最新AntibioticProductionbyActinomycetes由放线菌产生的抗生素
Abuse of antibiotics
10 categories antibiotics
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. β-lactam Aminoglycoside Tetracycline Macrolide Chloramphenicol Lincomycin Other major antibiotic resistant bacteria
8.
Antifungal antibioticபைடு நூலகம்
9. Antitumor antibiotic 10. Antibiotics are immunosuppressive
十大类抗生素
β-内酰胺类: 青霉素、头孢菌素 氨基糖甙类：链霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素 四环素类：四环素、土霉素 大环内酯类：罗红霉素、乙酰螺旋霉素、吉他霉素 氯霉素类：氯霉素 林可霉素类：林可霉素、克林霉素 其他主要抗细菌的抗生素：万古霉素、利福平 抗真菌抗生素：灰黄霉素、制霉菌素 抗肿瘤抗生素：丝裂霉素、阿霉素 有免疫抑制作用的抗生素：环孢素
Abuse of antibiotics
What is the antibiotic ?
Antibiotics are produced by microorganisms (Including bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes ) or higher plants and animals in the process of life arising from pathogens or other activity with a class of secondary metabolites, can interfere with the function of other living cell development chemicals.
Antibiotics
Review of Initiation of Protein Synthesis
30S
1 2 3 GTP Initiation Factors 1 3 2 GTP
f-met-tRNA
mRNA Spectinomycin
3
GDP + Pi
P A
2 1
70S
1 2 GTP
70S Initiation Complex
Antimicrobials that Bind to the 30S Ribosomal Subunit
Aminoglycosides (bactericidal)
streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin, neomycin (topical)
Chloramphenicol, Lincomycin, Clindamycin (bacteriostatic)
• Mode of action - These antimicrobials bind to the 50S ribosome and inhibit peptidyl transferase activity. • Spectrum of activity - Chloramphenicol - Broad range; Lincomycin and clindamycin - Restricted range • Resistance - Common • Adverse effects - Chloramphenicol is toxic (bone marrow suppression) but is used in the treatment of bacterial meningitis.
第19章 抗生素
1、天然青霉素 天然青霉素 2、半合成青霉素 、
1、天然青霉素 天然青霉素
H H H N S O O N CH3 CH3 COOH
青霉素G 青霉素G
Benzylpenicillin
常用其钠盐或钾盐; 常用其钠盐或钾盐 治疗G 菌感染的首选药物。 治疗 +菌感染的首选药物。 缺点：不能口服、易产生耐药性、 缺点：不能口服、易产生耐药性、抗 菌谱窄、易过敏等。 菌谱窄、易过敏等。
两个稠合环不共平面，青霉素样 两个稠合环不共平面，青霉素样N1-C5轴折 轴折 头孢菌素沿N1-C6轴折叠； 轴折叠； 叠，头孢菌素沿 轴折叠 均含有多个不对称碳原子，如青霉素的 、 、 均含有多个不对称碳原子，如青霉素的2、5、 6位和头孢菌素的 、7位，因而均具有旋光性。 位和头孢菌素的6、 位 因而均具有旋光性。 位和头孢菌素的 抗菌活性不仅与母核的构型有关， 抗菌活性不仅与母核的构型有关，而且还与酰 胺侧链中的手性碳原子有关，旋光异构体间的 胺侧链中的手性碳原子有关， 活性有很大的差异。 活性有很大的差异。
R2
2 N1
O
R3
β-内酰胺类抗生素的作用机理是抑制粘 内酰胺类抗生素的作用机理是抑制粘 肽转肽酶，从而抑制细菌细胞壁的合成。 肽转肽酶，从而抑制细菌细胞壁的合成。 细胞壁的主要成分粘肽,是一些具有网状 细胞壁的主要成分粘肽 是一些具有网状 结构的含糖多肽，是由N-乙酰葡萄糖胺 结构的含糖多肽，是由 乙酰葡萄糖胺 （G）和N-乙酰胞壁氨酸和多肽线型高聚 ） 乙酰胞壁氨酸和多肽线型高聚 物经交联而成。 物经交联而成。
O O
H H H N S N O
青霉素V 青霉素V
CH3 CH3 COOH
Phenoxymethyl -penicillin
专业英语
道高一尺，魔高一丈
Third, the dangers of misuse of antibiotics?
