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布斯曼（Bussmann）指示、快速作用保护罐子（MIC MIN）数据表（第2页）说明书
8-01-02J02128Form No.MIC/MINPage 1 of 2Data Sheet:2047Electrical Ratings (Catalog Symbol and Amperes)250Vac;UL Listed 32 Volts AC MIC-1 (IR = 35A)MIC-5 (IR = 200A)MIC-20 (IR = 10kA)MIC-2 (IR = 100A)MIC-10 (IR = 200A)MIC-25 (IR = 10kA)MIC-3 (IR = 100A)MIC-15 (IR = 750A)MIC-30 (IR = 10kA)MIC - (1-15) UL Listed 125Vac / IR = 10kAElectrical Ratings (Catalog Symbol and Amperes)250Vac32VacMIN-1 (IR = 35A)MIN-5 (IR = 200A)MIN-20 (IR = 10kA)MIN-2 (IR = 100A)MIN-10 (IR = 200A)MIN-25 (IR = 10kA)MIN-3 (IR = 100A)MIN-15 (IR = 750A)MIN-30 (IR = 10kA)Catalog Symbol:MIC/MIN (5AG)INDICA TING, FAST -ACTING UL LISTED, STD.248-14MIC 0-15A (GUIDE #JDYX, FILE #E19180)CSA CERTIFIED, C22.2 NO.248.14MIN 1-5A (CLASS #1422-01, FILE #53787)Body Material:FIBER TUBE Ferrule Material:BRONZE Ferrule Plating:NICKEL0.003)Dimensional Data•Use in power electronic circuits in which fuse opening must be quickly apparent.•Opening of fuse results in ejection of end pin.•Type MIN has a red pin for high visibility.•Type MIC has a silver-plated pin for positive, electrical signal activation.•Use Buss fuseblock BM series for visual indication.•Use Buss HPF-C panel-mounted fuseholders for visual indication and signal-block 3839 for signal activation.8-01-02J02128Form No.MIC/MINPage 2 of 2Data Sheet:2047The only controlled copy of this Data Sheet is the electronic read-only version located on the Bussmann Network Drive. All other copies of this Data Sheet are by definition uncontrolled. This bulletin is intended to clear-ly present comprehensive product data and provide technical information that will help the end user with design applications. Bussmann reserves the right, without notice, to change design or construction of any prod-ucts and to discontinue or limit distribution of any products. Bussmann also reserves the right to change or update, without notice, any technical information contained in this bulletin. Once a product has been selected,it should be tested by the user in all possible applications.(Full Size Curves Available)。
用英语介绍爱因斯坦
Part 4
General Theory
4 of Relativity and Later Years
General Theory of Relativity and Later Years
In 1915, Einstein published his general theory of relativity, which explained gravitation as a consequence of the curvature of spacetime. The theory revolutionized our unde rstanding of gravity and marked a turning point in Einstein's career. The following year, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the photoelectric effect
答 辩 人 ：XXX
Part 2
2
Studies and Work in Switzerland
and Germany
Studies and Work in Switzerland and Germany
In 1900, Einstein graduated from the University of Zurich with a teaching diploma in mathematics and physics. He began teaching mathematics and physics at a series of Swiss schools, including the Cantonal School i
大学德语考试试题及答案
大学德语考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Welches Wort bedeutet "图书馆" auf Deutsch?A. MuseumB. BibliothekC. KinoD. Theater答案：B2. Was bedeutet "Guten Morgen" auf Deutsch?A. Good nightB. Good eveningC. Good morningD. Good afternoon答案：C3. Welches Adjektiv passt zu "ein kaltes Bier"?A. warmB. kaltC. heißD. süß答案：B4. Wann ist der 1. Mai?A. WeihnachtenB. OsternC. Tag der ArbeitD. Silvester答案：C5. Welches Präfix bedeutet "un-" auf Deutsch?A. un-B. ent-C. er-D. ver-答案：A6. Welche Stadt ist die Hauptstadt von Deutschland?A. MünchenB. FrankfurtC. BerlinD. Hamburg答案：C7. Was bedeutet "Ich habe Hunger"?A. I am hungryB. I am thirstyC. I am tiredD. I am happy答案：A8. Welches Verb bedeutet "to read" auf Deutsch?A. schreibenB. sprechenC. lesenD. hören答案：C9. Welches Substantiv passt zu "das Brot"?A. der TischB. der StuhlC. das BrotD. der Tee答案：C10. Welches Adjektiv passt zu "ein rotes Kleid"?A. rotB. blauC. grünD. gelb答案：A二、填空题（每空1分，共20分）1. Das Wort "Buch" bedeutet ________ auf Deutsch.答案：book2. Der 24. Dezember ist ein wichtiger Tag, weil es ________ ist.答案：Heiliger Abend3. Die deutsche Flagge hat drei Farben: Schwarz, Rot und________.答案：Gold4. "Ich lerne Deutsch" bedeutet "I am learning ________".答案：German5. Der deutsche Begriff für "computer" ist ________.答案：Computer6. "Guten Tag" ist eine Höflichkeitsform, die man am________ Tag sagt.答案：Tag7. Die deutsche Hauptstadt ist ________.答案：Berlin8. Der deutsche Begriff für "teacher" ist ________.答案：Lehrer9. "Ich mag Schokolade" bedeutet "I like ________".答案：chocolate10. Die deutsche Flagge hat die Farben Schwarz, Rot und________.答案：Gold三、阅读理解（每题4分，共20分）阅读以下短文，并回答问题。
History Of Communication Study
Rogers, Everett M.History Of Communication StudyExcerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.Chapter 1WILBUR SCHRAMM AND THE FOUNDING OF COMMUNICATION STUDYThe difficulty in summing up a field like human communication is that it has no land that is exclusively its own. Communication is the fundamental social process.Wilbur SchrammOn April 14, 1981, Wilbur Schramm returned from Honolulu, where he was living in retirement, to Iowa City, to give the Les Moeller Lecture at the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Iowa. It was a nostalgic visit. Schramm had first come to Iowa in 1930 to pursue his Ph.D. degree. In 1943 he had organized the first Ph.D. program in mass communication in the world while he was director of the Iowa journalism school. When he moved to Illinois in 1947, Les Moeller took over Schramm's position at Iowa. Schramm (1981) began the 1981 Moeller lecture in this way:Miss Betty [his wife] and I want to thank you for letting us come back to spend a few days with you on this campus for which we have so much affection and have not seen for so long....It was about 48 years ago that I became aware of a slender, pretty girl in the front row of one of the first classes that I taught at Iowa....About 18 months later she and I were married....Iowa was a remarkable place in the 1930s and '40s, and chiefly because of the spirit of creativity that pervaded it....Remember this was Iowa in the middle of the Depression, with a budget about one-eighth what I found when I went to Illinois in 1947....In a place where one might not expect to find him, the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station, was one of the most creative psychologists in the world, Kurt Lewin. I want to talk about what has happened to academic journalism and communication since the decade of the '30s when Ted [George] Gallup was a brand-new Ph.D., Frank Mott was a brand-new Director [of the School of Journalism] at Iowa, and the country was in its worst depression.Thirty-eight years before this speech, in 1943, Schramm had returned to the University of Iowa from his wartime duties in Washington, D.C., with a vision of communication study, to found the first Ph.D. program in mass communication and the first communication research institute. At that time Schramm was influenced by Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Carl I. Hovland, and other social scientists who were conducting communication research connected with World War II, which brought together scholars from psychology, sociology, and political science to form the new field of communication. Wilbur Schramm was the founder of communication study and is the central figure in its history.WILBUR SCHRAMMWilbur Schramm (1907-1987) was born in Marietta, Ohio, on August 5, 1907 (Figure 1.1). This pastoral setting, located on the southern boundary of Ohio, was named by French explorers after their queen, Marie Antoinette. Schramm's ancestors came from Schrammsburg, Germany, and theirTeutonic name caused difficulties for the family during World War I, when Schramm was a boy. His father was a lawyer in Marietta, whose legal practice suffered (Cartier 1988, p. 58).Schramm's StutterWilbur Schramm developed a severe stutter at age five due to "an amateurishly performed tonsillectomy" (Cartier 1988, p. 59). His speech difficulty was embarrassing to him and his family. As the stutter persisted, Schramm's father withdrew his interest in his only son, for whom he had dreamed of a career in law and politics (Coberly 1992). The boy's stutter was traumatic for him, such as when he had to recite a section of Martin Luther's catechism before the Lutheran Church congregation (Cartier 1988, p. 59). He avoided speaking in public. Instead of giving the valedictory address at his high school graduation, Schramm played "The Londonderry Air" on his flute. But when he graduated summa cum laude from Marietta College in history and political science in 1928, he did give a valedictory speech. Gradually Schramm learned to live with his stutter, which eventually became less pronounced. Nevertheless, his speech difficulty had an effect later in his life, eventually leading him into the field of communication for a second career (Table 1.1).Even as a boy, Schramm displayed the can-do spirit that was to characterize a career in which his zest, creativeness, and intellectual abilities allowed him to master new fields. His only sister, Helen, a few years younger, once was struggling with a difficult piano piece. He finally said, "I don't see how you can possibly have so much trouble with that," and sat down and played it perfectly. On recalling this incident years later, Schramm's sister cried indignantly: "And he hadn't even studied the piano!" (Coberly 1992).Schramm's mentors at the University of Iowa in the early 1930s did not feel that the brilliant young scholar could teach due to his stutter. But eventually, with speech therapy and perhaps with growing confidence about his verbal ability, Schramm overcame his stuttering problem bit by bit (Cartier 1988, p. 111). He made teaching his lifetime career, and in later life his stammer was a problem only occasionally.Schramm spoke with difficulty but wrote easily, and he earned his college expenses as a part-time sports reporter for the Marietta Register and as a stringer for the Associated Press. He continued his part-time newspaper work at the Boston Herald during graduate work at Harvard University, completing his M.A. degree