Current Situation of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Technology for Thermal Power in China

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2020年6月大学英语六级长篇阅读练习题

2020年6月大学英语六级长篇阅读练习题（1）10 Ways Obama Could Fight Climate Change[A] One of the biggest surprises of President Barack Obama's inaugural address,on Monday was how much he focused on fighting climate change, spending more time on that issue than any other. "We will respond to the threat of climate change, knowing that the failure to do so would betray our children and future generations," Obama said. The President pointed out that recent severe weather supplied an urgent impetus for energy innovation and staked the nation's economic future on responding to a changing climate. "We cannot cede to other nations the technology that will power new jobs and new industries--we must claim its promise," Obama said. '" That's how we will maintain our economic vitality and our national treasure--our forests and waterways; our croplands and snowcapped (山顶积雪的) peaks. That is how we will preserve our planet, commanded to our care by God. " so what could the President reasonably do to deliver on that vow? Here are ten of their suggestions:Sunset coal with new incentives and regulations.[B] "Provide incentives to phase out the oldest, most polluting power plants," said Robert Jackson, a climate scientist at Duke University. It's already happening, to some degree, as more of the nation transitions to natural gas. Earth scientist Bill Chameides, dean of Duke's Nicholas School of the Environment and a former chief scientist at the Environmental Defense Fund, urges the administration to use its Clean, Air Act authority to promulgate (颁布)carbon regulations for existing power plants like it has for new ones: "Doing that will force fuel switching from coal to natural gas. "Invest federal stimulus money in nuclear power.[C] It's hardly a perfect fuel, as accidents like Japan's Fukushima fallout have shown, but with safety precautions new nuclear plants can meaningfully offset dirtier types of energy, supporters say."Nuclear is the only short-to medium-term way to really get away from fossil fuels," said Peter Raven. President emeritus of the Missouri Botanical Garden. He said the damage done by relentless global warming will far exceed the damage done by faults in the nuclear system.Kill the Keystone pipeline.[D] The controversial Keystone XL oil pipeline is up for review again by the White House this year. "The font thing he should do to set the tone to a lowercarbon economy is to reject the Keystone pipeline, “said Raymond Pierrehum Bert, a geophysical scientist at the University of Chicago. The pipeline was never going to be a major driver of global emissions, but Pierre humbert and some other environmentalists say that by killing it the President would send a clear message about America's intent to ramp down fossil fuels.Protect the oceans by executive order.[E] Land use is complicated, but large swaths of oceans can be protected by executive order. Just as President George W. Bush designated the world's largest marine monument northwest of Hawaii in 2006. Obama could single-handedly protect other areas. National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Sylvia Earle said the President should focus on parts of the Arctic that are under U. S. control, putting them off limits to energy production, commercial fishing, and mineral exploration. Marine sanctuaries (禁捕区) won't stop climate change, but they can give marine species a better chance of adapting to it by reducing the other man-made threats the animals face.Experiment with capturing carbon.[F] Huge untapped reserves of natural gas and oil make it unlikely that the U. S. will transition away from fossil fuels in the immediate future. Instead, said Wallace Broecker, geology professor at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, we should attack the atmosphere's carbon surplus directly. "Obama could make available funds to build and test prototype air capture units" to capture and store CO2, said Broecker. Removing some carbon from the atmosphere could buy valuable time as policy makers and scientists explore more permanent solutions.Grow government research for new energy sources.[G] The Department of Energy has a nimble program that's tasked with innovative energy research—the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy. The ARPA-E funds research in biofuels, transmission,and battery storage, with an annual budget of $ 275 million. Last year, DOE officials requested at least $ 75 million more. Increasing funding for ARPA-E, said Rare Pomerance, former deputy assistant secretary of state for environment and development and currently an environmental consultant, "you get new technologies that undercut coal, oil, and gas. " Plus, he said, yon get a competitive advantage if American researchersuncover the next big idea in new energy.Tax carbon.[H] Congress would have to agree, but many climate experts say that the most meaningful way to tackle emissions is to set a price on carbon. "We should be asking people to pay the cost of putting carbon into the atmosphere as they buy the fuel," said Josh Willis, climate scientist and oceanographer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. To gain political support for the idea, Obama would probably have to show that the tax wonld help accelerate technology, grow new industries, and pay down the deficit.Dial back the federal government's energy use.[I] With more than I. 8 million employees, $ 500 billion in annual purchasing power, and 500,000 buildings to operate, the federal government has been a leader in reducing energy use since Obama signed a 2009 executive order to cut waste. "I would urge him to keep using the power of government to promote energy conservation," said Syndonia Bret-Harte, an Arctic biologist who studies climate change at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks.Build a scientific clearinghouse for climate information.[J] "I advocate for building a better information system on what is happening and why," said Kevin Tren berth, head of the Climate Analysis Section at the U. S. National Center for Atmospheric Research. That involves compiling observations related to climate change from around the world and using the data to refine climate modeling. Think of it as a one-stop, user-friendly website that clearly demonstrates how weather data from around the globe are influenced by broader shifts in the planet's climate.Keep talking. Despite a consensus among top scientists, the world still needs some convincing on climate change.[K] A CNN poll last week found that just 49 percent of Americans agree that global warming is real and is due to human activities. "The most important thing the President can do is to build on his inaugural comments to heighten the sense of urgency about rapid climate destabilization and clarify its connection to virtually every other issue on the national agenda," said David Orr, environmental studies professor at Oberlin College. That means using the bully clergymen to show how a more volatile climate affects everything from agriculture totransportation to 21st-century warfare.46. The urge to promulgate carbon regulations is aimed at pushing power plants to replace coal by natural gas.47. Marine sanctuaries should be preserved because they help sea species adapt to climate alteration.48. The government should take the responsibility to raise Americans' awareness about climate change.49. Many climate experts believe that the most effective way to lower emission is to tax on carbon.50. Nuclear supporters argue that nuclear system failures are less challenging than global warming.51. Recent extreme weather made President Obama feel it is urgent to address climate change.52. Keystone pipeline should be rejected because it is a signal to reduce fossil fuels.53. Since Obama signed a 2009 executive order to cut waste, the federal government has taken the lead in saving energy.54. Lower carbon emission will be most likely to happen if research in new energy resources succeeds.55. Compared with turning to new energy, America prefers carbon capture and store as a temporary measure.2020年6月大学英语六级长篇阅读练习题（2）How to Make Attractive and Effective PowerPoint PresentationsA) Microsoft PowerPoint has dramatically changed the way in which academic and business presentations are made. This article outlines few tips on making more effective and attractive PowerPoint presentations.The TextB) Keep the wording clear and simple. Use active, visual language. Cut unnecessary words—a good rule of thumb is to cut paragraphs down to sentences, sentences into phrases, and phrases into key words.Limit the number of words and lines per slide. Try the Rule of Five-five words per line, five lines per slide. If too much text appears on one slide, use the AutoFit feature to split it between two slides. Click within the placeholder to display the AutoFit Options button (its symbol is two horizontal lines with arrows above and below), then click on the button and choose Split Text between Two Slides from the submenu.C) Font size for titles should be at least 36 to 40, while the text body should not be smaller than e only two font styles per slide—one for the title and the other for the text. Choose two fonts that visually contrast with each other. Garamond Medium Condensed and Impact are good for titles, while Garamond or Tempus Sans can be used for the text body.D) Embed the fonts in your presentation, if you are not sure whether the fonts used in the presentation are present in the computer that will be used for the presentation. To embed the fonts: (1) On the File menu, click Save As. (2) On the toolbar, click Tools, click Save Options, select the Embed TrueType Fonts check box, and then select Embed characters in use only.E) Use colors sparingly; two to three at most. You may use one color for all the titles and another for the text body. Be consistent from slide to slide. Choose a font color that contrasts well with the background.F) Capitalizing the first letter of each word is good for the title of slides and suggests a more formal situation than having just the first letter of the first word capitalized. In bullet point lines, capitalize the first word and no other words unless they normally appear capped. Upper and lower case lettering is more readable than all capital letters. Moreover, current styles indicate that using allcapital letters means you are shouting. If you have text that is in the wrong case, select the text, and then click Shift+F3 until it changes to the case style that you like. Clicking Shift+F3 toggles the text case between ALL CAPS, lower case, and Initial Capital styles.G) Use bold or italic typeface for emphasis. Avoid underlining, it clutters up the presentation.Don’t center bulleted lists or text. It is confusing to read. Left align unless you have a good reason not to. Run “spell check” on your show when finished.The BackgroundH) Keep the background consistent. Simple, light textured backgrounds work well. Complicated textures make the content hard to read. If you are planning to use many clips in your slides, select a white background. If the venue of your presentation is not adequately light-proof, select a dark-colored background and use any light color for text. Minimize the use of “bells and whistles” such as sound effects, “flying words” and multiple transitions. Don’t use red in any fonts or backgrounds. It is an emotionally overwhelming color that is difficult to see and read.The ClipsI) Animations are best used subtly; too much flash and motion can distract and annoy viewers. Do not rely too heavily on those images that were originally loaded on your computer with the rest of Office. You can easily find appropriate clips on any topic through Google Images. While searching for images, do not use long search phrases as is usually done while searching the web-use specific words.J) When importing pictures, make sure that they are smaller than two megabytes and are in a .jpg format. Larger files can slow down your show. Keep graphs, charts and diagrams simple, if possible. Use bar graphs and pie charts instead of tables of data. The audience can then immediately pick up the relationships.The PresentationK) If you want your presentation to directly open in the slide show view, save it as a slide show file using the following steps. Open the presentation you want to save as a slide show. On the File menu, click Save As. In the Save astype list, click PowerPoint Show. Your slide show file will be saved with a ppt file extension. When you double-click on this file, it will automatically start your presentation in slide show view. When you’re done, PowerPoint automatically closes and you return to the desktop. If you want to edit the slide show file, you can always open it from PowerPoint by clicking Open on the File menu.L) Look at the audience, not at the slides, whenever possible. If using a laser pointer, don’t move it too fast. For examp le, if circling a number on the slide, do it slowly. Never point the laser at the audience. Black out the screen (use “B” on the keyboard) after the point has been made, to put the focus on you. Press the key again to continue your presentation.M) You can use the shortcut command [Ctrl]P to access the Pen tool during a slide show. Click with your mouse and drag to use the Pen tool to draw during your slide show. To erase everything you’ve drawn, press the E key. To turn off the Pen tool, press [Esc] once.MiscellaneousN) Master Slide Set-Up: The “master slide” will allow you to make changes that are reflected on every slide in your presentation. You can change fonts, colors, backgrounds, headers, and footers at the “master slide” level. First, go to the “View” menu. Pull down the “Master” menu. Select the “slide master” menu. You may now make changes at this level that meet your presentation needs.1. The ways in which academic and business presentations are made have been changed by Microsoft PowerPoint.2. When making the PowerPoint, the wording of the text should not be complicated.3. In each slide, the font styles for the title and the text should contrast with each other.4. A more formal situation is capitalizing the first letter of the first word.5. Centering bulleted lists or text can not help to read.6. Sound effects should be used as less frequently as possible.7. When importing pictures, make sure that they are smaller than two megabytes.8. When making the presentation, you should look at the audience as possible as you can.9. Pressing the E key can help you to erase everything you've drawn.10. In order to meet your presentation needs, you can make changes at the “slide master”level.2020年6月大学英语六级长篇阅读练习题（3）Paper--More than Meets the EyeA) We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials, and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades.B) It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to look good, but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card.C) Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods, cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word "paper". Many of these are very specialized, but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags, with the bulk being wood-based.Paper from WoodD) In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda, until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That, in a very small nutshell, is the essence of paper making from wood. However, the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals.E) A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greaterthan fifty years. Not what we need for our archives.F) Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is "why is it left in the paper?" The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.G) It also means, of course, that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive, but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials, causing them to fade and is some cases simply vanish!H) So, how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the label. "Acid-free" might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may indicate that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously.I) Added to this, as I have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach, china clay, chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in, or printing on, the correct material then this is probably the only way.J) Incidentally, acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents. The acid will get there in the end.Paper from RagK) Paper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste. This has the advantage of being lignin-free, but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees, it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper. You will still need to purchase from a reliable source though, since even rag paperand card can contain undesirable additives.L) A reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board.M) The main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. The only safe solution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. It may cost rather more, but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the best home possible.1. The corn-flake packet is cheaper than high grade card.2. There are a lot of materials which can be used for making paper, but the superiority ones are soft wood, cotton and rags.3. During the whole manufacturing process, the final product is made froma pulp of cellulose fibres.4. In order to make white paper and card, the makers will add bleach.5. Liguin is essential for the tree but it will make paper easy to break.6. Many paper producers will preserve lignin during manufacture, because leaving the lignin will make more paper from a tree.7. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials.8. If the lignin is removed from the paper, the paper will be more expensive.9. Although free of lignin, paper made from cotton and rag waste can also cost more money than wood pulp paper because there is much less cotton and rag than trees.10. What we can learn from "Paper from Rag" is that you had better buy archival materials from specialist suppliers.2020年6月大学英语六级长篇阅读练习题（4）Definitions of ObesityA: How does one define when a person is considered to be obese and not just somewhat overweight? Height-weight tables give an approximate guideline as to whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage.B: The World Health Organization recommends using a formula that takes into account a person's height and weight. The "Body Mass Index" (BMI) is calculated by dividing the person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters, and is thus given in units of kg/m2. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered to be the healthiest. A BMI of between 25 and 29.9 is considered to be overweight, while a BMI of over 30 is considered to be obese.C: However, it is recognized that this definition is limited as it does not take into account such variables as age, gender and ethnic origin, the latter being important as different ethnic groups have very different fat distributions. Another shortcoming is that it is not applicable to certain very muscular people such as athletes and bodybuilders, who can also have artificially high BMIs. Agencies such as the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) in the USA and the International Diabetes Foundation (IDF) are starting to define obesity in adults simply in terms of waist circumference.Health Effects of ObesityD: Over 2000 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote that "persons who are naturally very fat are apt to die earlier than those who are slender". This observation remains very true today. Obesity has a major impact on a person's physical, social and emotional well-being. It increases the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 ("mature onset diabetes") and also makes Type 2 diabetes more difficult to control. Thus weight loss improves the levels of blood glucose and blood fats, and reduces blood pressure. The association between obesity and coronary heart disease is also well-known.CancerE: Furthermore, in 2001 medical researchers established a link between being overweight and certain forms of cancer, and estimated that nearly 10,000 Britons per year develop cancer as a result of being overweight. This figure was made up of 5,893 women and 3,220 men, with the strongest associations beingwith breast and colon cancers. However, it is thought that being overweight may also increase the risk of cancer in the reproductive organs for women and in the prostate gland for men.F: The link between breast cancer and nutritional status is thought to be due to the steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which are produced by the ovaries, and govern a woman's menstrual cycle. Researchers have found that the more a woman eats, or the more sedentary her lifestyle, the higher are the concentrations of progesterone. This link could explain why women from less affluent countries have lower rates of breast cancer. Women from less affluent nations tend to eat less food and to lead lifestyles which involve more daily movement. This lowers their progesterone level, resulting in lower predisposition to breast cancer.G: The Times newspaper, in 2002 reported that obesity was the main avoidable cause of cancer among non-smokers in the Western world!AgingH: Research published by St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK in 2005 showed a correlation between body fat and aging, to the extent that being obese added 8.8 years to a woman's biological age. The effect was exacerbated by smoking, and a non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years to their biological age. The combination of being obese and a smoker added at least ten years to a woman’s biological age, and although the study only involved women, the lead researcher Professor Tim Spector believes the finding would also apply to men.I: The aging effect was determined by measuring the length of telomeres, tiny "caps" on the ends of chromosomes, which help protect the DNA from the ageing process. Indeed, telomeres have been dubbed the "chromosomal clock" because, as an organism ages, they become progressively shorter, and can be used to determine the age of the organism. Beyond a certain point, the telomere becomes so short that it is no longer able to prevent the DNA of the chromosome from falling apart. It is believed that excess body fat, and the chemicals present in tobacco smoke release free radicals which trigger inflammation. Inflammation causes the production of white blood cells which increases the rate of erosion of telomeres.DementiaJ: Recent research (2005) conducted in the USA shows that obesity in middle age is linked to an increased risk of dementia, with obese people in their40s being 74% more likely to develop dementia compared to those of normal weight. For those who are merely overweight, the lifetime risk of dementia risk was 35% higher.K: Scientists from the Aging Research Centre at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden have been able to take information such as age, number of years in education, gender, body mass index, blood pressure level, physical activity and genetic factors, assigning each a risk score. They then used this information to devise a predictive test for dementia. This test will enable people at risk, for the first time, to be able to affect lifestyle changes which will reduce their risk ofcontracting dementia.Other ProblemsL: The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, is of major economic concern, liable to drain economies. Of further concern is that research conducted in Australia and published in 2006, shows that up to one third of breech pregnancies were undetected by the traditional "palpation" examination, the danger being greatest for those women who are overweight or obese—a growing proportion of mothers. This means that such women are not getting the treatment required to turn the baby around in time for the birth, and in many cases require an emergency Caesarean section.M: This is a true health-care crisis, far bigger than Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and ultimately, even bigger than AIDS.1. You can judge whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage according to the height-weight table.2. Using the "Body Mass Index"to define a person's weight ideal is limited, because it does not takes into account many variables such as age, gender and ethnic origin.3. A person's emotional well-being would be affected by obesity.4. Obesity has something to do with cancer in the prostate gland for man.5. Women from less affluent nations tend to have much less breast cancer.6. A non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added7.4 years to her biological age.7. The excess body fat, like the chemicals present in tobacco smoke, can lead to inflammation.8. Obese people in middle age run an increased risk of dementia .9. The predictive test for dementia will help people to affect lifestyle changes that will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.10. The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, will possibly drain economies.。