induce drug-resistant bacteria Pathogenic microorganisms 诱发细菌耐药 病原微生物
Away from drugs
躲避药物
variation
The abuse of antibiotics
抗生素的滥用
• 新闻报道：北京市某公司有一位女员工，因担心公 司食堂及外面的所有餐馆不干净、不卫生，饭菜有 细菌，于是，不管在公司食堂还是在外面餐馆吃饭， 每餐必吃2粒先锋霉素4号“预防”，一年后发烧住 院，医生发现哪怕是最强力、最新型的抗生素对她 都无效，由于无法遏制病情，女员工最后死亜。后 续检查表明，由于女员工保护过当，长期滥用抗生 素，其体内大量耐药菌感染是罪魁祸首，这些细菌 面对现有抗生素都已无敌。本为“干净”保护自己， 由于防护过当，反而送了性命，岂不惜哉？
种分泌物能抑制葡萄球菌。
Chinese antibiotics abuse
In the United States to buy a gun is very easy, but it is hard to buy antibiotics. The situation in our country, however, is completely different. Every timeout, excess, do not suit the use belong to drug abuse. Ill have no disease regardless of infants and young children adult children to catch a cold, cough, fever, intravenous drip of antibiotics, the whole of China hospital without exception is full of the pattern.
英语作文inventions
Inventions have played a pivotal role in shaping the world we live in today.They have transformed the way we communicate,work,and even think.Here is an exploration of some of the most significant inventions that have left an indelible mark on human history.The Wheel:Often considered one of the earliest and most fundamental inventions,the wheel revolutionized transportation.It allowed for the creation of carts,chariots,and later, various forms of vehicles,facilitating trade and travel.Printing Press:Invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the15th century,the printing press democratized knowledge by making books more accessible and affordable.This invention was instrumental in spreading literacy and ideas,contributing to the Renaissance and the Reformation.Steam Engine:The steam engine,developed by James Watt in the18th century,was a key driver of the Industrial Revolution.It powered locomotives,ships,and factories, increasing production capabilities and altering the economic landscape.Electricity:Harnessing the power of electricity was a monumental achievement that led to the invention of countless electrical devices.From light bulbs to computers,electricity has become an essential part of modern life.Telephone:Alexander Graham Bells invention of the telephone in1876transformed communication,allowing people to speak to one another over long distances.This invention laid the groundwork for todays telecommunications infrastructure.Airplane:The Wright brothers successful flight in1903marked the beginning of aviation. Air travel has since become a common mode of transportation,connecting people across the globe in a matter of hours.Antibiotics:The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in1928and subsequent development of various antibiotics have saved countless lives by combating bacterial infections.Internet:The creation of the internet in the late20th century has arguably had the most profound impact on society.It has revolutionized information sharing,commerce, education,and social interaction,making the world more interconnected than ever before.Smartphones:Combining the functionalities of a mobile phone and a computer, smartphones have become an extension of our daily lives.They allow for instantcommunication,access to information,and a myriad of applications that cater to various needs.Renewable Energy Technologies:Solar panels,wind turbines,and other forms of renewable energy are inventions that address the need for sustainable power sources. They are crucial in the fight against climate change and the pursuit of a greener future. Each of these inventions has not only solved specific problems but also opened up new possibilities for human endeavor.They have collectively contributed to the advancement of civilization,making life more comfortable,efficient,and connected.As we look to the future,the potential for new inventions to shape our world remains limitless.。
制药工程专业英语课文翻译
Unit 1 Production of DrugsAbout 5000 antibiotics have already been isolated from microorganisms，but of these only somewhat fewer than 100 are in therapeutic use. It must be remembered，however，that many derivatives have been modified by partial synthesis for therapeutic use;some 50，000 agents have been semisynthetically obtained from户lactams alone in the last decade. Fermentations are carried out in stainless steel fermentors with volumes up to 400 m3. To avoid contamination of the microorganisms with phages etc. the whole process has to be performed under sterile conditions. Since the more important fermentations occur exclusively under aerobic conditions a good supply of oxygen or air(sterile)is needed. Carbon dioxide sources include carbohydrates，e. g. molasses，saccharides，and glucose. Additionally the microorganisms must be supplied in the growth medium with nitrogen-containing compounds such as ammonium sulfate，ammonia，or urea，as well as with inorganic phosphates. Furthermore，constant optimal pH and temperature are required. In the case of penicillin G，the fermentation is finished after 200 hours，and the cell mass is separated by filtration. The desired active agents are isolated from the filtrate by absorption or extraction processes. The cell mass，if not the desired product，can be further used as an animal feedstuff owing to its high protein content.关于5000抗生素已经分离出的微生物，但其中只有不到100有些治疗使用。
A new antibiotic kills pathogens without detectable resistance
factors through the chambers enables growth of uncultured bacteria in their natural environment. The growth recovery by this method approaches 50%, as compared to 1% of cells from soil that will grow on a nutrient Petri dish10. Once a colony is produced, a substantial number of uncultured isolates are able to grow in vitro14. Extracts from 10,000 isolates obtained by growth in iChips were screened for antimicrobial activity on plates overlaid with S. aureus. An extract from a new species of b-proteobacteria provisionally named Eleftheria terrae showed good activity. The genome of E. terrae was sequenced (Supplementary Discussion). Based on 16S rDNA and in silico DNA/DNA hybridization, this organism belongs to a new genus related to Aquabacteria (Extended Data Fig. 2, Supplementary Discussion). This group of Gram-negative organisms is not known to produce antibiotics. A partially purified active fraction contained a compound with a molecular mass of 1,242 Da determined by mass spectrometry, which was not reported in available databases. The compound was isolated and a complete stereochemical assignment has been made based on NMR and advanced Marfey’s analysis (Fig. 1, Extended Data Figs 3 and 4 and Supplementary Discussion). This molecule, which we named teixobactin, is an unusual depsipeptide which contains enduracididine, methylphenylalanine, and four D-amino acids. The biosynthetic gene cluster (GenBank accession number KP006601) was identified using a homology search (Supplementary Discussion). It consists of two large non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-coding genes, which we named txo1 and txo2, respectively (Fig. 1). In accordance with the co-linearity rule, 11 modules are encoded. The in silico predicted adenylation domain specificity perfectly matches the amino acid order of teixobactin (Fig. 1), and allowed us to predict the biosynthetic pathway (Extended Data Fig. 5).