in American Civilization in 1930. Later, looking back to his Harvard studies, Schramm said that he was most influenced by Alfred North Whitehead, the famous philosopher (and, like Schramm, a stutterer), from whom he took a graduate-level course, illustrating Schramm's desire to seek out great minds.Why did Schramm leave Harvard, after earning his master's degree, for the tree-lined banks of the Iowa River? Tuition at Harvard was $500 per semester, and Schramm had to struggle financially. At one time during his Harvard sojourn, he worked at six part-time jobs simultaneously (Schramm 1942-1943, p. 3). Later he was awarded a graduate fellow-ship, and the financial pressure eased somewhat, but then the stock market crashed, bringing on the Great Depression. Another reason Schramm moved to the University of Iowa for his doctorate was connected to his stuttering. One of the top experts in stuttering in the United States, Professor Lee Edward Travis, conducted research on, and treatment of, stuttering at Iowa. He theorized that wrong-handedness might be a factor in stuttering, so he strapped Schramm's right hand to his side with a leather contraption. It did not help.Travis's work on stuttering was carried forward at Iowa by Wendell Johnson, and it was he who helped Schramm by means of counseling and therapeutic exercises. Johnson had been five years old when he began stuttering (a common age among the approximately percent of the U.S. population afflicted with stuttering). Stuttering is often diagnosed by perfectionist parents whose child may actually have only the hesitations and repetitions characteristic of the normal speech of most young children. In that sense, stuttering is a socially defined malady. Further, most individuals seldom stutter when alone but only when talking face-to-face with others (Schramm did not stutter when talking on the telephone), especially in a stressful situation (such as giving a speech). While he was the director of the Iowa Speech Clinic in the 1930s, Wendell Johnson investigated these social aspects of stuttering. He discovered a tribe of Indians that had no stuttering -- not a single member of the tribe stuttered, and the tribe had no word for stuttering or other speech defects in their language. "The Indian children were not criticized or evaluated on the basis of their speech" (Johnson, quoted by McElwain 1991, p. 112). Johnson was much more than just a speech therapist. He related his treatment and study of stuttering to linguistic theory and to general semantics. He saw stuttering as what would today be called a communication problem. Certainly Johnson passed this viewpoint along to Schramm. His stuttering problem was thus one reason for Schramm's early interest in communication.A Post-Doc in Experimental PsychologySchramm's treatment for his stuttering made him keenly aware of the emerging field of communication study and led him eventually into experimental research on speech behavior. But Schramm majored in the humanities at Iowa, earning a Ph.D. in English literature in 1932. His dissertation was an analysis of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's epic poem Hiawatha. Schramm then received a postdoctoral fellowship from the American Council of Learned Societies (Schramm 1935, p. 5) and stayed on at Iowa for two years of postdoctoral study with Professor Carl E. Seashore in the Psychology Department. Schramm conducted laboratory experiments on audiology problems and learned quantitative research approaches. He was acquiring the tools of a social scientist. The depression meant that faculty positions in English departments were scarce, and Schramm's postdoctoral fellowship at Iowa was a means of survival.Also, Schramm felt that his scientific training needed strengthening. Throughout his lifetime, Schramm was attracted to individuals of excellence, and Seashore was an important academic figure at Iowa: professor of psychology, a pioneer experimental researcher, and long-time dean of the graduate school. A respected historian of the University of Iowa considers Seashore to be one of the most important shapers of the university's directions -- even more important than several of the university's presidents (Persons 1990).Born Carl Emil Sjöstrand in Sweden in 1866, Seashore migrated with his family at age three to an Iowa farm. Shortly, Seashore's parents changed the family name. Carl Seashore earned his Ph.D. degree in experimental psychology at Yale University, getting in "on the ground floor" of this new field, as he liked to say (Persons 1990, p. 107). While on a European trip, he visited the experimental laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt at the University of Leipzig, considered the birthplace of psychology. In 1897, Seashore joined the University of Iowa as an assistant professor of psychology and combined his personal interest in music with his scientific expertise, conducting experiments on a variety of acoustical and speech problems. Seashore thus represented a scientific approach to Schramm'spersonal problem of stuttering. He learned experimental design, the use of laboratory equipment, and how to think like a psychologist.The fact that Schramm would conduct postdoctoral research in a field that he had not previously studied was a statement of his can-do spirit. Such a seemingly risky move signaled Schramm's later mid-career shift from English literature to journalism education and then to the new field of communication study that he created. This spirit characterized Schramm's entire life and was one of his most important qualities. He excelled in widely different fields. For example, he was an athlete, good enough to be offered a tryout at third base with the Columbus Red Birds, a Triple-A professional baseball farm club. While he was a graduate student at Harvard University, he played the flute with the Boston Civic Symphonic Orchestra. He was a licensed airplane pilot. He once surprised David Berlo, his doctoral advisee at Illinois in the 1950s, by breaking off from a morning office conference in Urbana for travel to a luncheon meeting with the Kellogg Foundation trustees in Battle Creek, Michigan, and then resuming his office discussion with Berlo in the afternoon.' In the 1960s, while a senior faculty member at Stanford, Schramm bought a self-instruct, ion manual and taught himself FORTRAN computer programming. Schramm wrote so profusely during his eighteen years at Stanford that he wore out several electric type-writers (Nelson 1977, p. 17). As his daughter noted, "He could no more stop writing then breathing....In fact, he did stop the two together" (Coberly 1992). Schramm's life is "a gold mine of human interest material" (Starck 1991). Wilbur Schramm was good at almost everything he put his mind to. Everyone who knew him well begins by describing Schramm as a Renaissance man. The self-confidence thus displayed is an important quality for the founder of a new academic field.THE IOWA WRITERS' WORKSHOPFrom 1935 to 1942, Schramm was an assistant professor in the English Department at the University of Iowa, where he attained early fame as director of the Iowa Writers' Workshop, an intimate group of graduate students working closely with Schramm and several other faculty members in order to gain skills in fiction writing through an apprenticeship experience. The workshop grew out of a graduate seminar in fiction writing that had been taught by Professor Edwin Ford Piper for several years at the University of Iowa. Piper gave his course a regional focus, stressing Iowa culture, in order to balance the eastern seaboard bias of much American literature. The University of Iowa pioneered in granting M.F.A. and Ph.D. degrees for theses and dissertations that represented exemplary fiction writing.In 1939, when Piper died, Schramm was named director of the workshop. His appointment came as a surprise to him: "When he [Piper] died suddenly of a heart attack, I had to take over. They should probably have gotten someone else at that time, and I rather expected them to, but I had a little while when no one else was there, and so had a lot of fun doing what I thought needed doing" (Schramm to Paul Engel, August 10, 1976, University of Iowa Libraries, Department of Special Collections). Piper's graduate seminar on fiction writing, widely called the "writers' workshop," thus grew into a program officially identified in the university catalog as the Iowa Writers' Workshop. The workshop consisted of ten to fifteen graduate students who were admitted each fall and five professors, most of whom taught part-time in the workshop. Schramm placed less emphasis on Iowa culture than had Piper. Students came from all over the United States, and the program became nationwide in focus. It rapidly achieved fame for its excellence.In its teaching/learning style, the workshop was participatory and intimate. Schramm held an individual conference with each student once each week in his office (Wilbers 1980, p. 64). When a student had written something that Schramm considered ready, it was presented in a weekly seminar, which often met at Schramm's home. In its methods, although not in its content, the Iowa Writers' Workshop was a pilot for the doctoral programs in communication that Schramm was to launch subsequently at Iowa, Illinois, and Stanford.The workshop, which remains one of the best graduate programs in creative writing in the United States, was small in size, elite, and of excellent quality. It taught students how to write fiction by having them write, with Schramm and other faculty acting as coaches. Such literary luminaries as James Michener, Robert Penn Warren, and John Cheever came to the workshop to teach and to write. Philip Roth wrote Letting Go and John Irving wrote The World According to Garp at the workshop, and Kurt Vonnegut wrote Slaughterhouse Five while he was teaching there. During the five years that Schramm directed the Iowa Writer's Workshop, ten books written by workshop students were published commercially.In order to