中国关于碳排放发言稿英文

中国关于碳排放发言稿英文Ladies and gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon/evening. It is a great pleasure to be here today to discuss the issue of carbon emissions in China and its impact on climate change. As one of the world's largest economies and greenhouse gas emitters, China has a crucial role to play in addressing this global challenge, not only for the benefit of its own people but also for the well-being of the entire planet.Firstly, let us examine the current situation of carbon emissions in China. It is undeniable that over the past few decades, China has experienced rapid economic growth and industrialization, which have had a significant impact on its carbon emissions. According to data from the Global Carbon Atlas, China is currently the largest emitter of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the world, accounting for approximately 28% of global emissions in 2019.The consequences of such high levels of carbon emissions are devastating. Climate change is a reality that affects all countries and it has profound implications for the environment, economy, and human health. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and the melting of polar ice caps are just some of the impacts that we are already witnessing. If we do not take urgent action to reduce carbon emissions, the consequences will only worsen, leading to irrevocable damage to our planet and the well-being of future generations.However, it is important to note that China is not solely responsible for the current state of global carbon emissions.Historically, developed countries have contributed the most to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As we move forward in addressing this issue, it is crucial to adopt a fair and equitable approach that takes into account historical responsibility and national circumstances. It is unfair to ask developing countries like China to make the same level of emission reductions as developed countries, without providing adequate support, resources, and technology transfer.That being said, China acknowledges the urgency and necessity of reducing carbon emissions and has made significant efforts in this regard. The Chinese government has set ambitious climate targets and implemented a range of policies and measures to achieve them. For instance, in 2020, President Xi Jinping announced that China aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. This commitment demonstrates China's determination to address the issue of climate change and transition to a low-carbon economy.To achieve these targets, China is adopting a multi-faceted approach. Firstly, China is investing heavily in renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, and hydroelectric power. China is already the largest producer of solar panels and wind turbines in the world and has made substantial progress in increasing the share of renewable energy in its energy mix. Furthermore, China is phasing out coal-fired power plants and promoting the use of natural gas as a cleaner alternative.Secondly, China is implementing energy efficiency measures across industries, buildings, and transportation. Through the implementation of energy-saving technologies and practices, Chinaaims to reduce energy consumption and, consequently, carbon emissions. The government is also promoting the development and use of electric vehicles, which have the potential to significantly reduce emissions in the transportation sector.Thirdly, China is exploring carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies to effectively reduce emissions from industries and power plants. CCS involves capturing CO2 emissions from the source and storing them underground, preventing them from being released into the atmosphere. This technology has the potential to play a significant role in reducing carbon emissions, and China is investing in research and development to make it more cost-effective and commercially viable.In addition to these domestic measures, China is actively participating in international cooperation on climate change. China has ratified the Paris Agreement and is committed to its implementation. China is also contributing to global climate finance and technology transfer, especially to developing countries, to support their efforts in mitigating and adapting to climate change.Ladies and gentlemen, as we navigate the path towards a sustainable future, it is crucial for all countries, including China, to work together in a spirit of cooperation and shared responsibility. Climate change is a global challenge that requires a global response, and no country can solve it alone. Developed countries must fulfill their commitments to provide financial resources, technology transfer, and capacity building support to developing countries. Developing countries, including China, must continuetheir efforts to reduce emissions and transition to low-carbon development pathways.In conclusion, China recognizes the importance of addressing carbon emissions and mitigating climate change. The Chinese government has set ambitious targets and is implementing a range of policies and measures to achieve them. China is investing in renewable energy, promoting energy efficiency, exploring carbon capture and storage technologies, and actively participating in international cooperation. However, achieving the desired outcomes requires the collaboration and support of the international community. Let us work together towards a sustainable and prosperous future for all.Thank you.。

富氧燃烧碳捕集关键技术

富氧燃烧碳捕集关键技术富氧燃烧碳捕集（Oxy-fuel Combustion Carbon Capture，OFCCC）是一种用于减少二氧化碳（CO2）排放的技术，它结合了富氧燃烧和碳捕集两种关键技术。

以下是这两个关键技术的简要说明：1. 富氧燃烧技术：富氧燃烧是一种改进的燃烧技术，其中使用富含氧气的气氛代替空气作为燃烧过程的氧源。

在传统的空气燃烧中，氮占空气的大部分体积，导致产生大量氮氧化物和CO2，使二氧化碳捕集变得更为困难。

而在富氧燃烧中，氮的含量显著降低，几乎所有气体都是氧和燃料的混合物，使得产生的烟气主要包含水蒸气和二氧化碳。

2. 碳捕集技术：碳捕集是指从工业排放源中捕获和提取二氧化碳，防止其进入大气并造成温室效应。

常见的碳捕集技术包括物理吸附、化学吸附、膜分离等。

在富氧燃烧碳捕集中，常用的方法是通过后燃烧过程中的气体分离和净化，将CO2从其他气体中分离出来。

这通常涉及使用各种吸附剂或溶剂，以吸附或吸收CO2。

富氧燃烧碳捕集关键技术的挑战和发展：能源效率：富氧燃烧可能会降低能源系统的效率，因为提供纯氧通常需要额外的能量。

因此，技术的发展需要克服这一挑战，以确保能源系统的整体效益。

设备成本：富氧燃烧和碳捕集设备的建设和维护成本相对较高。

技术的成熟和规模化可以帮助降低这些成本，使其更具吸引力。

二氧化碳的后处理：将捕集到的二氧化碳进行储存或利用是一个重要的问题。

开发高效、安全和经济的二氧化碳后处理技术是富氧燃烧碳捕集的另一个关键方面。

系统集成：将富氧燃烧和碳捕集集成到现有能源系统中是一个复杂的工程问题。

需要综合考虑系统的各个方面，确保其在实际工业应用中的可行性和有效性。

富氧燃烧碳捕集技术在减缓气候变化和实现清洁能源转型方面具有潜在的重要性，然而，要实现其广泛应用，仍需不断的技术创新和工程实践。

减少碳排放英语作文

Reducing carbon emissions is a critical global issue that requires immediate attention and action from individuals,communities,and governments alike.Here are some key strategies and ideas that can be incorporated into an essay on reducing carbon emissions:1.Understanding Carbon Emissions:Begin by explaining what carbon emissions are and why they are harmful.Carbon dioxide CO2is a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming and climate change.2.The Importance of Reducing Emissions:Discuss the consequences of not reducing carbon emissions,such as rising sea levels,extreme weather events,and loss of biodiversity.3.Individual Actions:Energy Conservation:Encourage readers to reduce energy consumption by turning off lights and appliances when not in use.Transportation Choices:Advocate for walking,cycling,using public transport,or carpooling to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.Diet Changes:Suggest reducing meat consumption,as livestock farming is a significant source of methane emissions.4.Technological Innovations:Renewable Energy:Highlight the benefits of solar,wind,and hydroelectric power as alternatives to fossil fuels.Electric Vehicles EVs:Discuss the growing popularity and environmental benefits of EVs over traditional gasolinepowered cars.ernment Policies:Carbon Pricing:Explain how implementing a carbon tax or capandtrade system can incentivize businesses to reduce emissions.Regulations:Discuss the role of government in setting emission standards for industries and vehicles.6.Corporate Responsibility:Sustainable Practices:Encourage companies to adopt greener practices,such as using renewable energy sources and reducing waste.Transparency:Advocate for companies to report their carbon footprints and set targets for emission reductions.munity Initiatives:Green Spaces:Promote the creation of urban green spaces,which can absorb CO2and improve air quality.Education and Awareness:Stress the importance of educating the public about the impact of their actions on carbon emissions.8.International Cooperation:Global Agreements:Mention the role of international agreements like the Paris Agreement in setting targets for global emission reductions.Technology Transfer:Discuss how developed countries can help developing nations adopt cleaner technologies.9.LongTerm Solutions:Carbon Capture and Storage CCS:Introduce the concept of CCS as a method to remove CO2from the atmosphere and store it underground.Reforestation:Explain how planting trees can help absorb CO2and combat deforestation.10.Conclusion:End the essay by emphasizing the collective responsibility to reduce carbon emissions and the urgent need for action to protect the planet for future generations.Remember to use persuasive language and provide evidence or examples to support your arguments.An essay on this topic should inspire readers to take action and contribute to the global effort to combat climate change.。

碳捕捉的化学方程式

碳捕捉的化学方程式英文回答：Carbon capture refers to the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from industrial sources before they are released into the atmosphere. This is an important strategy in combating climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. There are several chemical reactions involved in carbon capture, including absorption, adsorption, and mineralization.One common method of carbon capture is absorption, which involves dissolving CO2 in a solvent. This is typically done using a liquid amine solution, such as monoethanolamine (MEA). The CO2 reacts with the amine to form a carbamate, which can then be heated to release the CO2 and regenerate the amine for reuse. This process is known as desorption.Another method of carbon capture is adsorption, whichinvolves the physical binding of CO2 to a solid material. One example of an adsorbent material is activated carbon, which has a large surface area and can effectively capture CO2 molecules. The adsorbed CO2 can then be released by heating the material, allowing for the regeneration of the adsorbent.Mineralization is another important process in carbon capture, where CO2 is converted into stable carbonates or bicarbonates. This can be achieved through the reaction of CO2 with alkaline materials, such as calcium or magnesium oxides. The resulting carbonates can be stored or used in various applications, such as construction materials.Overall, carbon capture involves a combination of these chemical reactions to capture and store CO2 emissions. By implementing carbon capture technologies, we can reduce the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere and mitigate the impacts of climate change.中文回答：碳捕捉是指在工业源排放到大气中之前，捕捉和储存二氧化碳（CO2）排放的过程。