抗菌肽的生物学功能与作用机制研究进展
抗菌肽的生物学功能与作用机制研究进展徐林1，单安山2，邵长轩2，董娜2，刘宇飞1，叶禹3（1.哈尔滨体育学院运动人体科学学院，哈尔滨150008；2.东北农业大学动物科学技术学院，哈尔滨150030；3.哈尔滨二四二医院普外二科，哈尔滨150066）摘要：抗生素的长期大量使用导致耐药菌和超级细菌在世界范围内陆续出现，对环境安全和公共健康造成了极大的威胁。
抗菌肽具有免疫调节，广谱抗细菌、真菌、病毒、寄生虫、癌细胞等多方面的生物学作用。
而且抗菌肽的抗菌机制与传统抗生素不同，其主要是通过破坏细菌细胞膜来发挥抗菌活性，因此不易产生耐药性，使其具备成为新一代抗菌药物的潜质，受到农业、畜牧、食品、医药等多领域的广泛关注。
文章对国内外抗菌肽的研究进行了梳理，综述了抗菌肽在生物学功能、作用机制等方面的研究进展。
关键词：抗菌肽；生物学功能；作用机制；替抗中图分类号：S816.4文献标志码：A文章编号：1001-0084（2023）02-0009-05Advances in Biological Functions and Mechanisms ofAntimicrobial PeptidesXU Lin 1,SHAN Anshan 2,SHAO Changxuan 2,DONG Na 2,LIU Yufei 1,YE Yu 3（1.College of Sports and Human Sciences,Harbin Sport University,Harbin 150008,China;2.College of Animal Science and Technology,Northeast Agricultural University,Harbin 150030,China;3.Department of General Surgery,Harbin No.242Hospital,Harbin 150066,China ）Abstract:The long-term and extensive use of antibiotics has led to the widespread emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and super bacteria worldwide,posing a significant threat to environmental safety and public health.Antimicrobial peptides have a wide range of biological functions,such as immune regulation,killing bacteria,fungi,viruses,parasites,cancer cells and so on.Importantly,the antibacterial mechanism of antimicrobial peptides is different from that of the traditional antibiotics.They mainly exert antibacterial activity by destroying bacterial cell membranes,so they are not easy to produce drug resistance,which makes them have the potential to become a new generation of antibacterial drugs.Therefore,antimicrobial peptides are widely concerned in agriculture,animal husbandry,food,medicine and other fields.In this paper,the research progress of antimicrobial peptides in biologicalfunction and mechanism of action were reviewed.Key words:antimicrobial peptides,biological function,mechanism of action,antibiotic alternatives收稿日期：2022-07-18作者简介：黑龙江省自然科学基金资助项目（YQ2022C105）；黑龙江省省属本科高校基本科研业务费科研项目（2022KYYWF-FC04）*作者简介：徐林（1982—），男，黑龙江哈尔滨人，博士，讲师，研究方向为动物肠道菌群调控。
药品行业产品跳转行为的反垄断规制
药品行业产品跳转行为的反垄断规制李胜利 尹 捷内容提要：药品行业的产品跳转行为是一种延缓仿制药入市的反竞争策略，原研药企通过对已有专利技术方案的重新设计获取新的药品专利权，并以欺诈性或胁迫性手段完成市场转换。
该行为属于滥用知识产权的垄断行为，损害了仿制药竞争及消费者利益，故引起多个国家的反垄断关注。
国际上，欧美国家在反垄断实践中，逐步构建起以消费者选择权为主，兼有竞争者利益、多种社会经济政策综合考量的反垄断审查标准。
近年来，我国仿制药质量与疗效一致性评价工作渐入佳境，实现仿制药替代是必然趋势，未来药品行业极有可能出现类似行为，故我国反垄断法学界与实务界有必要总结美国、欧盟、加拿大等国家的反垄断实践经验，从基本原则、审查路径、审查标准等方面构建合适的反垄断分析框架。
关 键 词：产品跳转 增量创新 生命周期策略 仿制药替代 消费者选择权标准Abstract: In the pharmaceutical industry, product hopping is an anti-competitive strategy to delay the entry of generic drugs. The original drug companies obtain new drug patent through redesigning the existing patent technological solution, and gain market switch by fraudulent or coercive conduct. Such behavior is monopolistic behavior which abuses intellectual prperty, harms generic competition and consumer welfare, arousing concerns from antitrust authorities in many countries. In practices, European and American countries have established the anti-trust review standards mainly featured by consumer choice, also take comprehensively competitor interests and multiple social and economic policies into account. In recent years, the consistency evaluation of the quality and efficacy of generic drugs in China is much