GMAT曼哈顿语法中文版
GMAT SC Manhatten曼哈顿语法总结(770NN)
GMAT SC Manhatten曼哈顿语法总结(770NN)目录Subject-verb agreement (7)Fragment: Subject and verb must both exist (7)Sense: Subject and verb must make sense together (8)Number agreement: Subject and verb must agree in number (9)Additive phrases (9)Or, either…or, neither…nor: nearest . 9Collective nouns: almost alwayssingular (9)Indefinite pronouns: usually singular.9SANAMM words: some; any; none; all;more; most; (9)Each and every (9)Quantity words and phrases (9)Subject phrases and clauses: alwayssingular (10)Parallelism (10)Parallel markers (10)Parallel elements (11)You can split apart the expressions:.. 12Parallel clauses should start with thesame word (12)Lists with AND (13)Idioms with parallel structure (13)Superficial parallelism vs. actual parallelism (13)Watch out for linking verbs (14)Treat any linking verb as a parallelmarket. (14)And they have to make sense (15)Pronoun (15)Antecedent must exist: as a noun (15)Antecedent and pronoun must make sense together (15)The antecedent must be unambiguous (16)The antecedent and pronoun must agree in number (16)Pronoun case (16)Watch out for parallelism (16)’s is often poor antecedent (17)The deadly five: it, its, they, them, their (17)This, that, these, and those (18)Adjectives: (18)New copy (18)Agree in number with previous version (18)This, these, that, and those cannot beused as nouns. (18)Modifiers (19)Adjectives and adverbs (19)Adjective + adjective + noun (19)Adverb + adjective + noun (19)Noun modifiers (20)Misplaced modifier (21)Dangling modifier (21)Modifiers have to make sense (22)Noun modifiers with relative clause.. 22Essential vs. non-essential nounmodifiers (23)Verb modifiers (23)Verb tense, mood and voice (25)Tense (25)Simple tense (25)Progressive tense (25)Keep verb tense consistent (25)Present perfect: still in effect (26)Past perfect: the earlier action (26)Tense sequence (27)The subjunctive mood (28)Hypothetical subjunctive (28)If...then constructions (28)The command subjunctive (29)Active voice vs. passive voice (31)Comparisons (32)Keeping comparisons parallel (32)Comparisons must be logically parallel (32)Comparisons must be structurallyparallel (33)Omitted words (33)Comparative and superlative forms (34)Idioms (35)Odds and ends (55)Connecting words (55)Connecting punctuation (57)Comma (57)Semicolon (58)Colon (59)Dash (59)Quantity (60)Advanced strategy: GMC/S-V/PARALLELISM (61)Concision: specific patterns of wordiness (61)Pattern 1: prefer a verb to an actionnoun (61)Pattern 2: prefer a That-clause (withverbs) to a series of phrases (withnouns) (63)Pattern 3: prefer a verb to an adjective. (63)Pattern 4: prefer an adjective to anoun (64)Pattern 5: prefer an adverb to aprepositional phrase (65)Pattern 6: prefer an adjective to anadjective clause with be (65)Pattern 7: r emove IT IS...THAT (66)Concision: don’t make it too short (66)Pattern1: keep the prepositionalphrase if you need to (66)Pattern2: keep THAT OFor THESEOF if you need to (68)Pattern 3: keep THAT after areporting verb (68)Parallelism: concrete nouns and action nouns (69)Infinitives (71)Adjectives and participles: (71)Advanced strategy: pronouns and modifiers (72)Other pronouns (72)There (72)Itself, themselves: (73)DO SO versus DO IT (73)Placeholder IT (73)1. Postpone infinitive subjects (73)2. Postpone That-clause subjects (74)3. Postpone infinitive or That-clauseobjects (74)Nuances of pronoun reference: (74)Modifiers: Exceptions to the Touch Role (75)1. Mission Critical modifier (75)2. A very short predicate falls between,shifting a very long modifier back (75)3. A short non-essential phraseintervenes and is set off by comas. (76)4. The modifier is part of a seriesparallel modifiers, one of whichtouches the noun. (76)Possessive Nuances (76)Subgroup modifiers (77)More on relative clauses vs. participles (77)Absolute phrases (78)Advanced strategy: Verbs & comparisons (80)Helping verbs: BE, DO and HA VE (80)Infinitives (82)Gerunds (83)Participles (84)When to use which word (85)More on LIKE and AS (86)Numbers in comparisons (88)Other comparison constructions (89)Subject-verb agreementFragment: Subject and verb must both exist.Missing of working verb: The electron named in 1894.Connecting word and no main clause: Because the dog was never mine/ Which will be approvedtomorrow.Sense: Subject and verb must make sense together.Wrong: The proliferation of computer games designed to involve many players at once were first developed before the widespread availability of high-speed internet connections. Right: Computer games designed to involve many players at once have proliferated; such games were first developed before the wide spread availability of high-speed internet connections.Number agreement: Subject and verb must agree in numberAdditive phrasesOr, either…or, neither…nor: nearestCollective nouns: almost always singularIndefinite pronouns: usually singularSANAMM words: some; any; none; all; more; most;Some of the money was stolen from my wallet; Some of the papers were stolen from the bank. 