(碳捕集与封存)Carbon Capture and Storage Technology

Ocean Storage（海洋封存）
• Ocean mothballed means that CO2 is transported to the seabed by ship or pipes.
Global Development Status
According to Reuters, the global carbon capture and storage in the annual report on global deployment of carbon capture and storage condition warned about
Transportation
The captured carbon dioxide must be transported to the proper place for storage and can be transported using cars, trains, ships and pipes. Generally speaking, pipelines are the most economical means of transportation.
investment levels and regulatory uncertainty. By now,
from the current 16 items surged to 130 projects goal
is impossible of achievement.
THANKS
Pre-combustion Capture
”
E.g.
Working Procedures
Step 1
• Capture • Transportation • Sequestration

2019-2020学年七宝中学高三上英语10月月考

七宝中学2019学年度第一学期高三10月学情调研考试时间：120分钟满分140分出卷：封杏玉审卷：汤晓燕II. Grammar and Vocabulary (20%)Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks,use one word that best fits each blank.Flu is killing us. The usual response to the annual flu is not enough to fight against the risks we currently face, __21____(say) nothing of preparing us for an even deadlier widespread flu that most experts agree ____22___(come) in the future. Yes, we have an annual vaccine, and everyone _____23___(qualify) should get it without question. The reality, however, is that less than half Americans get the flu vaccines. And the flu vaccines we have are only 60% effective in the best years and 10% effective in the worst years. We urgently need a much ___24______(effective) flu vaccine.In the U.S. alone, seasonal flu can cause up to 36 million infections, three-quarters of a million hospitalizations and 56,000 deaths. We are not investing the resources needed to protect ourselves, our loved __25____ and our communitiesWhy not? We haven't been hit by __26___ truly destructive widespread disease in a long time. So as individuals, we let down our guard as our leaders quietly defund and destaff the services we need to protect us.The risk of continued foot dragging is huge. In a severe widespread disease, the U.S. health care system could be defeated in just weeks. Millions of people would be infected by the virus, and would die in the weeks and months following the initial outbreak.The cost of preventing epidemics is roughly a tenth of ___27___ it costs to cope with them when they hit. In 2012, a call was issued for an annual billion-dollar U.S. commitment __28____ the development of a universal flu vaccine. Six years later, the search for a universal vaccine remains seriously underfunded.The simple reason lies in our collective satisfaction. 29______ ______ ______ headlines about the flu are gone, hospitals are emptied of flu patients, and school and workplace absence rates decline, we go back to business as usual.Leading scientists and public health officials have the capability to keep us much safer from flu. They need your quick and decisive support to succeed. Your action today ___30___ be a matter of life and death for you and those you love.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Published in the journal Nature Communications, the research offers a(n) ___32____pathway for safely and permanently removing the greenhouse gas from our atmosphere.Current technologies for carbon capture and storage focus on compressing CO2 into a liquid form, transporting it to a suitable site and injecting it underground.But ____33_____has been hampered by engineering challenges, issues around economic viability and environmental concerns about possible _____34___ from the storage sites.RMIT researcher Dr Torben Daeneke said converting CO2 into a solid could be a more sustainable approach."While we can't ___35___turn back time, turning carbon dioxide back into coal and burying it back in the ground is a bit like rewinding the emissions clock," Daeneke, an Australian Research Council DECRA Fellow, said."To ___36____,CO2 has only been converted into a solid at extremely high temperatures, making it industrially unviable. "By using liquid metals as a catalyst, we've shown it's possible to turn the gas back into carbon at room temperature, in a process that's efficient and scalable."While more research needs to be done, it's a crucial first step to delivering solid storage of carbon."How the carbon conversion worksLead author, Dr Dorna Esrafilzadeh, a Vice-Chancellor's Research Fellow in RMIT's School of Engineering, developed the electrochemical technique to capture and convert atmospheric CO2 to storable solid carbon.To convert CO2, the researchers designed a liquid metal catalyst with specific surface ___37____ that made it extremely efficient at conducting electricity while chemically activating the surface.The carbon dioxide is dissolved in a beaker filled with an electrolyte liquid and a small amount of the liquid metal, which is then charged with an electrical ___38_____.The CO2 slowly converts into solid flakes of carbon, which are naturally detached from the liquid metal surface, allowing the continuous production of carbonaceous solid. Esrafilzadeh said the carbon produced could also be used as an electrode."A side benefit of the process is that the carbon can hold electrical charge, becoming a supercapacitor, so it could ___39____ be used as a component in future vehicles.""The process also produces synthetic fuel as a by-product, which could also have industrial____40____."III. Reading ComprehensionSection A .The days of the camera-carrying tourist may be numbered. Insensitive travelers are being ordered to __41 pointing their cameras at local residents. Tour companies selling expensive trips to remote corners of the world have become increasingly annoyed at the 42 of visitors upsetting locals. Now one such operator plans to ban clients from taking any photographic equipment on holidays. Julian Matthews is the director of Discovery Initiatives, a company that is working hand-in-hand with other organizations to offer holidays combining high adventure with working on environmental projects.Matthews says he is providing ‘holidays without 43 , insisting that Discovery Initiatives is not a tour operator but an environmental support company. Clients are referred to as ‘participants’. ‘We see ourselves as the next step on from eco-tourism, which is merely a(n) 44 form of sensitive travel—ours is a more active approach.’However, says Matthews, there is a price to pay. ‘I am planning to introduce tours with a total ban on cameras because of the damage they do to our relationships with 45 . I have seen some 46 things, such as a group of six tourists arriving at a remote village in the South American jungle, each with a video camera attached to their face. That sort of thingtears me up inside. Would you like somebody to come into your home and take a photo of you cooking? A camera is like a weapon; it puts up a barrier and you lose all the 47 that comes through body language, which 48 means that the host communities are denied access to the so-called cross-cultural exchange.’Matthews’ views reflect a growing49 among some tour companies at the increasingly rude behaviour of wealthy tourists. Chris Parrott, of Journey Latin America, says: ‘We tell our clients that indigenous (土著的) people are often shy about being 50 , but we certainly don’t tell them not to take a camera. If they take pictures without asking, they may find themselves having tomatoes thrown at them.’Crispin Jones, of Exodus, the overland truck specialist, says: ‘We don’t have a(n)51 but, should cameras cause offence, our tour leaders would make it quite clear that they cannot be 52 . Clients tend to do what they are told.’Earthwatch, which pioneered the 53 of active eco-tourism by sending paying volunteers to work on scientific projects around the world, does not ban cameras, but operates strict rules on their use. Ed Wilson, the marketing director of the company, says: ‘Some people use the camera as a barrier; it allows them to distance themselves from the reality of what they 54 . I would like to see tourists 55 their cameras for once, rather than trying to record everything they see.’41. A. consider B. stop C. practise D. mind42. A. edge B. expense C. bottom D. sight43. A. surprise B. limit C. doubt D. guilt44. A. passive B. simple C. inexpensive D. innovative45. A. guides B. locals C. tourists D. specialists46. A. routine B. interesting C. terrible D. personal47. A. protection B. passion C. communication D. dignity48. A. effectively B. accidentally C. comparatively D. optimistically49. A. unease B. feeling C. awareness D. despair50. A. misunderstood B. witnessed C. sponsored D. photographed51. A. experience B. policy C. market D. intention52. A. offended B. used C. judged D. deserted53. A. change B. benefit C. concept D. history54. A. say B. hear C. do D. see55. A. turning up B. looking after C. putting away D. running outSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the informationgiven in the passage you have just read.(A)A voyaging ship was wrecked during a storm at sea and only two of the men aboard were able to swim to a small, desert-like island. Not knowing what else to do, the two survivors agreed that they had no alternative but to pray to God.However, to find out whose prayers were more powerful, they agreed to divide the territory between them and stay on opposite sides of the island.The first thing they prayed for was food. The next morning, the first man saw a fruit-bearing tree on his side of the island, and he was able to eat its fruit. But the other man’s parcel of land remained barren.After a week, the first man became lonely and decided to pray for a wife. The next day, another ship was wrecked and the only survivor was a woman who swam to his side of the island. But on the other side of the island, there was nothing.Soon thereafter the first man prayed for a house, clothes and more food. The next day, like magic, all of these things were given to him. However, the second man still had nothing.Finally, the first man prayed for a ship so that he and his wife could leave the island, and in the morning he found a ship docked at his side of the island.The first man boarded the ship with his wife and decided to leave the second man on the island, considering the other man unworthy to receive God’s blessings since none of his prayers had been answered.As the ship was about to leave, the first man heard a voice from Heaven booming, “Why are you leaving your companion on the island?”“My blessings are mine alone since I was the one who prayed for them,” the first man answered. “His prayers were all unanswered and so he doesn’t deserve anything.”“You are mistaken!” the voice rebuked him. “He had only one prayer, which I answered. If not for that, you would not have received any of my blessings.”“Tell me,” the first man asked the voice, “what did he pray for that I should owe him anything?”“He prayed that all your prayers would be answered.”For all we know, our blessings are not the fruits of our prayers alone, but those of another praying for us. So what you do for others is more important than what you do for yourself.56. The first man’s wife is _____.A. a swimmer who got to the island by accidentB. an angel sent by God to keep him companyC. a survivor from another wrecked shipD. a native person on the desert-like island57. The underlined word “barren” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _____.A. isolatedB. unproductiveC. fertileD. dry58. Which of the following is true about the second man?A. He didn’t deserve any blessing from God.B. None of his prayers was answered by God.C. He is not brave enough to tell God his needs.D. His prayer helped his companion get out of trouble.59. What’s the moral of the story?A. Never judge a person by appearance.B. Don’t lose heart in trouble.C. Helping others is helping ourselves.D. Greed is the root of all evil.(B)Registration now open for the 2019 Student Research Showcase Researchers often find itdifficult to talk about their projects with friends and relatives who are not in the same research field. Those who are able to effectively communicate their work to a broader audience are at an advantage in terms of communicating the value of what they do to the public, to superiors at school or on the job, and to organizations that could provide funding to support a project. Sigma Xi’s Student Research Showcase is a unique opportunity for high school, undergraduate, andKey deadlinesfor the 2017Student ResearchShowcase:♦P roject description approvaland registration deadline:February 22, 2019♦P roject submissiondeadline: March 22, 2019♦E valuation period: April 3—10, 2019research to a general audience.During the review period,more than sixty SigmaXimembers volunteers as judgesto evaluate students’submissions(递交的作品)and engage in digitalconversations with presentersthrough their websites.Participants findSigma Xi members areencouraged to volunteer asjudges.graduate students to develop their communication skills through multimedia. Held annually, this online science communication competition allows students to showcase their research on a website they build. The competition is open to all research areas.Presentation websites contain three main parts: an a b s t r a c t,a t e c h n i c a l slideshow, and a video to introduce the project and its relevance to the research community and society. The v i d e o p a r t c h a l l e n g e s participants to present their discussion with the judges andthe public helpful in betterunderstanding their research.“I’m really excited abouttrying to bridge the gapbetween the scientificcommunity and a broaderaudience,” said Luka Negoita,the 2015 graduate divisionwinner, when asked about hismotivation to participate in theshowcase. Participantscompete for awards of up to$500 in high school,undergraduate, and graduatedivisions. The winner of thePeople’s Choice Award isselected based on a public voteand receives a $250 award.For more information on theStudent Research Showcase,visithttps:///meetings-events/student-research-showcase.60. Student Research Showcase is intended to _____.A. spot the students who will devote themselves to researchB. find out the research area that is popular with studentsC. help students to use multimedia more skillfullyD. give students a chance to present their research61. Students must communicate their research to the public in the part of _____ on their websites.A. the abstractB. the technical slideshowC. the videoD. the discussion62. Which of the following statements is true of Student Research Showcase?A. Participants have to submit their project by February 22 at the latest.B. The public will decide which project wins People’s Choice Award.C. Sigma Xi will employ world famous scientists to be the judges.D. No communication is allowed between judges and participants.(C)A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-month-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common. After all, the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world, and the baby is, well, just playing…right? Perhaps, but some developmental psychologists have argued that this “play” is more like a scientific investigation than one might think.Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table. Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge, it falls in the ground---and, in the process, it brings out important evidence about how physical objects interact ; bowls of rice do not float in mid-sit, but require support to remain stable. It is likely that babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it. Instead, babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact. Though their ranges and tools differ, the baby’s investigation and the scientist’s experiment appear to share the same aim(to learn about the natural world ), overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world), and logic (are my observations what I expected?).Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way---that they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means. For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has, for example, unlike the child, Mommy actually doesn’t like Dove chocolate.Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort ---the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world---is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. The same cognitive systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, ”It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”63.We learn from Paragraph 2 that __________A. scientists and babies seem to observe the world differentlyB. scientists and babies often interact with each otherC. babies are born with the knowledge of object supportD. babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do64. Children may learn the rules of language by __________A. exploring the physical worldB. investigating human psychologyC. repeating their own experimentsD. observing their parents’ behaviors65. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?A. The world may be more clearly explained through children’s play.B. Studying babies’ play may lead to a better understanding of science.C. Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.D. One’s drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.66. What is the author’s tone when he discusses the connection between scientists’ research and babies’ play?A. Convincing.B. Confused.C. Confidence.D. Cautious.Section C (4*2=8)Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Many people know that trash is a big problem on planet Earth. What many people don’t know is that trash has become a problem in outer space too. _____67_____Statistically, there are more than 22,000 pieces of junk in space around the earth. And these are just the items that we can see from the surface of the earth by telescopes or radars. ____68____Objects, like bits of old space rockets or satellites, move around the planet at very high speeds, so fast that even a very small piece can break important satellites or become dangerous to people, particularly astronauts. If the tiniest piece of junk crashed into a spacecraft, it could damage the vehicle. That’s because the faster an object moves, the greater the impact if the object collides with something else.To help minimize additional space junk, countries around the world have agreed to limit the time their space tools stay in orbit to 25 years. Each tool must be built to fall safely into the earth’s atmosphere, or the mass of gases that surround the earth, after that. _____69_____Many scientists are also proposing different ways to clean up space junk. The Germans have been planning a space mission with robots that would collect pieces of space trash and bring them back to Earth so that they can be safelydestroyed."In our opinion the problem is very challenging, and it's quite urgent as well," said Marco Castronuovo, an Italian Space Agency researcher who is working to solve the problem. ______70_____ Many of these objects are tools that help people use their cell phones or computers."The time to act is now; as we go farther in time we will need to remove more and more fragments," he says.IV. Summary Writing (10%)Directions:Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.It is a common sight on campus or in the streets: a young person rides by on an electric scooter, traveling quickly and proudly. But Beijing’s traffic authorities have said that starting on Sept.5, people who are caught riding electric scooters on public roads or bicycle lanes will be fined 10 yuan. They will also be given a warning not to use the vehicles on public roads again.The announcement was made after traffic police in Shanghai started a campaign to get electric scooters off public roads, with police officers stopping riders because the scooters could cause traffic problems.The Beijing Consumer Association said it had tested more than 20 electric scooters of different brands recently and found that most had substandard brakes. It added that 16 of the tested scooters could go faster than the maximum 20 km per hour set for electric bikes. According to the traffic police, people who ride electric scooters at certain speeds can easily bump into the vehicles in the vehicle lane and hurt people who walk in the bicycle lanes.But seeing the benefits that electric scooters have brought to young people, experts are worried that the ban may take effect slowly.Electric scooters are a great answer to the ‘last mile problem’ of getting from a public transport station to one’s home. They’re light enough to throw over your shoulder. They’re easy to ride just about anywhere and don’t need a lot of physical effort. The scooter can travel 25 km on one charge. It’s convenient and easy to control.They are also good for environment. Unlike cars and buses, electric scooters produce no carbon dioxide, need no fuel and make almost no noise.For many young people, they use them to copy cool celebrities they have seen in videos.IV. Translation (3+3+4+5)1.上班时间打盹的那个员工应该为此事故负责。