supplement his professorial salary, Wilbur Schramm did fiction writing on the side. He published fantasy short stories about such characters as a farmer with a flying tractor, a horse that played third base for the Brooklyn Dodgers, the boatlike prairie schooner of a frontiersman named Windwagon Smith, and other free-spirited fictional personalities; most were published in the Saturday Evening Post, then a large-circulation magazine. Schramm gained a considerable reputation as a fiction writer; his magazine articles were republished in anthologies, he won the third-place award of the O. Henry Prize for fiction writing in 1942, and he published a fiction book, Windwagon Smith and Other Yarns (Schramm 1947b). He might have continued his career as an author and a professor of fiction writing, but this future was to be interrupted by World War II.It was somewhat by chance that Schramm was at the University of Iowa. It was another accident that Kurt Lewin, an émigré psychologist from the University of Berlin, was there too. Schramm was drawn to Lewin and participated in Lewin's "Hot Air Club," which met weekly in an Iowa City café, the Round-Window Restaurant, to discuss Lewin's field theory. Schramm (1981) recalled: "I don't know why journalism at Iowa made no more use of Lewin than it did, for so far as I know, I was the only one from our field here to have much contact with him or to know his students like Leon Festinger and Alex Bavelas. But I remember him well: Pacing back and forth in front of a class, with his round pink cheeks shining, drawing diagrams on the board to illustrate field theory, and saying over and over again, 'Vat haf ve vergassen?' or 'Vas haf ve vergotten?'" Although trained as a humanist in English literature, Schramm was gaining expertise in social science theory and research. His postdoctoral fellowship in psychology with Seashore and his informal association with Lewin at Iowa provided the background for his later founding of the scientific field of communication.THE WORLD WAR II YEARS IN WASHINGTON, D.C.World War II had a tremendous impact on the field of communication; it brought to the United States such immigrant scholars from Europe as Kurt Lewin, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Theodor Adorno; it attracted U.S. scholars like Carl I. Hovland and Harold D. Lasswell to communication research; and it connected these scholars who were to launch the field of communication study into a dense network. Thus an invisible college of communication scholars came together in Washington, D.C. They met in formal conferences and informally in carpools, on military bases, and in federal government offices. Communication was considered crucial in informing the American public aboutthe nation's wartime goals, and the details of food and gas rationing and other consumer sacrifices and in motivating the public to purchase war bonds, to avoid buying silk stockings and other scarce products on the black market, to grow victory gardens, and to support the war effort in other ways. Accordingly, communication research initially focused on studying the effects of communication. This consensus about the role of communication happened during World War II, and it happened mainly in Washington, D.C.A Network of Social ScientistsThe war caused the federal civil service to balloon at the rate of 97,000 new employees per month in 1941-1942, including substantial numbers of social scientists. Washington was actually a very small world for social scientists, consisting of three main research agencies linked by a set of common consultants: (1) the Research Branch of the Division of Information and Education, U.S. Army, directed by Samuel A. Stouffer, (2) the Surveys Division of the Office of War Information (OWl), directed by Elmo C. ("Budd") Wilson, and (3) the Division of Program Surveys of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) directed by Rensis Likert. Each research group consisted of fewer than a hundred social scientists, interconnected by consultants like Paul F. Lazarsfeld, for example, who advised both the Research Branch and the OWl (Converse 1987, p. 163).During World War II, Washington was the place to be for a social scientist. America's enemies represented such an unmitigated evil that very few social scientists opposed the war, especially after the fall of France in June 1940, when it became apparent that Hitler would dominate Europe.' America's war aims united these scholars in a common cause and brought them together into a network of relationships that would last throughout their careers. The war effort demanded an interdisciplinary approach, often centered on communication problems. World War II thus created the conditions for the founding of communication study.As a wartime employee of the Office of Facts and Figures (OFF) and the OWl, Schramm participated in an informal group that met regularly in a Washington hotel for dinner and discussions about interdisciplinarity in the social sciences. The other participants included Margaret Mead; Lyman Bryson, on leave from Columbia University's Teachers College for wartime duties as Schramm's boss at the OWI; Rensis Likert, director of the USDA's Division of Program Surveys; Goodwin Watson, a Columbia University psychologist; Ernest R. ("Jack") Hilgard, a Stanford psychologist who was working for Likert's Program Surveys, carrying out opinion research for the OWI; and Lawrence Frank, on leave from the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial to do wartime work in Washington. The group met monthly during 1942 (Hilgard 1992).None of the social scientists who collaborated in conducting wartime communication research had been trained in communication study; no doctoral programs in communication existed at that time. As one of the wartime Washington people, Nathan Maccoby, who conducted experiments on the effects of military training films in Sam Stouffer's Army Research Branch, said, "I tell my students that all I learned about communication, I learned on-the-job while doing experimental studies of U.S. military servicemen" (Maccoby 1987).Lasswell's (1948) communication model -- "Who says what, to whom via what channels, with what effect?" -- was first published in a report of the Rockefeller Foundation Communication Seminars (November 1, 1940), which had met monthly in New York City during 1939 and 1940. The Rockefeller Foundation report argued that the federal government should utilize communication research in theemergency situation of approaching war and detailed various types of research needed on communication, such as content analysis, surveys, and panel studies. This memorandum became a founding document for the emerging field of communication study. Lasswell's communication model provided the framework for the Rockefeller report, and thus for the wartime research in Washington, focusing on communication effects.The federal government was engaged in several types of communication research during World War II, each of which had important long-term consequences for the field of communication. In the U.S. Army, Carl I. Hovland and others were conducting evaluations of military training films, out of which the tradition of persuasion research was to develop (see Chapter 9). At the Library of Congress, Harold D. Lasswell was conducting content analyses of Allied and Axis propaganda messages (see Chapter 6). At MIT in Cambridge, Professor Norbert Wiener was writing his "yellow peril" report on the mathematics of how to improve antiaircraft gunfire accuracy, sponsored by the Pentagon. This work led to cybernetic theory, dealing with systems that regulate themselves through feedback (see Chapter 10). And at Bell Labs in New York, Claude E. Shannon was carrying out cryptographic analysis, which would help form the basis of information theory (see Chapter 11). At the OFF, Wilbur Schramm helped draft speeches for President Roosevelt's radio broadcasts to the nation, including his famous fireside chats. OFF and the OWl, its successor agency, were responsible for domestic and foreign propaganda. They informed the public about the progress of the war and of the sacrifices that the public was being asked to make. Schramm met regularly in planning meetings with other OFF and OWl staff and their consultants to design public communication campaigns and to study their effects. Thus, during 1942, he developed his vision of communication study.Office of Facts and Figures/Office of War InformationThe OFF was created in October 1941 to boost public morale. Although the United States would not enter World War II until six weeks later, on December 7, 1941, it had been obvious for more than a year that America would join the Allies. However, there was considerable public opposition to U.S. participation in the war in Europe, and the mass media were suspicious of OFF. Further, OFF sounded like a propaganda agency to U.S. newspeople (actually, it was, despite its name), so many newspapers launched vicious attacks on it. Poet Archibald MacLeish, the U.S. Librarian of Congress, was also appointed the Director of OFF, which got underway on October 24, 1941 (Bishop and MacKay 1971, p. 10).Schramm knew MacLeish from his having lectured at the University of Iowa. Eight days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Schramm wrote to MacLeish, volunteering for wartime service. He observed: "Perhaps more than any previous war this is likely to be a war of communication." Within two weeks, MacLeish had appointed Schramm as OFF's educational director. Schramm's fifteen months with OFF and OWl "would drastically change his life -- change the direction of his intellectual pursuits, thrust him into a circle of national decision-making elites, and prompt him to refer to himself as a social scientist rather than a literary humanist" (Gladner 1990, p. 269).Eight months later, on June 13, 1942, when OFF was reorganized as the OWl, it had 400 employees and a budget of $1.5 million. One of the largest divisions within OFF was the Bureau