fire. It is capable of pumping 3,000 liters of high-pressure water per minute--about the same rate as that from an airport fire tender. Normal fire engines deliver 500 liters per minute. The machine's heat-resistant skin is designed to withstand temperatures of up to 1,000°C. Designed to fight fires in tunnels up to 12 kilometers long, the Robogat will be operated from a control centre outside the tunnel. Ideally, tunnels should have a Robogat stationed at each end, allowing fires to be tackled from both sides.Piatti says that it would be relatively cheap to install the Robogat in new tunnels, with each machine costing around ￡250,000. "That's not expensive," says Stuart Jagger, a British fire-fighting specialist, who adds, "Fire-fighters normally have to approach the blaze from upwind. People have dies if the ventilation is overwhelmed or someone changes the ventilation. If the robot worked remotely it would be an advantage." But this introduces extra problems: the Robogat would have to feed information about the state of the fire back to its controller, and the sensors, like the rest of the machine, would have to be fire-resistant. Piatti is now looking for financial backing to build a prototype.26. The Robogat can quickly get through to the scene of a fire because___.A. it is in position in the middle of the tunnelB. it can move on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnelC. it runs on a monorail and can take quick actionD. its modified water main can run along the tunnel quickly27. When fire breaks out in a tunnel, the most important thing is to __A. install a Rogogat quicklyB. detect the smoke quicklyC. change the ventilationD. take quick actions28. The Robogat is designed to pump water____.A. at a speed of 500 liters a minuteB. almost as fast as an airport tenderC. six times faster than an ordinary fire-engineD. at a rate of an airport fire tender29. According to the passage, because temperatures in a tunnel can be very high,____.A. the Robogat has to have a heat-resistant skinB, the Robogat is operated in a control centre outside the tunnelC. the Robogat can only work at the scene of a fire for a limited periodD. a Robogat is stationed at each end30. One problem that has not yet been solved, it seems, is that____A. a prototype has not yet been acceptedB. financial backing is not availableC. the machine will need fire-resistant sensorsD. the machine would not work if the ventilation was overwhelmedChow II. Vocabulary (10%, 0.5 mark each)31. This university offers a wide variety of high-quality courses for both graduate and undergraduate students.A. selectB. choiceC. alternativeD. optional32. ____ your request for a refund, we have referred that matter to our main office.A. On the point ofB. With relationship toC. In the event ofD. Withregard to33.AIDs activists permanently changed and shortened America's __ process for testing and approving new drags of all kinds, for all diseases.A. stagnantB. intricateC. appropriateD. efficient34. Exercise can affect our outlook on life, and it can also help us get rid of tension, anxiety and frustration. So we should take exercise__.A. regularlyB. normallyC. usuallyD. constantly35. Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being symptomatic of a lack of originality, is the step in learning to be__.A. elegantB. confidentC. creativeD. imaginary36. There is scientific evidence to support our___ that being surrounded by plants is good for health.A. instinctB. implicationC. perceptionD. conception37. Tom plunged into the pond immediately when he saw a boat was sinking and alittle girl in it was___.A. in needB. on the declineC. in disorderD. at stake38. An obvious change of attitude at the top towards women's status in society will___ through the current law system in that country.A. permeateB. violateC. probeD. grope39. All the finished products are stored in a___ of the delivery port and shipping is available at any time.A. warehouseB. capsuleC. garageD. cabinet40. As he walked out the court, he was____ with frustration and rage.A. applauding B, quivering C. paralyzing D. limping41. The Board of Directors decided that more young men who were qualified would be_____ important positions.A. attributed toB. furnished withC. installed inD. inserted into42. There are still some____ for students of science and engineering, but those in arts and humanities have been filled.A. positionsB. vacanciesC. applicationsD. categories43. Wireless waste from cell phones, pocket PCs, and music players__ special problems because they have toxic chemicals in batteries and other components.A. poseB. commitC. transportD. expose44. Although Kerry has had no formal education, he is one of the___ businessmen in the company.A. alertestB. sternestC. nastiestD. shrewdest45. The senior citizen expressed a sentiment which___ profoundly to every Chinese heart.A. drewB. attractC. appealedD. impressed46. ___students should be motivated by a keen interest in theatre and should have some familiarity with plays in production.A. realisticB. responsibleC. ethnicD. prospective47. The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always___ the scientist's time-keeping methods.A.at the mercy ofB.in accordance withC.under the guidance ofD. by means of48. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ___ a violent act previously seen on television.A. stimulatingB. duplicatingC. modifyingD.accelerating49.The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City_ shock and anger notonly throughout America but also throughout the wholeworld.A. envelopedB. summonedC. temptedD. provoked50.The secretary went over the table again very carefully for fear of___ any important data.A. overlookingB. slippingC. ignoringD. skimmingchow III. Cloze Test (10%, 0.5 mark each)Researchers who refuse to share data with others may 51 others to withhold results from them, 52 a study by health-policy analysts at Harvard Medical School.The study found that young researchers, those who publish 53 , and investigators seeking patents are most likely to be _54_ access to biomedical data. It also found that researchers who withhold data gain a _55 for this,and have more difficulty in 56 data from others.The study was 57 by a research team led by sociologist Eric Campbell. Theteam surveyed 2,366 58 selected scientists at 117 US medical schools. Overall,12.5 per cent said that they had been denied 59 to other academic investigators' data, 60 article reprints, during the past three years. This 61 with findingsby the team and other groups. But by examining the 62 of data withholding,the team identified those experiencing the most 63 . For junior staff. 64 ,the team found that 13.5 per cent were denied access, 65 5.1 per cent of senior researchers.The 66 between data withholding and researchers' publishing 67 during the68 three years was 69 : 7.7 per cent of those who had published 1-5 articleshad had data withheld from them, but this rose to 28.9 per cent for researcherswho had published more than 20. Campbell warns, "Selectively holding back on information from the most 70 researchers could slow down progress in researchinto the causes and cures of human disease."51. A. suggest B. provoke C. propose D. claim52. A. because of B. in spite of C. according to D. owing to53. A. a lot B. great deal C. regularly D. frequently54. A. sought B. seeking C. being sought D. have sought55. A. depression B. reputation C. infamy D. fame56. A. acquisition B. requiting C. assigning D. obtaining57. A. carried B. conducted C. forged D. identified58. A. randomly B. carefully C. specially D. absolutely59. A. entry B. reach C. access D. use60. A. inclusive B. excluding C. exclusive D. refusing61. A. corresponds B. complies C. compares D. adapts62. A. casualties B. victims C. culprits D. injuries63. A. hardship B. trial C. difficulty. D. errors。
中国人民大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】
中国人民大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Part Ⅰ Vocabulary (20%)Directions:Choose the best answer (from A, B, C and D) to complete each of the following sentences. Mark your choice with a single bat across the square brackets on your Machining-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Today scientists have a greater understanding of genetics and its role in ______ organisms.A. liveB. lifeC. livingD. alive【答案】C【解析】句意：现在，科学家对基因学和它对在生物的作用有了更好的理解。
living现存的；活着的。
alive活着的。
live活的，有生命的；真正的。
life生命，生物。
2. The news commentator says that the argument the speaker has presented doesnot ______ water.A. haveB. containC. includeD. hold【解析】句意：新闻评论员说发言者的观点不和情理。
to hold water：（理论、计划等）证明合理，说得通。
3. Terrorists murder and kidnap people, ______ bombs , hijack airplanes, set fires, and commit other serious crimes.A. light upB. set offC. plant inD. ignite【答案】B【解析】句意：恐怖犯有分子谋杀绑架，爆炸袭击，劫持飞机，纵火以及其他严重罪行。
2010年四川大学翻译硕士英语考研真题及其答案解析
财教创办北大、人大、中、北外授 训营对视频集、一一保分、、小班
2010年四川大学翻译硕士英语真题讲解
育明教育梁老师提醒广大考生:
历年考研真题资料是十分珍贵的,研究真题有利于咱们从中分析出题人的思路和心态,因为每年专业课考试不管在题型还是在内容上都有很高的相似度，考研学子们一定要重视.
有什么疑问可以随时联系育明教育梁老师,我会为根据各位考生的具体情况提供更加有针对性的指导。
I ，
1-5 ADBDD
6-10 CCDDB
11-15 CDBCA
16-20 BDCCD
II
Section 1
Passage A, 1-5 ADCCB
Passage B, 6-10 ADDBC
Section 2
Question 1-3
1, Sing Sing is a prison town.