The Science of Carbon Capture and Sequestration

The Science of Carbon Capture andSequestrationCarbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is an important technology that has been gaining attention in recent years due to the increasing concern over climate change. Essentially, CCS is a process that captures carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by industrial processes such as power plants and stores it underground in an effort to prevent it from being released into the atmosphere. This technology has been touted as an important way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change.There are several different processes involved in CCS. The most common process is post-combustion capture, which involves removing CO2 from flue gases produced by burning fossil fuels. This process typically involves using solvents to absorb CO2, which is then compressed and transported to storage sites.Another type of CCS is pre-combustion capture, which involves converting fossil fuels into a gas before they are burned. This process allows for the separation of CO2 before it is emitted into the atmosphere.Finally, there is also the option of using carbon capture in industrial processes, such as cement or steel production. This process involves using carefully designed chemicals to capture and effectively remove CO2 before it is released into the atmosphere.One of the main challenges with CCS is the cost associated with capturing and storing CO2. The technology is still relatively new and requires significant infrastructure, including pipelines and storage facilities. However, as the technology becomes more widely adopted and the scale of CCS operations increases, costs are expected to decrease.There are also concerns about the long-term safety and effectiveness of CCS. The risk of leakage from storage sites is a significant concern, as is the impact on local ecosystems. However, research is ongoing to identify and mitigate these risks.Despite these challenges, CCS remains a promising technology for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Proponents argue that the technology can be used in combination with other strategies, such as renewable energy and energy efficiency, to achieve significant reductions in emissions.Furthermore, the potential for CCS extends beyond just reducing emissions from industrial processes. The captured CO2 can also be used for enhanced oil recovery, where the CO2 is used to extract more oil from existing wells. This process allows for the storage of CO2 while also increasing domestic oil production.Overall, the science of carbon capture and sequestration is a promising area of research that has the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. While there are certainly challenges, ongoing research and development are helping to address these issues as we work towards a more sustainable future.。

碳捕捉的化学方程式

碳捕捉的化学方程式英文回答：Carbon capture is a process that involves capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from various sources, such as power plants and industrial facilities, and preventing them from being released into the atmosphere. This is done in order to mitigate the effects of climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.One of the most common methods of carbon capture is through the use of chemical reactions. One such reaction is known as carbon capture and storage (CCS), which involves capturing CO2 and converting it into a more stable form, such as a solid or a liquid, that can be stored safely underground.The chemical equation for carbon capture through CCS can be represented as follows:CO2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O → (NH4)2CO3。

In this equation, carbon dioxide (CO2) reacts with ammonia (NH3) and water (H2O) to form ammonium carbonate ((NH4)2CO3). The ammonium carbonate can then be further processed to produce a solid or a liquid form of carbon dioxide that can be stored underground.Another method of carbon capture is through the use of solvents, such as amines. Amines are chemicals that have the ability to absorb CO2 from flue gas, which is the gas emitted from power plants and industrial facilities. The chemical reaction involved in this process is known as absorption.The chemical equation for carbon capture through absorption using amines can be represented as follows:CO2 + 2R-NH2 → R-NH-CO-NH-R.In this equation, carbon dioxide (CO2) reacts with two molecules of amine (R-NH2) to form a carbamate (R-NH-CO-NH-R). The carbamate can then be further processed to release the captured CO2 and regenerate the amine for reuse in the carbon capture process.中文回答：碳捕捉是一种从各种来源（如发电厂和工业设施）捕获二氧化碳（CO2）排放并防止其释放到大气中的过程。

碳排放的英语作文

碳排放的英语作文In the 21st century, carbon emissions have become a pivotal issue that demands the attention of every individual and nation. The burning of fossil fuels for energy, industrial processes, and transportation are the primary contributors to the alarming rise in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. This essay will explore the implications of carbon emissions, the consequences they pose to our planet, and the measures that can be taken to mitigate their impact.Firstly, it is essential to understand that carbon emissions are a byproduct of the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. These emissions are a significant factor in climate change, causing the Earth's temperature to rise, a phenomenon known as global warming. The increase in temperature leads to a myriad of environmental issues, including the melting of polar ice caps, rising sea levels, and more frequent and severe weather events.Moreover, the high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can lead to ocean acidification, which poses a threat to marine life. The oceans absorb a significant portion of the carbon dioxide, leading to a decrease in pH levels and creating a hostile environment for many marine species, particularly coral reefs and shellfish.To address the issue of carbon emissions, various strategies have been proposed and implemented. One such strategy is thedevelopment and promotion of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. These sources are sustainable and produce little to no carbon emissions, making them an attractive alternative to fossil fuels.Another approach is the implementation of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. This involves capturing carbon dioxide emissions at the source, transporting them, and storing them underground to prevent them from entering the atmosphere. While this technology is promising, it is stillin its developmental stages and requires further research and investment.Additionally, governments and international bodies are working towards setting emission reduction targets and creating policies to encourage a shift towards a low-carbon economy. The Paris Agreement, for example, is a global effort to combat climate change and limit the global temperature increase to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.In conclusion, carbon emissions are a pressing environmental concern that requires immediate and collective action. By adopting cleaner energy sources, investing in carbon capture technologies, and supporting policies that aim to reduce emissions, we can work towards a more sustainable future. It is the responsibility of every individual, community, and nation to contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions and safeguard our planet for generations to come.。

时下最流行的英语俚语、短语第三季

China's growth remains strong despite a moderate decline and it is not heading for an economic hard landing, an expert of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) said on Wednesday.The Chinese economy has trended down over the last few quarters, but still it grew at a rate of 7.5 percent in the second quarter, which "we understand is very much in line with the government's own target," Markus Rodlauer, Deputy Director of the IMF's Asia and Pacific Department, told Xinhua.Official data showed that China's economic growth decelerated from 7.7 percent in the first quarter to 7.5 percent in the second, matching the government's full–year target, a rate that would make this year the slowest in two decades.文中的economic hard landing就是“经济硬着陆”的意思。

