2021高考英语一轮复习第二部分高考重点语法突破专题二 学案 人教版(付,55)

专题二句法篇

第1讲定语从句

考点一定语从句概述及关系代词引导的定语从句一、定语从句概述

1．定义：在复合句中，修饰限定某一名词(或代词)的句子，叫定语从句。

2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。

先行词一般是名词或不定代词，如：some­，any­，every­，no­与­body, ­thing 的合成词或all, none, any, some, that, those等代词。数词和人称代词也同样可作先行词。

3．关系词：连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。

关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose, as等。

关系副词：when, where, why等。

4．分类：定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。

区别：限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限定作用，而非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用，先行词与定语从句往往由逗号隔开。试比较：

⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ He has two sons ， who work in the same company.他有两个儿子，他们在同一公司上班。他只有两个 儿子He has two sons who work in the same company.他有两个儿子在同一公司上班。/他有两个在同一 公司上班的儿子。可能不止有两个儿子

5．功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。 6．位置：定语从句常置于被修饰词之后；as 引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、

句中，也可置于主句之后。 ①Those who are for the plan raise your hands, please.

请支持这个计划的人举手。

②As is known to us all, the earth is spinning around the sun. 我们都知道，地球围绕太阳旋转。

二、关系代词引导的定语从句

引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等，关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语等。

1．who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。

I've made good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year. 我已与去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校的几个学生结交为好朋友。

2．whose 既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作定语。指物时，“whose ＋名词”可用“the ＋名词＋of which”或“of which ＋the ＋名词”来代替。

①Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful? 你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗？

②I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.

→I'd like a room, the window of which looks out over the sea. →I'd like a room, of which the window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。

3．which, that 所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。

①He was reading a book which/that was about war.

他正在读一本关于战争的书。

A ：指物时，关系代词that 和which 一般情况下可换用，但以下几种情况下一般用that ，

而不用which。

(1)先行词是all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much等不定代词，或先行词被all, every, some, any, no, few, little等修饰时。

②I have read all the books (that) you gave me.

你给我的所有书我都已经读过了。

[注意] 当something确指某物或某事时，用that或which都可以。

There is something that/which keeps worrying me.

有一件事一直令我不安。

(2)先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词(如：the first，the second, ...，the last 等)修饰时。

③This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.

这是我看过的最好的电影。

(3)先行词被the only, the very, the right等修饰时。

④The only thing that matters is to find our way home.

唯一要紧的事情是找到我们回家的路。

(4)先行词既有人又有物时。

⑤They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school.

他们谈论起他们记得的学校里的人和事。

B：在以下情况中，只能用which，不能用that。

(1)在非限制性定语从句中，如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，并指物，只能用which。

⑥Our football team won the final, which made us excited.

我们的足球队赢得了决赛，这使我们非常兴奋。

(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时，只能用which。

⑦The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.

过去我居住的房子已变成了一家鞋店。

错误!

4．as引导的定语从句

A：as作为关系代词，在定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时使用，通常先行词由the same, as, such, so等修饰时，关系代词用as。

①They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.(as作主语)

他们只能读类似这样的一些用简易英语改写的故事。

②These ho uses are sold at such a low price as people expected.(as作宾语)