Assignment_1-_Research_Essay_offshore_Semester_1Shandong_J_Uni_2013
2023年高考英语外刊时文精读专题14气候变化与珊瑚礁
2023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练 (14)Climate change and coral reefs气候变化与珊瑚礁主题语境：人与自然主题语境内容：自然生态【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。
）Human beings have been altering habitats—sometimes deliberately andsometimes accidentall y—at least since the end of the last Ice Age. Now, though, that change is happening on a grand scale. Global warming is a growing factor. Fortunately, the human wisdom that is destroying nature can also be brought to bear on trying to save it.Some interventions to save ecosystems are hard to imagine andsucceed. Consider a project to reintroducesomething similar to a mammoth(猛犸象)to Siberiaby gene-editing Asian elephants. Their feeding habits could restore the grassland habitat that was around before mammoths died out, increasing the sunlight reflected into space and helping keep carbon compounds(碳化合物)trapped in the soil. But other projects have a bigger chance of making an impact quickly. As we report, one example involves coral reefs.These are the rainforests of the ocean. They exist on vast scales: half a trillion corals line the Pacific from Indonesia to French Polynesia, roughly the same as the number of trees that fill the Amazon. They are equally important harbor of biodiversity. Rainforests cover18% of the land’s s urface and offer a home to more than half its vertebrate(脊椎动物的)species. Reefs occupy0.1% of the oceans and host a quarter of marine(海洋的)species.And corals are useful to people, too. Without the protection which reefs afford from crashing waves, low-lying islands such as the Maldives would have flooded long ago, and a billion people would lose food or income. One team of economists has estimated that coral’s global ecosystem services are worth up to $10trn a year. reefs are, however, under threat from rising sea temperatures. Heat causes the algae（海藻） with which corals co-exist, and on which they depend for food and colour, to generate toxins（毒素）that lead to those algae’s expulsion（排出）. This is known as “bleaching（白化）”, and can cause a coral’s death.As temperatures continue to rise, research groups around the world are coming up with plansof action. Their ideas include identifying naturally heat-resistant（耐热的）corals and moving themaround the world; crossbreeding（杂交）such corals to create strains that are yet-more heat-resistant; employing genetic editing to add heat resistance artificially; transplantingheat-resistant symbiotic（共生的）algae; and even repairing with the bacteria and other micro-organismswith which corals co-exist—to see if that will help.The assisted evolution of corals does not meet with universal enthusiasm. Without carbon reduction and decline in coral-killing pollution, even resistant corals will not survive the century. Some doubt whetherhumans will get its act together in time to make much difference. Few of these techniques are ready for action in the wild. Some, such as gene editing, are so controversial that it is doubtful they will be approved any time soon. scale is also an issue.But there are grounds for optimism. Carbon targets are being set and ocean pollution is being dealt with. Countries that share responsibilities for reefs are starting to act together. Scientific methods can also be found. Natural currents can be used to facilitate mass breeding. Sites of the greatest ecological and economical importance can be identified to maximise benefits.This mix of natural activity and human intervention could serve as a blueprint （蓝图）for other ecosystems. Those who think that all habitats should be kept original may not approve. But when entire ecosystems are facing destruction, the cost of doing nothing is too great to bear. For coral reefs, at least, if any are to survive at all, it will be those that humans have re-engineered to handle the future.【课标词汇精讲】1.alter （通常指轻微地）改动，修改；改变，（使）变化We've had to alter some of our plans.我们不得不对一些计划作出改动。
如何平衡海洋开发和海洋环境保护英语作文
如何平衡海洋开发和海洋环境保护英语作文The Ocean: A Delicate BalanceThe ocean is one of the most amazing places on Earth. It's huge, covering about 70% of our planet's surface! The ocean is filled with an incredible variety of life, from tiny plankton to giant whales. It provides food and jobs for billions of people. The ocean regulates our climate and produces much of the oxygen we breathe. Simply put, the ocean makes life on Earth possible.However, the ocean is also facing many threats from human activities. Overfishing, pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change are putting the health of the ocean at risk. If we're not careful, we could permanently damage this invaluable resource that we all depend on.So how can we develop and use the ocean's resources in a sustainable way while also protecting the ocean environment? It's a difficult balance to strike, but I think it's one of the most important challenges facing humanity. As a kid who loves learning about and exploring the ocean, I want to share my thoughts.Developing Ocean Resources ResponsiblyThe ocean provides us with many valuable resources like food, energy, minerals, and more. Developing and using these resources is important for humanity's prosperity and technological progress. However, it has to be done in a way that doesn't permanently damage the ocean environment.Fishing is one of the biggest ways we utilize the ocean's resources. Fish provide food and jobs for millions of people around the world. But overfishing has become a huge problem. We've depleted many major fish populations to dangerously low levels. If we want to keep being able to harvest fish from the ocean, we need to let fish populations recover through measures like catch limits, protecting breeding areas, and preventing illegal fishing.The ocean is also an increasingly important source of energy, especially oil, gas, and wind power. As we run out of fossil fuels on land, more and more offshore drilling rigs are being built. While drilling at sea reduces impacts on land environments, it creates new risks like oil spills that are catastrophic for marine life. Strict safety standards are critical. We also need to rapidly develop renewable offshore energy like wind farms which are much cleaner than drilling for oil and gas.In addition, valuable minerals are found on the ocean floor, including metals like copper, zinc, and cobalt that we need for many modern technologies. Mining the deep sea floor could supply enough minerals to meet humanity's needs for centuries. But it also poses risks of damaging poorly understood ecosystems. We must study these environments first before mining them so we understand the impacts. Mining should only be done in limited areas using technologies that minimize damage.We're still discovering many potential new uses for ocean resources in areas like biotechnology, where molecules from marine organisms could lead to new medicines and industrial materials. Research and careful management will be key to developing these ocean resources sustainably.Overall, using the ocean's resources is important for human development and economic growth. But it absolutely must be done in a responsible, well-regulated way that preserves the integrity of the ocean environment. Short-term thinking for profits cannot be allowed to rob future generations of a healthy ocean.Protecting the Ocean EnvironmentAt the same time that we develop ocean resources, we have to protect the ocean environment itself through conservation and fighting pollution and other threats. Ensuring a healthy ocean ecosystem benefits everyone, whether you live inland or on the coast.One of the biggest threats to the ocean is plastic pollution. Tons of plastic waste like bags, bottles, and packaging make their way into the ocean every year, harming marine life that mistakes it for food or gets entangled in it. We need to reduce plastic waste at the source by using less single-use plastics and improving waste management systems globally. Cleaning up existing plastic patches in the ocean is helpful but very difficult. Preventing plastic pollution in the first place is most critical.Another major issue is nutrient pollution from sources like sewage, fertilizers, and industrial waste. This creates "dead zones" in the ocean where there is too little oxygen for most marine life. Careful control of what we allow to run off into the ocean, better sewage treatment, and reducing fertilizer use in agriculture can help turn this around.Protecting marine habitats like coral reefs, mangrove forests, and seagrass beds is also vitally important, as they provide food and shelter for a huge variety of species. Creating more marineprotected areas that restrict activities like fishing, construction, and mining is one approach, but these areas are difficult and expensive to effectively enforce on the high seas.Climate change is also taking a huge toll on the ocean by increasing temperatures, acidifying the water, causing sea level rise, and driving more intense storms. While the ocean helps lessen climate change by absorbing much of the excess heat and carbon dioxide humans produce, we have to drastically reduce our greenhouse gas emissions to stop making the problem worse.Everyone Can Make a DifferenceMaking sure humanity can sustainably develop and use the ocean's resources while protecting ocean health is maybe the biggest environmental issue facing the world today. It's a complicated challenge with no easy solutions.Part of the solution involves international cooperation. Since the ocean is a global resource, countries have to agree on rules and regulations like fishing quotas, shipping laws, marine protected areas, andpreventing pollution. This is difficult because maritime laws vary between different nations. We need updated international agreements to better manage the high seas, which make up most of the world's ocean.Governments also need to invest much more in scientific research to understand ocean systems, species, and habitats better. Good data on the effects of human activities on the ocean is essential for making wise, evidence-based policy decisions.But ocean conservation and sustainability isn't just up to world leaders and scientists. Everyone can take action through our individual choices and voices. We can reduce our use of plastics and support bans on wasteful plastic items. We can choose sustainable seafood by checking what fish is sourced from well-managed fisheries. We can demand corporations and brands use environmentally-responsible practices and packaging. Speaking up and rallying for change can push governments and businesses to do better.Those of us who live near the ocean can join local conservation efforts like beach cleanups. Those inland can reduce their energy use and carbon footprint to help fight climate change. Making smart, ocean-friendly choices in our careers and daily lives adds up to make a huge difference.I may only be a kid, but protecting the ocean is one of the most important issues I'll face as I grow up. The ocean has given humanity so much throughout history, yet we've damaged it severely in recent decades. We have to change course soon andfind the right balance between developing the ocean's resources and preserving its long-term health. With committed efforts by everyone, I'm hopeful we can create a better future for both people and the ocean we all depend on.。
STROBE_checklist_cohort