hard是“硬”的意思，landing 则是“着陆”的意思。

IMF是“国际货币基金组织”（International Monetary Fund）。

二氧化碳捕集-利用一体化技术

二氧化碳捕集-利用一体化技术李亦易1,2㊀卓锦德1∗(1.北京低碳清洁能源研究院,北京102211;2.中国科学院化学研究所,北京100190)摘要:二氧化碳(CO2)排放的与日俱增已经严重威胁到全球的气候变化,为了应对这一全球性的环境问题,科学家们通过各种方式来控制大气中CO2的含量,但是效果欠佳㊂CO2捕集-利用一体化技术既能够捕集CO2,还能够同步将CO2转化进行利用,是燃煤电厂实现可持续发电的CO2减排的最佳方式㊂CO2捕集-利用一体化技术主要分为两类:1)以 CO2的捕集及矿化利用一体化技术为代表的传统工艺;2)以 CO2捕集及电化学转化利用一体化技术为代表的新型工艺㊂随着CO2固定和储能技术的不断发展,CO2捕集-利用一体化技术越来越显现出良好的发展前景㊂主要介绍了CO2捕集以及转化利用的研究进展,并对CO2的捕集及矿化利用一体化技术和CO2捕集及电化学转化利用一体化技术进行了对比,提出了目前CO2捕集-利用一体化技术所面临的机遇和挑战㊂评述了CO2的捕集及利用一体化技术未来的发展方向㊂关键词:CO2捕集;有机胺;碳转化;电化学;一体化RESEARCH ON CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE-UTILIZATION INTEGRATEDLi Yiyi1,2㊀Zhuo Jinde1∗(1.National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy,Beijing102211,China;2.Institute of Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Science,Beijing100190China)Abstract:The increasing carbon dioxide emissions have seriously threatened global climate change.In order to deal with this global environmental problem,scientists have used various ways to control the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere,but the effects are not good.Carbon dioxide capture-utilization integrated technology can capture carbon dioxide and simultaneously convert carbon dioxide to use.This is the best way for coal-fired power plants to achieve sustainable power generation with the reduction in carbon dioxide emission.The integrated technology of carbon dioxide capture and utilization can be divided into two categories:one is the traditional technology represented by the integrated technology of carbon dioxide capture and mineralization utilization;the other is the new technology represented by the integrated technology of carbon dioxide capture and electrochemical conversion and utilization.With the continuous development of carbon dioxide fixation and energy storage technology,the integrated technology of carbon dioxide capture and utilization is showing an excellent development prospect.This paper mainly introduced the research progress of carbon dioxide capture and conversion and utilization,compared the integrated technology of carbon dioxide capture and mineralization utilization with the integrated technology of carbon dioxide capture and electrochemical conversion utilization,and presented the opportunities and challenges faced by the integrated technology of carbon dioxide capture and utilization.The future development direction of integrated technology of carbon dioxide capture and utilization was reviewed.Keywords:carbon dioxide capture;organic amines;carbon conversion;electrochemistry;integration㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀收稿日期:2020-03-12基金项目:国家能源集团科技创新项目(SHJT-16-24)第一作者:李亦易(1987-),男,博士,主要研究方向为煤基材料利用与碳排放控制㊂yiyi.li.c@∗通信作者:卓锦德(1959-),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为绿色煤基材料及固废利用㊂jinde.zhuo@0㊀引㊀言气候变化作为全球最大的环境威胁之一已引起了越来越多关注㊂二氧化碳(CO2)作为主要的温室气体正在加速全球的气候变暖[1]㊂在全球气候变暖的背景下,燃煤电厂的CO2碳减排与可持续发电是最紧迫的科研挑战之一[2,3]㊂燃煤电厂的燃烧后碳捕集技术已经在工业上得到成熟的应用,其中最常见的是基于有机胺溶液的碳捕集技术,例如单乙醇胺(MEA)碳捕集技术[4,5]㊂然而,制约该技术发展的主要因素是加热再生CO2捕集剂的高能耗,能耗甚至高达发电厂发电容量的30%[6]㊂另外加热解吸的CO2气体经压缩后运输到指定的地质勘测点进行封存需要耗费很大的成本,并且长期进行地质储存的的安全性和可靠性仍未得到证实[7]㊂因此,燃煤电厂CO2捕集后的一体化封存利用是实现可持续发电CO2减排的最佳方式㊂一体化工艺需要具备两个特点:1)CO2的捕集过程和利用过程需要同步进行,2)CO2捕集剂在整个过程中只作为催化的媒介,不损失,不消耗,能够循环再生㊂然而CO2中的C原子处于最稳定的状态,转化CO2需要耗费大量的能量和成本,并将不可避免带来连锁的环境问题[4]㊂因此,低能耗的CO2转化利用是重要研究方向[3,8,9]㊂到目前为止,可行的CO2捕集-利用一体化工艺的研究主要是基于氧化钙(CaO)及富含CaO固废的 CO2捕集-矿化一体化研究和基于Li-CO2电池的 CO2捕集-电化学还原固碳一体化研究㊂这两方面的研究分别代表传统矿化工艺和新型电化学工艺的两个研究方向,为CO2转化成固体(碳,碳酸盐,羧酸盐等)进行封存利用提供可行的选项㊂此外,将CO2引入电化学系统还能提供额外选择的灵活性,除了CO2固定选项外,还具有CO2储能选项[10]㊂因为这种灵活的选择不仅能减少CO2的排放,还能将CO2用作可再生能源载体,提供能量的同时还能将CO2固定㊂由于CO2捕集-利用一体化技术有望成为可持续降低燃煤电厂CO2排放的方案,本文综述了适用于燃煤电厂的CO2捕集-利用一体化技术的最新进展并分析了这类技术的发展趋势㊂1㊀CO2捕集技术燃煤电厂的CO2捕集技术已经得到成熟的应用[11]㊂这项技术的核心是分离和提纯,其中CO2化学吸收法是所有分离和提纯方法中应用范围最广的,通常包括CO2吸收㊁热解吸及吸收剂再生㊁CO2封存利用三个阶段㊂目前得以工业化应用的CO2吸收剂有单乙醇胺(MEA)㊁哌嗪碳酸钾溶液(PZ-K2CO3)㊁离子液和氨水等[12,13]㊂其中MEA溶液应用最广泛,但再生能耗大㊁易挥发降解㊁高温腐蚀性大的弊端依然十分明显,尚不能有效解决[14,15]㊂PZ-K2CO3溶液的应用相对较少,相关研究还处于中试阶段[12]㊂离子液由于价格昂贵尚不具备大规模工业化的条件,仍需进一步研发㊂氨水吸收CO2的能力强,反应速度快,能耗低,既能处理烟气中的CO2还能处理烟气中的NO x和硫化物,具有非常可观的应用前景[16]㊂然而氨水在捕集CO2的过程中需要维持低温运行,不仅额外带来对烟气冷却的能耗,还大大提高了运行维护的成本㊂2㊀CO2活化与转化利用技术CO2作为Dɕh对称形式的直线型分子,由两个极性C=O双键组成㊂虽然CO2分子十分稳定,但依然能与某些过渡金属和有机分子发生络合㊂主要原因是CO2分子具有两个活性位点:第一个活性位点位于碳(C)原子上,可以作为亲电试剂:第二个活性位点位于两个氧(O)原子上,可以作为亲核试剂㊂CO2的化学转化一般需要满足以下的形式: CO2配位活化;亲核络合(与其C原子配位);亲电络合(与其O原子配位);亲电络合+亲核络合(与其O原子和C原子同时配位)㊂另外,CO2的Π电子也可以与过渡金属空d轨道发生Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson络合作用㊂随着CO2的LUMO轨道被占据,CO2分子由直线型结构转变为弯曲结构[17]㊂例如有机胺在吸收CO2的过程中发生酸碱作用,吸收反应进行的同时也使CO2进一步活化㊂此时CO2在生成物中的分子构型也由直线型变为了弯曲型㊂例如叔胺吸收CO2形成的中间产物可作为CO2的活化载体,可以进一步合成氨基甲酸酯㊁噁唑啉酮和环状碳酸酯等产品[17-20]㊂目前学术界广为认可的CO2转化策略如图1所示,该策略通过设计合适的催化剂以较低的活化能活化CO2;然后使用高能级起始原料和CO2反应生成低能级产物固定CO2,其中最典型的是有机胺吸收CO2㊂另外,通过利用太阳能㊁风能等产生的可再生能源提供能量物理激发实现CO2转化也是非常具有潜力的研究方向[17]㊂图1㊀CO2的化学转化策略[17,21]3㊀CO2捕集-利用一体化技术3.1㊀CO2的捕集-矿化利用一体化技术CO2直接矿化封存法虽然简单易操作,但反应速率慢,转化率低等问题难以解决,CO2捕集-矿化一体化工艺[22]㊂使用CO2吸收剂(NH4HSO4)与天然矿物(蛇纹石和橄榄石)反应制成富含Ca2+㊁Mg2+的矿石浸出液,加入氨水除渣除杂后得到弱碱性(pH= 8.5)的溶液,该溶液一部分用来吸收CO2生成碳酸铵或碳酸氢铵(NH4HCO3/(NH4)2CO3),另一部分溶液用来和已吸收CO2的碳酸铵盐溶液反应沉淀出CaCO3和MgCO3沉淀,富含(NH4)2SO4的滤出液可进一步处理进行再生循环使用[13]㊂整个工艺最大的优点是能循环往复,不需要额外大量补充试剂用料,并且反应速率和效率较高,能耗损失较低㊂该工艺的矿化产物纯度高,杂质少,具有很高的利用价值,真正实现了CO2捕集-封存利用[23]㊂利用醇胺作为吸收剂的粉煤灰矿化封存CO2 化学再生的一体化技术(integrated CO2absorption-mineralisation,IAM),与传统的CO2捕集-热解析工艺对比如图2所示[24]㊂IAM工艺使用的原料为富含CaO的工业固体废弃物,如粉煤灰㊁钢渣等,主要目的是为了降低原料成本㊂实验室研究则首选CaO作为模型化合物来研究IAM工艺中的矿化反应机理;通过CO2吸收-解吸多重循环实验考察吸收剂的循环稳定性;然后再以粉煤灰为原料进行IAM工艺的验证;最后,再与传统热解吸再生工艺作比较研究IAM 工艺的能耗㊂研究发现使用CaO作为矿化剂时,哌嗪(PZ)表现出非常可观的循环负荷(0.72mol/mol)和再生效率(91%),并且多重循环实验结果表明PZ 循环稳定性非常高㊂即使使用工业废弃物高钙粉煤灰作为矿化剂时,PZ也表现出4.2mol/mol的循环负荷,这仍然比使用传统热解吸工艺高1.1倍㊂图2㊀传统化学吸收法CO2捕集工艺流程和IAM流程示意[24,25]从相关研究可看出矿化再生可以明显降低再生CO2吸收剂的能耗,缩短了CO2捕集-封存的空间距离,并且该工艺消除了加热解吸的环节,大大节省了设备㊁运输㊁能量消耗等成本㊂另一方面IAM矿化后的产品还可用作建筑材料和土壤回填积料等高价值利用,可以明显降低CO2捕集的成本㊂虽然IAM工艺表现出了巨大优势,但该工艺仍有一些需要进一步研究的问题,例如矿化反应固液比的调控,粉煤灰对吸收剂的污染和降解;再生之后的吸收剂与粉煤灰中重金属离子作用导致沉淀堵塞等㊂3.2㊀CO2捕集及电化学转化利用一体化技术最近,已经证明CO2可以用作能量载体储存在非质子型的Li-CO2电池中,其基于以下放电反应操作:4Li++3CO2+4e-ң2Li2CO3+C(Eo=2.80V Li/ Li+)㊂电池领域的研究人员已经探索了通过结合CO2进行传输并存储能量的电池装置[10,26-44]㊂CO2最初当作辅助气体添加剂用来增加Li/Na-O2电池的容量,即所谓的O2/CO2电池[45,46]㊂这种情况下, O2是电活性物质,并与CO2发生化学反应,随后再进行电化学反应,通常易形成碱金属碳酸盐(例如:4Li+ O2+2CO2ң2Li2CO3)[47,48]㊂最近的研究也证明了CO2可单独成为电池阴极中的反应物[26-30]㊂碱性CO2电池的优势是能量密度高:Li-CO2电池和Na-CO2电池分别为1879,1136Wh/kg[49]㊂第一个Li-CO2电池[30]利用离子液体在60~100ħ实现2000~ 4000mAh/g c的放电容量㊂许多文献报道了不同的电解质和阴极材料,试图使Li-CO2电池可逆可充电[26-28,31,34]㊂据报道,石墨烯或碳纳米管与四乙二醇二甲醚(TEGDME)电解质结合使用的纳米碳有助于在中等电位(~2.7V Li/Li+)放电,容量很高(~8000mAh/g),[26,27]㊂还有使用诸如Ru[34]或者Mo[29]金属催化剂,通过促进C和Li2CO3重新生成CO2来降低充电电压以实现电池的可逆性㊂在这些研究中选择合适的电解质至关重要,但几乎所有研究都使用TEGDME与三氟甲磺酸锂盐[34,36]或双(三氟甲磺酰基)酰亚胺锂盐[26,33]㊂由于受到明显的动力学限制,直接参与电化学反应的CO2的量很少,这就需要将稳定的CO2气体分子重新转化成反应性强的CO2阴离子自由基中间体[50],据报道,CO2在二甲醚(DME)㊁二甲基亚砜(DMSO)等常见的电解质溶剂中几乎没有活性[42,51],无法适用于直接还原CO2的原电池系统㊂面对这些挑战,开始研究是否可以捕获CO2并将其用于电池中并发展了一项新的技术-CO2捕集及电化学转化利用一体化技术[52],该技术通过将CO2被捕获进入有机胺溶液中使CO2预活化,然后将该该溶液与另一种液体电解质混合,并用于具有碳阴极和锂阳极的电池中㊂这种技术激活了CO2,避免了CO2在参与电化学所遇到的限速步骤,促进Li-CO2电池中的CO2放电,从而实现更高效的电化学反应[53]㊂简言之就是用电还原COO-自由基代替了电还原物理吸附的CO2㊂具体而言就是CO2通过有机胺吸收而被预活化 ,然后通过电解质被还原附着在C阴极电极上㊂利用有机胺吸收CO2引入电解质时会自发生成新的含有N-C键的化合物,高度稳定的CO2重新成键形成-COO-,这也是CO2捕集的基本反应[54-56],但CO2捕集过程通常使用含水胺来吸收和分离烟道气中的CO2,最终目标是将CO2纯化并封存,同时将有机胺再生生成捕集前的状态,循环利用;这种涉及N-C键断裂的再生通常使用加热或变压解吸来完成[57]㊂然而 CO2捕集及电化学转化利用一体化技术是使用负载CO2的有机胺溶液作为电活性电解质来促进放电反应的进行,整个过程不能有质子型溶剂-水的参与㊂如图3所示,通过自发放电机制,生成的N-C键化合物会发生电化学裂解,同时有机胺再生用于随后的循环㊂虽然已经有研究表明胺-CO2化合物在金属催化剂水溶液中可以直接电还原,但化合物缺乏内在活性,主要依靠物理吸附CO2发生还原并促进氢析出[58]㊂通过化学结合的CO2转换溶剂也已用于电极附近的CO2进行直接电还原[59]㊂然而,CO2捕集及电化学转化利用一体化技术中CO2结合物的电化学活性首次与N-C键断裂相关联㊂这项研究的意义就在于它将CO2捕集和电化学利用有机地整合为一体㊂该研究利用有机胺EEA捕获CO2后在DMSO电解质溶剂中转化为非水电解质㊂CO2在这种无催化剂的环境中具有了电化学活性,在原电池系统中自发放电并在阴极还原产生CO2衍生产物,同时有机胺EEA得到再生可以循环使用㊂该研究发现含Li+的盐与活性物质的形成有关,并且在高电位(2.9V Li/Li+)放电的状态下以高选择性的方式实现转化㊂这种方法扩大了CO2转化利用过程中的介质的选择范围,使更多的非水溶剂成为可能[53]㊂这项技术未来最大的挑战是开发适用于该系统并具有高转化率的有机胺捕集剂,以达到连续长周期的循环运行,增加更高的放电容量㊂使有机胺吸收剂既能形成良好的电解质溶剂,又能在形成N-C键后发生电化学的转换㊂图3㊀CO2捕集及电化学转化电池示意和反应过程[52]4　总结与展望适用于燃煤电厂的CO2捕集-封存利用一体化技术近年来得到越来越多的关注,然而目前该技术距离大规模商业化还有差距㊂CO2的捕集-矿化利用一体化技术不仅可以使CO2捕集和封存利用一步完成,还能够实现对CO2的永久封存㊂对于中小CO2排放源或者不具备地质封存条件的CO2排放源来说,利用高钙粉煤灰为原料的CO2的捕集-矿化利用一体化技术可以发挥重要作用㊂由于燃煤电厂的高钙粉煤灰产量与CO2的排放量的不对称,造成CO2减排无法通过单一途径彻底解决㊂而在传统的CO2的捕集-矿化利用一体化技术的基础上,出现了更有发展潜力的CO2捕集及电化学转化利用一体化技术,该技术不仅提供与现有锂电池相当的放电容量,而且当电池放电时,能将电解液中捕集的CO2转化为固体矿物碳酸盐㊁碳以及氧气㊂与其他技术相比,这是将CO2从气体捕集至液相,再转化为固体更有效的方式,固体产物还有很高的利用价值,例如电池制造所需的阴极碳材料,因此该技术有着良好的发展前景,为控制CO2排放提供了更多的解决途径㊂需要在CO2捕集与封存利用方面开展了更广泛的研究工作,继续沿着CO2捕集-封存利用一体化的路线重点开发新型CO2捕集剂以实现高效的CO2捕集-矿化利用一体化工艺,同时还需继续完善新型可持续充电但不可逆的 CO2捕集-电化学碳固定-胺再生一体化新工艺,为持续有效降低燃煤电厂CO2排放提供更优的解决方案㊂参考文献[1]㊀MATTER J M,STUTE M,SNAEBJORNSDOTTIR S O,et al.Rapid carbon mineralization for permanent disposal ofanthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions[J].Science,2016,352(6291):1312-1314.[2]㊀SCHRAG D P.Preparing to 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低碳生活(2011考研英语作文)

低碳生活（2011考研英语作文预测1）默认分类2010-11-08 16:58:07 阅读95 评论0 字号：大中小订阅偶预测，今年的政治分析题和英语作文都有很大的可能性，考低碳生活。

Today's society is a highly developed technological society. However, the shortcomings in the development process are obvious, such as: carbon dioxide, and environmental pollution. But the most serious should be the carbon dioxide problem.Now the problem of global warming because of excess emissions of greenhouse gases. Excessive amount of carbon dioxide emissions, creating a diversified economy and La Nina phenomena lag disorder. Two levels of glaciers melting, polar animals lose their chance of survival at the same time, will lead to rising sea levels, many coastal cities into the water did not result in a few years later. Therefore, we must take the necessary measures to reduce the environmental impact of carbon dioxide.For example: tree-planting activities, reduce fossil fuel use, we can from our own, to promote low-carbon living.“低碳生活”英语作文考小作文的可能性比大作文要高随着全球环境的恶化，越来越多的人选择过“低碳生活（low-carbon life）”，即减少二氧化碳的排放，低能量、低消耗、低开支的生活。