improved, generic drug substitution is an inevitable trend, product hopping may also happen in the future Chinese pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, it is necessary for China to draw experiences of anti-trust practices in this field in US, EU countries, Canada, etc., and construct our own antitrust analysis framework from the perspectives of basic principles, review path, review standards and so on.Key Words: product hopping; incremental innovation; life-cycle strategy; generic substitution; consumer choice standard引 言通常情况下国家医药政策中鼓励原研药创新与促进仿制药竞具有同等重要的地位。
Antibiotics
• Antagonistic response : in certain cases the combination of two antibiotics may be less effective than one of the agents by itself (ie combination of a bacteriostatic with a bactericidal drug) • Disadvantages of antibiotic combinations • 1) Increased risk of toxic and allergic reactions • 2) Possible antagonism of antimicrobial effects. • 3) Increased risk of suprainfection
4
• Take samples for culture PRIOR TO INITIATION of treatment. • HOST FACTORS • 1) Host defenses (immune system and phagocytic cells). • 2) Site of infection .To be effective an antibiotic must be present in the site of infection in a concentration greater than MIC (endocarditis,meningitis,abscesses)
1
CLASSIFICATION BY MECHANISM OF ACTION • 1) Drugs that inhibit bacterial wall synthesis or activate enzymes that disrupt the cell wall. • 2) Drugs that increase cell membrane permeability (causing leakage of intracellular material) • 3) Drugs that cause lethal inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis. • 4) Drugs that cause nonlethal inhibition of protein synthesis (bacteriostatics). • 5) Drugs that inhibit bacterial synthesis of nucleic acids
微生物学周德庆第一章4ppt课件
2、在液体培养基上的培养特征
在实验室对放线菌进行摇瓶培养时，常可见到 在液面与瓶壁交界处粘贴着一圈菌苔，培养液清而不 混，其中悬浮着许多珠状菌丝团，一些大型菌丝团则 沉在瓶底。
四、 Reproduction of Actinomycetes
1、分生孢子 2、孢子囊孢子（Sporangiospore) 3、菌丝片段
High Magnification of actinomycete spores
2、孢囊孢子（Sporangiospore)：有的放线菌由菌丝盘卷 形成孢子囊，其间产生横隔，形成孢子。孢子囊成熟后， 释放出孢子。
1-孢子囊形成初期 2-孢子囊继续生长，囊内形成横隔 3-成熟孢子事，孢囊孢子不规则排列。
1、分生孢子：放线菌长到一定阶段，一部分气生 菌丝形成孢子丝，孢子丝成熟便分化形成许多孢 子，称为分生孢子。
Stages in the conversion of a streptomycetes aerial hypha into spores (conidia)
放线菌孢子丝的类型
Several spore-bearing structures of actinomycetes: Streptomyces.
Important members of microbial family
section1、Bacteria
一、Definition of bacteria 二、Shapes and size of bacteria 三 、Bacterial reproduction 四、Bacterial incubation characteristics 五、Some bacteria in production
形态构造示意图
β-内酰胺类抗生素(英文PPT)β-lactam antibiotics
Cephalosporins
First-Generation Cefazolin, Cephalexin, cephradin. They are very effective against gram-
Methicillin acid unstable Nafcillin its absorption is erratic Oxacillin, Cloxacillin,Dicloxacillin (acid
stable ). Used in minor & severe Stap. infections
Third -Generations
Cefoperazone,Cefixime,Ceftriaxone They have extended gram- negative
spectrum. Have an effect on P-aeruginosa . No effect on E-coli.
growing bacteria.
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption Depending on acid stability Absorption of most oral penicillins is
impaired by food except amoxicillin .
Broad &Extended spectrum penicillins
Aminopenicillins Carboxypenicillins Ureidopenicillins
Aminopenicillins(Ampicillin &Amoxicillin)