of Intelligence, in charge of gauging public opinion about the war, headed by Budd Wilson. The staff of 140, assisted by another 160 in the USDA's Program Surveys Division, designed surveys to measure the public's understanding of war-related issues and conducted data gathering about the effectiveness of OFF's public information activities. For instance, surveys were conducted of the extent of home canning,the amount of pleasure driving (which was banned officially), participation in a wartime rubber salvage drive, and how effectively Boy Scouts were distributing government posters about the war. Enemy propaganda was analyzed as a basis for carrying out counterpropaganda efforts. OFF and OWl claimed to be providing accurate information about the progress of the war, which largely amounted to acknowledging U.S. and ,Allied losses in 1941 and 1942. However, media critics of OFF and OWl claimed that U.S. losses were intentionally underreported.The director of OWl was Elmer Davis, a distinguished radio commentator who had been a Rhodes scholar, a fiction writer, and a news analyst for CBS Radio. In 1941, Davis broadcast a criticism of the confused organizational setup of public information in the federal government and as a result was promptly nominated by President Roosevelt to head the newly created OWl. Rationalizing the government's wartime public information efforts was an impossible task; the Army, Navy, and other agencies continued their own public communication activities, independent of the OWl (Bishop and MacKay 1971, p. 18). During 1943 the OWl experienced extreme difficulties. Its annual budget was cut from $8.9 million to $2.7 million by a Congress distrustful of the notion of wartime propaganda, internal conflict raged, and its leadership changed (Converse 1987, p. 472). The OWl retained its responsibility for "white" propaganda -- aimed at the domestic audience -- while the Office of Special Services (OSS, later to become the Central Intelligence Agency) was responsible for "black" propaganda -- communication messages in which the true identity of the communicator is falsified and which include false information -- employed overseas against the enemy.Schramm's Vision of Communication StudySchramm's vision was formed during 1942, while he was the director of the education division of OFF, and later at OWI. His ideas about communication study probably grew gradually out of his everyday contacts with other scholars interested in the emerging field of communication, but he was most directly influenced by the two dozen staff members and consultants at OFF/OWI who met every two or three days around a long conference table in the U.S. Library of Congress building. Schramm participated with the following members of this planning group (Cartier 1988, p. 170; Hilgard 1992b): Sam Stouffer from the Research Branch of the U.S. Army; Ralph O. Nafziger, head of OFFs Media Division, on leave from the University of Minnesota's School of Journalism; Rensis Likert and Jack Hfigard from the Division of Program Surveys in the USDA, who conducted audience surveys for OFF/OWI; and George Gallup, Elmo Roper, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Frank Stanton, all consultants to OFF (Stanton 1992).The group met to decide what information should be communicated to the American public to boost domestic morale and what communication channels OFF could use to reach their intended audience. They tried to assess, through surveys, the effects of their communication activities on the public. The central concern of this planning group was to carry out large-scale communication campaigns guided by the best expertise available, with feedback about effects provided by audience surveys. As David Manning White, then a recent Ph.D. from the University of Iowa who was invited to the planning group sessions by Schramm, stated: "Mass communication research began in the Library of Congress in 1942" (Cartier 1988, p. 171).Thus was Wilbur Schramm's vision of communication study born during his fifteen months at the OFF and OWI. He returned to Iowa City to begin implementing his vision in 1943. Ralph O. Nafziger went back to the University of Minnesota when his two-year leave without pay ended in 1943, where he founded the Research Division in the Minnesota School of Journalism in 1944. But while Natziger was。
伊格尔·博格曼工业公司
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计 与制 造质 量认 证 证书 ， 并且 于 ２０ ０６年又 通过 了
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联 系方 式 ： 大连 博格 曼 有 限公 司
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包豪斯设计风格英文版
•
• 1921, in Berlin suburbs, the timber merchant Adolf Sangma Rumsfeld (Adolf Sommerfeld) commissioned the Bauhaus carpentry factory in private residential construction case is opened during the expressionist works of the summer house (Haus Sommerfeld), interior design are all student work for the Bauhaus carpentry department.
• Forth,
• Bauhaus concept of design education
Bauhaus concept of design education:
(1).Technology and the Arts should be harmony and unity (2).to reach a rational level of visual sensitivity (3).of the material, structure, texture, color, scientific, and technical understanding (4).the core of the collective work is to design (5).artists, entrepreneurs, technical staff should work closely with (6).students with jobs and close enterprise projects
Unit 5.Force of nature. ppt
Louis Pasteur Some of his works are: separation of mirror image molecules and effect of polarized light identification of the parasite that was killing silkworms James Maxwell He is known for the "Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism" published in 1873. Maxwell independently developed the "Maxwell-Boltzmann kinetic theory of gases". Edwin Hubble "Hubble's Law" stated that galaxies move away from each other at a speed determined by the distance that separated them. He classified galaxies as per their distance, shape, brightness patterns and content. Paul Dirac He received a Nobel prize in 1933 for the work on antiparticles. The "Dirac equation" was a version of the Schrodinger's equation.
Barbara Goldsmith is a noted author, historian. Her best-selling books include The Straw Man, Little Gloria…Happy at Last, Johnson v. Johnson, and Other Powers: The Age of Suffrage, Spiritualism, and the Scandalous Victoria Woodhull (soon to be a major motion picture produced by Kathleen Kennedy for Universal Studios) and Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie. Barbara Goldsmith has long been at the forefront of the effort to preserve our written heritage. She is the donor of the Goldsmith Conservation and Preservation Laboratories at the New Yse Divisions were recently named in her honor.
德语四级考试词汇篇lesson21-24
einkaufen (+A)采购，买进Ich muss heute einkaufen gehen．der Einkauf-.e ①采购，购买Achte beim Einkauf die Sonderangebotel②Einka.ufe machen购物wir machen immer am Wochenende Einka.ufe．verkaufen (+D／an A)+A卖，出售Er hat seinem Freund sein Auto billig verkauft．der Verka.ufer- 售货员，营业员Er arbeitet als Verka.ufer in einem Gescha.ft.ausverkauft A.售完了Alle Eintrittskarten sind schon ausverkauft．bestellen ①+A预订，订购Ich habe das Buch schon bestellt.②+A约……会面Sie bestellt uns fu.r na.chsten Montag ins Bu.ro.③+A转达Bestelle ihm viele Gru.Be von mir!buchen +A预订(车、船、飞机票等)Buchen Sie fu.r mich bitte einen Flug nach Berlin!reservieren +A预定；保管Ich habe fu.r heute Abend einen Tisch reserviert．die Anzeige-n 通告，广告Ich habe eine Anzeige bei der Zeitung aufgegeben．die Werbung-en 广告，宣传Die Firma macht Werbung fu.r ihr neues Produkt.die Ware-n 商品，货物Diese Ware verkauft sich gut．das Warenhaus -.er百货商店In diesem Warenhaus kann man fast alles finden．das Gescha.ft-e ①生意，买卖Er macht immer Gescha.fte mit Ausla.ndern.②事物，工作Er ist einige Tage in Gescha.ften dort gewesen．③商店，铺子Die Gescha.fte schlieBen um 22 Uhr,der Supermarkt -.e超级市场，自选商场Gehst du heute noch in den Supermarkt?der Kiosk-e ①书报亭Er verkauft am Kiosk Zeitungen und Zigaretten．②小卖部Die Kinder kaufen gern Su.Bigkeiten am Kiosk．die Buchhandlung-en书店Kannst du fu.r mich die bestellten Bu.cher bei der Buchhandlung abholen?die Bu.cherei-en (中小型)图书馆In der Bu.cherei kann man Bu.cher ausleihen．der Prospekt-e 广告，说明书，价目单Unser Prospekt entha.lt alle Informationen．die Quittung-en 发票，收据Ko.nnen Sie mir eine Quittung ausstellen?der Vertrag -.e 条约，合同，协定Mit wem haben Sie den Vertrag geschlossen?wiegen ①+A称重量Die Verka.uferin hat die Orangen genau gewogen．②重量为Der Koffer wiegt 20 kg．die Waage-n 天平，秤Die Verka.uferin wiegt die Orangen auf der Waage．rechnen ①(+A)计算Du hast die Aufgabe falsch gerechnet．②+mit估计到，考虑到Ich habe nicht damit gerechnet,dass er kommt．③+aufA指望，期待Auf seine Hilfe habe ich gar nicht gerechnet．die Rechnung-en①计算，算题Deine Rechnung stimmt nicht．②账单Herr Ober,die Rechnung bitte!mieten +A租(用)Ich habe eine Wohnung in der Stadtmitte gemietet． vermieten (+D／an A)+A出租An wen hast du die Wohnung vermietet?die Miete-n 租金Ich bezahle monatlich 950 Euro Miete dafu.r．klagen +u.berA诉苦，抱怨Sie klagte beim Arzt u.ber starke Schmerzen．preiswert A.物美价廉的，便宜的Unsere Waren sind preiswert．der Inhalt-e ①(容器内的)东西Zeigen Sie mir bitte den Inhalt ihres Koffers!②内容Kannst du den Inhalt des Filmes zusammenfassen?der Kern-e ①核Das sind die Kerne des Apfels．②核心，实质Damit hast du den Kern des Problems getroffen．der Durst O．PI. ①渴Ich habe groBen Durst．②渴望，热望Er hat groBen Durst nach Wissen．der Appetit-e ①(+aufA)食欲，胃口Ich habe keinen Appetit auf Fisch．②Guten Appetit!(祝您)胃口好!die Lebensmittel P1．食品Ich kaufe Lebensmittel immer im Supermarkt ein．die Nahrungsmittel PI．食物，食品Hier ko.nnen Sie gesunde Nahrungsmittel finden．die Mahlzeit-en 餐，进餐Wie viele Mahlzeiten nimmst du ta.glich zu dir? das Fru.hstu.ck -e早餐Zum Fru.hstu.ck gibt es Tee oder Kaffee．fru.stu.cken 吃早餐Ich fru.hstu.cke oft am 7 Uhr．die Nudel-n 面条In Nordchina isst man gern Nudeln．das Getra.nk-e 饮料Das Getra.nk entha.lt keinen Alkohol．die Limonade-n 汽水，柠檬水Das Kind trinkt ein Glas Limonade．der Saft-.e 汁，果汁Ich trinke gern Saft.das Obst O．PI．水果Obst und Gemu.se machen uns gesund．die Orange-n 橙Orangen enthalten viel Vitamin C．die Birne-n ①梨Kannst du fu.r mich eine Birne scha.len?