The Investigation of Carbon Capture and Storage

The Investigation of Carbon Captureand StorageCarbon capture and storage (CCS) is a technology that has garnered a lot of attention in recent years as an option for mitigating the negative effects of climate change. Its goal is to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from power plants and industrial facilities, compress them, and transport them to a permanent storage location where they will be sequestered or stored for as long as possible.What is CCS?CCS is a process that captures carbon dioxide from point sources such as power plants and industrial facilities using advanced technology. The carbon is then transported to a storage location where it is compresses before being injected into a geological formation. This process is designed to reduce emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels and prevent them from being released into the atmosphere.How Does CCS Work?CCS involves three main steps: capture, transport, and storage. The first step is carbon capture. This process involves collecting carbon dioxide from industrial processes and power plants before it is emitted into the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide is then compressed and transported to a suitable location.The second step is carbon transport. The compressed carbon dioxide is transported to a suitable storage site. There are two main ways to transport carbon dioxide: pipelines and ships.The third step is carbon storage. Captured carbon dioxide must be stored long-term in geological formations or underground in order to prevent it from re-entering the atmosphere. The most common storage sites used for CCS are deep saline aquifers, depleted oil and gas fields, and unminable coal seams.What are the Benefits and Challenges of CCS?Benefits of CCSThe main benefit of CCS is that it can significantly reduce the amount of carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere. This can help mitigate the global effects of climate change that are caused by the burning of fossil fuels.Another benefit is that it allows industries to continue to use fossil fuels while minimizing their carbon footprint. CCS is a viable option for industries that cannot easily transition to cleaner energy sources like wind or solar power.Challenges of CCSThere are several challenges that CCS faces. The first is the high cost of implementation. CCS requires significant investment in infrastructure and technology, which can take many years to build and pay off.The second challenge is that it requires significant amounts of energy to operate. The process of compressing carbon dioxide and transporting it to a storage site requires a large amount of energy, which may negate some of the benefits of carbon capture.The third challenge is that there is a risk of carbon leakage. This occurs when carbon dioxide escapes from storage sites into the atmosphere. While CCS technology is designed to prevent this from happening, there is still a risk of leakage especially during the transportation process.ConclusionCarbon capture and storage is a promising technology that has the potential to significantly reduce carbon emissions and mitigate the effects of climate change. However, it is important that we continue to research the technology and improve its effectiveness while also addressing the challenges that it faces. With the right policies and investments, CCS can play an important role in the transition to a low-carbon economy.。

助推碳中和英语作文

助推碳中和英语作文As the world is facing the threat of climate change, the concept of carbon neutrality has been widely discussed and promoted. Carbon neutrality refers to the balance between carbon emissions and carbon removal, which can help reduce the impact of human activities on the environment. It is a critical step towards a sustainable future and requires the participation of individuals, organizations, and governments worldwide.To achieve carbon neutrality, we need to reduce carbon emissions and increase carbon removal. Firstly, we should reduce carbon emissions by adopting clean energy sources and improving energy efficiency. For instance, we can use renewable energy such as solar power and wind power instead of fossil fuels. We can also encourage the use of public transportation, cycling, and walking instead of driving. Additionally, we should promote energy-saving practices in our daily lives, such as turning off lights and unplugging appliances when not in use.Secondly, we need to increase carbon removal by planting trees and supporting reforestation projects. Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it in their biomass, which can help mitigate the impact of carbon emissions. We can also support carbon capture and storage technologies, which can capture carbon dioxide from industrial processes and store it underground.Finally, carbon neutrality requires collective efforts from individuals, organizations, and governments. Individuals can make a difference by adopting eco-friendly lifestyles and supporting sustainable practices. Organizations can reduce their carbon footprint by implementing green initiatives and investing in clean energy. Governments can provide policy incentives and regulations to promote carbon neutrality and support the development of clean energy technologies.In conclusion, carbon neutrality is a critical step towards a sustainable future. It requires the participation of individuals, organizations, and governments worldwide.By reducing carbon emissions and increasing carbon removal, we can mitigate the impact of human activities on the environment and create a better world for future generations. Let us all work together towards a carbon-neutral future.。