STROBE Statement—Checklist of items that should be included in reports of cohort studiesItemNo RecommendationTitle and abstract 1 (a) Indicate the study’s design with a commonly used term in the title or the abstract(b) Provide in the abstract an informative and balanced summary of what was doneand what was foundIntroductionBackground/rationale 2 Explain the scientific background and rationale for the investigation being reported Objectives 3 State specific objectives, including any prespecified hypothesesMethodsStudy design 4 Present key elements of study design early in the paperSetting 5 Describe the setting, locations, and relevant dates, including periods of recruitment,exposure, follow-up, and data collectionParticipants 6 (a) Give the eligibility criteria, and the sources and methods of selection ofparticipants. Describe methods of follow-up(b)For matched studies, give matching criteria and number of exposed andunexposedVariables 7 Clearly define all outcomes, exposures, predictors, potential confounders, and effectmodifiers. Give diagnostic criteria, if applicableData sources/ measurement 8* For each variable of interest, give sources of data and details of methods of assessment (measurement). Describe comparability of assessment methods if there is more than one groupBias 9 Describe any efforts to address potential sources of biasStudy size 10 Explain how the study size was arrived atQuantitative variables 11 Explain how quantitative variables were handled in the analyses. If applicable,describe which groupings were chosen and whyStatistical methods 12 (a) Describe all statistical methods, including those used to control for confounding(b) Describe any methods used to examine subgroups and interactions(c) Explain how missing data were addressed(d) If applicable, explain how loss to follow-up was addressed(e) Describe any sensitivity analysesResultsParticipants 13* (a) Report numbers of individuals at each stage of study—eg numbers potentiallyeligible, examined for eligibility, confirmed eligible, included in the study,completing follow-up, and analysed(b) Give reasons for non-participation at each stage(c) Consider use of a flow diagramDescriptive data 14* (a) Give characteristics of study participants (eg demographic, clinical, social) andinformation on exposures and potential confounders(b) Indicate number of participants with missing data for each variable of interest(c) Summarise follow-up time (eg, average and total amount)Outcome data 15* Report numbers of outcome events or summary measures over timeMain results 16 (a) Give unadjusted estimates and, if applicable, confounder-adjusted estimates andtheir precision (eg, 95% confidence interval). Make clear which confounders wereadjusted for and why they were included(b) Report category boundaries when continuous variables were categorized(c) If relevant, consider translating estimates of relative risk into absolute risk for ameaningful time periodOther analyses 17 Report other analyses done—eg analyses of subgroups and interactions, andsensitivity analysesDiscussionKey results 18 Summarise key results with reference to study objectivesLimitations 19 Discuss limitations of the study, taking into account sources of potential bias orimprecision. Discuss both direction and magnitude of any potential bias Interpretation 20 Give a cautious overall interpretation of results considering objectives, limitations,multiplicity of analyses, results from similar studies, and other relevant evidence Generalisability 21 Discuss the generalisability (external validity) of the study resultsOther informationFunding 22 Give the source of funding and the role of the funders for the present study and, ifapplicable, for the original study on which the present article is based*Give information separately for exposed and unexposed groups.Note: An Explanation and Elaboration article discusses each checklist item and gives methodological background and published examples of transparent reporting. The STROBE checklist is best used in conjunction with this article (freely available on the Web sites of PLoS Medicine at /, Annals of Internal Medicine at/, and Epidemiology at /). Information on the STROBE Initiative is available at .。
2022全国甲卷英语作文海洋保护
2022全国甲卷英语作文海洋保护The Importance of Ocean Conservation in 2022The ocean is the lifeblood of our planet, covering over 70% of the Earth's surface and playing a crucial role in sustaining life on our blue marble. However, the delicate balance of the marine ecosystem is under constant threat from human activities, ranging from overfishing and pollution to climate change and habitat destruction. As we enter the year 2022, it is more important than ever to prioritize the conservation of our oceans and take decisive action to protect this invaluable resource.One of the most pressing issues facing our oceans is the problem of overfishing. Driven by the growing demand for seafood and the use of unsustainable fishing practices, overfishing has depleted many of the world's fish stocks, threatening the livelihoods of coastal communities and disrupting the fragile food web of the marine environment. In 2022, it is essential that we implement stricter regulations and enforcement measures to ensure the sustainable management of our fisheries, limiting catch quotas, banning destructive fishing methods, and promoting the recovery of depleted species.Another major threat to the health of our oceans is the issue of pollution. From plastic waste to chemical runoff, the oceans are inundated with a wide range of pollutants that can have devastating effects on marine life and the overall ecosystem. In 2022, we must take bold steps to address this problem, implementing comprehensive waste management systems, promoting the use of biodegradable and recyclable materials, and investing in innovative technologies that can help to clean up and prevent further pollution of our waterways.Climate change also poses a significant threat to the health of our oceans, with rising temperatures, ocean acidification, and sea level rise all contributing to the degradation of marine habitats and the disruption of delicate ecological balances. In 2022, we must prioritize the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, support the development of renewable energy sources, and implement strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change on our oceans, such as the restoration of coastal ecosystems and the protection of vulnerable marine species.Habitat destruction is another major challenge facing our oceans, with activities such as coastal development, mining, and oil and gas extraction leading to the loss and degradation of critical marine habitats. In 2022, we must work to establish and enforce strictenvironmental regulations, promote sustainable practices in these industries, and invest in the restoration and protection of vital ocean ecosystems, such as coral reefs, mangrove forests, and seagrass beds.To address these complex and interconnected challenges, it is essential that we adopt a comprehensive and collaborative approach to ocean conservation in 2022. This will require the involvement of governments, businesses, non-profit organizations, and individuals from around the world, working together to develop and implement effective policies, technologies, and educational initiatives that can help to protect and restore the health of our oceans.One key aspect of this effort will be the need to raise awareness and inspire action among the general public. In 2022, we must work to educate people about the importance of ocean conservation, highlighting the critical role that the oceans play in sustaining life on our planet and the urgent need to take action to protect them. This can involve the development of educational programs, the creation of public awareness campaigns, and the promotion of individual actions that can contribute to the conservation of our oceans, such as reducing plastic waste, supporting sustainable seafood choices, and participating in beach cleanups and other conservation activities.Another critical component of our ocean conservation efforts in 2022 will be the need to support and empower the communities andindividuals who are on the frontlines of these efforts. This includes supporting the work of indigenous communities and local organizations that are working to protect and restore their local marine environments, as well as providing resources and funding to help these groups develop and implement effective conservation strategies.Overall, the conservation of our oceans in 2022 will require a multi-faceted and collaborative approach that addresses the diverse range of threats facing our marine ecosystems. By working together to implement effective policies, support innovative technologies, and inspire collective action, we can help to ensure the long-term health and sustainability of our oceans, safeguarding this invaluable resource for generations to come.。
参考译文（textfurtherreading）
Unit 3参考译文［1组成――主共和国和中华人民共和国的云南省。
［2大湄公河次区域资源［3近乎自给自足的农耕生活方式。
［4方式。
例如，超过75%［5上开发和利用。
［6保护人们一直以来赖以生存的环境。
大湄公河次区域规划［7］自1992有冲突。
事实上，东盟和大湄公河次区域都具有高度互补性，都朝着同一个目标迈进，只是在一些计划和安排上有些许的不同。
［9］再次是战略和目标差异。
东盟在提高生活水平以及缩短最初的成员国与较新加入（相对较平穷）的成员国之间的贫富差距方面有着清晰的目标。
东盟的框架设定了合作的目标和原则，也划分出了优先发展的领域：基础设施、贸易和投资活动、农业、林业和矿产、工业、旅游、人力资源开发、科学和技术。
大湄公河次区域合作的领域是运输、电信、能源，环境、旅游、人力资源开发、贸易便利、投资和农业。
［10］正如在《东盟宣言》中规定的东盟的目标和目的是：（2）本着平等和合作的精神，共同努力加速该区域经济的增长、社会的进步和文化的发展，为东南亚国家拥有一个繁荣、和平的大家庭而夯实基础。
［11］该区域的国家遵循联合国宪章章程，持久地遵守司法的公正和法律规定以促进区域的和平与稳定；为促进经济、社会、文化、技术、科学和行政领域内的共同利益而积极合作和相互援助；在教育、职业、技术和行政领域以提供培训和研究设备的方式相互援助；为更大地利用他们的农业和工业、扩大贸易（包括对国际商品贸易问题的研究）、改善交通运输和通信设施、以及提高人们的生活水平等方面进行更有效地合作；加强东南亚研究、对拥有相同目标和目的的现有的国际和地区组织保持密切和有利的合作，并在他们中寻求所有进一步密切合作的途径。
［12］到2012年，大湄公河次区域将要发展五个战略目标：加强基础设施联接；促进跨境贸易、投资和旅游；增加私营部门的参与和竞争；发展人力资源和技能；保护环境、促进对共享自然资源的可持续性利用。
［13］（3）到2012年要达到四个目标：加速可持续性经济的增长；减少贫困和收入的悬殊；提升生活的质量；加强对环境和自然资源的可持续性管理。
第7单元A课文翻译 研究生英语
参考译文伴生物种1. 伴生物种是指不被计算在上岸渔获量中的，但是受到捕捞影响的物种。
跨界鱼类种群，高度洄游鱼类和公海鱼类种群因受到如下因素的影响而影响其他物种：（1）丢弃，（2）未被捕捞上来的生物与渔具发生身体接触，（3）间接过程。
2. 渔业通过很多种机制来影响伴生物种，丢弃是目前人类获取知识最多的一种，尽管人类所知有限。
关于丢弃的全球最新信息是一份粮农组织的报告。
该报告估计全球海洋渔业的丢弃率约为百分之八，丢弃率会根据不同的国家，齿轮类型，目标物种和统计区发生改变。
3. 虾类拖网作业的平均丢弃率最高，为百分之六是二点三。
不同渔业的丢弃率差别很大，在零到百分之九十六之间变化。
尽管有一些跨界的或其他公海中的虾类种群的捕捞，大多数虾类拖网作业仍然限于对专属经济区中虾类种群的捕捞。
专属经济区中虾类的捕捞目标很有可能是生活在较深水域或冷水水域的物种。
冷/深水水域捕虾业的总丢弃率是百分之三十九，但在使用副渔获减少装置（BRDs）后（比如在格林兰岛），丢弃率相对较低，在百分之五左右。
混获的有各种长须鲸和无脊椎动物物种，也包括其他渔业中目标物种的幼鱼。
对于虾类拖网作业中丢弃的长须鲸物种（尤其是比目鱼）的关注促使一些渔业强制使用副渔获减少装置（BRDs）。
4. 延绳钓捕捞高洄游鱼种（主要是金枪鱼和类金枪鱼属物种）具有仅次于虾类拖网作业的丢弃率（平均丢弃率为百分之二十八，并且在零百分之四十范围内浮动）。
延绳钓中最常见的丢弃物种是蓝鲨。
其他鲨鱼，受到鲨鱼和海洋哺乳动物损害的目标物种，扁舵鲣，鲔，印度洋国王鲭鱼，和土魠鱼也在被捕获后丢弃。
5. 跨界鱼类种群和公海鱼类种群主要采用底层拖网捕捞。
目标为底栖鱼类的拖网渔船丢弃率百分之九点六（所有渔业）。
没有根据来判断跨界鱼类种群和公海鱼类种群的丢弃率与专属经济区鱼类种群的丢弃率孰高孰低。
专属经济区鱼类种群的捕捞量在总捕捞量中所占的比例如此之高以至于研究者估计目标为底栖鱼类的底层拖网捕捞所导致的1，700，000吨丢弃物大多来源于专属经济区渔业。
ocean engineering的under review