②灯泡Du musst die kaputte Birne austauschen．das Getreide- 谷物Das Getreide wa.chst gut.das Mehl-e 面粉，粉末Man stellt Brot aus Mehl her.der Mais-e 玉米，玉蜀黍Der Bauer hat Mais angebaut．der Salat-e ①色拉，凉拌菜Er hat sich einen Salat bestellt．②生菜，莴苣Sie kaufte zwei Ko.pfe Salat auf dem Markt．der Pilz-e 真菌；蘑菇Giftige Pilze darf man nicht essen．die Kartoffel-n 马铃薯，土豆Ich habe Rindfleisch mit Kartoffeln bestellt．die Gurke-n 黄瓜Die Mutter schneidet die Gurke in Scheiben．der Kohl-e 卷心菜Sie hat ein Stu.ck Kohl gekauft．die Zwiebel-n 洋葱头Wamm weinen wir,wenn wir Zwiebel schneiden? die Wurst-.e 香肠，腊肠Man kann Fleisch zu Wurst verarbeiten．der Kuchen- 蛋糕；糕点Darf ich Sie zu Kaffee und Kuchen einladen? der Nachtisch-e 饭后甜食Was gibt es zum Nachtisch?die Schokolade-n巧克力Eine Tafel Schokolade kostet 2 Euro．der／das Bonbon-S 糖果Das Kind darf noch keine Bonbons essen．die Marmelade-n果酱Zum Fru.hstu.ck esse ich Brot mit Marmelade．de Zigarette-n 香烟Er zu.ndete sich eine Zigarette an．das Gewu.rz-e 调料，调味品Sie benutzt beim Koch ein scharfes Gewu.rz．das Salz-e 盐Sie gibt etwas Salz an die Speisen．der Zucker o．PI． (食)糖Ich trinke Kaffee ohne Zucker．der Pfeffer o．PI．①胡椒Schwarzer Pfeffer schmeckt mir gut．②火药Pfeffer ist hier als waffen verboten．das o.l-e ①食油Man verwendet zum Kochen o.l.②石油，燃料油Man nennt o.l auch das schwarze Gold．der Honig-e 蜂蜜Er trinkt immer heiBe Milch mit Honig．kochen ①+A烧，煮Die Mutter kocht das Mittagessen．②沸腾Nimm die kochende Milch vom Feuer!③煮，烹调Das Fleisch muss eine Stunde kochen．braten +A烤，烧，油煎，炸Das Fleisch soll man auf schwachem Feuer braten．gieBen ①(+A)倾注，倒，浇Er goss den Tee in die Tasse．②(+A)浇铸Wie kann man Kupfer gieBen?probieren ①+A试，试验Ich will mal probieren，wie schnell das Auto fa.hrt．②+A品尝；试穿Probieren Sie doch mal unseren neuen Wein!schmecken ①(+D)有滋味；有……的味道Wie schmeckt Ihnen das Essen?②+A尝味Ich habe den starken Pfeffer in dem Gericht geschmeckJ die Ku.che-n ①厨房Ich suche eine Wohnung mit Ku.che und Bad．②0．P1．烹饪技术，菜肴Die chinesische Ku.che ist weltberu.hmt．der Ku.hlschrank-.e冰箱Bier steht schon im Ku.hlschrank．der Herd-e ①灶，炉灶Die Mutter stellt einen Topf auf den Herd．②病灶Wo befindet sich der Krankheitsherd?der Ofen-.e 炉子Die Mutter bra.t ein Ha.hnchen im Ofen．das Geschirr-e 餐具，炊具Ich habe das Geschirr schon gespu.lt．die Kanne-n 壶，罐，桶Sie hat eine Kanne Kaffee gekocht．die Tasse-n (有把的)杯Ich ha.tte gem eine Tasse Tee．der Teller- 盘子，碟子Kinder,ihr mu.sst eurgn Teller leer essen．die Gabel_n (餐)叉，叉子Die Deutschen essen mit Messer und Gabel．der Lo.ffel- 匙，勺Reichen Sie mir bitte einen Lo.ffel Zucker．das Gasthaus-.er 旅店，饭店Wir essen oft in diesem Gasthaus．die Gaststa.tte-n 饮食店，饭店，客栈Ich mo.chte eine eigene Gaststa.tte ero.ffnen．das Gericht-e ①法院，法庭Diese Sache werde ich vor Gericht bringen．②菜肴Bring das Gericht auf den Tisch!die Speise-n (烹饪过的)食物，菜肴Es gibt noch eine Speise．die Speisekarte-n菜单Auf der Speisekarte finden Sie unsere Spezialita.t.das Menu.-s ①份饭Das Menu. besteht aus drei Ga.ngen.②菜单Was steht auf dem Menu.?satt ①A.饱的Ich kann nichts mehr essen，ich bin schon satt．②厌烦的Er wurde nicht satt,diese Geschichte zu erza.hlen．③(色彩)深的，浓的Das satte Gru.n der Ba.ume gefa.llt mir sehr．④etw．／jmdn．satt haben对某事或某人感到厌倦Er hat die Arbeit schon satt．das Trinkgeld-er 小费Der Mann hat dem Kellner kein Trinkgeld gegeben．der Wert-e ①价值Das Bild ist von groBem Wert．②意义，重要性Das hat einen hohen Wert fu.r meine Arbeit．③grogen Wert auf A legen重视某事Die Deutschen legen groBen Wert auf die Pu.nktlichkeit． wert ①A.值……钱Mein altes Auto ist noch 1500 Euro wert．②值得的Berlin ist immer eine Reise wert．③尊敬的Wie ist Ihr werter Name?bauen +A建造，制造Man hat hier eine Bru.cke gebaut．der Bau-ten ①建筑物，建筑工程Man wird den alten Bau abreiBen．②O．P1．建造Das Haus ist noch im Bau．der Bauer-n 农民Sein Vater ist Bauer．anbauen ①+A(大面积)种植，栽培Wir bauen hier Getreide und Gemu.se fu.r uns an.②+A添造，扩建Sie haben eine Garage an ihr Haus angebaut．ausbauen ①+A拆卸Er baute den Motor aus dem Auto aus．②+A扩建，扩充，进一步发展Wir wollen dieses Jahr unser Haus ausbauen．aufbauen ①+A建设，建造，重建Man baute die im Krieg zersto.rte Stadt wieder auf．②+A搭起，组装Wie kann man das Zelt aufbauen?③+A构思，安排Der Autor hat seinen Roman spannend aufgebaut．der Aufbau-ten ①建设，建造Der Staat fo.rdert den Wirtschaftlichen Aufbau．②重建Nach dem Krieg fand der Aufbau der Sta.dte statt．③结构，构造Der Aufoau der Geschichte gefa.llt mir sehr．anbringen ①+A安装Ich habe eine Lampe an der Wand angebracht．②+A(口)安置；递送Er hat seinen Sohn in seinem Betrieb angebracht．ersetzen ①+A替代，接替Niemand kann einem Kind die Mutter ersetzen．②+A补偿Wird die Versicherung die Scha.den ersetzen?reiBen ①+A撕，扯，夺Er hat den Brief in tausend Stu.cke gerissen．②(s．)断，裂Dieser Stoff reiBt leicht．der Riss-e 裂缝An der Wand gibt es einen feinen Riss．abreiBen ①+A撕开，扯下Jeden Tag reiBe ich ein Blatt vom Kalender ab．②+A拆除Das alte Restaurant wird bald abgerissen．zerreiBen +A撕碎，扯破，戳破Er hat den Brief zerrissen．anzu.nden +A点燃，点火Der Vater hat sich eine Zigarette angezu.ndet．brennen ①+A点燃Zum Abendessen brennen wir gern Kerzen.②燃烧，烧Trockenes Holz brennt leicht．③(灯)亮着Er sah，dass in ihrem Zimmer noch Licht brennt．der Schaden-. 损失Das Feuer hat einen groBen Schaden verursacht．schaden+D有害于Rauchen schadet deiner Gesundheit．bescha.digen 十A损害，损坏Der Sturm bescha.digte viele er．der Schutz 0．PI．①保护Sein Hemd bot keinen Schutz vor dem Regen．②jmdn．in Schutz nehmen为某人辩护Als sich der Vater u.ber Markus a.rgerte，nahm ihn die Mutter in Schutz．schu.tzen (+A)保护，防止Er schu.tzt seine Augen gegen die starke Sonne．sto.ren+A干扰，妨碍Die Kinder sto.ren den Vater beim Lesen．zersto.ren +A破坏，毁坏Im Krieg wurden viele er zersto.rt.schwer fallen ①+D使感到困难旧正字法：schwerfallenEs fa.llt mir schwer,diese Aufgabe zu erfu.llen．②+D使感到痛苦Der Tod seiner Frau fiel ihm sehr schwer．verschmutzen+A弄脏；污染Das Kind verschmutzt beim Spielen seine Hose．morden (+A)谋杀，犯杀人罪Der Mann mordete mehrere Frauen．vernichten +A消灭，销毁，根除Das Feuer hat alle Mo.bel vernichtet．das Loch-.er 洞，窟窿Er hat ein groBes Loch in seiner Hose．（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
马修·帕里斯的行程地图与中世纪地图制作者世界观的转变
㊀2024年第1期No.1㊀2024四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)Journal of Sichuan University (Philosophy and Social Science Edition )总第250期Sum No.250ɦ历史学研究ɦ马修·帕里斯的行程地图与中世纪地图制作者世界观的转变陈志坚摘㊀要:13世纪中后期,英格兰本笃修士马修㊃帕里斯及其后继者在圣奥尔本斯修道院创作了一系列行程地图㊂这些地图原是编年史抄本序章中的一部分,不仅包括自伦敦至南意大利阿普利亚的分段路线图,还包含作为此行程出发地与目的地 不列颠与巴勒斯坦的区域地图㊂长期以来,研究者多以传统的宗教进路来解读这些行程地图,视其为一种精神的朝圣之旅,认为作者旨在为那些不能亲临圣地的修士开启一次通往天上耶路撒冷的富有想象力的旅程㊂然而,以抄本古文字学与古抄本学方法考察这些行程地图可发现,它们不仅在外观上呈现出与传统基督教地图迥然不同的特征,还在很大程度上呼应了金雀花王朝统治者扩张领土以建立帝国的野心与欲求㊂不仅如此,基于新近复兴的古典地理学知识,这些行程地图的实用性㊁精确性与科学性也在一定程度上得到增强㊂关键词:马修㊃帕里斯;世界之布;行程地图;中世纪;世界观中图分类号:K561.32㊀㊀文献标志码:A㊀㊀文章编号:1006-0766(2024)01-0129-14作者简介:陈志坚,首都师范大学历史学院教授(北京㊀100089)①㊀Simon Lloyd and Rebecca Reader, Paris,Matthew (c.1200-1259),Historian,Benedictine Monk,and Polymath, in H.C.G.Matthew and Brian Harrison,eds.,Oxford Dictionary of National Biography :From the Earliest Times to the Year 2000,vol.42,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2004,p.622.②㊀Richard Vaughan, The Handwriting of Matthew Pairs, Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society ,vol.1,no.5(1953),p.389;Richard Vaughan,Matthew Paris ,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1958,pp.236-243;Suzanne Lewis,The Art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica Majora ,Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp.321-323;Evelyn Edson,Mapping Time and Space :How Medieval Mapmakers Viewed Their World ,London:The BritishLibrary,1997,pp.118-120.13世纪的英格兰本笃修士马修㊃帕里斯(Matthew Paris)是一位历史学家,其本职工作是为其所属的圣奥尔本斯修道院(St Albans Abbey)创作一部编年史,即为后人所熟知的‘大编年史“(Chronica Maiora )㊂除此之外,马修还是一名地图制作者,他先后绘制了4种包含伦敦至阿普利亚(Apulia)的路线图(以下简称 路线图 )以及巴勒斯坦区域地图㊁不列颠区域地图在内的行程地图(以下简称 行程地图 )㊂马修的这些地图 具有重要意义,这并不是因为它们所具有的时代影响力,而是因为它们的独创性,马修正在尝试他那个时代不为人知的制图理念,而且这些制图理念在当时还没有被普遍理解 ㊂①在马修生活的年代,体现基督教宗教理念的T -O 地图居于主导地位,势头正盛㊂与之相比,马修的地图在基本方向㊁实用性与精确性方面呈现出极大的创新性㊂从某种意义上来说,马修是一名早熟的制图者,其地图所呈现的先进制图理念一直处于领先地位,直到中世纪末期波特兰海图(portolan chart)的诞生㊂自吉尔森于1928年将马修绘制的4种不列颠地图制版刊行以来,学者对于这些不列颠地图以及与之密切相关的行程地图给予了广泛关注㊂研究者首先对于行程地图的创作者及创作时间进行初步探讨并普遍认可抄本古文字学家理查德㊃沃恩通过分析马修的字体得出的结论,即认为 这些行程地图均是圣奥尔本斯修道院修士马修及其后继者创作的 ㊂②马修不仅是一位出色的编年史家,还是一921四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)总第250期位杰出的抄本缩微图画家,他在绘制抄本缩微图㊁地图㊁人物画像时擅长用稀释颜料对深色墨水勾勒的草图进行着色以制造一种水洗的效果,从而开创了一种 着色绘画 (tinted drawings)的风格㊂正因如此,在后来的艺术史中,这一类型的彩色绘画往往被称为 圣奥尔本斯流派 (School of St Albans)或 马修㊃帕里斯流派 (School of Matthew Paris)㊂有学者以绘画风格为标准对行程地图进行研究,也印证了沃恩的上述结论㊂①另外,行程地图的来源也从一个侧面佐证了上述观点 它们大都来自马修及其后继者所编纂的编年史抄本之中,部分来自圣奥尔本斯修道院官方文献汇编或者马修最好的合作伙伴兼衣钵继承人沃灵福德的约翰(John of Wallingford)的札记簿㊂②然而,在上述一致的观点之外,学者在很多问题上仍存疑问㊂例如,行程地图中包含的小单元,如路线图㊁不列颠区域地图㊁巴勒斯坦区域地图,是独立的存在,抑或是一个有机的整体?马修及其后继者绘制这些行程地图的意义何在?它们又反映了制图者的何种观念?早期研究者倾向于否认路线图㊁巴勒斯坦区域地图与不列颠地图之间的联系,认为它们只是因为抄本装帧而被偶然并置,彼此之间并无必然联系㊂例如,沃恩以及更早的研究者比兹利就持这种观点㊂③不仅如此,早期研究者还倾向于认为,行程地图与编年史插图具有同样的功能,是作者为了阐释㊁说明编年史文本而制作,目的是将编年史中提到的城市㊁城镇㊁河流㊁山脉等等风物具象化㊁空间化,从而帮助阅读者更好地理解编年史㊂持这一观点的主要有苏珊娜㊃刘易斯与伊芙琳㊃埃德森㊂④进入21世纪以来,研究者有了两类新发现㊂其一,学者逐渐认识到,路线图与区域地图并非编年史的附属物,编年史中所提及的很多地名如耶路撒冷㊁阿卡与开罗等,与地图上的地名并无一一对应关系㊂换言之,绘制地图并非为了向读者展示上述地名所在的位置,在很大程度上,路线图㊁区域地图与编年史是一种平行关系㊂⑤其二,学者通过进一步研究发现了路线图与区域地图之间的联系㊂例如,在阿普利亚地图的左上角,马修标记了如下文字: 此为通过阿普利亚去往阿克的路线㊂ 再如,在不列颠地图中也隐藏着伦敦与多佛之间的路线图,这在很大程度上可被视为路线图中的英格兰部分㊂再如,在西西里岛的最末端一个叫特拉帕尼(Trapes)的地方,马修标注道: 理查德伯爵从圣地返回时曾经过这里㊂ ⑥这些发现让绝大多数学者相信,路线图与区域地图之间存在联系,并构成一个有机的整体㊂以此为基础,学者开始构建这些路线图与区域地图的整体性意义㊂丹尼尔㊃康诺利提出了 想象的朝圣 的概念,认为路线图㊁巴勒斯坦地图与不列颠地图构成了一套完整的行程地图,从而为那些不能离开圣奥尔本斯修道院远行的修士打造了一次精神的朝圣之旅㊂康诺利还指出,这种行程地图与修道院回廊中所绘制的朝圣图有异曲同工之妙,但前者效果更佳,因为修士在阅读中自然会用手去翻动书叶,然后目光跟着路线图上下移动,口中默念着地图中的说明文字㊂到达阿普利亚所在叶面时,修士还可通过操作可折叠的侧翼,想象着后续的海上路线㊂如此一来,修士的手㊁眼㊁心㊁口等身体部位将会深度参与这一想象的朝圣之旅,从而在更大程度上营造出身临其境的031①②③④⑤⑥M.R.James, The Drawings of Matthew Paris, The Walpole Society ,vol.14(1925-1926),pp.1-26.有证据表明,沃灵福德的约翰曾对一幅从马修那里获得的不列颠地图增补了系列内容,参见Vaughan,Matthew Paris ,p.243;也有学者指出,Royal 抄本中的不列颠地图D 很有可能是马修的后继者为了呼应爱德华一世对苏格兰的领土主张而制作,参见Daniel K.Connolly, Copying Maps by Matthew Paris:Itinerary Fit for A King, in Palmira Brummett,ed.,The Book of Travels :Genre ,Ethnology ,and Pilgrimage ,1250-1700,Leiden:Brill,2009,pp.196-199.Vaughan,Matthew Paris ,p.247;C.R.Beazley,The Dawn of Modern Geography :A History of Exploration and Geographical Science from the Close of the Ninth to the Middle of the Thirteenth Century c .900-1260,vol.2,London:Henry Frowde,Amen Corner,1901,p.588.Lewis,The Art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica Majora ,pp.324-325;Edson,Mapping Time and Space ,pp.123-124.P.D.A.Harvey,Medieval Maps of the Holy Land ,London:The British Library,2012,pp.74-75.Katharine Breen, Returning Home from Jerusalem:Matthew Paris ̓s First Map of Britain in Its Manuscript Context, Representations ,vol.89,no.1(Winter 2005),pp.73,77.