Carbon capture and

HC 654Published on 22 July 2008House of CommonsEnvironmental AuditCommittee Carbon capture and storageNinth Report of Session 2007–08Report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidenceOrdered by The House of Commonsto be printed 15 July 2008The Environmental Audit CommitteeThe Environmental Audit Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to consider to what extent the policies and programmes of government departments and non-departmental public bodies contribute to environmental protection and sustainable development; to audit their performance against such targets as may be set for them by Her Majesty’s Ministers; and to report thereon to the House.Current membershipMr Tim Yeo, MP (Conservative, South Suffolk) (Chairman)Gregory Barker, MP (Conservative, Bexhill and Battle)Mr Martin Caton, MP (Labour, Gower)Mr Colin Challen, MP (Labour, Morley and Rothwell)Mr David Chaytor, MP (Labour, Bury North)Martin Horwood, MP (Liberal Democrat, Cheltenham)Mr Nick Hurd, MP (Conservative, Ruislip Northwood)Mark Lazarowicz, MP (Labour/Co-operative, Edinburgh North and Leith)Mr Ian Liddell-Grainger, MP (Conservative, Bridgewater)Mr Shahid Malik, MP (Labour, Dewsbury)Mrs Linda Riordan, MP (Labour, Halifax)Mr Graham Stuart, MP (Conservative, Beverley & Holderness)Jo Swinson, MP (Liberal Democrat, East Dunbartonshire)Dr Desmond Turner, MP (Labour, Brighton, Kempton)Joan Walley, MP (Labour, Stoke-on-Trent North)Mr Phil Woolas, MP (Labour, Oldham and Saddleworth [ex-officio]PowersThe constitution and powers are set out in House of Commons Standing Orders, principally Standing Order No. 152A. These are available on the Internet via .PublicationThe Reports and evidence of the Committee are published by The Stationery Office by Order of the House. All publications of the Committee (including press notices) are on the Internet at:/parliamentary_committees/environmental_audit_committe e.cfm.A list of Reports of the Committee from the present and prior Parliaments is at the back of this volume.Committee staffThe current staff of the Committee are: Gordon Clarke (Clerk); Sara Howe (Second Clerk); Richard Douglas (Committee Specialist); Oliver Bennett (Committee Specialist); Susan Monaghan (Committee Assistant); Stella Kin (Secretary); Elizabeth Gardner (Sandwich Student); and Raymond Kennedy (Sandwich Student)ContactsAll correspondence should be addressed to The Clerk, Environmental Audit Committee, Committee Office, 7 Millbank, London SW1P 3JA. The telephone number for general inquiries is: 020 7219 6150; the Committee’s e-mail address is: eacom@Carbon capture and storage 1ContentsReport Page 1Introduction 3 2B ckground 3 3Is coal the answer? 7 4CCS Ready 10 5Making it happen 11 Conclusions and recommendations 15Formal Minutes 18 Witnesses 19 List of written evidence 19Carbon capture and storage 31Introduction1.In March 2008, E.ON UK asked the Government to delay consideration of its planning application for a controversial new coal-fired power station at Kingsnorth, until the Government had undertaken a consultation into the meaning of the term ‘carbon capture ready’. Shortly after, E.ON UK announced that they would be entering the Kingsnorth development into the Government’s competition for a carbon capture and storage demonstration project.2.This episode highlighted a number of our concerns about the Government’s carbon capture and storage policy, namely:•the possible resurgence of unabated coal as a power source;•the lack of clarity over the definition of ‘carbon capture ready’, and any requirements arising from it; and•the uncertainty over when, and how, carbon capture and storage would become either desirable in terms of cost, or required by regulation.We took oral evidence from and the Minister for Energy, Malcolm Wicks MP. A list of the written evidence we received is reproduced at the end of the Report. We are grateful to all those who submitted evidence, given the tight deadline we imposed on them. 2Background3.Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is the removal, capture and storage of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels either before they are burnt (pre-combustion CCS) or after (post-combustion CCS). Captured CO2 must then be contained in some kind of long-term storage such as the features available in disused oil and gas fields. CCS has the potential to reduce emissions from fossil fuel burning power stations by 90%.1 In addition to being included in new power stations, it is hoped that CCS could be retrofitted to existing plants. All of the different components of CCS technology have been demonstrated in isolation from each other. Now the challenge is to demonstrate the full chain of CCS technology working on a commercial scale.4.In 2006 the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee published a detailed report on the merits of CCS.2 In our 2006 report Keeping the Lights On: Nuclear, Renewables and Climate Change we agreed with their conclusion that CCS must play a decisive role in reducing emissions both domestically and internationally.3 The International Energy Agency has suggested that CCS could reduce global CO2 emissions1 Defra, Science Note 6, Carbon Capture and Storage, March 2008, p62 Science and Technology Committee, First Report of Session 2005–06, Meeting UK Climate and Energy Needs: the role ofcarbon capture and storage, HC 578-I3 Environmental Audit Committee, Sixth Report of Session 2005–06, Keeping the Lights On: Nuclear, Renewables and4significantly.4 CCS is a particularly important way of reducing emissions given that up to 83% of the increase in world energy demand will be met by fossil fuels. Coal will play a prominent role because of its abundance and the fact that coal-fired generation can easily respond to fluctuations in energy demand.5 China, India, and other large developing countries will be reliant on coal-powered generation for years to come. The Government argues that the ability of CCS to reduce emissions could help to meet the UK’s growing energy needs and maintain the security of the UK’s energy supply by making coal a viable option for reducing dependence on gas imports.5.In certain areas the Government’s record on CCS is good. Research and development funds, mainly to develop the individual components, have been provided through a variety of bodies.6 There are good examples of bilateral work with other countries, most notably in China, where the UK Government has funded the Phase 1 assessment of the EU-China Near-Zero Emissions Coal agreement and demonstration project.6.The cornerstone of the Government’s policy in the UK is the competition for a demonstration plant. This competition will provide funding for a power station to demonstrate the CCS process chain at 50-100MW scale by 2014. The plant will then be expected to scale up the process and demonstrate the technology at 300-400MW ‘as soon as possible’ thereafter. The Government hopes that the competition will open the door to generating companies to develop further CCS projects, by reducing ‘uncertainty on a range of technical, construction, operational and regulatory/planning factors that affect the costs of CCS’.77.There has, however, been criticism of the Government’s decision to restrict the competition to a single project using post-combustion CCS from coal, notably because this decision excluded nearly half of the CCS projects under development in the UK at the time the competition was launched.8 A report by Policy Exchange said:In early May 2007 there were nine commercial propositions for CCS in the UK. This was by far the greatest number, and greatest diversity, of commercially proposed CCS plant in the world. Were all of these to have been built, 20% of UK baseload electricity could have been decarbonised by 2015. However this number was reduced as BERR refined the specification for the procurement Competition. In March 2008,a different nine proposals have been submitted to BERR for the CCS Competition, ofwhich just one may be developed on part of a power station, sometime after 2014.94 Ev 135 Ev 126 According to the Government, Ev 15, the Natural Environment Research Council and the Engineering and PhysicalSciences Research Council are funding a £2.2m project consortium led by Imperial College to explore issues relating to CCS. The Technology Strategy Board has provided £11m to support 16 Carbon Abatement Technologies projects in industry-led applied research. In 2005 the Government established a fund of £25m (since increased to £35m) to encourage the industry-led demonstration of assemblies and elements that contribute to Carbon AbatementTechnologies including CCS.7 Ev 168 House of Commons Library Research Paper 08/05—The Energy Bill, January 2008, p17Carbon capture and storage 5 The Government argued that the restriction to post-combustion technology from coal was necessary in order to focus attention on the single form of technology that was most deserving of further development, and to avoid duplicating the work of demonstration projects in other countries.10 They insisted that post-combustion CCS is easier to retrofit to existing power stations than pre-combustion technology, meaning that it could have a greater impact, sooner, on tackling ‘locked-in’ emissions.11 It was also the technology with the greatest export potential, particularly in developing countries with growing emissions, such as China.8.In our Report on the 2007 Pre-Budget Report we concluded that, if the Government is only going to fund a single CCS demonstration project, it was right to restrict the competition to post-combustion CCS from coal.12 However, the decision to limit funding to a single project has led to the loss of a number of promising projects developing other forms of technology. We welcome the competition on post-combustion CCS from coal and recognise that it will make an important contribution. However, we feel it would aid the development of CCS if the Government were to extend its support to a programme of demonstration projects, including pre-combustion technology. Furthermore, the Government must view its competition as only one part of a wider strategy; it must continue to support other CCS projects including the development and integration of the individual components and new CCS technologies. While undoubtedly valuable, the competition must not detract effort and resources from other work on CCS within the UK. The timely development of a range of CCS technologies would also give the UK a clear competitive advantage on the global stage. 9.Progress on CCS in the UK has been very slow and a serious lack of both clarity and urgency has clouded the Government’s strategy in this area. The 2003 Energy White Paper stated:We will […] set up an urgent detailed implementation plan with the developers, generators and the oil companies to establish what needs to be done to get a demonstration project off the ground. This study will reach conclusions within six months to enable firm decisions to be taken on applications for funding from international sources as soon as possible thereafter.13Three years later, we concluded that Government activity in this area had largely been confined to issuing documents and reports:The plethora of reports creates an impression of activity whilst progress in ‘learning by doing’ appears minimal. It is scandalous that so little progress in developing clean coal and carbon capture and storage has been made.1410 The Norwegian Government is supporting commercial-scale CCS projects on gas fired power stations; the USA hasundertaken work on pre-combustion on coal.11 Ev 1712 Environmental Audit Committee, Third Report of Session 2007–08, The 2007 Pre-Budget Report and ComprehensiveSpending Review: An environmental analysis, HC 149-I, para 2213 DTI, Energy White Paper, February 2003, paragraph 6.6314 Environmental Audit Committee, Sixth Report of Session 2005–06, Keeping the Lights On: Nuclear, Renewables and6In our Report into the 2007 Pre-Budget Report, some five years on from the White Paper statement, we revisited this matter.It is now two years since our criticism was published, and there has still only been slow progress on the demonstration project and no substantial progress on setting out the financial framework.15Once again, we are extremely disappointed by the lack of progress on CCS. The competition has emerged very late in the day. Malcolm Wicks MP admitted that ‘the decision to support a demonstration project was not taken until May 2007. As I recall, we were busy on one or two other things’.16 Even now, when the competition seems to herald a new commitment to action, critical issues such as the definition of CCS Ready remain at consultation stage, while the competition itself has extended the planning stage of projects that, with more direct assistance, could have been underway much sooner. E.ON UK cautiously expressed frustration with the inconsistencies in Government policy: For companies such as ours, stability in Government energy policy is vital. Constant changes in the rules of the game create risks for investors and make it far more difficult to justify investments commercially. The Government has only recently set out its overall approach to energy in its 2007 Energy White Paper ‘Meeting the Energy Challenge’. Governments are of course entitled to make changes, and may wish to alter the balance in the priority they give to climate change, security of supply and affordability objectives. But the consequences need to be fully spelt out. They also need to allow time for investors to adjust taking account of the long lead times for capital investment in this sector.17[…]From our perspective it would of course have been desirable if the Government had decided to support the demonstration of the technology earlier, and to have funded clean coal technology generally on a more consistent basis at higher levels of funding.1810.The lack of a clearer signal from Government on this matter has slowed the development of CCS technology and reduced the chances of Britain gaining a technological lead in an important area. We acknowledge that there are barriers to the deployment of CCS that need to be overcome. We accept that the Government has taken some steps in this direction; its planned consultation into the European Commission’s proposed EU Directive on the Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide should resolve a number of critical issues, such as the regulatory regime for the storage of CO2, and the policy on carbon capture readiness. However, it is essential for the Government to give a far higher priority to the development of CCS. It must communicate and follow a clearer and more urgent strategy in order to speed this development and provide a 15 Environmental Audit Committee, Third Report of Session 2007–08, The 2007 Pre-Budget Report and ComprehensiveSpending Review: An environmental analysis, HC 149-I, para 2916 Q 6417 Ev 3-4Carbon capture and storage 7 stronger signal to industry. The indecision that has afflicted the development of CCS up to now must end; any further delay will be extremely damaging environmentally and will mean that the chance to gain a competitive advantage is being squandered.3Is coal the answer?11.In general, the use of coal to generate electricity within the EU is declining. Air quality legislation, such as the Large Combustion Plants Directive, has required the closure by 2016 of up to 11GW of coal plant, with further challenges likely to be introduced by the draft Industrial Emissions Directive.19 E.ON UK state that, even with the development of Kingsnorth, coal is likely to fall from 50 per cent of their portfolio to 20 or 30 per cent, as older coal-fired power stations reach the end of their lives. However, against a background of increasing concern about reliance on imported gas and a sharp rise in oil and gas prices, coal is currently enjoying something of a resurgence, with more effective coal-fired power stations hailed as the answer to concerns over energy security and the imminent ‘energy gap’.12. E.ON UK said ‘we believe some new, more efficient, coal-fired capacity is justified to ensure the diversity of energy sources we need to provide secure and affordable energy supplies’.20 The Government is equally enthusiastic about the need to retain and develop coal as a source of generation: ‘coal is and will continue to be in our judgement a vital part of the UK’s energy mix, essential for providing us with secure and reliable energy supplies’.21 The retention of a significant level of fossil fuel generation may be needed as a back up to renewable energy—E.ON UK have claimed that generation from renewables would need to be 90 per cent supported by coal and gas in order to ensure supply during periods when intermittent renewable sources were not available.22 E.ON UK is not the only generator seeking to construct a new coal-fired power station. The Government estimated that, in addition to Kingsnorth, three other applications for new coal-fired power stations in the UK were in the pipeline.23 WWF have estimated that, in total, generating companies are considering ‘as many as six or seven new coal-fired power stations in the UK by 2015’.24 S may itself have contributed to the resurgence of coal. Generators fall back onto the promise of CCS when challenged over the environmental impact of coal-fired plants: ‘we recognise that new coal-fired power generation still gives rise to significant CO2 emissions, and therefore carbon capture and storage will be required in the long term.’25 But since it is not clear when CCS will be available, or whether it will ever be available at all, such arguments are deeply flawed. The Government admitted there was significant uncertainty around the costs, technical requirements and risks associated with CCS, and that it was19 Ev 6520 Ev 121 Q 3122 The Guardian, “E.ON warns over backup for renewables”, 4 June 200823 Ev 1724 WWF, Evading Capture—Is the UK Ready for Carbon Capture and Storage, May 20088unlikely that CCS would be widely deployable before 2020.26 Also, unless the Government is able to show there is sufficient storage capacity there must be some question about the long-term viability of CCS. The Royal Academy of Engineering noted: Even the most optimistic proponent of CCS would not envisage any demonstration plant to be operational much before 2015, which would put wide-scale deployment as far away as 2020 or later after lessons from the pilot have been learned and digested.2714.This uncertainty is of vital importance when considering the likely environmental impact of coal-fired power stations. E.ON UK told us that they could not fully guarantee that Kingsnorth power station would be fitted with CCS, in spite of their clear intention to do so.28 Until CCS is developed, all existing and new coal-fired power stations will be running unabated, with all the negative environmental impact this entails. We cannot emphasise strongly enough that the possibility of CCS should not be used as a fig leaf to give unabated coal-fired power stations an appearance of environmental acceptability. 15.This increasing acceptance of coal gives us cause for considerable concern. It is based on security and affordability rather than environmental concerns; emissions reductions through CCS are no more than a promise for the future, and a long way from being a certainty. We are concerned that coal is being embraced as the line of least resistance, regardless of the damaging environmental consequences. Although our support for the development of CCS necessarily implies an acceptance of the continuing role of coal, coal plant must be developed with extreme caution, and with due regard for its substantial environmental implications. We also note with concern the most recent comment of James Hansen, of the NASA Goddard Institute, that scientific evidence on CO2 concentrations and tipping points demands no less an approach than a total moratorium on the development of unabated coal-fired power stations.29The current momentum for new coal-fired plant is not taking adequate account of its environmental impact and the challenges of developing and deploying CCS technology. and the Government have tried to account for the unabated running of new coal-fired power stations in two ways. Firstly, they have argued that the new, more efficient plants will ‘make a contribution to lower emissions’ because they emit around 20 per cent less CO2 than the old coal-fired power stations they are replacing.30 This argument is misleading, and a distraction. The Government admitted to us that even with this 20 per cent reduction in emissions, coal-fired electricity generation still emits more CO2 than any other form of electricity generation available.31Replacing old coal-fired power stations with new ones, rather than using alternative energy sources, locks Britain in to a high level of emissions for many years to come. The increased efficiency of new plants is26 Ev 1327 Ev 6028 Q2529 Dr James Hansen, Briefing to the US House of Representatives Select Committee on Energy Independence and GlobalWarming, June 23 2008.30 Ev 1, Q36nowhere near enough to make unabated coal an environmentally acceptable choice. Any alternative form of electricity generation would provide significantly more substantial emissions reductions.17.Secondly, and the Government argued that new, unabated coal-fired power stations will have no impact on overall emissions because the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) will account for any extra emissions produced. The Government said: Any new coal plant will have no impact on the overall emissions effort by the EU as it will need to operate within the EU ETS cap, so neither CCS nor carbon emissions would form part of our assessment of any application.32It is true that, in theory, the EU ETS cap should keep emissions within a certain limit. However, the Government is wrong to rely on the EU ETS cap to excuse the increase in emissions that would derive from the new unabated coal-fired power stations. Emissions included in the EU ETS do not disappear—they must be accounted for somewhere. The EU ETS is a mechanism designed to reduce emissions; using it as a cover for choosing high emissions technology goes against the purpose of the scheme. Furthermore, it completely ignores the risks to Britain’s economic position if the carbon price rises substantially in Phase Three of the EU ETS. The Government should prioritise emissions reductions within the UK as soon as possible.18.We appreciate Mr Wicks’ argument that “those who reject coal […] have to answer the question about from where we will get our energy supply.” The Government argues that coal has a role to play in meeting energy demand. If this is true then the Government must prioritise the development of commercial scale CCS. However, the argument that coal is essential to guarantee energy supply must not be abused. Unless there is a dramatic technological development, coal should be seen as the last resort, even with the promise of CCS. We are concerned that the Government is considering opening the door to a new era of coal-fired generation because it is the easy option, and one that generators will be only too willing to take. Such an approach is extremely dangerous both environmentally and economically when there is no certainty over when, or if, CCS will be commercially viable.19.The consequences of new unabated coal-fired power stations could be damaging, both for the prospects of meeting UK emissions targets, and for the UK’s claim to an international leadership role on climate change. The Government should make clear to industry that it will not permit the operation of unabated coal-fired power stations in the longer-term. The Government must take more urgent and ambitious steps to incentivise the development and retrofitting of CCS and, equally importantly, to prevent the prolonged operation of unabated coal-fired power stations. In section 5 we make some recommendations on how this might be done.4CCS Ready20. A new build power station that is ‘CCS Ready’ will have fulfilled certain conditions that will enable it to retrofit CCS technology in the future, once the technology has been proved viable. The use of CCS readiness as a planning condition will be essential should the Government permit the construction of new fossil fuel-fired power stations before CCS technology has been demonstrated commercially. CCS readiness has already been included as a condition in the planning permission of a handful of gas-fired power stations, although the status of this requirement is far from clear.3321.EU proposals for a Directive on the Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide would require all new combustion plants of 300MW or above to be CCS ready. The Government has stated: ‘our interim position is a positive one in regards to the intention of the carbon capture readiness proposal, but we are seeking more clarity about its scope and how the Commission intend it to be implemented’.34 However, said that, although there was no direct requirement for CCS readiness, it had become clear that planning applications for fossil fuel-fired power stations were unlikely to succeed unless they did make such provision.35 This shows that the Government and planners are already sending a signal to operators that CCS readiness should be a consideration in their applications. However, in the absence of a large-scale demonstration project, the definitions of CCS readiness are necessarily vague. Some require little more than the provision of land alongside the power station, where a future CCS plant could be built.S readiness is only half the battle. The term ‘CCS ready’ is too often conflated with an assumption that the power station will have CCS in the future. E.ON UK told us: The proposed new Kingsnorth power station will be built carbon capture ready and, once the technology has been demonstrated at a commercial scale, we will retrofit CCS to the new units as soon as regulatory and market conditions reward the investment.36As we have already shown, even once CCS has been shown to be technologically viable, the challenge of making it commercially attractive will remain. There is no guarantee that a plant approved on the basis that it would be CCS ready will actually be willing or able to retrofit CCS once the technology has been demonstrated on a commercial scale. We believe that planning permission granted on the condition of CCS readiness is meaningless unless the Government places a requirement on all power generators to retrofit CCS as soon as it is available and to shut down any power stations which are not then fitted with CCS. Such a requirement would need to be supported by continued investment in research and development and action to ensure that CCS becomes commercially viable.33 QQ 96-9734 Ev 1635 Q55Making it happenS is expensive and challenging. It is anticipated that the cost of building the first CCS plant could be anything up to £500m, on top of the £1bn cost of a new coal-fired power station.37 Retrofitting CCS at a station like Kingsnorth is likely to cost more than £1.1bn.38 CCS plants will incur extra build, operational and infrastructure costs over conventional power stations. There is significant uncertainty over the scale of these costs: ‘the absence of experience with fully integrated commercial projects means that costs estimates for CCS differ considerably and have significant uncertainty attached to them’.39 24.It is also evident that the installation of CCS technology, whether as part of a new development, or retrofitted to an existing plant, will have a negative impact on the output and efficiency of the plant. Defra have estimated that fitting CCS could increase the fuel needs of a power station by between 10 and 40 per cent, depending upon the type of plant and the technology used.40 Approval on the basis of being ‘CCS ready’ is no guarantee that a generator will choose to retrofit CCS technology once it becomes available. The high cost of installing and running CCS makes it even less likely this will happen. The full cost of retrofitting CCS will not be known until the technology has been demonstrated on a commercial scale.25.The Government is relying on the carbon price to drive investment in CCS:As the EU ETS is strengthened and the cap tightened year on year, emissions allowances will become increasingly expensive. This will make the more expensive abatement options, such as CCS, cost-effective. At some point, the cost of emissions should reach a level where it should be cost-effective to retrofit CCS, as this will be cheaper than buying permits. When this point occurs depends on the carbon price and the costs of fitting and operating the CCS chain. It will not be cost effective to retrofit before the price is right.41The Government is staking everything on the carbon price, yet the current price of carbon is entirely inadequate to deliver investment in the development and deployment of CCS. Even the Energy Minister noted ‘prima facie, there is no profit at the moment in storing carbon dioxide’.42 In our inquiry into the 2007 Pre-Budget Report, Centrica told us ‘with the current Emissions Trading Scheme and the uncertainty around the future carbon price, no commercial entity would build a clean coal project today’.43 This lack of bite from the carbon price in incentivising carbon abatement technologies is already partly evident from the generators’ willingness to develop coal as a future power source in the first place.37 ENDS Report 396, January 2008, King coal promises to clean up38 WWF, Evading Capture—Is the UK Ready for Carbon Capture and Storage, May 200839 Ev 3440 Defra Science Notes 6, March 2008, Carbon Capture and Storage.41 Ev 1742 Q 6243 Environmental Audit Committee, Third Report of Session 2007–08, The 2007 Pre-Budget Report and Comprehensive。