ocean engineering的under review Ocean engineering is a multidisciplinary field that combines principles and techniques from various branches of engineering to design, construct, and maintain structures and systems in the ocean environment. It encompasses a wide range of applications, including offshore oil and gas exploration, marine transportation, coastal protection, and renewable energy generation.In this article, we will explore the different aspects of ocean engineering, its importance, and the challenges faced by engineers working in this field. We will also discuss some of the recent advancements and ongoing research in ocean engineering.Firstly, let's delve into the significance of ocean engineering. With more than 70 of the Earth's surface covered by water, the ocean plays a crucial role in our daily lives. It is a vast source of untapped energy, minerals, and food. Ocean engineering enables us to harness these resources and explore the vast potential of the ocean.One of the main areas of focus in ocean engineering is offshore oil and gas exploration. Engineers design and construct offshorestructures, such as drilling platforms and pipelines, to extract oil and gas reserves deep beneath the ocean floor. These structures must withstand extreme weather conditions, corrosion, and the constant movement of the ocean.Another important aspect of ocean engineering is marine transportation. Engineers design and build ships and other marine vessels that can efficiently and safely navigate through the ocean. They also develop technologies to improve fuel efficiency, reduce emissions, and enhance the safety of maritime operations.Coastal protection is another significant application of ocean engineering. Rising sea levels and increased coastal erosion pose significant threats to coastal communities. Engineers work on developing innovative solutions, such as seawalls, breakwaters, and beach replenishment techniques, to protect these vulnerable areas from the destructive forces of the ocean.Renewable energy generation is gaining momentum in the field of ocean engineering. Engineers are exploring various methods to harness the power of ocean currents, waves, and tides to generate electricity. These technologies have significant potential to reduceour reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate the impact of climate change.However, ocean engineering also comes with its fair share of challenges. Working in the ocean environment presents unique difficulties due to factors such as corrosive saltwater, extreme temperatures, strong currents, and remote locations. Engineers must develop innovative materials and techniques to overcome these challenges and ensure the longevity and reliability of their designs.Additionally, the vastness and complexity of the ocean make data collection and monitoring a challenging task. Ocean engineers use advanced sensors and technologies to gather data on ocean temperature, salinity, currents, and marine life. This information is crucial for understanding and predicting ocean behavior, which in turn aids in the design and operation of offshore structures and systems.In recent years, there have been significant advancements in ocean engineering. For example, the development of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) has revolutionized the way we exploreand study the ocean. These unmanned vehicles can be deployed for long durations, collecting data and performing tasks in areas that are difficult or dangerous for humans to reach.Furthermore, ongoing research in ocean engineering focuses on sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions. For instance, researchers are investigating the use of biodegradable materials for offshore structures to reduce the impact on marine ecosystems. They are also exploring the potential of underwater acoustic technologies to monitor marine life and prevent collisions between marine mammals and human activities.In conclusion, ocean engineering is a critical field that combines various engineering principles and techniques to address the challenges and harness the opportunities presented by the ocean environment. It plays a vital role in offshore oil and gas exploration, marine transportation, coastal protection, and renewable energy generation. Despite the challenges posed by the ocean's dynamic nature, engineers continue to innovate and develop sustainable solutions to preserve the health of our oceans and unlock their vastpotential.。
DNV-rp-b101_2007-04
RECOMMENDED PRACTICED ET N ORSKE VERITASDNV-RP-B101CORROSION PROTECTION OF FLOATING PRODUCTION AND STORAGE UNITSAPRIL 2007Comments may be sent by e-mail to rules@For subscription orders or information about subscription terms, please use distribution@Comprehensive information about DNV services, research and publications can be found at http :// , or can be obtained from DNV, Veritas-veien 1, NO-1322 Høvik, Norway; Tel +47 67 57 99 00, Fax +47 67 57 99 11.© Det Norske Veritas. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including pho-tocopying and recording, without the prior written consent of Det Norske puter Typesetting (FM+SGML) by Det Norske Veritas.Printed in NorwayIf any person suffers loss or damage which is proved to have been caused by any negligent act or omission of Det Norske Veritas, then Det Norske Veritas shall pay compensation to such person for his proved direct loss or damage. However, the compensation shall not exceed an amount equal to ten times the fee charged for the service in question, provided that the maximum compen-sation shall never exceed USD 2 million.In this provision "Det Norske Veritas" shall mean the Foundation Det Norske Veritas as well as all its subsidiaries, directors, officers, employees, agents and any other acting on behalf of Det Norske Veritas.FOREWORDDET NORSKE VERITAS (DNV) is an autonomous and independent foundation with the objectives of safeguarding life, prop-erty and the environment, at sea and onshore. DNV undertakes classification, certification, and other verification and consultancy services relating to quality of ships, offshore units and installations, and onshore industries worldwide, and carries out research in relation to these functions.DNV Offshore Codes consist of a three level hierarchy of documents:—Offshore Service Specifications. Provide principles and procedures of DNV classification, certification, verification and con-sultancy services.—Offshore Standards. Provide technical provisions and acceptance criteria for general use by the offshore industry as well asthe technical basis for DNV offshore services.—Recommended Practices. Provide proven technology and sound engineering practice as well as guidance for the higher levelOffshore Service Specifications and Offshore Standards.DNV Offshore Codes are offered within the following areas:A)Qualification, Quality and Safety Methodology B)Materials Technology C)Structures D)SystemsE)Special Facilities F)Pipelines and Risers G)Asset Operation H)Marine Operations J)Wind TurbinesAmendments and CorrectionsThis document is valid until superseded by a new revision. Minor amendments and corrections will be published in a separate document normally updated twice per year (April and October).For a complete listing of the changes, see the “Amendments and Corrections” document located at: /technologyservices/, “Offshore Rules & Standards”, “Viewing Area”.The electronic web-versions of the DNV Offshore Codes will be regularly updated to include these amendments and corrections.Recommended Practice DNV-RP-B101, April 2007Introduction – Page 3 MotivesUntil now, the common corrosion protection requirements used on FPSOs are based on guidelines used for trading vessels (i.e. coating and cathodic protection). While traditional trading vessels will dock at regular intervals, an FPSO will be in con-tinuous operation during its entire service life. Consequently, there is a need for guidelines covering corrosion protection for the next generation of stationary, floating vessel with a 10 year or longer service life.ScopeThis Recommended Practice (RP) is a new document, address-ing cost effective corrosion control design for newbuilding FPSO specifically focusing on:— identifying and quantifying the dominating factors relatedto corrosion control— how to select a cost effective corrosion protection system based on a combination of corrosion margins, coating sys-tems and cathodic protection— fabrication inspection related to the desired corrosion pro-tection system.This RP also points out the importance of defining inspection, maintenance and repair (IMR) strategies for an extended serv-ice life of the FPSO, in fact having an IMR strategy is a prereq-uisite for achieving optimal life cycle costs for the corrosion protection.The intent of the RP is to ensure that FPSO will attain a service life of 10 years or longer, avoiding curtailing this because the corrosion protection measures were based on that used for trading "tankers" and periodical drydocking.D ET N ORSKE V ERITASRecommended Practice DNV-RP-B101, April 2007Page 4 – IntroductionD ET N ORSKE V ERITASRecommended Practice DNV-RP-B101, April 2007Contents – Page 5 CONTENTS1.GENERAL (7)1.1Introduction (7)1.2Scope (7)1.3Application and use (7)1.4Document structure (7)1.5Relation to other DNV documents (7)2.REFERENCES (7)2.1ASTM (American Society for testingof materials) (7)2.2DNV (Det Norske Veritas) (7)2.3EN (European Standards) (7)2.4ISO (International Organisationof Standardisation) (8)2.5NACE International (8)2.6NORSOK (8)2.7Tanker structure co-operative forum (8)3.TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS (8)3.1Verbal forms (8)3.2Definitions (8)4.ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (10)4.1Abbreviations (10)4.2Symbols for CP design parameters (10)5.CORROSION PROTECTION OF FLOATINGOFFSHORE STRUCTURES -WITH COATINGS (11)5.1General (11)5.2Corrosion protection with coatingsand the environmental impact (11)5.3Unpainted surfaces (12)5.4Coating materials (12)5.5Type of paints (12)5.6Surface with shop primed steel ..........................125.7Metal coating.. (13)5.8Thermally sprayed coatings (13)5.9Surface preparation (13)5.10Painting schedule (14)5.11Coating quality control tests for coatings (14)5.12Repair procedure for coated items (15)5.13Handling and shipping of coated items (15)5.14Documentation (15)6.CORROSION PROTECTION OF FLOATINGOFFSHORE STRUCTURES -WITH CATHODIC PROTECTION (15)6.1General (15)6.2Protection criteria (16)6.3Detrimental effect of cathodic protection (16)6.4Design approach (16)6.5Cathodic protection systemsfor the underwater hull – SACP versus ICCP..17 6.6Electrical continuity and current drain (17)6.7Surface area calculation (18)6.8Calculation of mean current demandfor cathodic protection (18)6.9CP design with sacrificial anodes -Calculation of total anode net massto meet current demand (19)6.10CP design with sacrificial anodes -Calculation of total anode current outputto meet current demand (20)6.11Calculation of anode resistance (20)6.12Sacrificial anodes: distribution of anodes (21)6.13Installation of anodes - sacrificial anodes (21)6.14Underwater hull: CP with an impressedcurrent system (21)APP. A COATING TABLES (24)APP. B CP DESIGN (26)D ET N ORSKE V ERITASRecommended Practice DNV-RP-B101, April 2007Page 6 – ContentsD ET N ORSKE V ERITASPage 71. General1.1 Introduction1.1.1 It is a challenge to provide more than 10 years service life for the corrosion protection of an FPSO. While traditional trad-ing vessels will dock regularly (every 5th year), the FPSO will be in continuous operation for its service life. The basic corro-sion protection systems used for the FPSO are those used on the trading vessels (coating and cathodic protection). Consequently, for the FPSO the service life of the coating system and cathodic protection system have to be extended to more than 10 years, while the experience from the trading vessels are for the protec-tion systems with about 5 years service life. The corrosion pro-tection specifications used for trading vessels are not adequate for an FPSO. There is therefore a need to develop a specification for the corrosion protection of an FPSO with the service life of 10 years or longer. The present approach to the development of such a specification for an FPSO is to utilise the experiences from corrosion protection of fixed offshore platforms and the state-of-the art technology for marine corrosion protection. 