One function of Sing Sing is to remove prisoners from society and keep them from doing further harm, and another one is to help prisoners and encourage them and turn them into law-abiding citizens.。
四川大学考博英语模拟题1(考卷附答案)
10．四川大学模拟试题Ⅰ. Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneThe table before which we sit may be, as the scientist maintains, composed of dancing atoms, but it does not reveal itself to us as anything of the kind, and it is not with dancing atoms but a solid and motionless object that we live.So remote is this "real" table—and most of the other "realities" with which science deals—that it cannot be discussed in terms which have any human value, and though it may receive out purely intellectual credence it cannot be woven into the pattern of life as it is led, in contradistinction to life as we attempt to think about it. Vibrations in the either are so totally unlike, let us say, the color purple that the gulf between them cannot be bridged, and they are, to all intents and purposes, not one but two separate things of which the second and less "real" must be the most significant for us. And just as the sensation which has led us to attribute an objective reality to a non-existent thing which we call "purple" is more important for human life than the conception of vibrations of a certain frequency, so too the belief in God, however ill founded, has been more important in the life of man than the germ theory of decay, however true the latter may be.We may, if we like, speak of consequence, as certain mystics love to do, of the different levels or orders of truth. We may adopt what is essentially a Platonist trick of thought and insist upon postulating the existence of external realities which correspond to the needs and modes of human feeling and which, so we may insist, have their being is some part of the universe unreachable by science. But to do so is to make an unwarrantable assumption and to be guilty of the metaphysical fallacy of failing to distinguish between a truth of feeling and that other sort of truth which is described as a "truth of correspondence," and it is better perhaps, at least for those of us who have grown up in an age of scientific thought, to steer clear of such confusions and to rest content with the admission that, though the universe with which science deals is the real universe, yet we do not and cannot have any but fleeting and imperfect contacts with it; that the most important part of our lives-our sensations, emotions, desires, and aspirations-takes place in a universe of illusions which science can attenuate or destroy, but which it is powerless to enrich.1. According to this passage, a scientist would conceive of a "table" as being______.A. a solid motionless objectB. certain characteristic vibrations in "ether"C. a form fixed in space and timeD. a mass of atoms on motion2. By "objective reality" the author means______.A. scientific realityB. a phenomenon we can directly experienceC. reality colored by emotionD. a symbolic existence3. The author suggests that in order to bridge the puzzling schism between scientific truth and the world of illusions, the reader should______.A. try to rid himself of his world of illusionB. accept his world as being one of illusionC. apply the scientific methodD. establish a truth of correspondence4. The topic of this selection is______.A. the distortion of reality by scienceB. the confusion caused by emotionsC. Platonic and contemporary views of truthD. the place of scientific truth in our lives5. Judging from the ideas and tone of the selection, one may reasonably guess that the author is______.A. a humanistB. a pantheistC. a nuclear physicistD. a doctorPassage TwoThese days we hear a lot of nonsense about the "great classless society". The idea that the twentieth century is the age of the common man has become one of the great cliches of our time. The same old arguments are put forward in evidence. Here are some of them: monarchy as a system of government has been completely discredited. The monarchies that survive have been deprived of all political power. Inherited wealth has been savagely reduced by taxation and, in time, the great fortunes will disappear altogether. In a number of countries the victory has been complete. The people rule; the great millennium has become a political reality. But has it? Close examination doesn't bear out the claim.It is a fallacy to suppose that all men are equal and that society will be leveled out if you provide everybody with the same educational opportunities. (It is debatable whether you can ever provide everyone with the same educational opportunities, but that is another question.) The fact is that nature dispenses brains and ability with a total disregard for the principle of equality. The old rules of the jungle, "survival of the fittest", and "might is right" are still with us. The spread of education has destroyed the old class system and created a new one. Rewards are based on merit. For "aristocracy" read "meritocracy"; in other respects, society remains unaltered: the class system is rigidly maintained.Genuine ability, animal cunning, skill, the knack of seizing opportunities, all bring material rewards. And what is the first thing people do when they become rich? They use their wealth to secure the best possible opportunities for their children, to give them a good start in life. For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality, we do not consider this wrong in the western world. Private schools which offer unfair