另外如同majority minority plurality 等词也是要看情况的Each and everyEvery dog and cat has paws.Each of these shirts is pretty.They each are great tennis players.Quantity words and phrasesA number ofThe number ofSubject phrases and clauses: always singularHaving good friends is a wonderful thing. Whatever they want to do is fine with me.ParallelismParall el markersMarkers StructuresAnd X and YX, Y and ZBoth/and Both X and YOr X or YEither/or Either X or YNot/but Not X but YNot only/but also Not only X but also YRather than X rather thanYFrom/to From X to YParall el el ementsElements ExamplesNouns Her expressionreflected both angerand relief.Adjectives The park was neitheraccessible noraffordable.We collected bothsecond and third-gradebooks.Verbs The custodian cleanedthe basement andwashed the windows. Infinitives We would like not onlyto hear your side of thestory but also toprovide a response. Participles The actor left quickly,shunning fans andPrepositional It was important toleave the money in thedrawer rather than onthe table. Subordinate clauses They contended thatthe committee wasbiased and that itshould be disbanded. You can split apart the expressions:The division was opening offices, hiring staff and investing in equipment.The railroad can either lose more money or solve its problems.They wanted to increase awareness, spark interest, and motivate purchases.Parallel clauses should start with the same wordWrong: I want to retire to a place where I can relax and that has low taxes.Right: I want to retire to a place where I can relax and where the taxes are low.Wrong: Ralph likes both those who are popular and who are not.Right: Ralph likes both those who are popular and those who are not.Lists with ANDBe careful as you tally items:Wrong: She argues that the agency acts with disregard for human life and property and reckless abandon and it should therefore be shut down.Right : She argues that the agency acts with reckless abandon and with disregard for human life and property and that is should therefore be shut down.Idioms with parall el structureSuperficial parallelism vs. actual parall elismWrong: Sal applied himself in his new job,arrived early every day, skipped lunch regularly, and left late every night.Right: Sal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly, and leaving late every night.Watch out for linking verbsTo BE Other linking verbsAre Become SmellWas Feel SoundWere Grow StayAm Look TasteBeen Remain TurnBe RepresentBeing ResembleTreat any linking verb as a parallel market.Wrong: The bouquet of flowers was a giving of love.Right: The bouquet of flowers was a gift of love.And they have to make sense.Wrong: Upon being nominated, this politician represents a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.Right: The nomination of this politician represents a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.PronounsAnteced ent must exist: as a nounWrong: The park rangers discussed measures to prevent sever wildfires, which would be devastating to it.Right: The park rangers discussed measures to prevent sever wildfires, which would be devastating to the park.Anteced ent and pronoun must make sense together Wrong: Although the term “supercomputer”may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it is simply an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.Right: Although the term “supercomputer” may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it simply refers to an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.The anteced ent must be unambiguousWrong: Researchers claim to have developed new “nano-papers”incorporating tiny cellulose fibers, which they allege give them the strength of cast iron.Right: researchers claim to have developed new “nano-papers”incorporating tiny cellulose fibers, which allegedly give these materials the strength of cast iron.The anteced ent and pronoun must agree in number Pronoun caseWatch out for parallelismSupernovas destroy their immediateenvironments in vast explosions, but by synthesizing heavy chemical elements, they provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it.’s is often poor antecedentWrong: The board is investigating several executives’compensation packages in order to determine how much may have been improperly awarded to them.Here THEM refers to “packages”, so it is wrong. Right: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much these executives may have been awarded.The d eadly five: it, its, they, them, theirWrong: Whenever a student comes, take down their information.Right: Whenever a student comes, take down his or her information.Right: Whenever students come, take downtheir information.This, that, these, and thoseAdjectives:New “nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give these materials strength.New copyThe money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her children.The money spent by her parents is more than it was expected to by.Agree in number with previous versionWrong: Her company is outperforming those of her competitors.Right: Her company is outperforming the companies of her competitors.This, these, that, and those cannot be used as nouns.Wrong: Her products are unusual; manyconsider these unique.Right: Her products are unusual; many consider them unique.ModifiersAdjectives and adverbsAdjective + adjective + nounBoth adjectives modify the noun.Wrong: James Joyce is Max’s supposedly Irish ancestor.Right: James Joyce is Max’s supposed Irish ancestor.Adverb + adjective + nounThe adverb modifies the adjective.Wrong: Max’s grandmother is his supposed Irish ancestor.Right: Max’s grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor.Noun modifiersType Position ExampleAdjective BeforenounAfternoun The lazy cat took a nap. The cat, lazy from overeating, took a napPropositi on BeforenounAfternounOn the couch, the