1.1.2 The main objective of this RP is to achieve a long serv-ice life (10 years or longer) for the corrosion protection sys-tems of FPSOs with minimal maintenance during service. The basic approach for the CP design is to use coating in combina-tion with the cathodic protection. There are several advantages for a combination of CP with coatings:—reduced total CP current demand (e.g. reduced weight of sacrificial anodes)—even CP current distribution—rapid polarisation to the protective potential.Guidance note:A possible negative synergism of the use of CP with coatings isaccelerated coating breakdown due to cathodic disbonding. This concern is eliminated by the requirement of a pre-qualification of the coating products.---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---1.2 Scope1.2.1 The scope of this Recommended Practice (RP) concerns the corrosion protection of the hull of floating production and storage units with a service life of 10 years or longer. The cor-rosion protection measures covered by the RP are based on a combination with cathodic protection on a coated steel surface.1.2.2 The RP covers protection of the steel hull structures against seawater and the marine atmosphere. Ballast tanks and other tanks exposed to seawater as well as oil cargo are known to be most susceptible to corrosion and are thus of prime con-cern. External areas such as decks and superstructure will also be susceptible to corrosion and other areas subjected to corro-sion are also considered.1.2.3 The aspects of Inspection, Maintenance and Repair are outside the scope of the present RP. However, in the case that corrosion protection is applied in a manner which does not comply with the requirements in the present RP (e.g. corrosion protection systems with a service life shorter than 10 years) this will lead to increased total life cycle costs of Inspection, Maintenance and Repair (IMR) tasks as compared to total life costs based on the present RP.1.2.4 Detailed design of anode fastening devices for structural integrity is not included in the scope of this RP. Considerations related to safety and environmental hazards associated with galvanic anode manufacture and installation are also beyond its scope.1.2.5 The requirements to manufacture of galvanic anodes are not addressed in this RP. For this item, reference is made to the more detailed recommendations in DNV-RP-B401.1.2.6 The present document does not include any considera-tion of possible effect of CP on the fatigue life of the hull. 1.3 Application and use1.3.1 This RP has two major objectives. It may be used as a guideline to owner’s or their contractors’ execution of concep-tual or detailed coating and CP design, and to the specification of coating systems and galvanic anode manufacture and instal-lation. It may also be used as an attachment to an inquiry or purchase order specification for such work. If purchaser has chosen to refer to this RP in a purchase document, then con-tractor shall consider all requirements in Section 5-6 of this document as mandatory, unless superseded by amendments and deviations in the specific contract. Referring to this docu-ment in a purchase document, reference shall also be made to the activities for which DNV-RP-B101 shall apply; i.e. Coat-ing quality control in Section 5.11, CP design in Section 6.1-6.12, Anode installation in Section 6.13 or 6.14.1.4 Document structure1.4.1 The RP is divided into two main sections: “Specification for surface protective coatings for floating offshore structures”and “Cathodic protection of floating offshore structures”. The recommendations provide specification for corrosion protec-tion systems for a new building with a service life of 10 years or longer.1.4.2 Tabulated data for coating are complied in Appendix A.1.4.3 Tabulated data for CP design are complied in Appendix B.1.5 Relation to other DNV documents1.5.1 Cathodic protection design for CP of permanently installed offshore structures is covered in DNV-RP-B401.2. References2.1 ASTM (American Society for testing of materials)2.2 DNV (Det Norske Veritas)2.3 EN (European Standards)ASTM D1212Test methods for measurement of wet filmthickness of organic coatingsDNV-RP-B401Cathodic protection designGuidelines /RP No. 20Corrosion protection of shipsDNV Rules forClassification ofShips.Pt.3 Ch.1: Hull structural design of shipswith length ≥100 m(Table D1)DNV notations for COAT-1 and COAT -2EN- 3173Cathodic protection of steel offshore floatingstructures (2001)EN- 4628-3Paints and varnishes- Evaluation of degrada-tion of paint coatings- Designation of inten-sity, quantity and size of common defectsPart 3: Designation of degree of rusting(1982)D ET N ORSKE V ERITASPage 82.4 ISO (International Organisation of Standardisa-tion)2.5 NACE International2.6 NORSOK2.7 Tanker structure co-operative forum3. Terminology and Definitions 3.1 Verbal forms 3.2 DefinitionsISO 1461Hot dipped galvanized coatings onfabricated iron and steel articles-Specifications and test methods” (1999) ISO 8501-1Preparation of steel substrate before appli-cation of paints and related products- Visualassessment of surface cleanliness-Part 1:Rust grades and preparation grades ofuncoated steel substrate and of steelsubstrates after overall removal of previouscoatingsISO 8501-3Preparation of steel substrates before appli-cation of paints and related products- visualassessment of surface cleanliness- Prepara-tion grades of welds, cut edges and otherareas with surface imperfections (2001) ISO 8502-06Preparation of steel surfaces before applica-tion of paints and related products-Test forassessment of surface cleanliness-Samplingof soluble impurities on surfaces to bepainted- The Bresle methodISO 8503-1Preparation of steel substrate before appli-cation of paints and related products- Sur-face roughness and characteristics ofblast-cleaned steel substrate- Part 2: Methodfor grading of surface profile of abrasiveblast-cleaned steel- Comparator procedure ISO 12944Paint and varnishes-Corrosion protection ofsteel structures by protective paint systems ISO-20340Paints and varnishes- Performance require-ments for protective paint systems foroffshore and related structures (2003)“Surface preparation and cleaning of steel andother hard materials by high- and ultrahigh-pressure water jetting prior to recoating”.Item No. 21076. Joint surface preparationstandard NACE No. 5/SSPC-SP 12M-501Surface preparation and protective coating(2004)Note: The coating qualification requirementsfor a given environmental service is nowsuperseded by the requirements in ISO-20340“Guidelines for ballast tank coating systemsfor surface preparation”. Appendix 3.“Testing and qualification of ballast tankcoatings” (1999).Owner Party legally responsible for design,construction and operation of the structure. Purchaser Party (owner or main contractor) issuinginquiry or contract for the corrosion protec-tion (CP design, anode manufacture or anodeinstallation or coating supply or applicationwork) or the nominated representative. Contractor Party to whom the work has been contracted. Shall Indicates a mandatory requirement.Should Indicates a preferred course of action.May Indicates a permissible course of action. Agreed/agreementRefers to a written arrangement betweenpurchaser and contractor(e.g. as stated in a contract).Report andnotifyRefers to an action by contractor in writing.AcceptedAcceptanceRefers to a confirmation by purchaser inwriting.CertificateCertifiedRefers to the confirmation of specifiedproperties issued by contractor or supplier ofmetallic materials according to EN10204:3.1.B, ISO 10474:5.1-B or equivalent. Purchasedocument(S)Refers to an inquiry/tender or purchase/contract specification, as relevant.Alkyd Alkyds are synthetic resins of polyestertype used as binders in paints or coatings.The name "alkyd" is derived from theparent chemicals alcohol + acid ester.Alkyd paints cure by air-drying and oxi-dation.Anode The corroding part of an electrochemicalcorrosion cell (or term for sacrificialanode or impressed current anode used incathodicprotection).Anti-foulingpaintPaint for use on seawater submerged areason hulls to prevent growth of livingorganisms, usually containing toxic agents(e.g. tin or other biocides).Binder The component in paint or coating bind-ing its constituents together and fixed tothe surface. Common binders are epoxy,chlorinated rubber, vinyl, and alkyd. Cathode The non-corroding or protected part of anelectrochemical cell.CathodicprotectionProtecting a metal surface from corrosionby making it a cathode in anelectrochemical cell. Cathodic protectionof a steel surface is obtained by installingsacrificial anodes or impressed currentanodes. Protective current passes fromthe anode through the electrolyte (seawa-ter) to the steel surface.Coat A continuous layer of a coating materialresulting from a single application. Coat-ing is often synonymous with painting,i.e. a protective film of thickness usuallyabout 0.2 - 0.5 mm. Coatings or paints areusually sprayed on the metal surface. Coating system(protective coatingsystem)The total sum of the coats of paints (ormaterials) which are applied to thesubstrate to provide corrosion protection. Conductivity The inverse of the Resistivity (ohm cm).In these guidelines: Conductivity, i.e.specific electrical conductance, of anelectrolyte, usually seawater. Corrosion Chemical degradation of solid materialby influence from its environment.D ET N ORSKE V ERITASPage 9Corrosion rate The rate, usually in mm/year, at which thecorrosion process proceeds. Thecorrosion rate is always to be calculatedfrom metal loss on one surface, evenwhen occurring on both sides of a steelplate, etc. (Corrosion rate is not to beconfused with "steel thickness reductionrate".)Dew point The temperature at which air is saturatedwith moisture.Electrochemical-cellSee electrolytic corrosion.Electrolytic corrosion Corrosion occurring in an electrolyte, i.e. an electrically conductive liquid such as seawater. Anodes and cathodes formed on the steel surface, together with the electrolyte, constitute electrochemical cells.Epoxy Common binder type in paints or coatingsfor marine use. Epoxies are normally oftwo component type, epoxy resin (Acomponent) chemically cured with ahardener (B component, e.g. amine),resulting in a relatively hard film.Epoxy coal tar (coal tar epoxy)Epoxy mixed with coal tar, constituting a part of the binder in paints or coatings for marine use. Chemical curing is accom-plished by means of a hardener, as for pure epoxy. The tar component acts as pigment and influences the flexibility and water resistance of the cured coating film.Film thickness The thickness of a coating layer or amulti-layer coating system. Dry filmthickness DFT is measured for curedcoatings, in shipbuilding some timesspecified as average thickness. Minimumand maximum thickness can also be spec-ified. Wet film thickness is usually con-trolled only during application by thecoating applicator.FPSO or FSO The terms FPSO (floating production andstorage offshore) and FSO (floating stor-age offshore) are used as synonyms forthe term floating structure