陈志坚:马修㊃帕里斯的行程地图与中世纪地图制作者世界观的转变2024年第1期氛围㊂①凯瑟琳㊃布林则更进一步,将往往被置于最后的不列颠区域地图理解为朝圣行程的返程部分,从而构建了一个更加完整的朝圣行程㊂②尽管在中世纪基督教制图观念占主导地位的大背景下,以精神朝圣的思路理解行程地图颇有阐释力,但仍无法完整地解释其中的一些元素,特别是相对于主流的基督教制图观念而言颇具创新性的部分,诸如:路线图以南为上,不列颠地图以北为上的朝向;路线图中精确标注里程的条状直线;对南意大利的关注程度远远胜过罗马;在巴勒斯坦地图中,对阿克城墙㊁城堡等军事防御设施描述的详细程度远远胜过耶路撒冷;4种不列颠区域地图自身存在的差异及流变等㊂近年来,有学者已意识到这些问题,并开始尝试在宗教观念之外的政治㊁历史语境中解读行程地图㊂如维多利亚㊃莫尔斯注意到地图的政治用途在13世纪的英国得到长足发展,并认为马修的路线图与区域地图在一定程度上展示了地图作为统治和知识象征的力量,或许正是在此意义上,西西里和阿克分别在南意大利与巴勒斯坦区域地图中被重点强调㊂③丹尼尔㊃伯克霍尔茨追溯了亨利三世与爱德华一世对地图的兴趣,并认为他们很有可能利用地图体现其对领土与权力的野心㊂④康诺利的最新研究表明,Royal 抄本中的不列颠地图D 实际上呼应了爱德华一世对苏格兰领土的主张㊂⑤由此可见,近年来学者的研究虽然开启了一个全新的研究路径,但相关研究成果或失之于简,仅是一个初步的判断;或无意做整体性探讨,仅涉及问题的一个方面㊂笔者拟以抄本古文字学(paleography)与古抄本学(codicology)方法考察马修绘制的行程地图,以期在梳理传统基督教制图观念的基础上揭示其全新的制图理念,并尝试评估金雀花王朝的政治诉求于此过程中所扮演的角色㊂一㊁马修㊃帕里斯其人及其行程地图马修㊃帕里斯,亦称巴黎人马修(Matthew the Parisian),出生于1200年左右,并于1217年进入圣奥尔本斯修道院成为一名本笃会修士㊂圣奥尔本斯修道院于公元793年由麦西亚国王奥法(Offa)捐资修建,到马修生活的年代,也已存在400余年㊂该修道院不仅具有悠久的历史,更以其撰史传统而闻名,这在很大程度上得益于其与王室的密切关系㊂1236年,马修继承了该修道院编年史家温多弗的罗杰(Roger of Wendover)的衣钵,就此开始了其撰史生涯㊂在马修领衔撰史期间,修道院与王室的关系变得更为密切㊂不仅国王亨利三世经常到访修道院,马修也经常被邀请参加宫廷重要活动㊂据记载,亨利三世曾于1244至1257年间先后8次到访修道院,每次都捐赠大量布帛㊁财物㊂1251年,亨利三世到访时送给修道院3块丝绸布料,并且还特意询问马修他已向修道院捐赠了多少块丝绸布料,以及修道院是否已遵照他的命令,在这些丝绸布料上都写上 英王亨利三世捐 字样㊂国王得到的答案是31块,而且没有其他国王捐过如此之多㊂不仅如此,马修还与亨利三世保持着良好的个人关系,常常出入宫廷,有资格与国王共桌就餐㊁亲密交谈,甚至可以当面向国王抱怨其遭遇的不公㊂另外,国王还是马修的赞助人,曾亲自委托他撰写‘忏悔者爱德华生平“一书㊂1247年,在威斯敏斯特大厅举行的一场盛大仪式上,亨利三世发现了马修,特地让他坐在自己身边,并要求他记录当日发生之事㊂随后,国王还邀请马修共进晚餐㊂1257年,马修在国王的宫廷里逗留了一周,在此131①②③④⑤Daniel K.Connolly, Imagined Pilgrimage in the Itinerary Maps of Matthew Paris, The Art Bulletin ,vol.81,no.4(1999),pp.598-599;Daniel K.Connolly,The Maps of Matthew Paris :Medieval Journeys through Space ,Time and Liturgy ,Woodbridge:The Boydell Press,2009,pp.1-2.Breen, Returning Home from Jerusalem, pp.63,87.Victoria Morse, The Role of Maps in Later Medieval Society:Twelfth to Fourteenth Century, in David Woodward,ed.,The History of Cartography ,vol .3,Cartography in the European Renaissance ,Part 1,Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2007,pp.35,39,41-42.Daniel Birkholz,The King ̓s Two Maps :Cartography and Culture in Thirteenth-Century England ,New York &London:Routledge,2004,pp.12-13.Connolly, Copying Maps by Matthew Paris, pp.196-199.四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)总第250期期间与国王形影不离,无论国王 在餐桌边,在宫殿里,还是在房间里 ,由此,他从国王那里获得了大量信息㊂①遵循着圣奥尔本斯修道院的撰史传统,并基于不断从宫廷中获得的第一手资料,马修写出了大量历史著作㊂在马修撰写的史著中,‘大编年史“与‘英吉利人史“(Historia Anglorum )最负盛名㊂从著述体例上讲,前者属于普遍史,涵盖自创世至1259年的世界历史,是马修在温多弗的罗杰所著编年史‘历史之花“(Flores Historiarum )的基础之上编纂而成的㊂后者则属于专门史,侧重讲述英吉利人的历史,其绝大部分史料来源于‘大编年史“,实际上是‘大编年史“中与英吉利人相关史料的汇编本㊂除此之外,马修后来还在‘英吉利人史“的基础上推出一个更加简略的版本,名为‘英吉利人史简编“(Abbreuiatio Compendiosa Chronicorum Anglie )㊂本文所涉及的行程地图便主要来自这几部著作的序章部分㊂但不幸的是,这些著作均未能以其原始的形制完整地流传下来,而是在不断被拆分㊁重组㊁装帧的过程中形成了新的抄本,并由不同的图书馆收藏㊂同样地,行程地图在此过程中亦难免被拆分㊁重组的命运,并最终以零散的状态分处于几个新抄本中㊂马修的‘大编年史“是一部三卷本史书,现分处于三个不同的抄本中㊂其第一卷涵盖自创世至1188年的历史,可见于剑桥大学基督圣体学院所藏引证号为Cambridge,Corpus Christi College,MS 026的抄本之中(以下简称MS 026抄本)㊂该抄本的序章部分涵盖一套相对完整的行程地图(以下简称行程地图1),包括自伦敦至南意大利阿普利亚的路线图以及巴勒斯坦区域地图,但缺少不列颠区域地图㊂②其第二卷涵盖自1189至1253年的历史,可见于剑桥大学基督圣体学院所藏引证号为Cambridge,Corpus Christi College,MS 016的抄本之中(以下简称MS 016抄本)㊂该抄本中的行程地图(以下简称行程地图2)包含不完整的自伦敦至南意大利阿普利亚的路线图㊁巴勒斯坦区域地图以及一幅不列颠区域地图(以下简称地图B)㊂③其中,路线图仅残留自蓬特雷莫利(Pontremoli)至南意大利阿普利亚的部分㊂不仅如此,所有这些地图在MS 016抄本中均以半叶的形式存在㊂④其第三卷涵盖1254至1259年的历史,可见于大英图书馆所藏引证号为Royal MS 14C.VII 的抄本中(以下简称Royal 抄本)㊂该抄本序章部分包含一套完整的行程地图(以下简称行程地图3),包括伦敦至南意大利阿普利亚的路线图㊁巴勒斯坦区域地图以及不列颠区域地图(以下简称地图D)㊂除了‘大编年史“第三卷,Royal 抄本中还包含马修的‘英吉利人史“㊂⑤二者在很大程度上共享抄本前面的序章部分㊂除此之外,在一部名为‘增补册“(Liber Additamentorum )的圣奥尔本斯修道院自用文献中,还存有一套不完整的行程地图(以下简称行程地图4),它仅包含自伦敦至那不勒斯的路线图,可见于大英图书馆藏引证号为Cotton MS Nero D.I 的抄本(以下简称Nero 抄本)㊂⑥行程地图4虽然在风格上与行程地图1㊁2㊁3类似,但在形式和内容方面均相对简略,没有采用常规的一叶两栏形制,而是一叶三栏且忽略所有支线行程,仅绘制主线行程,很有可能是马修在正式绘制行程地图1㊁2㊁3之前的构思草图,后来作为备用资料被收录进修道院自用文献‘增补册“中,与修道院创始人‘奥法生平“(Vitae duorum Offarum )㊁‘历任修道院长生平“(Gesta Abbatum )等文献并列㊂不仅如此,马231①②③④⑤⑥David Carpenter,Henry III :The Rise to Power and Personal Rule ,1207-1258,New Haven and London:Yale University Press,2020,pp.171,454,521,541,551,615,715,521,399,403.Cambridge,Corpus Christi College,MS 026,fols.ir -ivv.1928年,吉尔森(J.P.Gilson)汇集了马修绘制的与其行程地图相关的4张不列颠地图,并将其制成彩色图版出版㊂在该书中,吉尔森将4张地图简称为:地图A㊁地图B㊁地图C㊁地图D,笔者在本文中沿用这一约定俗成的简称㊂参见J.P.Gilson,ed.,Four Maps of Great Britain Designed by Matthew Paris about A.D.1250,Produced from Three Manuscripts in the British Museum and One at Corpus Christi College ,Cambridge ,London:Printed by Order of the Trustees,Sold at the British Museum and by Bernard Quaritch,Ltd,1928,p.3.2003年,基督圣体学院图书馆又对MS 016号抄本进行了重新装帧㊂此时,该抄本又被分为上下两册,抄本前面的序章部分单独装订成册,并被命名为MS 016I,后面的正文部分单独成册,并被命名为MS 016II㊂正文中所述行程地图㊁巴勒斯坦区域地图及不列颠地图部分,参见Cambridge,Corpus Christi College,MS 016I,fols.iiir -ivv.Royal MS 14C.VII,fols.157r -231r,2r -5v,8v -156v,British Library,London.Cotton MS Nero D.I,fols.183v -184r,British Library,London.陈志坚:马修㊃帕里斯的行程地图与中世纪地图制作者世界观的转变2024年第1期修绘制的另外两种不列颠地图明显也与行程地图密切相关,但由于种种原因已被单独装订在其他抄本中:其一,在马修以其‘英吉利人史“为基础缩编而成的‘英吉利人史简编“的序章部分,存在一幅马修绘制的不列颠地图(以下简称地图A),可见于大英图书馆所藏引证号为Cotton MS Claudius D.VI 的抄本中(以下简称Claudius 抄本)㊂①该地图与布鲁图斯(Brutus)至亨利三世的系列国王画像,以及自阿尔弗雷德大帝至亨利三世国王世系图等重要文件并列,共同构成抄本的序章部分;其二,在马修后继者沃灵福德的约翰曾拥有的一本札记簿中,亦存在一幅不列颠地图(以下简称地图C),可见于大英图书馆所藏引证号为Cotton MS Julius D.VII 的抄本中(以下简称Julius 抄本)㊂②该地图明显是由马修绘制,但从其所用色彩及内容看,仍属于较为初级的草图㊂沃灵福德的约翰肯定是从某种途径获得了这张地图并对其进行了一系列改造,包括继续在地图上标注地名,以及在地图背面空白处书写文字㊂最后,他还将该地图两次折叠后与其札记簿装帧在一起㊂该札记簿的核心内容是沃灵福德的约翰摘抄的系列编年史史料,主要摘自马修的‘大编年史“,在一定程度上反映了他向马修学习撰写编年史的实践㊂③二㊁世界之布:中世纪基督教主流制图观念中世纪的地图一般被称作 Mappamundi ㊂其中, mappa 一词在中世纪拉丁语中意为 桌布 或 餐巾 ,可意译为 地图 ;④而 mundi 则是 mundus 一词的拉丁文属格单数形式,意思是 世界的 (of the world)㊂如此一来,具有 世界地图 之意的 Mappamundi 一词其实可直译为 世界之布 ㊂这个词语在古典时代晚期的拉丁语中从来没有被使用过,彼时用来描述地图的词汇一般是 forma (图形)㊁ figura (图像)㊁ orbispictus (区域图)或者 orbisterrarumdescriptio (区域地理描述)㊂尽管在中世纪,世界之布的称谓是最常见的,但在谈及地图时,人们亦有一些其他的表达形式,如 inmaginesmundi (世界的图像)㊁ pictura (图像)㊁ descriptio (描述)㊁ tabula (图表),甚或赫里福德地图中使用的 estoire (历史)㊂⑤但在上述词汇中, 世界之布 词义最为稳定,自8世纪至中世纪末期一直被用来指代以基督教观念描绘世界的图像或文字㊂迄今为止,计有1100余幅这样的地图幸存了下来,其中大部分可见于中世纪的抄本之中,也有独立存在且尺寸相当大的地图,很可能是作为教堂或修道院的挂图使用,例如外形类似房屋山墙的赫里福德地图(Hereford Map),其最长㊁最宽处分别是1.59米和1.34米,是现存最大的 世界之布 ㊂⑥虽名为地图,但 世界之布 并不像今天的地图一样客观地反映空间的比例与尺寸,亦不能为人们出行提供精确的信息,而是一种集合了时间㊁空间㊁事件㊁概念㊁色彩㊁文本㊁意象等元素的复杂集合体,集中反映了基督教有关 神学㊁宇宙学㊁哲学㊁政治学㊁历史学㊁动物学㊁人种学 等知识的理念,是基督教徒眼中的世界形象㊂⑦一般而言,这些地图具有以下特点:它们不仅比例严重失调,以东为上,还呈现出T -O 的特殊形态;整个版面不仅充斥着自创世之日至末日审判的所有重要的圣经事件,还杂以各式各样的奇幻动物和恐怖种族;作为圣地的耶路撒冷一般被安放在地图中心位置,而末日审判的意象则往往被置于地图顶端,这表明 顶部 (新耶路撒冷)而非 中心 (地331①②③④⑤⑥⑦Cotton MS Claudius D.VI,f.12v,British Library,London.Cotton MS Julius D.VII,fols.50v -53r,British Library,London.Vaughan,Matthew Paris ,p.243.Jerry Brotton,A History of the World in Twelve Maps ,New York:Viking Penguin,2013,pp.94-95.David Woodward, Medieval Mappaemundi, in J.B.Harley and David Woodward,eds.,The History of Cartography ,vol .1:Cartography in Prehistoric ,Ancient ,and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean ,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1987,p.287.The Hereford Mappa Mundi Trustee Company Ltd,Hereford.Brotton,A History of the World in Twelve Maps ,p.95.四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)总第250期上耶路撒冷)才是中世纪朝圣者最终的目的地,也是手持 世界之布 的信徒目光最终驻留的地方;①世界之布不仅是空间的展开,还涉及时间,在地图上自东向西(自上而下)包含着一个从创世到救赎的完整叙事;世界之布虽以基督教神学世界观为核心,但也包含一定程度的古典知识,这是早期教父与古典天文㊁自然㊁地理知识成就达成妥协的结果㊂由此,在以下部分笔者将以T -O 形态㊁以东为上㊁中心与朝圣㊁象征主义意象㊁ 历史 叙事㊁奇幻动物与恐怖种族为重点,以赫里福德地图㊁埃布斯托地图(The Ebstorf Map)㊁②诗篇地图(The Psalter Map)㊁③梭利地图(The Sawley Map)④等中世纪地图为主要案例,撮述 世界之布 的典型特征㊂其一,T -O 形态㊂T -O 形态地图是中世纪最为经典的地图样式,其整体外观呈圆形,看起来像一个巨大的字母O,由此标识出地图的边界,其外围环绕着海洋㊂圆形内部的三大水系整体上呈现为一个巨大的大写字母T 形态,从而将圆形大陆分成三大块㊂T 字母横笔画左侧㊁右侧及竖笔画部分分别代表顿河㊁尼罗河和地中海㊂⑤在由字母O 与T 建构的空间之中,上方的半圆是亚洲,下方位于T 字母竖笔画左右两边的区域则是欧洲和非洲,这三大洲又分别代表诺亚(Noah)的三个儿子闪(Shem)㊁雅弗(Japheth)㊁含(Ham)及其后代最初定居的区域㊂⑥实际上,T -O 地图本身亦是古典文化与中世纪基督教观念相互妥协的产物㊂在古典晚期向中世纪过渡的关键期,部分早期教父如德尔图良(Tertullian)㊁圣西普里安(St Cyprian)和圣安布罗斯(St Ambrose)等都极端敌视古代的学术成就,而与此同时也有一部分早期教父如奥古斯丁(St Augustine)㊁圣哲罗姆(St Jerome)以及圣伊西多尔(Isidore of Seville)等则主张吸收与借鉴古典学术成就㊂例如奥古斯丁就认为, 如果缺乏对天㊁地㊁世界等要素的相关知识,我们就无法更好地理解圣经 ,他还声称, 为了更好地理解神的造物,在研习圣经的时间和历史时,也须了解空间与地理 ㊂圣哲罗姆遵从奥古斯丁的建议,在翻译圣经之余还撰写了一部名为‘地点之书“(Liber locorum )的著作,并在书中给出了巴勒斯坦和亚洲的区域地图㊂⑦圣伊西多尔则在借鉴古典历史学家萨卢斯特(Sallustius)关于三大洲的相关记载的基础上,首次提出了T -O 地图的构想,其著作‘论事物的本质“(De natura rerum )与‘关于词源学的二十卷书“(Etymologiarum sive originum libri XX )被认为是最早包含T -O 地图意象的作品㊂⑧因早期的T -O 地图在本质上只是一种简要的示意图,仅标注三大洲名称或诺亚三个儿子的名字,很少有其他地名,所以其在T -O 地图的整体分类法中也常常被称作是概要性三部分T -O 地图(Schematic Tripartite)㊂8至11世纪,T -O 地图继续吸收来自马克罗比乌斯(Macrobius)和奥罗修斯(Orosius)等古典学者作品中的知识,发展出了非概要性三部分T -O 地图(Nonschematic Tripartite)㊂这一新子类虽仍将有人居住的大陆分成三部分,但并不严格按照T -O 模式绘制,而是按照各部分的历史及其起源进一步细化与划分各自的区域㊂它们通常强调地中海,并倾向于将海岸线绘制成参差不齐的效果㊂⑨总之,T -O 地图是古典知识与中世纪基督教世界观不断融合的结果,早期教父吸收了古典时代学者将有人居住的世界分成三部分的描述,并将其与创世纪中的世界起源观念结合起来,奠定了中世431①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨包慧怡:‘感官地图上的灵魂朝圣之旅 中古英语长诗 珍珠⓪的空间结构“,‘外国文学评论“2007年第2期㊂Kloster Ebstorf,Ebstorf,Germandy (destroyed in 1943,20th replica).Additional MS 28681,f.9r,British Library,London.有时亦称 美茵茨的亨利地图 (Henry of Map),参见Cambridge,Corpus Chisti College,MS 66,p.2.Catherine Delano-Smith, The Intelligent Pilgrim:Maps and Medieval Pilgrimage to the Holy Land, in Rosamund Allen,ed.,Eastward Bound :Travel and Travellers ,1050-1550,Manchester:Manchester University Press,2004,pp.110-111;Brotton,A History of the World in Twelve Maps ,p.105.Saint Bede,On Genesis ,trans.Calvin B.Kendall,Liverpool:Liverpool University Press,2008,p.24;Naomi Reed Kline,Maps of Medieval Thought :The Hereford Paradigm ,Woodbridge:Boydell Press,2003,p.13.Brotton,A History of the World in Twelve Maps ,pp.102-103.Burgerbibliothek,cod.417,f.88v,Bern;Kline,Maps of Medieval Thought ,p.13.Woodward, Medieval Mappaemundi, in Harley and Woodward,eds.,The History of Cartography ,vol .1,pp.343,347.。
马洛及浮士德博士的悲剧
Literary career
• Of the dramas attributed to Marlowe
Dido, Queen of Carthage is believed to have been his f i r s t , and performed by the Children of the Chapel, a company of boy actors, between 1587 and 1593. The play was f i r s t published in 1594; the t i t l e page attributes the play to Marlowe and Thomas Nashe.