advantages over state schools are not banned because one of the principles in a democracy is that people should be free to choose how they will educate their children. In this way, the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent: an able child from a wealthy home can succeed far more rapidly than his poorer counterpart. Wealth is also used indiscriminately to further political ends. It would be almost impossible to become the leader of a democracy without massive, financial backing. Money is as powerful a weapon as ever it was.In societies wholly dedicated to the principle of social equality, privileged private education is forbidden. But even here people are rewarded according to their abilities. In fact, so great is the need for skilled workers that the least able may be neglected. Bright children are carefully and expensively trained to become future rulers. In the end, all political ideologies boil down to the same thing: class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an educated peasant.6. What is the main idea of this passage?A. Equality of opportunity in the twentieth century has not destroyed the class system.B. Equality means money.C. There is no such society as classless society.D. Nature can't give you a classless society.7. According to the author, the same educational opportunities can't get rid of inequality because______.A. the principle "survival of the fittest" existsB. nature ignores equality in dispensing brains and abilityC. material rewards are for genuine abilityD. people have the freedom how to educate their children8. Who can obtain more rapid success?A. Those with wealth.B. Those with the best brains.C. Those with the best opportunities.D. Those who have the ability to catch at opportunities.9. Why does the author say the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent? Because ______.A. money decides everythingB. private schools offer advantages over state schoolsC. people are free to choose the way of educating their childrenD. wealth is used for political ends10. According to the author, "class divisions" refers to______.A. different opportunities for peopleB. the rich and the poorC. oppressor and the oppressedD. genius and stupidityPassage ThreeThe discovery of the Antarctic not only proved one of the most interesting of all geographical adventures, but created what might be called "the heroic age of Antarctic exploration". By their tremendous heroism, men such as Shackleton, Scott, and Amundsen caused a new continent to emerge from the shadows, and yet that heroic age, little more than a century old, is already passing. Modern science and inventions are revolutionizing the techniques of former explorers, and, although still calling for courage and feats of endurance, future journeys into these icy wastes will probably depend on motor vehicles equipped with caterpillar traction rather than on the dogs that earlier discoverers found so invaluable.Few realize that this Antarctic continent is almost equal in size to South America, and enormous field of work awaits geographers and prospectors. The coasts of this continent remain to be accurately charted, and the mapping of the whole of interior presents formidable task to the cartographers who undertake the work. Once their labors are completed, it will be possible to prospect the vast natural resources which scientists believe will furnish one of the largest treasure hoards of metals and minerals the world has yet known, an almost inexhaustible sources of copper, coal, uranium, and many other ores will become available to man. Such discoveries will usher in an era of practical exploitation of the Antarctic wastes.The polar darkness which hides this continent for the six winter months will be defeated by huge batteries of light, and make possible the establishing of air fields for the future intercontinental air service by making these areas as light as day. Present flying routes will completely change, for the Antarctic refueling bases will make flight from Australia to South America comparatively easy over the 5,000 miles journey.The climate is not likely to offer an insuperable problem, for the explorer Admiral Byrd has shown that the climate is possible even for men completely untrained for expeditions into those frozen wastes. Some of his parties were men who had never seen snow before, and yet he records that they survived the rigors of the Antarctic climate comfortably, so that, provided that the appropriate installations are made, we may assume that human beings from all countries could live there safely. Byrd even affirms that it is probably the most health climate in the world, for the intense cold of thousands of years has sterilized this continent, and rendered it absolutely germfree, with the consequences that ordinary and extraordinary sicknesses and disease from which man suffers in other zones with different climates are here utterly unknown.There exist no problems of conservation and preservation of food supplies, for the latter keep indefinitely without any signs of deterioration; it may even be that later generations will come to regard the Antarctic as the natural storehouse for the whole world. Plans are already on foot to set up permanent bases on the shores of this continent, and what so few years ago was regarded as a "dead continent" now promises to be a most active centreof human life and endeavor.11. When did man begin to explore the Antarctic?A. About 100 years ago.B. In this century.C. At the beginning of the 19th century.D. In 1798.12. What