offshore in thisguidelineGeneral corrosion Relatively evenly distributed corrosion attacks on a steel surface.Hard coating Chemically cured coating normally used for new construction, or non-convertible air drying coating such as used for main-tenance purposes, organic or inorganic (according to IMO (12)). The hard coat-ing concept covers typical marine coat-ings such as those based on epoxy, coal tar epoxy, polyurethane, chlorinated rubber, vinyl, zinc epoxy, zinc silicate.Inhibitor Chemical having an inhibiting effect oncorrosion, usually added to a closed liquidor gaseous system.Localised corrosion An attack comprising various kinds ofmore or less concentrated or spot-wisecorrosion attacks: Typically pitting, cor-rosion in way of welds, crevice corrosion,stress corrosion cracking, etc. Localisedcorrosion can proceed rapidly and can bedangerous, e.g. in case of loss of weldmetal or penetration of a pressure vesselby pitting.MechanicalcleaningPower tool (not necessarily) cleaning, bymeans of grinding disc, wire brush, orsimilar.MarineenvironmentIn this context used in its widest sense,comprising basically sea water andmarine atmosphere, including contami-nants from cargoes, industry, harbours,wave and weather actions, and opera-tional factors specific for each ship.Paint Pigmented coating materials in liquid,paste or in powder form that, whenapplied to a substrate, forms an opaquefilm having protective, decorative or spe-cific technical properties.Pigments Powders added to the coating in liquidcondition to obtain colour. Pigments alsoinfluence the coating's viscosity, applica-tion and protective properties.PrimercoatingFirst layer of a coating system applied inthe shipyard (also called touch up primer,to differentiate from shop-primer).Resin Material used as a binder constituentforming a non-crystalline film when driedor cured.Resistivity Specific electrical resistance (ohm cm).Sa 1Light blast cleaning. Loose mill scale,rust and foreign matter shall be removed.The appearance shall correspond to thestandard photos designated Sa 1. (Thisoriginally Swedish standard SIS 055900-1967 is adopted as ISO standard 8501-1.It is a pictorial surface preparationstandard for painting steel surfaces. Thepictures showing the surface appearanceare not reproduced in this guideline.Grades Sa 1 - Sa 3 describe blast-cleanedsurfaces.)Sa 2Thorough blast cleaning. Almost all millscale, rust and foreign matter shall beremoved. Finally, the surface is cleanedwith a vacuum cleaner, clean, dry com-pressed air or a clean brush. It shall thenbe greyish in colour and correspond inappearance to standard photos designatedSa 2. (See parenthesis, Sa 1.)Sa 2,5(Sa 2 1/2)Very thorough blast cleaning. Mill scale,rust and foreign matter shall be removedto the extent that the only traces remain-ing are slight stains in the form of spots orstripes. Finally, the surface is cleanedwith a vacuum cleaner, clean, dry com-pressed air or a clean brush. It shall thencorrespond to standard photos designatedSa 2,5. (See parenthesis, Sa 1. It should benoted that Sa 2,5 is closer to Sa 3 than toSa 2. Sa 2,5 corresponds to NACE gradeNo. 2 (near white) and SSPC grade SP 10(near white).)Sa 3Blast cleaning to pure metal. Mill scale,rust and foreign matter shall be removedcompletely. Finally, the surface iscleaned with a vacuum cleaner, clean, drycompressed air or a clean brush. It shallthen have a uniform metallic colour andcorrespond in appearance to standardphotos designated Sa 3. (See parenthesis,Sa 1. Sa 3 corresponds to NACE gradeNo. 1 (white metal) and SSPC grade SP 5(white).)D ET N ORSKE V ERITASD ET N ORSKE V ERITASPage 104. Abbreviations and Symbols4.1 Abbreviations4.2 Symbols for CP design parametersShop-primerThin (approximately 15 - 25 microns) primer coating applied by steel manufac-turer for temporary protectionSoft coat Coating that remains soft so that it wearsoff when touched; often based on oils or sheep wool grease (Soft coatings are not recommended for use on floating off-shore structures)Semi hard coating Coating which dries in such a way that it stays soft and flexible although hardenough to touch and walk upon.St 2Thorough scraping and wire brushing -machine brushing - grinding - etc. The treatment shall remove loose mill scale, rust and foreign matter. Finally, the sur-face is cleaned with a vacuum cleaner, clean, dry compressed air or a clean brush. It should have a faint metallic sheen. The appearance shall correspond to standard photos designated St 2. (This originally Swedish standard SIS 055900-1967 is adopted as ISO standard 8501-1. It is a pictorial surface preparationstandard for painting steel surfaces. The pictures showing the surface appearance are not reproduced in this guideline. Grades St 2 - St 3 describe mechanically cleaned surfaces.)St 3Very thorough scraping and wire brush-ing - machine brushing - grinding - etc.Surface preparation as for St 2, but much more thoroughly. After removal of dust, the surface shall have a pronounced metallic sheen and correspond to standard photos designated St 3. (See parenthesis, St 2.)Steel:In these guidelines, if not a more precisedefinition is given; "steel" means carbon steel including hull structural steel.Stripe coating Application, normally by brush, of one or more coating layer on edges, welds orsimilar to build up adequate total dry film coating thickness at the actual locations.Target useful life Is the expected useful life/durability for the given coating system. The usefulcoating life is considered to be until 3 to 10% of the surface has rust or blisters. The useful target life is based on experi-ence and the uncertainty in the specified useful target life may be +/- 3years.Vinyl Binder in paints or coatings based on dis-solved or emulsified vinyl chloride orvinyl acetate polymers (Vinyl chloride: CH 2 = CHCl). Vinyl paints are of one-component, air drying type.Zinc rich paint or coating or primer Products containing usually > 85% of metallic zinc powder in the dry film. The binder usually is on epoxy or (inorganic)silicate basis.CP Cathodic ProtectionCRA Corrosion Resistant Alloy DC Direct CurrentDFT Dry Film ThicknessNDFT Nominal Dry Film Thickness HAZ Heat Affected ZoneHISC Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking HV Vickers’s HardnessNDT Non-Destructive TestingPQT Production Qualification Test ROV Remotely Operated Vehicle RP Recommended PracticeSCE Standard Calomel ElectrodeSMYS Specified Minimum Yield Strength UNS Unified Numbering System YSYield StrengthA c (m²)surface areaa constant in coating breakdown factor bconstant in coating breakdown factorC (Ah)current charge associated with quality control testing of anode materialsc (m)anode cross sectional periphery C a (Ah)(individual) anode current capacity E a º (V)design closed circuit anode potential E c º (V)design protective potential ΔE c º (V)design driving voltage E'c (V)global protection potentialE'a (V)(actual) anode closed circuit potential E º (V)design driving voltageε (Ah/kg)anode electrochemical capacity f c coating breakdown factorf ci initial coating breakdown factor f cm mean coating breakdown factor f cf final coating breakdown factor I a (A)(individual) anode current outputI ai (A)(individual) initial anode current output I af (A)(individual) final anode current output I a tot (A)total anode current output I a tot i (A)total initial current output I a tot f (A)total final current output I c (A)current demandI ci (A)initial current demand I cm (A)mean current demand I cf (A)final current demand i c (A/m²)design current densityi ci (A/m²)design initial current density i cm (A/m²)design mean current density i cf (A/m²)design final current density。
Assignment 1
Use techniques we’ve learned to paraphrase the following text.The Past below the WavesMore than three million shipwrecks are believed to lie on the seabed, the result of storms and accidents during thousands of years of sea-borne trading. These wrecks offer marine archaeologists valuable information about the culture, technology and trade patterns of ancient civilizations, but the vast majority has been too deep to research.Scuba divers can only operate down to 50 meters, which limit operations to wrecks near the coast, which have often been damaged by storms or plant growth.A few deep sea sites (such as the Titanic) have been explored by manned submarines, but this kind of equipment has been too expensive for less famous subjects. However, this situation has been changed by the introduction of a new kind of mini submarine: the automatic underwater vehicle (AUV). This cheap, small craft is free moving and does not need an expensive mother-ship to control it. Now a team of American archaeologists are planning to use an AUV to explore an area of sea north of Egypt which was the approach to a major trading port 4,000 years ago.In the course of thousands of years’ sea-borne trading, it is believed that more than 3oooooo marine perils which wrecks supply useful information such as the civilization, technology and trade patterns of immemorial culture are caused by storms and casualties and lie on the seabed. However, most part of the information is hardly to research because the wrecks are so deep that scuba drivers can just work above 50 meters. And the damage of the wrecks result in storms or plant growth is also an important reason for it. Another reason is that the exploitation cost is too high to apply to the unknown wrecks.Nevertheless, a new mini submarine named AUV (the automatic underwater vehicle, a kind of economical ship) has changed this phenomenon. Compared with the piloted submarine used on celebrated Titanic, the AUV can move freely without the control of the mother-ship. At present, the AUV will be used by a team of American archaeologists to explore a major trading port existed in the sea north of Egypt about 4000 years ago.1。
writing assignment
Details or examples are usually arranged in climactic order: the least important comes first, followed by others in order of increasing importance.
b. Specific – to – general pattern The details are mentioned first, and the general statement , which may be the topic sentence, comes at the end of the paragraph, summarizing the points in the development, restating the topic sentence, giving a suggestion, a prediction or raising a question.
2. the supporting details
Details may be arranged in certain order, such as from right to left, near to far, up to down, north to south, side to side, center to side, and so on.
<Task 2> Underline all the features of the place described in this paragraph.
Oxford is an exceptionally old university town, on the River Thames, about 60 miles from London. Oxford’s center is the university; and all around the crossroads at the very heart of Oxford, Carfax, there are gray stone Colleges and other university buildings. In the center you can also find interesting old pubs and paved passages. There are a lot of churches, and one or two really large and interesting buildings, such as the Ashmolean Museum, the “round library”, the Bodleian and the Radcliffe Camera, with its domed roof. Like all English towns, there are parks, and one, “the Parks”, is the leafy home of university cricket in the summer months. As you leave the center and go towards the outskirts of Oxford you can see industrial estates and a car factory in one direction; and in another, attractive suburbs. There is, in fact, quite a lot of industry in Oxford.