cattook a nap.The cat on the couchtook a nap.Past participle BeforenounAfternounThe tired cat took anap.Tires from chasingmice, the cat took a nap.Present participle without commas BeforenounAfternounThe sleeping cat took anap.The cat sleeping on thecouch is named “Sue”.Relative pronoun AfternounThe grey cat, whichloves tuna, took a nap.The cat that lives nextAnother noun BeforenounAfternounA lover of mice, my cathunts night and day.The cat, a tabby raisedon a farm, took a nap.Misplaced modifierWrong: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods. Right: To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods.Dangling modifierWrong: Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the office.Wrong: There was no commotion in the office, resigned to the bad news.Right: Resigned to the bad news, the officeworkers make no commotion.Also true for verb modifiers:Wrong: Using the latest technology, the problem was indentified.Right: Using the latest technology, the engineer indentified the problem.Modifiers have to make sense.Wrong: Only in the past century has origami’s development, a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago, into a true art form taken place. Right: Origami-a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago- has developed into a true art form only in the past century.Noun modifiers with relative clauseThat or whom can be dropped when acting as the objectiveThe security guard we met was nice.The movie we watched last Friday was scary.“Where” cannot be used to modify a metaphorical placeSuch as condition, situation, case, circumstance, or arrangementWrong: We had an arrangement where he cooked and I cleaned.Right: We had an arrangement in which he cooked and I cleaned.Essential vs. non-essential noun modifiersVerb modifiersType PositionExampleAdverb BeforeverbAfterverb Frequently, I walk to the store.I frequently walk to the store.I walk frequently to the store.Preposition Beforeverb On Mondays, I walk to the storeAfter verbI walk to the store on Mondays.SubordinatorBefore verb After verbWhenmycarisbroken, I walk to the store.I walk to the store when mycarisbroken.Some modifiers can modify both the subject and the verb. Type Positio nExample Present participle with comasBefore verbAfter verbWhistling “Beat it ”, Ilifted the weight. I lifted the weight, whistling“Beat it ”. Preposition + simple gerund Before verbAfter verbBy concentration, Ilifted the weight. I lifted the weight by concentration.Verb tense, mood and voiceTenseSimple tenseSimple present tense is often used to express “eternal” states or frequent events.Use simple present to define general definitions.Use simple present with state verbs such as KNOW and SIGNIFYProgressive tenseKeep verb tense consistentIf you want to switch tense, make it clear: Right: He is thinner now because he spent thelast six months on a strict diet.Present perfect: still in effectPresent perfect indicated either continued action or continued effect of a completed action. Right: The child drew a square in the sand, but the ocean erased it.Right: The child drew a square in the sand, but the ocean has erased it.Awkward: The child has drawn a square in the sand, but the ocean has erased it.If you want to talk about a specific, completed time period, use the simple past:Wrong: Veronica has traveled all over the world in 2007.Right: Veronica travelled all over the world in 2007.Past perfect: the earlier actionYou should use past perfect only to clarify or emphasize a sequence of past events.If the sequence is already obvious, we do not need to use past perfect.Right: Antonio drove to the store and bought some ice cream.When you see BEFORE Or AFTER, don’t use the past perfect.Right: Laura locked the deadbolt before she left for work.Tense sequenceScientist: The supercollider is ready, it did not cost too much, and it will provide new insights into the working of the universe.Report: The scientist announced that the supercollider was ready, that it had not cost too much, and that it would provide new insights into the workings of the universe.Avoid mixing present tense with conditionaltense:Right: The scientist believes that the machine will be wonderful.Right: The scientist believed that the machine would be wonderful.Wrong: The scientist believes that the machine would be wonderful.Wrong: The scientist believed that the machine will be wonderful.The subjunctive moodHypothetical subjunctiveIf…then constructionsType Form ExampleGeneral rule with no uncertainty If present,then presentIf Sophie eatspizza, then shebecomes ill.General rule with some uncertainty If present,then CAN orMAYIf Sophie eatspizza, then shemay become ill.Particular case (in the future) with no uncertainty If present,then futureIf Sophie eatspizza tomorrow,then she willbecome ill.Unlikely case (in the future) Ifhypotheticalsubjunctive,thenconditionalIf Sophie atepizza tomorrow,then she wouldbecome ill.Case that never happened (in the past) If pastperfect, thenconditionalperfectIf Sophie hadeaten pizzayesterday, thenshe would havebecome ill.The command subjunctiveBossy verb + that + subject + command subjunctiveWrong: We propose the school board disband. Wrong: We propose that the school boardshould disband. Type WordExample Verbs that take only the command subjunctiveDemand,dictate, insist, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggestWe demand thathebehere.Verbs that take only