must the explorers be, even though they have modern equipment and techniques?A. Brave and tough.B. Stubborn and arrogant.C. Well-liked and humorous.D. Stout and smart.13. What kind of metals and minerals can we find in the Antarctic?A. Magnesite, coal and oil.B. Copper, coal and uranium.C. Silver, natural gas and uranium.D. Aluminum, copper and natural gas.14. The most healthy climate in the world is______.A. in South AmericaB. in the Arctic RegionC. in the Antarctic ContinentD. in the Atlantic Ocean15. What is planned for the continent?A. Building dams along the coasts.B. Setting up several summer resorts along the coasts.C. Mapping the coast and the whole territory.D. Setting up permanent bases on the coasts.Passage FourTelevision is one of today's most powerful and widespread means of mass communication. It directly influences our lives on both a short and long-term basis; it brings worldwide situations into our homes; it affords extensive opportunities for acquiring higher education; and it performs these tasks in a convenient yet effective manner. We are all aware of the popularly accepted applications of television, particularly those relative to entertainment and news broadcasting. Television, however, has also been a vital link in unmanned deep space exploration (such as the V oyager I and Ⅱmissions), in providing visions from hazardous areas (such as proximity to radioactive materials or environments) in underwater research, in viewing storms moving across a metropolitan area (the camera being placed in a weather-protective enclosure near the top of a tower), etc. The earth's weather satellites also use television cameras for vie- wing cloud cover and movements from 20,000 miles in space. Infrared filters are used for night views, and several systems include a spinning mirror arrangement to permit wide-area views from the camera. Realizing the unlimited applications for today's television, one may thus logically ponder the true benefits of confining most of our video activities to the mass-entertainment field.Conventional television broadcasting within the United States centres around free enterprise and public ownership. This requires funding by commercial sponsors, and thus functions in a revenue-producing business manner. Television in USSR-subjected areas, conversely, is a government-owned and maintained arrangement. While such arrangements eliminate the need for commercial sponsorship, it also has the possibility of limiting the type of programs available to viewers (a number of purely entertainment programs similar to the classic "Bewitched", however, have been seen on these government -controlled networks. All isn't as gray and dismal as the uninformed might unnecessarily visualize). A highly modified form of television called Slow-Scan TV is presently being used by many Amateur Radio operators to provide direct visual communications with almost any area of the world. This unique visual mode recently allowed people on the tiny South Pacific country of Pitcairn Island to view, for the first time in their lives, distant areas and people of the world. The chief radio Amateur and communications officer of Pitcairn, incidentally, is the legendary Tom Christian-great, great grandson of Tom Christian of "Mutiny on the Bounty" fame. Radio Amateurs in many lands worked together for several months establishing visual capabilities. The results have proven spectacular, yet the visual capabilities have only beenused for health education, or welfare purposes. Commercial TV is still unknown to natives of that tiny country. Numerous other forms of television and visual communication, have also been used on a semi-restricted basis. This indicates the many untapped areas of video and television which may soon be exploited on a more widespread basis. The old clich of a picture being worth a thousand words truly has merit.16. According to the passage, applications of television are easily accepted in______.A. metropolitan areaB. deep space explorationC. programs about entertainment and newsD. remote areas17. Which of the following statements is true in the eyes of the writer?A. Applications of television are beneficial to big cities.B. Applications of television are believed to be good activities.C. Applications of television are restricted to television systems.D. Applications of television do benefit to the mass entertainment field.18. According to the passage television in USSR______.A. is limited to a revenue-producing business mannerB. requires funding by commercial sponsorsC. puts away the need of commercial aidD. is badly in need of commercial help19. In the passage, the author tries to tell us purely entertainment programs similar to the classic "Bewitched"______.A. are as good as those in the U.S.B. have been seen on many government-controlled networksC. are as gray and dismal as the uninformed might unnecessarily visualizeD. are not as gloomy as the uninformed might unnecessarily visualize20. The author's attitude toward television programs is ______.A. positiveB. indifferentC. criticalD. dangerousPassage FiveNanotechnology, according to its fans, will jump-start a new industrial revolution with molecular-sized structures as complex as the human cell and 100 times stronger than steel. The new technology transforms everyday products and the way they are made by manipulating atoms so that materials can be shrunk, strengthened and lightened all at once. To date only modest nanotech-based products—such as stain-resistant fabrics and fresh food packaging—have