4 区SCI期刊目录及影响因子查询
刊名简称 刊名全称 ISSN 大类名称 大类 小类名称 2009年影 2008年影 分区 （中文） 响因子 响因子
ACTA VIROL ACTA VIROLOGICA 0001-723X 医学 4 病毒学 AIDS RES HUM AIDSRETROV RESEARCH AND HUMAN 0889-2229 RETROVIRUSES 医学 4 病毒学 ARCH VIROL ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY 0304-8608 医学 4 病毒学 FUTURE VIROL Future Virology 1746-0794 医学 4 病毒学 INDIAN J VIROL Indian Journal of Virology 0970-2822 医学 4 病毒学 INFLUENZAInfluenza OTHER RESP and Other Respiratory 1750-2640 医学 Viruses 4 病毒学 INTERVIROLOGY INTERVIROLOGY 0300-5526 医学 4 病毒学 J NEUROVIROL JOURNAL OF NEUROVIROLOGY 1355-0284 医学 4 病毒学 J VIROL METHODS JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL 0166-0934 METHODS 医学 4 病毒学 S AFR J HIV SOUTHERN MED AFRICAN JOURNAL 1608-9693 OF HIV 医学 MEDICINE 4 病毒学 VIRAL IMMUNOL VIRAL IMMUNOLOGY 0882-8245 医学 4 病毒学 VIRUS GENES VIRUS GENES 0920-8569 医学 4 病毒学 ACTA CYTOL ACTA CYTOLOGICA 0001-5547 生物 4 病理学 AM J FOREN AMERICAN MED PATH JOURNAL OF FORENSIC 0195-7910 MEDICINE 医学 AND PATHOLOGY 4 病理学 ANN PATHOL ANNALES DE PATHOLOGIE0242-6498 医学 4 病理学 ANN DIAGNAnnals PATHOLof Diagnostic 1092-9134 Pathology 医学 4 病理学 APMIS APMIS 0903-4641 医学 4 病理学 APPL IMMUNOHISTO APPLIED M IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY M 1062-3345 & MOLECULAR 医学 MORPHOLOGY 4 病理学 BRAIN TUMOR Brain PATHOL Tumor Pathology1433-7398 医学 4 病理学 CARDIOVASC CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOL PATHOLOGY 1054-8807 医学 4 病理学 CLIN NEUROPATHOL CLINICAL NEUROPATHOLOGY 0722-5091 医学 4 病理学 CYTOPATHOLOGY CYTOPATHOLOGY 0956-5507 生物 4 病理学 DIAGN CYTOPATHOL DIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY 8755-1039 医学 4 病理学 DIAGN MOLDIAGNOSTIC PATHOL MOLECULAR 1052-9551 PATHOLOGY 医学 4 病理学 DIAGN PATHOL Diagnostic Pathology 1746-1596 医学 4 病理学 DIS MARKERS DISEASE MARKERS 0278-0240 医学 4 病理学 ENDOCR PATHOL ENDOCRINE PATHOLOGY 1046-3976 医学 4 病理学 EXP MOL PATHOL EXPERIMENTAL AND MOLECULAR 0014-4800 PATHOLOGY 医学 4 病理学 EXP TOXICOL EXPERIMENTAL PATHOL AND TOXICOLOGIC 0940-2993 PATHOLOGY 医学 4 病理学 FETAL PEDIATR FetalPATHOL and Pediatric Pathology 1551-3815 医学 4 病理学 FOLIA NEUROPATHOL FOLIA NEUROPATHOLOGICA 1641-4640 医学 4 病理学 INT J GYNECOL INTERNATIONAL PATHOL JOURNAL0277-1691 OF GYNECOLOGICAL 医学 PATHOLOGY 4 病理学 INT J SURG INTERNATIONAL PATHOL JOURNAL1066-8969 OF SURGICAL 医学 PATHOLOGY 4 病理学 J COMP PATHOL JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE 0021-9975 PATHOLOGY 生物 4 病理学 J CUTAN PATHOL JOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS 0303-6987 PATHOLOGY 医学 4 病理学 J ORAL PATHOL JOURNAL MEDOF ORAL PATHOLOGY 0904-2512 & MEDICINE 医学 4 病理学 KOREAN J PATHOL Korean Journal of Pathology 1738-1843 医学 4 病理学 LEPROSY REV LEPROSY REVIEW 0305-7518 医学 4 病理学 MED MOL MORPHOL Medical Molecular Morphology 1860-1480 医学 4 病理学 MOL MED REP Molecular Medicine Reports 1791-2997 医学 4 病理学 NEUROPATHOLOGY NEUROPATHOLOGY 0919-6544 医学 4 病理学 PATHOBIOLOGY PATHOBIOLOGY 1015-2008 医学 4 病理学 PATHOLOGEPATHOLOGE 0172-8113 医学 4 病理学 PATHOL BIOL PATHOLOGIE BIOLOGIE 0369-8114 医学 4 病理学 PATHOL ONCOL PATHOLOGY RES & ONCOLOGY 1219-4956 RESEARCH 医学 4 病理学 PATHOL INT PATHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 1320-5463 医学 4 病理学 PATHOL RES PATHOLOGY PRACT RESEARCH AND 0344-0338 PRACTICE 医学 4 病理学 PEDIATR DEVEL PEDIATRIC PATHOL AND DEVELOPMENTAL 1093-5266 PATHOLOGY 医学 4 病理学
关于海洋垃圾的英语
Enforcement of Marine Litter Laws: Governments need to enforce laws and regulations prohibiting the indiscriminate dumping of garbage into the sea, strengthening the cleaning and maintenance of beaches and coastal areas, and imposing penalties for illegal activities.
Types
Marine letter includes a wide range of materials such as plastics, glass, metal, rubber, paper, and texts Plastics are the most valuable type of marine writer due to their durability and widespreade use
关于海洋垃圾的英语
演讲人：
日期：
• Introduction to Marine Litter • Global Efforts to Address
Marine Litter • Innovative Solutions for
Reducing Marine Litter
目录
• Challenges Faced in Combining Marine Litter
Marine Litter Global Initiative: This initiative brings together governments, international organizations, civil society groups, and the private sector to develop and implement practical solutions to the problem of marine literature
findings related to marine debris解析 -回复
findings related to marine debris解析-回复Marine debris is a growing global concern that has significant environmental, economic, and social consequences. It refers to any solid material that enters the marine environment, either intentionally or unintentionally, and negatively impacts marine ecosystems. These findings related to marine debris shed light on the scale of the problem, its sources, consequences, and potential solutions.1. Scale of the ProblemAccording to various studies, the amount of marine debris in our oceans is staggering. It is estimated that there are over 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing more than 250,000 tons floating on the surface of oceans globally. Additionally, around 8 million metric tons of plastic waste enter the ocean each year. This debris can be found from the beaches to the deep sea, affecting marine life at all levels.2. Sources of Marine DebrisMarine debris originates from numerous sources, including land-based and ocean-based activities. Land-based sources account for approximately 80 of marine debris. This includes littering, inadequate waste management systems, and the improper disposal of plastic products. Ocean-based sourcesinclude fishing activities, shipping, and offshore industries. Lost or discarded fishing gear, known as ghost nets, poses a significant threat to marine life.3. Consequences for Marine EcosystemsThe presence of marine debris has severe consequences for marine ecosystems. It has been estimated that over 800 species, including marine mammals, seabirds, sea turtles, and fish, are affected by marine debris through ingestion, entanglement, or habitat degradation. For example, animals may mistake plastic items for food and suffer from malnutrition or starvation. Additionally, coral reefs, vital for the health of marine ecosystems, can be damaged by debris, leading to biodiversity loss.4. Economic and Social ImpactsThe economic costs of marine debris are substantial. It affects industries such as tourism, fishing, and coastal development. The presence of debris on beaches can deter tourists, leading to revenue loss for coastal communities. The fishing industry also suffers from ghost nets damaging fishing gear and reducing fish stocks. Moreover, the cleanup and management of marine debris consume millions of dollars annually.Socially, marine debris affects the well-being and livelihoods of coastal communities. Their access to clean water, food security, andcultural heritage are disrupted. Microplastics, small particles of degraded plastic, have been found in seafood and can pose health risks to humans consuming these contaminated products.5. Potential SolutionsTackling the issue of marine debris requires a multi-faceted approach involving individuals, communities, governments, and industries. Some potential solutions include:a. Raising Awareness: Educating the public about the impacts of marine debris and promoting responsible waste management practices is crucial.b. Reduction of Single-Use Plastics: Encouraging the use of reusable alternatives and implementing regulations to reduce single-use plastics can significantly decrease marine debris.c. Improved Waste Management: Establishing effective waste management systems, including recycling and waste collection infrastructure, can prevent debris from entering the oceans.d. International Cooperation: Collaboration between nations is necessary to combat ocean-based sources of marine debris, such as fishing gear lost at sea.e. Innovative Technologies: Developing new technologies for cleaning up existing debris, such as ocean cleanup systems, can help remove large amounts of debris from the oceans.In conclusion, marine debris is a global challenge with significant environmental, economic, and social implications. To address this issue effectively, it is essential to understand the scale of the problem, its sources, consequences, and implement potential solutions. By taking action at individual, community, and governmental levels, we can work towards a cleaner and healthier marine environment.。
托福阅读tpo45R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
tpo45阅读-3Feeding Strategies In The Ocean原文 (1)译文 (2)题目 (3)答案 (8)背景知识 (8)原文Feeding Strategies In The Ocean①In the open sea, animals can often find food reliably available in particular regions or seasons (e g., in coastal areas in springtime). In these circumstances, animals are neither constrained to get the last calorie out of their diet nor is energy conservation a high priority. In contrast, the food levels in the deeper layers of the ocean are greatly reduced, and the energy constraints on the animals are much more severe . To survive at those levels, animals must maximize their energy input, finding and eating whatever potential food source may be present.②In the near-surface layers, there are many large, fast carnivores as well as an immense variety of planktonic animals, which feed on plankton (small, free-floating plants or animals) by filtering them from currents of water that pass through a specialized anatomical structure. These filter-feeders thrive in the well-illuminated surface waters because oceans have so many very small organisms, from bacteria to large algae to larval crustaceans. Even fishes can become successful filter-feeders in some circumstances. Although the vast majority of marine fishes are carnivores, in near-surface regions of high productivity the concentrations of larger phytoplankton (the plant component of plankton) are sufficient to support huge populations of filter-feeding sardines and anchovies. These small fishes use their gill filaments to strain out the algae that dominate such areas. Sardines and anchovies provide the basis for huge commercial fisheries as well as a food resource for large numbers of local carnivores, particularly seabirds. At a much larger scale, baleen whales and whale sharks are also efficient filter-feeders in productive coastal or polar waters, although their filtered particles comprise small animals such as copepods and krill rather than phytoplankton.③Filtering seawater for its particulate nutritional content can be an energetically demanding method of feeding, particularly when the current of water to be filtered has to be generated by the organism itself, as is the case for all planktonic animals. Particulate organic matter of at least 2.5 micrograms per cubic liter is required to provide a filter-feeding planktonic organism with a net energy gain.This value is easily exceeded in most coastal waters, but in the deep sea, the levels of organic matter range from next to nothing to around 7 micrograms per cubic liter. Even though mean levels may mask much higher local concentrations, it is still the case that many deep-sea animals are exposed to conditions in which a normal filter-feeder would starve.④There are, therefore, fewer successful filter-feeders in deep water, and some of those that are there have larger filtering systems to cope with the scarcity of particles. Another solution for such animals is to forage in particular layers of water where the particles may be more concentrated. Many of the groups of animals that typify the filter-feeding lifestyle in shallow water have deep-sea representatives that have become predatory. Their filtering systems, which reach such a high degree of development in shallow- water species, are greatly reduced. Alternative methods of active or passive prey capture have been evolved, including trapping and seizing prey, entangling prey, and sticky tentacles.⑤In the deeper waters of the oceans, there is a much greater tendency for animals to await the arrival of food particles or prey rather than to search them out actively (thus minimizing energy expenditure). This has resulted in a more stealthy style of feeding, with the consequent emphasis on lures and/or the evolution of elongated appendages that increase the active volume of water controlled or monitored by the animal. Another consequence of the limited availability of prey is that many animals have developed ways of coping with much larger food particles, relative to their own body size, than the equivalent shallower species can process. Among the fishes there is a tendency for the teeth and jaws to become appreciably enlarged. In such creatures, not only are the teeth hugely enlarged and/or the jaws elongated but the size of the mouth opening may be greatly increased by making the jaw articulations so flexible that they can be effectively dislocated. Very large or long teeth provide almost no room for cutting the prey into a convenient size for swallowing, the fish must gulp the prey down whole.译文海洋中的捕食策略①在开阔的海域，动物们经常能在特定的区域或季节找到稳定的食物来源（比如在春天的沿海地区）。