Sources Structure
Themes &motifs Quotations
Sources
• Doctor Faustus i s based on an older t a l e ; i t i s believed t o be the f i r s t dramatization of the Faust
Doctor Faustus
• The Tragical History of t h e Life and Death of Doctor F a u s t u s , commonly r e f e r r e d t o simply as Doctor Faustus, i s a play by Christopher Marlowe, based on t h e Faust s t o r y , i n which a man s e l l s h i s soul t o t h e d e v i l f o r powe and knowledge. Doctor Faustus was f i r s t published i n 1604, eleven years a f t e r Marlowe"s death and a t l e a s t twelve years after the f i r s t performance of the play.
NaguibMahfouz
NaguibMahfouzEgyptian writer who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1988, and was the first Arabic writer to be so honored. Many in the Arab world saw the prize as somewhat ironic, not least because the work for which Mahfouz received the prize had been published at least three decades earlier. In spite of millions readers in the Arab world, the author's books are still unavailable in many Middle Eastern countries on account of his support for President Sadat's Camp David peace treaty with Israel in 1978. Mahfouz wrote some 40 novels and short story collections, 30 screenplays, and many plays."Zaabalawi!" he said, frowning inconcentration, "You need him? God bewith you, for who knows, I Zaabalawi,where you are?""Doesn't he visit you?" I asked eagerly."He visited me some time ago. Hemight well come now; on the other hand Imightn't see him till death!"I gave an audible sigh and asked:"What made him like that?"He took up his lute. "Such are saints orthey would not be saints," he saidlaughing."Do those who need him suffer as Ido?""Such suffering is part of the cure!"(from 'Zaabalawi,' 1965)Naguib Mahfouz was born in Gamaliya, Cairo. The family lived in two popular districts of the town, in al-Jamaliyyah, from where they moved in 1924 to al-Abbasiya, then a new Cairo suburb; both have provided the backdrop for many of the author's writings. His father, whom Mahfouz described as having been "old-fashioned", was a civil servant, and Mahfouz eventually followed in his footsteps. In his childhood Mahfouz read extensively. His mother often took him to museums and Egyptian history later became a major theme in many of his books.The 1919 revolution in Egypt had a strong affect on Mahfouz, although he was at the time only seven years old. From the window he often saw English soldiers firing at the demostrators, men and women. "You could say," he later noted, "that the one thing which most shook the security of my childhood was the 1919 revolution." After competing his secondary education, Mahfouz entered the University of Cairo, where he studied philosophy, graduating in 1834. By 1936, having spent a year working on an M.A., he decided to become a professional writer. Mahfouz then worked as a journalist at Ar-Risala, and contributed to Al-Hilal and Al-Ahram. The major Egyptian influence on Mahfouz's thoughts of science and socialism in the 1930s was Salama Musa, the Fabian intellectual.Before turning to the novel, Mahfouz wrote articles and short stories, 80 of which were published in magazines. His first published book was a translation of James Baikie's work on ancient Egypt. Mahfouz's first collection of stories appeared in 1938. In 1939 he entered government bureaucracy, where he wasemployed for the next 35 years. From 1939 until 1954, he was a civil servant at the Ministry of Islamic Affairs, and then was appointed director of the Foundation for Support of the Cinema, the State Cinema Organization. In 1969-71 he was a consultant for cinema affairs to the Ministry of Culture. After marrying Atiyyatallah Ibrahim in 1954, he moved from the family house in al-Abbasiya to an apartment overlooking the Nile in Jiza.Most of Mahfouz's early works were set in al-Jamaliyyah. ABATH AL-AQDAR (1939), RADUBIS (1943), and KIFAH TIBAH (1944), were historical novels, written as part of a larger unfulfilled project of 30 novels. Inspired by Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) Mahfouz planned to cover the whole history of Egypt in a series of books. However, following the third volume, Mahfouz shifted his interest to the present, the psychological impact of the social change on ordinary people.Mahfouz's central work in the 1950s was The Cairo Trilogy, a monumental work of 1,500 pages, which the author completed before the July Revolution. The novels were titled with the street names Palace Walk, Palace of Desire, and Sugar Street. Mahfouz set the story in the parts of Cairo where he grew up. They depict the life of the patriarch al-Sayyid Ahmad Abd al-Jawad and his family over three generations in Cairo from WW I to the 1950s, when King Farouk I was overthrown. With its rich variety of characters and psychological understanding, the work connected Mahfouz to such authors as Balzac, Dickens, Tolstoy, and Galsworthy. Mahfouz ceased to write for some years after finishing the trilogy. Disappointed in the Nasser régime, which had overthrown the monarchy in 1952, he started publishing again in 1959, now prolifically pouring out novels, short stories, journalism, memoirs, essays, and screenplays.The Children of Gebelaawi (1959) portrayed the patriarch Gebelaawi and his children, average Egyptians living the lives of Cain and Abel, Moses, Jesus, and Mohammed. Gebelaawi has built a mansion in an oasis in the middle of a barren desert; his estate becomes the scene of a family feud which continues for generations. "Whenever someone is depressed, suffering or humiliated, he points to the mansion at the top of the alley at the end opening out to the desert, and says sadly, 'That is our ancestor's house, we are all his children, and we have a right to his property. Why are we starving? What have we done?' " The book was banned throughout the Arab world, except in the Lebanon. In the 1960s, Mahfouz further developed its theme that humanity is moving further away from God in his existentialist novels. In The Thief and the Dogs (1961) he depicted the fate a Marxist thief, who has been released from prison and plans revenge. Ultimately he is murdered in a cemetery.Mahfouz left his post as the Director of Censorship and was appointed Director of the Foundation for the Support of the Cinema. He was a contributing editor for the leading newspaper Al-Ahram and in 1969 he became a consultant to the Ministry of Culture, retiring in 1972. He has been a board member of Dar al Ma'aref publishing house. Many of his novels were serialized in Al-Ahram, and his writings also appeared in his weekly column, 'Point of View'. Before the Nobel Prize only a few of his novels had appeared in the West.In the 1960s and 1970s Mahfouz started to construct his novels more freely and use interior monologue. In Miramar (1967) he developed a form of multiple first-person narration. Four narrators, among them a Socialist and a Nasserite opportunist, represent different political views. In the center of the story is anattractive servant girl. In Arabian Nights and Days (1981) and in The Journey of Ibn Fatouma (1983) Mahfouz drew on traditional Arabic narratives as subtexts. Akhenaten, Dweller in Truth (1985) is about conflict between old and new religious truths, a theme with which Mika Waltari dealt in Finland in his historical novel Sinuhe (1945, trans. The Egyptian)."As a geographical place and ashistory, Egypt for Mahfouz has nocounterpart in any other part of the world.Old beyond history, geographicallydistinct because of the Nile and its fertilevalley, Mahfouz's Egypt is an immenseaccumulation of history, stretching back intime for thousands of years, and despitethe astounding variety of its rulers,regimes, religions, and races, neverthelessretaining its own coherent identity."(Edward W. Said in New York Review ofBooks, November 30, 2000)Mahfouz, called the "Balzac of Egypt", described the development of his country in the 20th-century. He combined intellectual and cultural influences from East and West - his own exposure to the literarature of non-Arabic culture began in his youth with the enthusiastic consumption of Western detective stories, Russian classics, and such modernist writers as Proust, Kafka and Joyce. Mahfouz's stories, written in the florid classical Arabic, are almost always set in the heavily populated urban quarters of Cairo, where his characters, mostly ordinary people, try cope with the modernization of society and the temptationsof Western values.Among those people, who brought early translations of his work to the English-speaking readers was Jacqueline Onassis. In Egypt he was widely considered a spokesperson not only for Egypt but also for a number of non-Western cultures. However, Mahfouz himself almost never traveled outside of Egypt, and sent his daughters to accept the Nobel Prize on his behalf.Like many Egyptian writers and intellectuals, Mahfouz was on a "death list" by Islamic fundamentalists. He defended Salman Rushdie after the Iranian spiritual leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini condemned him to death, but later he criticized Rushdie's Satanic Verses as "insulting" to Islam. In 1994, near his home, Mahfouz was stabbed in the neck with a kitchen knife, and two Egyptian Islamic militants were sentenced to death for attempting to kill him. Texts written after the assassination attempt for a weekly women's magazine were collected in Dreams (2000-2003). In his old age Mahfouz became nearly blind, and he though he continued to write, had difficulties in holding a pen or a pencil. He also had to abandon his daily habit of meeting his friends at coffeehouses. Mahfouz died in Cairo on August 30, 2006.For further reading: The ChangingRhythm: A Study of Najib Mahfu's Novelsby Sasson Somekh (1973);The ModernEgyptian Novel by Hilary Kilpatrick (1974);The Arabic Novel by Roger Allen (1982);Naguig Mahfouz, Nobel 1988: EgyptianPerspectives(1989) Nobel Laureates inLiterature, ed. by Rado Pribic (1990);Naguib Mahfouz's Egypt by HayimGordon (1990); Critical Perspectives onNaguib Mahfouz, ed. by Trevor Le Gassick(1991); Naguib Mahfouz, ed. by MichaelBeard and Adnan Haydar (1993); NaguibMahfouz: The Pursuit of Meaning byRasheed el-Enany (1993); The Early Novelsof Naguib Mahfouz: Images of ModernEgypt by Matti Moosa (1994); The Cairo ofNaguib Mahfouz by Gamal al-Ghitani(2000)Selected works:•ABATH AL-AGDAR, 1939 - Mockery of the Fates•RADUBIS, 1943•KIFAH TIBAH, 1944•KHAN AL-KHALILI, 1944•AL-QAHIRAH AL-JADIDAH, 1946 - New Cairo•ZUQAQ AL-MIDAQQ, 1947 - Midaq Alley (trans. by Trevor le Gassick) - Midaqq-kuja (suom. Pekka Suni, Mustafa Shikeben) - film El Callejón de los milagros / Midaq Alley, dir. by Jorge Fons and starring Ernesto Gómez Cruz, Salma Hayek, and Maria Rojo, was based on Mahfouz's novel but set in Mexico City.