infinitiveAdvise, allow, forbid, persuade, wantWe allow him to be here.Verbs that take either formAsk,beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, require Werequire thathebehere.We require him to be here.Nouns that take the command subjunctiveDemand, requestHisdemandthat he be paid full severance was not met.take the command subjunctive crucial,desirable,fitting,imperative,important,mandatory,preferable,urgent, vitalthat Gary beready beforesoon.Avoid the use of the command subjunctive after WHETHER.Wrong: I like ice cream, whether it be chocolate, vanilla, or any other flavor.Right: I like ice cream, whether it is chocolate, vanilla, or any other flavor.Active voice vs. passive voiceDo not use verbs besides BE to form the passive voice.Wrong: the pizza must got eaten today.ComparisonsComparison signalsLike AsUnlike As (adj.) asMore than As much asLess than As little asFaster than As fast asDifferent from The same asIn contrast to/withKeeping comparisons parall elComparisons must be logically parallelWrong: Frank’s build, like his brother, is broad and muscular.Right: Frank’s build, like his brother’s, is broad and muscular.Right: Frank’s build, like that of his brother, is broad and muscular.Right: Frank, like his brother, has a broad and muscular build.Comparisons must be structurally parallelWrong: I like to run through forests more than I enjoy walking through crowds.Right: I like running through forests more than walking through crowds.Omitted wordsPut in the omitted words or appropriate helping verbs only if you need to remove ambiguity. Right: Vishal eats more carrots than donuts. Wordy: Vishal eats more carrots than he dose donuts.Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. Right: I like cheese more than I do Yvette. Right: I like cheese more than Yvette does.Ambiguous: Tomas is more interested in video games than his girlfriend.Right: Tomas is more interested in video games than his girlfriend is.Right: Tomas is more interested in video games than in his girlfriend.GMAT occasionally allows unnecessary Helping verbs.Right: Apples are more healthy to eat than caramels.Right: Apples are more healthy to eat than caramels are.Comparative and superlative formsDo not compare an adverb that ends in –ly by changing the ending to –er.Wrong: Adrian runs quickly. He runs quicker than Jacob.Right: Adrian runs quickly. He runs more quickly than Jacob.However, some adverbs that do not end in –ly are made into comparatives by adding –er. Right: Adrian runs fast. He runs faster thanJacob.Do not use a comparative adjective unless you have a THAN in the sentence.Wrong: With winter coming, I will have higher energy bills.Wrong: I will have higher bills over last year. Right: I will have higher bills than last year.IdiomsImportant idiom listActThe bay acted as a funnel for the ride. (function as)My friend acted like a fool. (behave)AgreeThey agree that electrons exist.Electrons are particles that physicists agree exist.AidShe aids her neighbor.She provides aid to victims.Aid for victims is available.Her aid in walking the dog is appreciated.AimWe adopted new procedures aimed at reducing theft.We adopted new procedures with the aim of reducing theft.Aim to do 错误！AnxietyHis anxiety about his company’s future is ill-founded.His anxiety that his company may be sold is ill-founded.AppearImperfections appear as tiny cracks (show up as)He appears confused (seems)The dinosaurs appear to have been relatively smart.It appears that the dinosaurs were smart.AsAs I walked, I became more nervous.(during) As I had already paid, I was unconcerned. (because, since)As we did last year, we will win this year. ( in the same way)As the president of the company, she worked hard.(in the role of )As a child, I delivered newspapers. (in the stage of)My first job was an apprenticeship as a sketch artist.As part of the arrangement, he received severance.As…as…Cheese is not as great as people say.We have three times as many pears as you.His knowledge springs not so much from experience as from schooling.AskI asked for her aid.He asked her to go to the store.He asked that she go to the store.AwareAware of the danger, he fled.Aware that danger was near, he fled.With an aware that/of….错误！BanThey passed a ban prohibiting us from carrying bottles.They passed a ban that…错误！BeginThe movement began as a protest. (was born as) The movement began with a protest. (protest was the first part)The protest began a movement. (caused)BelieveShe believes that Gary is right.She believes Gary to be right.It is believed that Gary is right.Gary is believed to be right.BordersWithin the borders of a countryIn/inside the borders….错误！ButI study hard but take breaks.I study hard, but I take breaks.ChanceI have one chance in a thousand of winningtonight.ClaimThey claim that they can read minds.They claim to be able to read minds.Compared/comparisonIn comparison to/with horses, zebras are vicious.A zebra can be compared to a horse in many ways.Compared with a horse, a zebra is very hard to tame.ConfidenceWe have confidence that the market will recover.ConceiveHe conceives of architecture as a dialog. Conceive of sth. to be…. 错误！ConsiderI consider her a friend.I consider her intelligent.I consider illegal the law passed last week by the new regime.The law is considered illegal.ContendThey contend that they can decipher the code.ContinueThe danger will continue to grow.The danger will continue its growth.错误！