将上岸与下海联系在一起写一篇英语作文
将上岸与下海联系在一起写一篇英语作文 To Shore and Sea: A Symbiotic Dance of Transitions.From the relentless ebb and flow of the tides, to the cyclical waxing and waning of the moon, nature's rhythms have long been intertwined with human endeavors. The metaphorical convergence of "going ashore" and "going to sea" captures this timeless interplay, embodying the dynamic nature of life's transitions and the interconnectedness of land and water."Going ashore" signifies a transition from the vastness of the open sea to the stability and familiarity of land. This metaphorical journey often represents a return to a sense of home, security, and a more structured existence.It is a movement towards the familiar, where established routines and expectations provide a sense of stability.Yet, beneath the surface of this seemingly straightforward transition lies a deeper undercurrent. Theact of going ashore is not merely a physical displacement, but also an emotional and psychological shift. It involves leaving behind the boundless possibilities and exhilarating uncertainties of the sea for the more predictable contours of land. Embarking on this journey often entails relinquishing a sense of freedom and adventure for the comforts and constraints of societal norms. It is a negotiation between the allure of the unknown and the safety of the known.Conversely, "going to sea" embodies a profound departure from the familiar. It is a bold leap into the unknown, a surrender to the unpredictable forces of nature. This transition often represents a yearning for adventure, exploration, and the pursuit of uncharted territories. Going to sea is a metaphor for leaving behind the safe and secure for the allure of the unknown. It is a courageous embrace of the limitless possibilities and adventures that lie beyond the horizon.Interestingly, these metaphorical journeys are not mutually exclusive. Rather, they form a symbiotic dance,reflecting the cyclical nature of life's transitions. Just as the ebb and flow of the tides bring water to and from the shore, so too do life's experiences oscillate between periods of stability and adventure.Going ashore provides a much-needed respite from the relentless demands of the sea. It offers a time for reflection, replenishment, and grounding. Here, one can recharge and gather strength before venturing out once more into the unknown.Conversely, going to sea offers an escape from the mundane routines of land. It provides a sense of liberation and wonder as one encounters new challenges and discovers hidden worlds. By embracing the unknown, one expands their horizons and gains a newfound appreciation for the interconnectedness of all things.In the grand tapestry of life, the transitions between shore and sea represent the continuous interplay between stability and adventure, the familiar and the unknown. These metaphorical journeys remind us that life is an ever-evolving dance, where the rhythm of transitions shapes our experiences and our growth.Just as the ocean and the land are inseparable, so too are the transitions between shore and sea. They are not separate paths, but rather interconnected parts of a single, multifaceted journey. By embracing both the stability ofthe shore and the adventure of the sea, we navigate the transitions of life with both wisdom and courage.In the words of writer Henry David Thoreau, "Not tillwe are lost, in other words not till we have lost the world, do we begin to find ourselves and realize where we are and the infinite extent of our relations." It is in the transitions between shore and sea that we discover the true depths of our being and the boundless potential that lies within us.。
帮我查一下上岸和下海的英语作文
帮我查一下上岸和下海的英语作文Shoreward and Seaward: The Phenomena of Going Ashore and Going Offshore.The expressions "going ashore" and "going offshore" are frequently used to describe opposing movements of people or resources. While the former implies a transition from a maritime or aquatic environment to land, the latter denotes the inverse, a departure from land towards the ocean. These terms, seemingly straightforward in their literal interpretation, hold deeper metaphorical significances and have been employed in various contexts to convey complex societal and economic shifts.Going Ashore: Disembarking from the Sea.The act of going ashore, disembarking from a vesselthat has traversed the vast expanse of water, evokes a sense of arrival, conclusion, and transition. It marks the end of a seafaring journey, where individuals and theiraccompanying belongings make landfall to embark on a new chapter on terra firma.Beyond its literal meaning, "going ashore" has been used metaphorically to describe transitions from adventurous and often perilous maritime endeavors to the stability and familiarity of land. Historically, the term was commonly associated with sailors and explorers who, after months or even years at sea, would finally set foot on solid ground, eager to reconnect with society and civilization.This metaphorical usage extends to modern contexts, where "going ashore" can symbolize the transition from active careers or pursuits to a more settled and conventional way of life. For instance, individuals may choose to "go ashore" by retiring from demanding professions, such as military service or international development work, to settle into a more comfortable and predictable existence.Going Offshore: Embarking on the Open Sea.In contrast to going ashore, "going offshore" implies a departure from land, venturing into the unknown and potentially treacherous realm of the open ocean. It entails leaving behind the familiar confines of one's terrestrial existence to embrace the vastness and uncertainties thatlie beyond the coastline.Metaphorically, "going offshore" has been used to describe a wide range of phenomena, often involving risk, adventure, and the pursuit of opportunities. It can referto individuals who venture into new and unfamiliar territories, both geographically and figuratively. Entrepreneurs who establish businesses in foreign countries, artists who explore unconventional creative paths, and scientists who push the boundaries of human knowledge canall be said to be "going offshore."In recent decades, "going offshore" has also gained prominence in the context of corporate operations. Companies may choose to relocate their operations toforeign countries in search of lower costs, favorableregulatory environments, or access to new markets. This trend has been particularly pronounced in the manufacturing sector, where countless jobs have been "offshored" to countries with lower labor costs.The Interplay of Shoreward and Seaward Movements.The concepts of going ashore and going offshore are not mutually exclusive but rather exist in a dynamic relationship, reflecting the ebb and flow of human endeavor. Throughout history, individuals and societies haveoscillated between these two movements, seeking stability and adventure in turn.In times of war or economic hardship, people may be forced to "go ashore," abandoning their homes and possessions to seek refuge on foreign shores. Conversely, during periods of peace and prosperity, individuals may be emboldened to "go offshore," exploring new frontiers and seeking opportunities beyond their current circumstances.The interplay of these two movements has shaped thecourse of human history. It has led to the establishment of civilizations, the spread of ideas and technologies, and the ongoing quest for a better life.Conclusion.The expressions "going ashore" and "going offshore" are more than just literal descriptions of physical movement. They are metaphors that capture the complexities of human experience, representing transitions between stability and adventure, the familiar and the unknown. These concepts have played a pivotal role in shaping our societies, and they continue to resonate in contemporary discussions of globalization, immigration, and the pursuit of a fulfilling life.。
上岸下海二元思辨作文
上岸下海二元思辨作文英文回答：Growing up, I always had a dream of living near the ocean. The idea of waking up to the sound of waves crashing against the shore and feeling the salty breeze on my face was incredibly appealing to me. However, as I got older and started to think more about my future, I realized that there were also many advantages to living inland.Living inland has its own unique charm. One of the main advantages is the cost of living. In many coastal areas, the cost of housing is extremely high due to the demand for beachfront property. However, inland areas often offer more affordable housing options, allowing me to save money and potentially have a larger home.Another advantage of living inland is the access to amenities. While coastal areas may have beautiful beaches, they often lack the same level of infrastructure andamenities that can be found inland. Inland cities typically have better healthcare facilities, educational institutions, and shopping centers. This means that I would have easier access to quality healthcare, better educational opportunities, and a wider range of shopping options.Furthermore, living inland provides a greater sense of stability. Coastal areas are more prone to naturaldisasters such as hurricanes, tsunamis, and rising sea levels. Inland areas, on the other hand, are generallysafer from these types of risks. This means that I would have a lower chance of experiencing the devastating effects of a natural disaster.Despite the advantages of living inland, my heart still longs for the ocean. There is something about the sea thatis so captivating and alluring. The sound of seagulls, the smell of saltwater, and the feeling of sand between my toes are all things that I crave. Additionally, the ocean offers a wide range of recreational activities such as swimming, surfing, and fishing, which I enjoy.Living near the ocean also provides a unique sense of tranquility and relaxation. The sound of waves has a calming effect on me and being near the water helps me to unwind and de-stress. It is a place where I can escape from the hustle and bustle of everyday life and find solace in the beauty of nature.In conclusion, the decision between living inland or near the ocean is a personal one that depends on individual preferences and priorities. While living inland offers advantages such as lower cost of living, better access to amenities, and increased stability, the allure of the ocean with its beauty, recreational opportunities, and sense of tranquility is hard to resist. Ultimately, it is important to weigh the pros and cons and choose a location that aligns with one's lifestyle and goals.中文回答：英文回答，从小我就梦想着住在海边。
关于海洋科学研究的资金来源与分配 英语作文