entered the market, but some scientists predict nanotechnology will eventually be the only game in town. "It will be a ubiquitous technology," said George Stephanopoulos, professor of chemical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He echoes other nanotech supporters who say industrial countries are already sliding toward its use in every aspect of manufacturing.Aided by recent advances in microscopes, scientists can now place single atoms where they want for the first time. The potential applications are numerous, with microscopic computers, cancer-killing antennae and nonpolluting car engines on the distant horizon. When it's all going to happen, though, is another matter. According to most scientific accounts, the nanotech future may be 10 to 20 years off. Major hurdles need to be jumped. First, there is a lack of economic mass production. Some of the more complicated devices would require exact placement of billions of atoms. "It may take the lifetime of the universe to complete the construction of (such a) device," said George Barbastathis, assistant professor at MIT. Another challenge is bridging the nanoscale and macroscopic, he said. In other words, the smallness of a nano device is useless when it must be attached to large wires. It's unclear how scientists will overcome these problems. And fears derived from science fiction threaten to derail nanotechnology even as it emerges, in much the same way popular anxiety over "super-weeds"and "frankenfoods" have hobbled biotechnology in agriculture and fear of "designer babies" has set back stem-cell research.Lured by a market with billions of dollars in potential profits, giants like GE, Intel, Motorola and IBM are already heavily involved in research. Worldwide, the two industries with the potential to win big with nanotechnology are electronics and biotechnology, according to MIT researchers. On the biotech front, scientists are promoting the notion of nanoparticles made from gold that could be triggered remotely to heat and kill individual cancer cells. Nanotechnology holds equal promise for wealth creation, hut there isn't a consensus among venture capitalists on how to realize it. "Which direction is it going to work out in? That's the question on everyone's mind," Gang Chen, an associate professor at the MIT, told scientists at a Boston nano gathering.21. The statement "…be the only game…" (line 7, Para. 1) implies that______.A. nanotechnology can not continue in existence for a long timeB. nanotechnology will be the only activity that provides entertainmentC. nanotechnology will become the most influential in the futureD. nanotechnology will become the most beneficial thing someday22. Which of the following is NOT the difficulty we face about nanotech research?A. How to prolong the 10 to 20 years' time.B. How to eliminate the public's prejudice.C. How to solve the problem of big and small.D. How to get enough manpower and money.23. By mentioning "superweeds, frankenfoods and designer babies" the author means______.A. Nanotech research can produce fruits as great as biotechnologyB. Nanotech will get the same appeal as biotechnology got beforeC. Nanotech needs the political and financial support for its researchD. Nanotech will suffer from the similar obstacles as biotechnology24. What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. There's too much investigation about biotechnology without too much reasoning.B. With the applications for nanotech in medical area cancers can be cured.C. Nanotech poses challenges for venture capitalist trained in only one area.D. The venture capitalists are finding the applications for nanotech rewarding.25. The whole passage is intended to______.A. help readers have a better understanding of nanotechB. show that industries are all set for the nanotech ageC. tell readers the hurdles ahead the research of nanotechD. reveal the potential benefits and big business of nanotechPassage SixThe last decade has seen a tremendous expansion of scientific knowledge in human genetics. Our understanding of human genes and of the genetic basis of disease has grown dramatically. Currently, more than 4,000 diseases are known to be genetic and are passed on in families. Moreover, it is now known that alterations in our genes play a role in such common conditions as heart disease, diabetes, and many types of cancer.The identification of disease-related genes has led to an increase in the number of available genetic tests that detect disease or an individual's risk of disease. New tests arc being developed to detect colon cancer, breast cancer, and other conditions. Scientists are concerned not only that gene tests offered are reliable, but also that patients and health care professionals understand the limitations of such testing. The disclosure of test results could inflict psychological harm to a patient if safe and effective interventions are not also available.Gene testing involves examining a person's DNA-taken from cells "in a sample of blood or, occasionally, from other body fluids or tissues—for some anomaly that flags a disease or disorder. In addition to studying genes,genetic testing in a broader sense includes biochemical tests for the presence or absence of key proteins that signal aberrant genes.The most widespread type of genetic testing is newborn screening. Each year in the United States, four million newborn infants have blood samples tested for abnormal or missing gene products. Some tests look for abnormal arrangements of the chemical bases in the gene itself, while