CostPollution cost us billions in increased medical bills.CreateYou will create a team to lead the discussion.CreditHugo credits sally with good taste.Sally is credited with good taste.DangerWe are in danger of forgetting the past.DateThey dated the artifact at three centuries old. Dated to be 错误！DeclareI declared the election a fraud/ invalid.I declared invalid the referendum that the new regime imposed.DependThe outcome depends on whether he can make friends.DesignThe window is designed to open.DevelopThe executive developed her idea into a project. The idea developed into a project.DifferenceThere is a difference in ability between us. There is a difference between what you can do and what I can do.There are differences in what you and I can do.DisinclinedShe is disinclined to write to her parents.Distinguish/distinctionThe investor distinguished between trends and fads.There is a distinction between trends and fads.DoubtWe do not doubt that the apples are ripe.We have no doubt that the apples are ripe.She doubts whether Jan will arrive on time.ElectShe elected to withdraw her money early.EnoughThe book was short enough (for me) to read in a night.EnsureHe ensures that deadlines are metEquippedThey are equipped to fight on any terrain.EvenI am even richer than a king.I earn as much money as even the wealthiest king.ExpectWe expect the price to fall.The price is expected to fall.We expect that the price will fall.It is expected that the price will fall.There is an expectation that the price will fall.ExpendWe expend energy on neighborhood development.ExtentWe enjoyed the film to some extent. “Thumbs part up”is the extent to which we enjoyed the film.FaultThe criminals are at the fault for breaking the law.ForbidThe law forbids any citizen to vote twice.GoalThe goal is to expand the company.He helps (to) rake the leaves.He helps me (to) rake the leaves.His help in raking the leaves has been welcome.HoldThe law holds that jaywalking is illegal.InsteadWe avoided the arcade and instead went to a movie.IntentI went with the intent to leave soon.I went with the intent/intention of leaving soon.KnowWe know her to be brilliant.She is known to be brilliant.We know him as Reggie.He is known as Reggie.Old gadgets are lacking in features.Old gadgets lack features.The lack of features is upsetting.LessLess than 10%Lower than 10% 错误！LikelyMy friend is likely to eat worm.It is likely that my friend will eat worm.My friend is more likely than my enemy to eat worms.My friend is twice as likely as my enemy to eat worms.More than likely, my friend will eat worms.LossI have suffered a loss of strength. (decline in quality)They have suffered a loss in the euro. (decline ininvestment)MandateThe general mandated that a trench be dug.MassThe truck has ten times the mass of a small car. The truck is ten times the mass of a small car. 错误！MeansMusic education is a means to improved cognition.A means of/for. 错误！NativeThe kangaroo is native to Australia.My friend is a native of Australia.Not…butShe did not eat mangoes but ate other kinds of fruit.A tomato is not a vegetable but a fruit.NumberThe number of dogs has fallen.Dogs have fallen in number.错误！OweHe owes money to government for back taxes.PrivilegeThe academy gave senior cadets dancing privileges.Worse: the academy gave senior cadets the privilege of dancing.PronounceShe pronounced the book a triumph.ProposeThey attorneys proposed that a settlement be reached.The attorneys proposed to meet for lunch.。
曼哈顿语法中文翻译-前九章小标题内容-用于错题对照和迅速回顾
第二章语法和句意1.语法简介2.句意简介3.句意：选择合适的词汇4.句意：按合理顺序放置单词5.句意：匹配词汇（make sense together）6.句意：避免赘余（rise by a 10% increase）7.表达简洁（they differ over how>they have difference on）第三章主谓一致1.主语和谓语必须都存在（否则为fragment）2.主语谓语放一块必须说得通（the car will be able to 而不是the development of car will be able to ）3.单复数一致4.跳修饰，找主干（修饰包括介词短语、从句和其他修饰）5.根据结构来选择（其实是看清从句主句的结构，分别找出从句主句的主谓宾，并且注重句子意思）6.And和附加短语（比如Joe, as well as his friend, IS going to the beach，附加短语as well as、in addition to 等不改变主语的单复数）7.or, either...or, 和neither...nor(就近原则，如果either和neither单做主语)8.集体名词（表示一个集体的词，如crowd、army和orchestra，谓语基本都用动词形式）9.不限定代词（就是不指代具体人事物的代词，-one、-body和-thing都是单数，但SANAM 可单可双：Some, any, none, all和more/most例句：Some of the money was——Some of the documents were）10.Each和every（如果放在名词前，那么相应谓语用单数，比如every dong and cat has paws，但是如果放在名词或代词后，就还是依照名词或代词来，比如They each are great tennis players）11.数量词和短语这有错题！The number of 是单数，a number of xx是复数。
GMAT语法笔记
GMAT语法笔记个人GMAT语法笔记,综合ManhattanSC及prep语法笔记主谓一致一.原则1.主谓必须同时存在连词开头的句子一定要有主句，否则是错误的becae,if,when,although从句开头的句子，若从句后面没有逗号，一定错。
2.主语和谓语从逻辑上一定要合理，且主语和谓语在单复数上要一致。
当不清楚主语是否应该是单数/复数的时候，看宾语，想造成这个宾语的主语是什么样的★若不知道主语是否单复，就想是什么造成公司的上涨。
肯定是一件事。
所以是单数3.找到真正的主语---去掉介宾短语，从句及动词短语修饰词介宾短语（of,／forby,／in,／with／,at,／to,／on,／from后面的词不是主语可以忽略，所以要学会看到介词跳读。
）从句始终只是句子中辅助的成分，类似大形容词，大名词或大副词4.不能确定的话，一般用单数谓语动词规律1.and连接几个不同的（单数）名词的时候构成复数结构，谓语动词要用复数2.就前原则的短语morethan;nolethan;beide;e某cept;3.就近原则：or,nor,either…or;neither…nor；not...but..(notthat…butratherthat…);notonly…butalo;（注意，只有either，neither做主语时，谓语动词用单数）5.模糊代词，谓语动词用单数：(-one,-thing)Anyone,anybody,anything,Noone,nobody,nothing,notoneEach,every(apronoun)Someone,omebody,omethingEveryone,everybody,everything,whatever,whoeverEither,neither(mayrequireapluralverbifpairedwithor/nor)6.以下代词的单复数由后面的名词决定：Someof,Anyof,None,Allof,More/Motof,nohalfof,majority,minority,pluralityof,theretof,分数/百分数Ifyouwanttoindicatethetotalityitelf,thenueaingularverbform.e.g.ThemajorityofthetudentinthiclaAREhardworker.个人GMAT语法笔记,综合ManhattanSC及prep语法笔记7.each/every做主语，单数：由each/every开头+任何名词（不论单复数）单数谓语EverydogandcatHASpaw.复数名词（代词）+each+复数谓语TheyeachAREgreattenniplayer9.agroupof/abodyof/anarrayof/aerieof/aetof/aportionof+复数名词，谓语动词用单数！10.atotalof,anaverageof+复数名词，复数vtheaverageof+复数名词，单数v10.一些表示学科的词（phyic,mathematic）、一些活动－有氧运动（aerobic）和一些疾病－糖尿病（diabete）虽然以S结尾，仍属于单数名词，谓语动词用单数当tatitic做“统计数据”，economic做“经济政策”时，复数v；new谓语动词用单数pecie物种（单数）4.集合名词看做整体，谓语动词用单数：如果说一种动物比如cat（无冠词）。