Financing and Allocation in Marine Scientific ResearchThe vast blue expanse of the ocean,a realm of mystery and life,beckons the curious and dedicated to unravel its secrets.Marine scientific research,crucial for understanding our planet's life-support system, faces significant challenges,among which the funding and allocation of resources stand paramount.The financial framework within which marine science operates is a complex tapestry,woven with threads of governmental support,private investment,and international collaboration.At the heart of marine scientific research funding lies the role of governments.In many countries,public funding is the cornerstone of marine science ernments allocate budgets to national agencies,research institutes,and universities to explore the depths of the ocean and unravel its mysteries.These funds are often channeled into ambitious projects such as exploring deep-sea hydrothermal vents, studying marine biodiversity,or monitoring ocean acidification.Yet,this reliance on government largesse is not without its challenges. Competition for finite resources can be fierce,and research priorities may waver with political winds,affecting the stability and continuity of long-term studies.Moreover,while governments provide a foundation,the vastness and complexity of marine research often necessitate additional sources of financing.Here,private sector investment emerges as a critical complement.Technological advances in areas such as underwater robotics,satellite imaging,and genetic sequencing open new frontiers for commercial opportunities.Private corporations,recognizing the potential for innovation and profit,increasingly invest in marine research.This privatization brings with it the promise of agile funding and the drive for rapid application of findings but also raises concerns about intellectual property rights,research ethics,and the prioritization of profit over public good.International collaborations also play a crucial role in funding marine science.The connected nature of ocean systems transcends national boundaries,making cooperative efforts anizations like the United Nations,through initiatives such as the Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development,mobilize global support and resources formarine research.International partnerships,such as those between governments,NGOs,and multinational consortia,facilitate shared costs and expertise,enabling larger-scale and more comprehensive studies than any single entity might achieve alone.Furthermore,philanthropic organizations and trusts contribute significantly to financing marine research.Endowments and grants from these sources often support innovative projects and emerging researchers,filling gaps left by traditional funding routes.The flexibility of these funds allows for the exploration of novel ideas and the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake,rather than immediate practical applications.However,the allocation of funds within marine science is as important as their source.Efficiency in disbursing resources ensures that research efforts are both impactful and sustainable.This requires strategic planning,transparent governance,and rigorous project evaluation.The distribution of funds must equitably span different research areas, ensuring a balance between basic and applied science,conservation,and technological development.Moreover,the allocation process should foster inclusivity,encouraging diverse voices and perspectives in marine science.In conclusion,the financial scaffolding of marine scientific research is a dynamic interplay of governmental,private,and international investments.Each source of funding brings its strengths and limitations, and their careful allocation is paramount to the success of marine science endeavors.As we navigate the tides of oceanic research,let us ensure that the currents of funding flow justly and efficiently,propelling forward our quest for knowledge and preservation of the magnificent aquatic world that sustains us all.。
两种不同的新型真空预压法在真空预压浅层预处理中的对比研究
随着沿海城市经济的快速发展，土地资源日益短缺，尤其是港口工程的建设，需要考虑到航道清淤和工期要求，出现了新吹填淤泥就亟需进行浅层预处理的场地，为后期深层处理提供作业面。
浅层预处理一般采用直排式真空预压技术，刘健等人依托工程项目，采用不同的管路布置方案或排水板间距分区的现场试验，并对其处理结果进行对比分析[1-2]。
袁保军等人结合某次填淤泥工程，进行了浅层预处理直排式真空预压的现场试验研究[3-5]。
杨茯苓、谢荣星对浅层处理的排水系统进行了研发，对比了不同方案的处理效果[6-7]。
王建华、蒋杰、何洪涛等在现场试验的基础上，总结了不同类型排水板、钢丝软管与蝶形接头直连和采用大泵的优点，结合监测和检测数据分析了处理效果[8-10]。
两种不同的新型真空预压法在真空预压浅层预处理中的对比研究龚大利（中国石油天然气股份有限公司天然气销售分公司）摘要：随着沿海地区经济的快速发展，围海造陆已成为解决用地紧缺的优选方式，吹填土的地基处理一般采用真空预压法，传统真空预压法具有耗能高、施工不方便和质量控制难等缺点。
在科技、理论和工程实践不断发展的基础上，针对传统真空预压法出现的问题提出了新的抽真空设备和施工工艺，并在较多项目得到了成功应用。
基于现场实际项目，对比分析了不同新型抽真空设备的处理效果，均能满足设计要求，同时对两种不同设备的能效进行对比分析，提出真空预压处理面积在80000m 2以上时采用大泵集成系统较好，反之采用真空小泵设备，可最大限度的节省电能，为类似工程的设计和施工提供相关经验。
关键词：真空预压；新型设备；能效对比；地表沉降；经验公式DOI :10.3969/j.issn.2095-1493.2023.03.006Contrastive research on two different new vacuum pre-pressure methods in the shal⁃low pretreatment of vacuum pre-pressure GONG DaliNatural Gas Sales Company，CNPCAbstract：With the rapid economic development of coastal areas,sea reclamation has become the pre-ferred way to solve the shortage of land．The vacuum pre-pressure method is generally used for the foundation treatment of blown-in soils．The traditional vacuum pre-pressure method has the disad-vantages including high energy consumption，inconvenient construction and difficult quality control ．Based on the continuous development of technology，theory and engineering practice，with the prob-lems arising from the traditional vacuum pre-pressure method，new evacuation equipment and con-struction techniques have been proposed and successfully applied in more projects．Based on actual projects on site，the treatment effects of different new vacuum equipment are compared and analyzed and all meet the design requirements．At the same time，the energy efficiency of two different equip-ment is compared and analyzed，proposing that the use of integrated system with a large pump should be used when the treatment area of vacuum pre-pressure is greater than 80000m 2．On the contrary，the use of small vacuum pumps can can maximize the savings of electricity，which provides relative ex-perience for the design and construction of similar projects ．Keywords：vacuum pre-pressure；new type equipment；energy efficiency comparison；surface settle-ment；empirical formula作者简介：龚大利，高级工程师，2010年博士毕业于东北石油大学（油气储运工程），从事油气储运设施建设项目管理和创新研究工作，139****3212，*****************，北京市朝阳区安立路101号院-3号名人大厦，100101。
中海油英语试题及答案
中海油英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is NOT a renewable energy source?A. Solar powerB. Wind powerC. CoalD. Hydropower2. The term "offshore" refers to areas that are:A. On landB. In the seaC. In the airD. Under the ground3. In the context of the oil industry, "rig" typically refers to:A. A type of oil wellB. A type of drilling equipmentC. A type of safety gearD. A type of oil tanker4. The process of converting crude oil into usable products is known as:A. RefiningB. DrillingC. ExtractionD. Transportation5. "FPSO" stands for:A. Floating Production Storage and OffloadingB. Fixed Platform Storage and OffloadingC. Full Power Storage and OffloadingD. Future Planning Storage and Offloading二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）6. The primary goal of an oil company is to _______ oil and gas resources efficiently and safely.7. The _______ is the largest offshore oil and gas producer in China.8. An oil spill can have _______ consequences for the environment.9. The _______ of oil is a critical factor in determining its market price.10. LNG stands for Liquefied Natural _______.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）11. What are the main differences between onshore and offshore oil drilling?12. Explain the role of a marine engineer in the oil and gas industry.13. Describe the process of oil exploration and production.14. Discuss the importance of environmental protection in the oil industry.四、阅读理解（每题5分，共30分）Read the following passage and answer the questions:Passage:The oil and gas industry is a significant contributor to theglobal economy. It involves the exploration, extraction, refining, transportation, and marketing of oil and natural gas. Offshore oil drilling is a challenging task that requires advanced technology and skilled personnel. The industry is also subject to strict regulations to ensure safety and environmental protection.15. What is the main focus of the oil and gas industry?16. Why is offshore oil drilling considered challenging?17. What is the role of regulations in the industry?18. What are some of the products that can be derived from oil and natural gas?五、写作题（共20分）19. Write an essay on the future of renewable energy in the oil and gas industry. Discuss the potential benefits and challenges.答案：一、选择题1. C2. B3. B4. A5. A二、填空题6. explore and develop7. CNOOC (China National Offshore Oil Corporation)8. devastating9. supply and demand10. Gas三、简答题11. Onshore oil drilling typically occurs on land, whereas offshore drilling takes place in the sea. Offshore drilling requires specialized equipment and is more technically challenging due to the marine environment.12. A marine engineer in the oil and gas industry is responsible for the design, construction, and maintenance of offshore structures and equipment, ensuring they are safe and efficient.13. The process of oil exploration and production involves searching for oil reserves, drilling wells, extracting oil, and then refining it into various products for use.14. Environmental protection is crucial in the oil industry to prevent pollution, preserve ecosystems, and ensure sustainable practices.四、阅读理解15. The main focus of the oil and gas industry is the exploration, extraction, refining, transportation, and marketing of oil and natural gas.16. Offshore oil drilling is considered challenging due to the need for advanced technology and skilled personnel to operate in the marine environment.17. Regulations in the industry ensure safety and environmental protection by setting standards for operations and equipment.18. Products derived from oil and natural gas include gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, lubricants, plastics, andfertilizers.五、写作题[考生需根据题目要求自行撰写文章，此处不提供具体答案。
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COURSE Diploma of Business & Enterprise (3113C0207) UNIT OF STUDY Management (3113C0207U07)
SITE: Shandong JianZhu University ASSESSMENT TITLE Research Essay
GROUP HC4
Instructions
▪Weighting This assessment is worth 30% of your final result for this unit of study
▪Due Date Week 12
▪If you do not pass this assignment (i.e. if you do not achieve a mark of 15) you will be able to do it again and resubmit it, but you will only be able to achieve a mark of 15 or a pass for this second attempt ▪If your assignment is late it will be marked as a resubmission.
Resources required
▪Student Manual
▪At least four (4) other sources
Description of Task
∙1500-2000 word essay based on one of the topics using theory, models, concepts relevant to the topic and at least four references (texts; journal articles; management articles) in addition to the student manual.
∙The Harvard referencing system must be used for both in-text citations and reference list
∙The essay must have:
-An introduction
- A well organised body with in-text referencing
- A conclusion that brings together all the main points in the body of the essay
- A case study or organisation that you can refer to provide examples for your discussion of the management concepts, terms and models in your answer. Please do not refer to the case study only at the end of the
essay as this would mean that you have not applied the theory, concept and terms for the topic in the
body of the essay.
Research Essay topics:
1.Identify the four leadership styles of path-goal theory. Explain when and how each style can be appropriately used
in an organisation.
a.Explain the four path-goal leadership styles
b.Discuss how each style can be appropriately applied in an organisation
e an organisation that you are familiar with to provide examples for your discussion throughout the
research essay, beginning to end. (chapter 9)
2.Describe the two types of environments that organisations have to deal with, the external which is constantly
changing and the internal that the organisation can influence. How can organisations manage environmental uncertainty and how can the culture within the organisation assist in this process?
a.Describe the two types of business environments that organisations deal with
b.Discuss environmental uncertainty and managing environmental uncertainty
c.Discuss adaptive and non-adaptive cultures
e an organisation that has an adaptive culture and is able to do manage environmental uncertainty to
provide examples for your argument. (Chapter 2)
3.Describe the management process. Explain how managers use their roles and skills to carry out their
management functions?
a.Describe the basic management process
b.Discuss manager roles and skills used in performing management functions
e an organisation to provide examples for your discussion. (Chapter 1)
4.Describe the group development process. Explain how managers who understand the roles team members play
in teams use this understanding to create effective and productive teams?
a.Describe the five stages group development process
b.Explain the three role categories
c.Analyse the facilitating role managers play in creating effective and productive teams
d. Use an organisation to provide examples for your discussion. (Chapter 7)
5.Define motivation and outline the basic model of motivation. Describe the main employees needs and
expectations managers have to take note of in order to motivate their employees to achieve company goals. In your answer outline:
a.The basic model of motivation
b.Three motivation theories one for each of the three areas – needs, cognitive activities, reward/reinforcement-
highlighting strengths and weakness of each
e work-based examples to support discussion of the theories of motivation (Chapter 8)
Mark breakdown-Research Essay
Your assessment will be graded according to the following breakdown. Please enter your name, VU student number, Group number and signature in the spaces provided and return the sheet below with your submission.。