石雷鹏 30个功能句搞定考研英语作文

石雷鹏30个功能句搞定考研英语作文Studying for the English portion of the graduate entrance exam can be a daunting task for many students. However, with the help of 30 versatile sentence structures coined by renowned linguist Stone Leipeng, you can easily ace your English essay writing section. These 30 functional sentences cover a wide range of topics and themes, providing you with the necessary tools to effectively communicate your ideas and arguments in a clear and concise manner.1. Introduction: To begin with, it is important to establish the central theme of your essay in a clear and engaging manner. For example, "In today's modern society, the issue of climate change has become a pressing concern for governments and individuals alike."2. Thesis statement: Following the introduction, you should state your main argument or opinion on the topic. For instance, "It is my belief that immediate action must be taken to mitigate the effects of climate change and protect the environment for future generations."3. Background information: Provide relevant background information on the topic to help your reader understand thecontext of your argument. For example, "According to recent scientific studies, global temperatures have risen by an average of 1.5 degrees Celsius over the past century."4. Definition: Define key terms or concepts in your essay to ensure clarity and precision in your arguments. For instance, "Climate change can be defined as the long-term alteration of temperature and weather patterns on a global scale."5. Comparison and contrast: Use comparison and contrast to highlight similarities and differences between different ideas or perspectives. For example, "While some experts argue that renewable energy sources are the key to combating climate change, others believe that stricter regulations on carbon emissions are necessary."6. Cause and effect: Discuss the causes and effects of a particular phenomenon to provide a comprehensive understanding of the issue. For instance, "The burning of fossil fuels is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, which in turn leads to rising global temperatures and extreme weather events."7. Problem and solution: Identify problems or challenges related to the topic and propose viable solutions to address them. For example, "One of the key challenges in combattingclimate change is the reluctance of governments and industries to transition to sustainable energy sources. To address this issue, subsidies and incentives for renewable energy production could be implemented."8. Argument and counterargument: Present your main argument and then address potential counterarguments to strengthen your position. For instance, "While some may argue that the economic costs of transitioning to renewable energy sources are prohibitive, the long-term benefits to the environment and public health far outweigh the initial investment."9. Exemplification: Provide examples or case studies to illustrate your arguments and make them more persuasive. For example, "In countries such as Denmark and Germany, the investment in renewable energy technologies has led to significant reductions in carbon emissions and a more sustainable energy grid."10. Description: Use vivid and descriptive language to createa clear picture of the topic you are discussing. For instance, "The vast swathes of deforested land in the Amazon rainforest are a stark reminder of the impact of human activities on the environment."11. Narration: Tell a story or recount a personal experience related to the topic to engage your reader and add depth to your argument. For example, "During a trip to Antarctica, I witnessed firsthand the melting ice caps and receding glaciers, underscoring the urgency of addressing climate change."12. Process analysis: Break down complex processes or procedures related to the topic to help your reader understand the steps involved. For example, "The process of carbon capture and storage involves capturing carbon dioxide emissions from industrial sources and injecting them underground for long-term storage."13. Classification: Group related ideas or concepts into categories to organize your argument more effectively. For example, "There are three main types of renewable energy sources: solar, wind, and hydroelectric power."14. Generalization: Make broad statements or draw overarching conclusions based on the evidence presented in your essay. For example, "It is evident that a shift towards renewable energy sources is essential to combatting climate change and ensuring a sustainable future for the planet."15. Evaluation: Assess the strengths and weaknesses of different arguments or perspectives on the topic to demonstratecritical thinking. For example, "While nuclear energy has the potential to generate large amounts of electricity with low carbon emissions, the risks of nuclear accidents and the disposal of radioactive waste must also be taken into account."16. Interpretation: Offer your interpretation of data or evidence to provide insight into the broader implications of the topic. For example, "The recent rise in global temperatures is not only threatening ecosystems and biodiversity but also exacerbating extreme weather events such as hurricanes and droughts."17. Conclusion: Summarize your main points and restate your thesis in a concise and compelling manner. For example, "In conclusion, urgent action must be taken to address the causes of climate change and transition to sustainable energy sources to protect the environment and future generations."18. Opinion: Express your personal opinion or perspective on the topic to add depth and authenticity to your argument. For example, "As an advocate for environmental conservation, I believe that every individual has a responsibility to reduce their carbon footprint and support policies that promote sustainable living."19. Prediction: Make predictions or speculate on future trends related to the topic based on current evidence and research. For example, "If current trends in carbon emissions continue unchecked, scientists predict that global temperatures could rise by up to 2 degrees Celsius by the end of the century."20. Hypothetical: Present hypothetical scenarios or questions to stimulate critical thinking and explore alternative perspectives. For example, "What if governments around the world could agree on a comprehensive climate change treaty that sets binding targets for reducing carbon emissions? How would this impact the future of our planet?"21. Rebuttal: Address potential objections or criticisms of your arguments to strengthen your position. For example, "While some may argue that the costs of transitioning to renewable energy sources are prohibitive, the long-term economic and environmental benefits far outweigh the initial investment."22. Emphasis: Highlight key points or arguments in your essay to draw attention to their importance. For example, "It is crucial that we prioritize sustainable energy solutions and reduce our reliance on fossil fuels to mitigate the effects of climate change on a global scale."23. Clarification: Clarify any ambiguities or uncertainties in your arguments to ensure that your points are clearly understood. For example, "It is important to note that while individual actions can make a difference in reducing carbon emissions, systemic change at the policy level is also necessary to address the root causes of climate change."24. Agreement and disagreement: Acknowledge areas of agreement with other perspectives or arguments while also highlighting areas of disagreement. For example, "While some may argue that technological innovations such as carbon capture and storage are the key to combating climate change, others believe that a shift towards renewable energy sources is a more sustainable solution in the long term."25. Deduction: Draw conclusions based on the evidence or data presented in your essay to reinforce your main arguments. For example, "Based on the overwhelming consensus of the scientific community, it is clear that human activities are the primary driver of climate change and that immediate action is needed to mitigate its effects."26. Analogy: Use analogies or comparisons to help your reader understand complex concepts or ideas. For example, "The Earth's climate can be likened to a delicate ecosystem that iseasily disrupted by human activities, much like a finely tuned orchestra that can be thrown off balance by one discordant note."27. Iteration: Repeat key points or arguments throughout your essay to reinforce their importance. For example, "The transition to renewable energy sources is not only an economic imperative but also a moral imperative to protect the environment for future generations."28. Focus: Maintain a clear focus on the central theme of your essay to avoid straying off topic. For example, "While there are many factors that contribute to climate change, such as deforestation, industrial emissions, and agricultural practices, it is essential to prioritize solutions that address the root causes of the issue."29. Transition: Use transitional phrases or words to guide the reader from one point to the next seamlessly. For example, "Furthermore, it is important to consider the social and economic impacts of climate change on vulnerable populations, such as low-income communities and indigenous peoples."30. Synthesis: Bring together disparate ideas or arguments in your essay to create a cohesive and compelling narrative. For example, "By combining the latest scientific research with thevoices of activists and policymakers, we can forge a path towards a more sustainable and equitable future for all."In conclusion, the 30 functional sentences developed by Stone Leipeng provide a versatile toolkit for students preparing for the English essay writing section of the graduate entrance exam. By mastering these sentence structures and incorporating them into your writing, you can effectively convey your ideas and arguments with clarity, coherence, and persuasiveness. Good luck with your exam preparation!。

VOA常速英语：为了得到一个更加清洁的地球,来捕捉碳

VOA常速英语：为了得到一个更加清洁的地球，来捕捉碳Capturing Carbon For A Cleaner PlanetA coal-fired power plant in Texas is on its way to capturing 1.4 million tons of carbon dioxide, or CO2 that previously would have been released into the air.Rather than building an entirely new facility, the Petra Novo project will apply carbon capture technology to an existing coal-fired power plant -- helping to advance the technologies that help enable cleaner energy production from fossil energy resources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.The Houston-area project, which broke ground September5th, was awarded $167 million from the U.S. Department of Energy to capture emissions from 60 megawatts of generation.Project sponsor NRG Energy Inc. and JX Nippon decided they could do better than that. They quadrupled the size of the project -- expanding the design to capture the emissions from 240 megawatts of generation -- with no additional federal funding.When completed, the project has the potential tocapture the same amount of CO2 each year as taking 250,000 cars off the road.Using a process previously tested in a three-year pilot scale test in Alabama, the project will capture up to 90 percent of CO2 from the power plant. The captured carbon dioxide will then be compressed, dried and transported to anoil field where it will be used to recover previously unreachable oil -- a process known as Enhanced Oil Recovery or EOR.Petra Nova is one of many promising carbon capture and use projects support ed by the Energy Department’s Office of Fossil Energy that aim to find ways to make American energy from all sources cleaner.For over 25 years, The National Energy Technology Laboratory an energy research laboratory owned and operated by the U.S. Depart ment of Energy’s Office of Fossil Energy, has been co-funding major demonstrations of clean coal technologies to hasten their adoption into the commercial marketplace. The federal government's financial support helps reduce the risks inherent in these first-of-a-kind projects.Carbon capture is just one piece of President Obama’s plan to reduce U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and tackle climate change. Boosting renewable energy production, advancing energy efficiency, improving the fuel efficiency of our cars and making our buildings more energy efficient are also important steps the Administration is taking.As both demand for energy and the urgency to address climate change continues to increase, the United States is working with government and with private sector partners to reduce carbon dioxide emissions for a cleaner environment.。

The future of energy Carbon capture and storage

The future of energy Carbon capture andstorageThe future of energy is a topic that has been at the forefront of global discussions in recent years, with the need to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change becoming increasingly urgent. One potential solution that has gained traction is carbon capture and storage (CCS), a technology that aims to capture carbon dioxide emissions from industrial processes and power plants, and then store them underground to prevent them from entering the atmosphere. From an environmental perspective, CCS holds great promise as a tool to mitigate the impact of carbon emissions on the planet. With the global energy demand expected to continue rising in the coming decades, CCS could play a crucial role in reducing the carbon footprint of industries such as power generation, cement production, and steel manufacturing. By capturing and storing carbon dioxide, CCS has the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help countries meet their climate targets. However, there are also concerns surrounding the future of CCS, particularly in terms of its feasibility and cost-effectiveness. Critics argue that the technology is still in its early stages of development and that there are significant challenges to overcome, such as the high cost of capturing and storing carbon dioxide, as well as the potential for leakage from storage sites. Additionally, there are questions about the long-term viability of CCS as a solution, particularly in light of the rapidly evolving landscape of renewable energy technologies. From an economic perspective, the future of CCS is also uncertain. While some argue that the technology has the potential to create new jobs and drive innovation in the energy sector, others question whether the investment in CCS is justified, particularly when compared to the rapid advancements in renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. With the cost of renewable energy continuing to decrease, there are concerns that CCS may struggle to compete in the market, particularly without significant government support and incentives. In addition to the environmental and economic considerations, the future of CCS also raises ethical questions about the responsibility of industries and governments in addressing climate change. Whilesome argue that CCS provides a necessary bridge to a low-carbon future, others question whether it simply enables the continued use of fossil fuels and delays the transition to cleaner energy sources. There are also concerns about the potential environmental and social impacts of CCS, particularly in terms of the storage of carbon dioxide underground and the potential displacement of communities near storage sites. Despite these challenges and concerns, there are reasons to be optimistic about the future of CCS. The technology has the potential to play a crucial role in decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors such as heavy industry and transportation, where renewable energy sources may not be as easily applicable. Additionally, ongoing research and development efforts are focused on addressing the technical and economic barriers to CCS, with the hope of making the technology more viable and cost-effective in the long run. In conclusion, the future of energy and the role of CCS in particular is a complex and multifaceted issue that requires careful consideration of environmental, economic, and ethical perspectives. While there are valid concerns about the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of CCS, there is also potential for the technology to make a significant impact in reducing carbon emissions and mitigating the effects of climate change. Ultimately, the future of CCS will depend on the ability of governments, industries, and society as a whole to address these challenges and work towards a sustainable energy future.。

Innovations in Carbon Capture and Storage

Innovations in Carbon Capture andStorageCarbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is a critical innovation in the fight against climate change. As the world continues to grapple with the effectsof global warming, finding ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions is more important than ever. CCS technology offers a promising solution by capturingcarbon dioxide emissions from sources such as power plants and industrial facilities, and storing it underground where it cannot contribute to climate change. One of the key benefits of CCS technology is its ability to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. By capturing carbon dioxide before it is released into the atmosphere, CCS helps to mitigate the impact of human activities on the climate. This is particularly important in sectors such as power generation and heavy industry, which are major contributors to global carbon emissions. With CCS technology, these industries can continue to operate while significantly reducing their carbon footprint. Another important aspect of CCS technology is itspotential to enable the continued use of fossil fuels while reducing their environmental impact. Fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas are still major sources of energy around the world, and phasing them out completely is not a realistic option in the short term. CCS technology allows these fuels to be used more sustainably by capturing and storing the carbon dioxide emissions they produce. This can help to bridge the gap as we transition to a more sustainable energy system based on renewable sources. In addition to reducing carbon emissions, CCS technology also has the potential to create new economic opportunities. The development and deployment of CCS infrastructure require significant investment, which can stimulate job creation and economic growth. In regions where fossil fuel industries are a major source of employment, CCS technology can help to preserve jobs while making these industries more sustainable. Furthermore, the expertise and technology developed for CCS can be exported to other countries facing similar challenges, creating opportunities for international collaboration and knowledge sharing. Despite its potential benefits, CCS technology also faces a number of challenges and limitations. One of the mainchallenges is the high cost of implementing CCS infrastructure, which can make it difficult for some industries to adopt the technology. In addition, the long-term storage of carbon dioxide underground raises concerns about leakage and environmental risks. Public acceptance and regulatory approval are also important considerations, as some communities may be wary of having CCS facilities located near their homes. Overall, CCS technology holds great promise as a tool for reducing carbon emissions and combating climate change. By capturing and storing carbon dioxide emissions from industrial sources, CCS can help to mitigate the impact of human activities on the climate while enabling the continued use of fossil fuels in a more sustainable way. While challenges remain, continued research and investment in CCS technology are essential to realizing its full potential and accelerating the transition to a low-carbon future.。

Current Situation of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Technology for Thermal Power in China

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The Science of Carbon Capture and Sequestration

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石雷鹏 30个功能句搞定考研英语作文

VOA常速英语： 为了得到一个更加清洁的地球,来捕捉碳

The future of energy Carbon capture and storage

Innovations in Carbon Capture and Storage

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VOA常速英语：为了得到一个更加清洁的地球,来捕捉碳