GMATSCManhatten曼哈顿语法总结(770NN)
目录Subject-verb agreement ............................ 错误!未定义书签。
Fragment: Subject and verb must both exist........................... 错误!未定义书签。
Sense: Subject and verb must make sense together. ............... 错误!未定义书签。
Number agreement: Subject and verb must agree in number . 错误!未定义书签。
Additive phrases................................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。
Or, either…or, neither…nor: ne arest................................................. 错误!未定义书签。
Collective nouns: almost always singular ......................................... 错误!未定义书签。
Indefinite pronouns: usually singular................................................ 错误!未定义书签。
SANAMM words: some; any; none; all; more; most; ...................... 错误!未定义书签。
Each and every.................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。
曼哈顿语法中文
Manhattan语法（第五版）中文笔记－by equalgirl目录一总原则二意思与简洁三主语与谓语(主谓一致)四平行五代词六修饰语七动词（时态，语气，主被动）八比较九习语十简洁＋平行（高阶）十一代词＋修饰语（高阶）十二动词＋比较（高阶）附：固定搭配词组一、SC 的做题方法与原则1．不是找对的，而是选最好的。
2．方法：排除法，首先在稿纸上写下所有选项，然后根据一些相似性将答案大致分组，根据各组的不同特点划去错误的，比较剩余选项，针对区别进行判断，剩下最好的。
要点：读句子，懂意思，找出划线与未划线的关系。
看选项，先找出不同，肯定多于2处。
从最好入手的比较开始排除，优先主谓一致，单复数，平行，代词，时态。
最后代入句子检查尤其注意划线与未划线是否一致。
要最快速的排除并选出答案，而不要纠结于每个错误。
3．做改错题时，首先应通读句子，找出句子中能帮助做题的关键词。
在很多情况下，句子中帮助做题的关键词离划线部分会很远。
4．GMC 原则(grammar, meaning and concision):主谓一致，平行，代词，修饰，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习惯用法二、意思与句子简洁(GMC原则语法，语义，简洁)GMAT改错题关键的三个要点，顺序依次为：STEP 1、首先看有无语法错误（习惯说法不一定正确）STEP 2、看意思表达是否准确（不会读2遍以上才明白也不会产生歧义）STEP 3、是否简洁（能用6个词不要用10个词）（一）意思1．正确用词①Economic-经济的；economical-节约的；合算的；有效的②Aggravate-加重，恶化；aggravating-令人愤怒的③Known as –被认为是，很著名；known to be-被承认…；known for④Loss of –失去；loss in-贬值⑤Mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权⑥Native of- （人）来自；native to –物种起源于⑦Range of –多种的；ranging-变化⑧Rate of –速度或频率；rates for –价格…⑨Rise –上升,形容无方向，单纯上升；raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向⑩Such as –比如；like-好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like）⑾Try to do –努力去完成；try doing –尝试去做⑿impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫2．情态动词（1）当原句意思上没有问题时，忠实原句，不做任何修改，即使修改过来也成立。
GMAT曼哈顿语法中文版.doc
My Manhattan(5th) Notes——DaisyotwCH1 SC Basics1.控制在60s~75s2.做题步骤：理解原句，垂直阅读选项，split 排除错误，放回原文检查CH2 Grammar&Meaning一.语法：主谓一致，平行，代词，修饰语，动词时态、语和主被动，比较和习语二.语义：1.词的选择：(1) 注意一词多义Economic-经济的；economical-节约的；合算的；有效的Aggravate- 加重，恶化；aggravating- 令人愤怒的Known as –被认为是，很著名；known to be- 被承认⋯；known forLoss of –失去；loss in-贬值Mandate- 命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权Native of- （人）来自；native to –物种起源于Range of –多种的；ranging-变化Rate of –速度或频率；rates for –价格⋯Rise-上升,无方向，单纯上升；raise- （打赌或工资）上涨，有方向Such as –比如；like- 好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like ）Try to do –努力去完成；try doing –尝试去做Impale- 刺穿；impel- 逼迫(2) 情态动词(may,will,must,should) 不要随意添加或改变(*should 表“应该”，不表示likelihood; 法律法规只能用must 不能用should)(3)选项和原文态度一致2.词的位置：关注重点词(all,only) 和句子整体顺序3.词的搭配：主谓一致，逻辑一致，make sense三.避免冗余：1. 在一个句子中，不要用两个意思一样的词Rise-increase;sum-total;regain-again;enable-be able to;attempt-try;other than-opposite;drop-decrease;sufficient-enough;including-among;have to –require及近义词then-later; so-in order to2.注意being 、having ，虽然二者大多数情况是错的，但GMAT 也通常会制造一些其他的语法错误，使得此类选项稍好一点。
解读GMAT语法备考资料之曼哈顿语法【武汉GMAT语法备考】
解读GMAT语法备考资料之曼哈顿语法>>>武汉申友GMAT编辑<<< MANHATTAN 最著名的是它的语法部分MANHATTAN Sentence Correction，这本书目前更新到了第六版，对于GMAT小白来说，可以说是入门必备，正如这本书的Strategy Guide中所介绍的:“This essential guide takes the guesswork out of grammar by presenting all of the major grammatical principles and minor grammatical points known to be tested on the GMAT. Do not be caught relying only on your ear; master the rules for correcting every GMAT sentence.”简言之就是，这本书通过给入门者建立一个完整严谨的语法知识体系，让大家知道GMAT OG里那么多题怎么分类、有哪些考点，在做题时，要遵循什么样的做题步骤，有哪些做题原则，拿到一道题目的时候，应该怎样去切入，是句法结构，还是主谓一致，还是平行结构，是比较考点还是逻辑语义等等，今天申友GMAT 语法名师Regina老师就给大家介绍一下如何正确的使用曼哈顿语法这本书。
一、MANHATTAN Sentence Correction的主要内容是什么MANHATTAN Sentence Correction的目录刚好就是OG 140多道SC题目的考点之所在，且本书每一个章节的内容就是围绕着这九大考点（Grammar 、Meaning、Sentence Structure、Modifiers、Parallelism、Comparisons、Pronouns、Verbs、Idioms）依次展开讲解的，并配以正确句子和错误句子的展示，同学们可以通过此书来完善自己语法知识体系，建议和OG配套使用，它会为大家在学习SC的路上扫除很多疑虑。
GMAT曼哈顿语法中文版
用准文档My Manhattan(5th) Notes——DaisyotwCH1 SC Basics1.控制在 60s~75s2.做步：理解原句，垂直，split 清除，放回原文CH2 Grammar&Meaning一.法：主一致，平行，代，修，、和主被，比和二. ：1.的：(1)注意一多Economic- 的； economical- 的；合算的；有效的Aggravate- 加重，化； aggravating- 令人怒的Known as –被是，很有名；known to be- 被承⋯； known forLoss of –失掉； loss in-Mandate- 命令； have a mandate- 有Native of- （人）来自； native to –物种发源于Range of –多种的； ranging- 化Rate of –速度或率； rates for –价钱⋯Rise-上涨 , 无方向，上涨；raise- （打或工）上，有方向Such as –比方； like- 仿佛（例只好用 such as, 不可以用 like ）Try to do –努力去达成； try doing –去做Impale- 刺穿； impel- 强迫(2) 情 (may,will,must,should) 不要任意增添或改(*should 表“ ”，不表示 likelihood; 法律法只好用must 不可以用should)(3)和原文度一致2. 的地点：关着要点 (all,only) 和句子整体序3. 的搭配：主一致，一致，make sense三. 防止冗余：1.在一个句子中，不要用两个意思一的Rise-increase;sum-total;regain-again;enable-be able to;attempt-try;other than-opposite;drop-decrease;sufficient-enough;including-among;have to –require及近义词 then-later; so-in order to2.注意 being 、having ，固然两者大多半状况是错的，但GMAT 也往常会制造一些其余的语法错误，使得此类选项稍好一点。