other tests detect inborn errors by verifying the absence of a protein that the cell needs to function normally. Carrier testing can be used to help couples to learn if they carry—and thus risk passing to their children. Genetic tests—biochemical and DNA-based—also are widely available for the prenatal diagnosis of conditions such as Down syndrome.Much of the current excitement in gene testing centers on predictive gene testing: tests that identify people who are at risk of getting a disease, before any symptoms appear. Tests are already available in research programs for some two dozen diseases, and as more disease genes are discovered, more gene tests can be expected.Tests for a few rare cancers are already in clinical use. Predictive gene tests for more common types of cancer are still primarily a research tool, difficult to execute and available only through research programs to small numbers of people who have a strong family history of disease. But the field of gene testing is evolving rapidly, with new genes being discovered almost daily and innovations in testing arriving almost as quickly.26. Scientists argue that the genetic testing is not perfect partly because______.A. it chiefly centers on predictive gene testingB. the health care for patients is not professionalC. it may arouse the patients' discomfort mentallyD. it involves the DNA test and biochemistry27. The word "aberrant" in Paragraph 3 most probably means______.A. unhealthyB. weirdC. agitatedD. mysterious28. How does the newborn screening test work?A. It looks for abnormal arrangements of the gene.B. It detects innate errors by checking the proteins.C. It takes cell samples from body fluids or tissues.D. It requires taking the carrier testing first.29. It can be learned from the last paragraph that______.A. genetic tests for most of the diseases can be produced nowB. gene tests are only suitable for those who have a strong family history of diseaseC. almost all diseases can be cured with the development of the gene testingD. the writer is optimistic about the future of gene testing30. The passage is intended to______.A. make readers have a better understanding of gene testingB. show that scientists are worrying about the negative side of gene testingC. tell readers that as more gene tests appeared, more disease genes can be discoveredD. reveal the rapid development of new scientific knowledgeⅡ. VocabularyDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.31. In 14 years as a (n) ______in the major league Kobel I had never seen two baseball teams fight like this.A. goblinB. sheikC. statuaryD. umpire32. Left in the garage where it was damp, the wooden frame had______.A. tingledB. sizzledC. swindledD. warped33. The two countries signed an agreement to reduce their nuclear______.A. tornadoesB. armoriesC. hectaresD. heretics34. What kind of______. does the book have? Is it hard back or soft back?A. bindingB. mispresentingC. mislayingD. basking35. Court life was governed by the most precise form of______.A. oracleB. moratoriumC. etiquetteD. neurosis36. She crossed the enemy lines, disguised as a civilian, to bring medical______ to the Resistance fighters.A. surreyB. surchargeC. summationD. succor37. Her voice is child-like, with a West Country______.A. tiltB. liltC. lobeD. loft38. In a car engine, more ______.means better acceleration.A. renownB. coronationC. gravyD. torque39. The new factory that has been built next to us has ______the value of our house.A. demoralizedB. depreciatedC. deterredD. derailed40. The fall in demand for coffee could cause a ______in the market, forcing some producers to cut prices.A. doleB. sonarC. meleeD. glut41. The airline ______me for the amount they had overcharged me.A. barteredB. remittedC. reinstatedD. reimbursed42. The journalists and Camera crews began to ______in the heat as they stood waiting for the president to appear.A. conspireB. transpireC. perspireD. inspire43. Once the ______of the election had died down, it was back to normal for the President.A. huskB. humpC. hubD. hubbub44. $50 billion might seem a lot of money, but it's a mere ______in terms of what global capital markets can and do absorb.A. almsB. belongingsC. hearsayD. pittance45. The word "lady" has ______of refinement and excessive femininity that some women find offensive.A. abdomenB. connotationsC. sashesD. syndicates46. After spending some time on the island they became ______to the hardships.A. scathedB. sniggeredC. inuredD. outreached47. Will the pressure applied by environmentalists be enough to ______the industrialized nations into using less fossil fuels?A. goadB. gloatC. goreD. gibe48. Farmers often use water buffalo to help them in the ______fields.A. paddleB. paddyC. pagodaD. pagan49. Her eyes were shining brightly and her face was ______with colour.A. proofreadB. prevaricatedC. stewedD. suffused50. Four members walked out of the session, with the result that the committee did not have a ______and would not take any decisions.A. babeB. backboneC. quorumD. apartheidⅢ. Gloze TestDirections: In this part, you are required to read the following passage carefully. For each of the 20 blanks there are four marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.The business of advertising is to invent methods of addressing massive audiences in a language designed to be easily accessible and immediately persuasive. No advertising agency wants to (51) out an ad that is not clear and convincing to millions of people. But the agency, (52) they would agree that ads should be written to sell。