GMAT曼哈顿语法-精华汇总情况
曼哈顿 SC 总结Chapter 1 Sentence Correction Basics1.一道例题Although William Pereira first gained national recognition for his movie set designs, including those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",futuregenerations remember him as the architect for the Transamerica Tower, theMalibu campus of Pepperdine University and the city of Irvine.A:including those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generationsB: like that for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations willC:like those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generationsD: including that for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generationswillE:including those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generationswill这道题用两点split。
1.1GMAT规定，Like不能用于举例；注意，在之后的说明中，曼哈顿说The GMAT usedto claim that ‘like’ simply meant ‘similar to’ and could not introduceexamples. However, the exam writers have moderated this hardline duty inpublished explanations. As a result, either ‘including’ or ‘likelihoodwould technically work in the sentence.1.2GMAT规定，进行指代时，如果有单复数转换，不能用代词指代，而应换作相对应的名词。
GMAT曼哈顿语法中文版
GMAT曼哈顿语法中文版my Manhattan(5号)笔记-daisy otwch1 sc basic1。
控制在60到75s2之间。
解决问题的步骤:理解原句，垂直阅读选项。
为消除分裂错误，把原查CH2语法法规放回只能用必须，不能用应该)(3)的选项和原查2的态度一致。
单词的位置:关注关键词(全部，仅)和句子整体顺序3。
词语搭配:主谓一致，逻辑一致。
讲道理三。
避免冗余:1。
在一个句子中，不要使用两个意思相同的词:上升-增加；总计；重新获得；启用-能够；尝试-尝试；非-相反；下降-减少；6-够了；包括其中；必须-要求及其同义词，然后-以后；所以-为了2。
注意存在和拥有。
虽然大多数都是错的，但GMAT在中通常会犯一些其他的错误，这使得这些选项稍微好一些。
(除了两种情况:1、介词++正在完成；2.持续被动语态正在完成)3。
注意过去式中修饰时间的词的重复；以前；在过去；以前现在；目前；目前；目前；每年:每年；每年；一年例:og12无人陪伴不是一个好的表达方式，意思不清楚；另一方面，一般用法是“增加某物”而不是“增加某物”。
简洁起见:1。
简洁是GMAT的最后一个测试点。
只有当语法和意义正确时，才能选择最简单的(不是排除规则)。
2.在GMAT语法问题中，如果一个单词的意思可以固定，不要使用短语，例如:different > have difference inch 3:主语-谓语一致1。
一个句子必须有主语和谓语；以连词开头的句子(因为，虽然)必须有主语句子2。
主谓逻辑是合理的。
主谓单复数一致GMAC。
隐藏主语的方法是在主语和谓语之间插入大量的单词(中短、介词和后置短语、从句和其他修饰语)跳过以上可以忽略的单词，找到句子结构(主谓结构)，当单复数1.and vs加法短语(1)连接几个不同的名词时，决定形成一个复数结构。
谓语动词应该是复数(2)虽然其他连接词(单独与、除、以及、与、包括)也表达-和/的意思，但它们连接不同的名词只是为了修饰，而不改变主语的单复数或影响谓语动词有些单词(物理、数学)、一些活动——有氧运动(有氧运动)和一些疾病——糖尿病(糖尿病)虽然以s结尾，但都是单数名词，谓语动词是单数注:有且只有-and/可以从单数主语转换为复数主语其他带连词的单数主语(如2所示)仍然是单数主语。
GMAT曼哈顿语法中文版
My Man hatta n( 5th) NotesDaisyotwCH1 SC Basics1. 控制在60s〜75s2. 做题步骤：理解原句，垂直阅读选项，split排除错误，放回原文检查CH2 Grammar&Mea ning一.语法：主谓一致，平行，代词，修饰语，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习语二语义：1. 词的选择：（i）注意一词多义Economic-经济的；economical-节约的；合算的；有效的Aggravate-加重，恶化；aggravating-令人愤怒的Known as -被认为是，很著名；known to be- 被承认…；known forLoss of 咲去；loss in-贬值Mandate-命令；have a mandate- 拥有选举权Native of-（人）来自；native to -物种起源于Range of -多种的；ranging-变化Rate of -速度或频率；rates for -价格…Rise-上升,无方向，单纯上升；raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向Such as —匕如；like-好像（举例只能用such as,不能用like）Try to do -努力去完成；try doing -尝试去做Impale-朿Q穿；impel-逼迫⑵情态动词（may,will,must,should）不要随意添加或改变（*should 表“应该”，不表示likelihood;法律法规只能用must不能用should）（3）选项和原文态度一致2. 词的位置：关注重点词（all,only）和句子整体顺序3. 词的搭配：主谓一致，逻辑一致, make sense三.避免冗余：1. 在一个句子中，不要用两个意思一样的词Rise-increase;sum-total;regain-again;enable-be able to;attempt-try;other than-opposite;drop-decrease;sufficient-enough;including-among;have to -equire及近义词then-later; so-in order to2. 注意being、having，虽然二者大多数情况是错的，但GMAT也通常会制造一些其他的语法错误，使得此类选项稍好一点。
gmat曼哈顿语法笔记
曼哈顿语法笔记第三章Subject and Verb Agreement一、Subject and verb must both exist1、如果一个句子没有主语或动词，就不是完整的句子，是一个fragment。
两种错误方法：（1）One way the GMAT disguises the error is by dropping the verbWrong: The electron named in 1894.Right: The electron W AS NAMED in 1894.（2）it could start with a Connecting Word and contain no Main ClauseWrong: BECAUSE the dog was never mine.二、Subject and Verb Must Make Sense TogetherWrong: The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.能够行驶数百公里的肯定不可能是development而是a car三、Subject and Verb Must Agree in Number-主谓单复数一致（1）eliminate these Middlemen words to reveal the subject.common types of middlemen and warmups.A、prepositional phraseof mice for milk by 1800in Zambia with her at that levelto the store on their orders from the officeB、S ubordinate ClausesC、其他:有的时候comma也是一个信号（2）Use Structure to Decide（3）And vs. Additive PhrasesA、and可以通过将两个或更多单数形式的主语连起来成为一个复数形式的主语B、additive phrases改变不了主语的单复数形式，作用类似于modifieralong with Polly in addition to surgery as well as the mayoraccompanied by me together with a tie including salt and pepper（4）Or, Either... Or, & Neither... NorA、这种情况下找离动词最近的那个名词，由这个名词决定谓语单复数B、如果仅仅出现了either或者neither，就使用单数形式谓语动词（5）collective nouns永远被看作单数People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, teamItems: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture（6）Indefinite Pronouns: Usually Singular但有五个例外一点，可以是单数也可以是复数THE SANAM PRONOUNS: Some, Any, None, All, More/MostAnyone, anybody, anything No one, nobody, nothingEach, every (aspronouns) Someone, somebody, somethingEveryone, everybody, everything Whatever, whoeverEither, neither (may require a plural verb i f paired with or/nor)（7）each和every永远单数（8）Subject Phrases and Clauses: Always Singular（9）Flip itWrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.Flip it! A lonely house, inhabited by squatters, SITS near those buildings.Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.第四章Parallelism一、Parallel element1、两个句子平行的时候两边都要有主从连词，否则可能有歧义。
曼哈顿GMAT系列SC笔记
一、语法和语义Grammar and Meaning1.Grammar: Does the sentence adhere to the rules of StandardWritten English?2.Meaning: Does the sentence clearly indicate the author’s intendedmeaning?Meaning Errors1. Choose your wordsEg: right: The court declared that Jack must pay full damages Wrong: The court declared that Jack should pay full damages explanation: on the GMAT exam, the word”should”only mean “moral obligation”, something the court cannot impose.2. Place your words3.Match your words (主语和谓语在一起要有意义)4.Avoid Redundancya. GMAT考试中很常见的一种累赘错误是在一个句子中使用了两个意思重复的词语。
例如：The value of the stock rose by a 10% increase .Right: The value of the stock rose by 10%b. 要注意时间的表达词语。
尤其是当一个时间表达未被划线，或者两个表达相同时间的词语看起来不同练习：1. (choose word) No matter how much work it may require, getting a MBA degree turns out to be a wise investment.替换：Even though it requires much work,解析：原句要表达的意思是，不论主语花费的工作量有多大，它都是一个明智的投资（may是关键词）；而替换句中把may去掉，意思变为“即使它要求很大工作量，它是一个明智的投资。
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My Manhattan(5th) Notes——DaisyotwCH1 SC Basics1.控制在60s~75s2.做题步骤：理解原句，垂直阅读选项，split排除错误，放回原文检查CH2 Grammar&Meaning一.语法：主谓一致，平行，代词，修饰语，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习语二.语义：1.词的选择：(1)注意一词多义Economic-经济的； economical-节约的；合算的；有效的Aggravate-加重，恶化； aggravating-令人愤怒的Known as –被认为是，很著名； known to be-被承认…；known forLoss of –失去；loss in-贬值Mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权Native of- （人）来自；native to –物种起源于Range of –多种的； ranging-变化Rate of –速度或频率； rates for –价格…Rise-上升,无方向，单纯上升； raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向Such as –比如； like-好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like）Try to do –努力去完成； try doing –尝试去做Impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫(2)情态动词(may,will,must,should)不要随意添加或改变(*should 表“应该”，不表示likelihood;法律法规只能用must不能用should)(3)选项和原文态度一致2.词的位置：关注重点词(all,only)和句子整体顺序3.词的搭配：主谓一致，逻辑一致，make sense三.避免冗余：1. 在一个句子中，不要用两个意思一样的词Rise-increase;sum-total;regain-again;enable-be able to;attempt-try;other than-opposite;drop-decrease;sufficient-enough;including-among;have to–require及近义词then-later; so-in order to2.注意being、having，虽然二者大多数情况是错的，但GMAT也通常会制造一些其他的语法错误，使得此类选项稍好一点。
（being除了2种情况：1,介词＋being done;2,进行时被动语态 be being done）3.注意修饰时间的词在一个句子里的重复过去：previously; formerly; in the past; before now现在：now; currently; presently; at present;每年：annual; each year; a yearEG: OG12 unaccompanied是不好的表达，意思不如not accompanied 清晰；另外关于什么的增长，一般的用法是increase in sth，而不是increased sth四.关于简洁：1.简洁是GMAT 最后考到的点，只有在语法和意思都无误的情况，才选择最简洁的(不作为排除的法则)2.GMAT语法题中，如果一个词可以搞定的意思，不要用一个短语EG: differ>have difference inCH3:主谓一致1.一个句子中必须存在主语和谓语；连词(because,although)开头的句子必须有主句2.主谓逻辑合理3.主谓单复数一致GMAC隐藏主语的方式：主谓之间插入大量词语(介短，前置后置短语，从句，其它修饰语)。
跳过以上可忽略的词语，找到句子结构(主谓)，决定单复数1.and vs additive phrases(1)and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构，谓语动词要用复数。
(2)其他连接性的词（along with, in addition to, as well as, together with, including）虽然也表达“and”的意思，但是连接不同的名词，只是起修饰作用，不会改变主语的单复数，不影响谓语动词。
e.g. Joe, as well as his friends, IS going to the beach.(3)一些表示学科的词（physics, mathematics）、一些活动－有氧运动（aerobics）和一些疾病－糖尿病（diabetes）虽然以s结尾，仍属于单数名词，谓语动词用单数。
注：有且只有“and”可以将单数主语改编成复数主语。
其他添加伴随连接词（如2所示）的单数主语，依然是单数主语。
2.or,either..or,neither..nor(1)就近原则：离谓语动词近的是单数，谓语动词就用单数；复数就用复数EG: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.(2)若仅仅只有either or neither, 没有or 、nor，则谓语动词一定要用单数3.集合性名词一般用单数（看做一个整体，跟单数谓语）People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd （群众）orchestra（乐队）, team Items: baggage, citrus（橙类）, equipment（设备）, fleet（舰队/小河）, fruit, furniture（家具）e.g. The CROWD in the stands IS cheering loudly as the home TEAM TAKES the field.4.不确定代词:一般用单数Anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing, each, every, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody,everything,whatever, whoever,either…or..;neither…nor..**特殊情况，如果遇到“SANAM”需要根据后面的“OF的介宾短语”中的名词内容确定谓语的单复数** EG: Some of the money was stolen from my wallet.Some of the documents were stolen from the bank.其中，Any of;none of:可能是单数或复数，not one 永远是单数e.g. Any of these women ISa suitable candidate for marriage to my son.Not one of my friends IS here this weekend.5.each vs every放在复数主语之前用复数，复数主语之后用单数EG: every dog and cat has paws.They each are great tennis players.6.量词A number of +复数主语+复数谓语（a number of 可以看成是some/many）The number of +复数/单数主语+单数谓语half, majority, minority, plurality（多数）既可以是单数也可以是复数根据其修饰的主语（of 后面的词）决定其单复数。
通常表示一个大群体的一部分时，用复数。
7.短语或者从句：用单数(1)-ing的短语做主语，用单数Having good friends IS a wonderful thing.(2)从句做主语，用单数Whatever they want to do IS fine with me.8.倒装:向后看EG: near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.**定语从句内结构最好不用倒装OG 68： sth that be…,当前面的sth做主语的时候， that be一般要省略，否则不符合英文表达习惯；另外，诸如evidence之类的词，后面要跟that从句。
9.当不能确定是否是单复数时候，大多是单数。
（当GMAT迷惑我们的时候，大都是单数）**小结：CH4 平行一.平行结构的标志词二.平行元素1.有时候be, can, to…会被省略掉，多个平行时同省同留2.从句开头的引导词不可以省略，即使引导词一样Right: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND WHERE I pav low taxes.引导词也可以不一样，更要保留Right: There are many people WHO speak English BUT WHOSE parents do not.3.引导词前面的词不可以省略，确保句子愿意完整Wrong: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not. Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.此句中“those”不能省略，否则改变句子愿意。
但是“popular”可以省略。
三.And一般原则（逗号原则）：A and B A ,B,and C A,B,C,and D当连接两个元素是独立句子时候，会用A，and BE.g.I really like candy apples, AND I eat them often.分层并列——无论并列的元素有多少，同一个并列连词连接的必须结构相似，词性相同！可以在一个句子同时用不同的并列连词，表示不同的层次。
Right: She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.四.一些要求平行的常见习语句子中的动词不都平行，很有可能是动词的-ing或者-ed形势，表示伴随不要想当然地认为句子里每个成分都要平行，考虑逻辑意义和层级关系！五.系动词两边的成分要并列：表达的是“主语是什么/主语处于什么状态”把系动词看做平行标志，使主语和宾语平行Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love.Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.CH5 代词代词是GMAT中最常见的考点，每次见到代词都应检查指代是否清晰正确，单复数是否一致。