•IGNIS FATUUS, 1948•AL-SARAB, 1949•BIDAYAH WA-NIHAYAH, 1949 - The Beginning and the End (trans. by Ramses Hanna Awad)•AL-THULATIYA, 1956-57 - The Cairo Trilogy; BAYN AL-QUASRAYN (1956) - Palace Walk (trans. by W. Hutchins and Olive Kenny) - QUAST AL-SHAWQ (1957) - Palace of Desire (trans. byW. Hutchins, Lorne Kenny and Olive Kenny) - AL-SUKKARIYAH (1957) - Sugar Street (trans. by W. Hutchins and Angele Botros Semaan) - Palatsikatu, Intohimon palatsi, Sokerikuja (suom. Pekka Suni)•Children of Gebelaawi, 1959 - Children of the Alley (trans. by Peter Theroux)•AL-LISS WA-AL-KILAB, 1961 - The Thief and the Dogs (trans. by Trevor Le Gassic and Mustafa Badawi)•AL-SUMMAN WA-AL-KHARIF, 1962 - Autumn Quail (trans. by Roger Allen)•AL-TARIQ, 1964 - The Search (trans. by Muhammed Islam) •AL-SHAHHADH, 1965 - The Beggar (trans. by Kristin Walker Henry and Nariman Khales Naili al Warrah)•THARTHARAH FAWQ AL NIL, 1966 - Adrift on the Nile (trans. by Frances Liardet)•AWLAD HARITNA, 1967 - Children of Gebelawi (trans. by Philip Stewart) / Children of the Alley (trans. by Peter Theroux) •MIRAMAR, 1967 - Miramar (trans. by Maged el-Komos and John Rodenbeck) - Miramar (suom. Pekka Suni, Mustafa Shikeben)•AL MARAYA, 1971 - Mirrors (trans. by Roger Allen)•AL-HUBB TAHT AL MATAR, 1973•AL-KARNAK, 1974 - Three Contemporary Egyptian Novels •QUAB AL-LAYL, 1975•HIKAYAT HARITNA, 1975 - Fountain and Tomb (trans. by Soad Sobhy, Essam Fattouh, and James Kenneson)•HADRAT AL-MUHTARAM, 1975 - Respected Sir (trans. by Rasheed el-Enany)•MALHAMAT AL-HARAFISH, 1977 - The Harafish•ARS AL-HUBB, 1980•AFRAH AL-QUBBAH, 1981 - Wedding Song (trans. by Olive Kenny)•LAYALI ALF LAYLAH, 1981 - Arabian Nights and Days (trans. by Denys Johnson-Davies)•AL-BAQI MIN AL-ZAMAN SA'AH, 1982•RIHLAT IBN FATTUMAH, 1983 - The Journey of Ibn Fatouma (trans. by Denys Johnson-Davies)•AMAM AL-'ARSH, 1983•AL-A'ISH FI AL-HAQIQAH, 1985 - Akhenaten, Dweller in Truth (translated from the Arabic by T agreid Abu-Hassabo)•YAWM MAQTAL AL ZA'IM, 1985 - The Day Leader Was Killed•HADITH AL-SABAH WA-AL-MASA, 1987•THARTHARAH ALA AL-BAHR, 1993•ASDAA AL-SIRA AL-DHATIYYA, 1994 - Echoes from an Autobiography (trans. by Denys Johnson-Davies)•AHLAM FATRAT AL-NAQAHA, 2000-2003 - The Dreams。
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当代大学德语练习册及答案
当代大学德语练习册及答案# 当代大学德语练习册及答案## 一、词汇练习1. 请将下列德语单词翻译成中文：- Haus- Auto- Buch2. 请匹配下列德语单词与其对应的英文翻译：- Mutter - A. Mother- Kind - B. Child- Lehrer - C. Teacher3. 用下列词汇造句：- Essen (吃)- Trinken (喝)- Arbeiten (工作)## 二、语法练习1. 将下列句子由陈述句改为疑问句，并回答：- Ich gehe in die Stadt. (我去城市。
)- Du liest ein Buch. (你读一本书。
)2. 使用正确的时态填空：- Ich __________ (spielen) Fußball, bevor ich nach Hausegehe.- Er __________ (arbeiten) in der Bibliothek.3. 用下列词组完成句子：- trotzdem (尽管如此)- besonders (特别)- am liebsten (最喜欢)## 三、阅读理解阅读以下短文，并回答问题：In Deutschland ist die Universitätsbildung sehr wichtig. Viele junge Menschen studieren an Universitäten und Fachhochschulen. Sie lernen verschiedene Fächer wie Mathematik, Physik, Chemie, Biologie und viele andere. Nach dem Studium suchen sie oft eine Arbeit in ihrem Fach.1. Was ist in Deutschland sehr wichtig?2. Wo studieren viele junge Menschen?3. Was suchen sie nach dem Studium?## 四、写作练习请你写一篇简短的自我介绍，包括你的姓名、年龄、来自哪里、你的兴趣爱好以及你的梦想。
list of aircraft manufacturers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchThis is a list of aircraft manufacturers sorted alphabetically by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)/common name. It contains the ICAO/common name, manufacturers name(s), country and other data, with the known years of operation in parenthesis.The ICAO names are listed in bold. Having an ICAO name does not mean that a manufacturer is still in operation today, just that some of the aircraft produced by that manufacturer are still flying.See also:aircraft, list of aircraft engine manufacturersA B-C D-G H-L M-P Q-S T-Z∙A2I2 - see Allied Aerospace Industries∙AAA - see Advanced Amphibious Aircraft∙AAC - see Advanced Aircraft Corporation∙AAC - see Amphibian Airplanes of Canada∙Aachen Flugzeugbau (Germany) - founded 1914, renamed Aachener Segelflugzeugbau in 1921∙Aachener Segelflugzeugbau (Germany) - renamed from Aachen Flugzeugbau 1921, absorbed into Junkers in 1923∙AAI - see Aircraft Armaments Incorporated∙AAI - see Aviation Association Ilyushin∙AAI Corporation (United States) - renamed from Aircraft Armaments Incorporated in 1985, currently operational∙AAMSA - see Aeronáutica Agrícola Mexicana SA∙AAS - see Ateliers Aãronautiques de Suresnes∙AASI - see Advanced Aerodynamics and Structures Inc. - filed for bankruptcy in 2004 (defunct)∙AAT - Unknown, (1945–1950)∙AAT - Advantage Aviation Technologies Inc. (United States) - Cleburne Texas - FAA certified repair station and parts manufacturer - from 1993–present∙A-B Helicopters (United States)∙ABAP - Unknown, (1958-?)∙Abaris Aircraft Corporation (United States) - formed 2001, currently operational∙Abbot (E. D. Abbott Ltd.) (United Kingdom∙ABC Motors Ltd. (United Kingdom) - formed 1912, absorbed into Vickers in 1951∙ABHCO - see Arab British Helicopter Company∙Abraham, Abraham - France∙Abrams Air Craft Corporation (United States), formed 1937, defunct 1940∙ABS, ABS Aircraft - Germany, (1985-?)∙ABS, ABS Aircraft AG - Switzerland, (1985-?)∙AC Mobil 34, AC Mobil 34 - France∙ACAZ - Ateliers de Construction Aãronautique de Zeebruges, Belgium ∙ACBA, Aãro Club de Bas Armagnac - France∙Ace, Ace Aircraft Manufacturing and Supply - United States∙Ace, Ace Aircraft Manufacturing Company - United States, (1929–1931) > Corben Aircraft Company∙Ace, Ace Aircraft Manufacturing Inc - United States∙Aceair, Aceair SA - Switzerland∙Aces High, Aces High Light Aircraft Ltd - Canada∙ACS, Advanced Composites Solutions - United States∙ACME, Air Craft Marine Engineering - United States, (1954-?)∙Acme, Acme Aircraft Corp - United States, (1929-?)∙Acro Sport, Acro Sport Inc - United States, (?-present)∙AD Aerospace, AD Aerospace Ltd - United Kingdom∙ADA, Aeronautical Development Agency - India, (1984–present) ∙Adam (1), Roger Adam - France, (1948–1955)∙Adam (2), Adam Aircraft Industries LLC - United States, (1998, defunct 2008) (AAI)∙Adamoli-Cattani, Adamoli-Cattani - Italy∙Adams Aero, Adams Aeronautics Company, Inc - United States∙Adams, Adams Industries Inc - United States∙Adams-Toman, Adams-Toman Aircraft Co - United States∙Adams-Wilson, Adams-Wilson Helicopters Inc - United States∙Adaro, Adaro - Spain∙ADC Aircraft, Aircraft Disposals Company - United Kingdom, (1920–1930)∙Adcox, Adcox Aviation Trade School - United States∙Adkisson, Earl and Jerry Adkisson - United States∙Adler, Adler (Adlerwerke vorm Heinrich Kleyer) - Germany, (1934-?) ∙Admiralty, British Admiralty Air Department - United Kingdom, (AD) ∙Advanced Aerodynamics and Structures, Inc. (AASI) (United States) - founded 1989, renamed to Mooney Aerospace Group in 2002 ∙Advanced Aeromarine, Advanced Aeromarine - United States, > Keuthan Aircraft∙Advanced Aircraft Corporation (AAC) - United States∙Advanced Amphibious Aircraft (AAA) - Germany/Italy, (1988-?)∙Advanced Aviation, Advanced Aviation Inc - United States∙Advanced Soaring Concepts, Advanced Soaring Concepts - United States∙Adventure Air, Adventure Air - United States∙AD-Y, Antonov Dnipropetrovsk-Pivdenmash - Ukraine∙AEA, Aeronautical Engineers Australia Research Pty Ltd - Australia, (1978–present)∙AEA, Aerial Experiment Association - Canada, (1907–1909) > Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company∙AEC, Aircraft Engineering Corp - United States∙AEG, Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft - Germany, (1910–1918) (General Electricity Company)∙AEKKEA-RAAB, AEKKEA - Greece (1935–1940)∙AER, Aer Aircraft Corp. - United States∙Aer Lualdi, Aer Lualdi & C SpA - Italy∙Aer Pegaso, Aer Pegaso - Argentina∙Aerauto, Aerauto - Italy, (1950–1953)∙Aereon, Aereon - United States, (1967-?)∙Aerfer, Aerfer-Industrie Aerospaziali Meridionali SpA - Italy, (1955–1969) > Aeritalia∙Aerfer, Aerfer-Industrie Meccaniche Aeronautiche Meridionali SpA - Italy∙Aerfer-Aermacchi, see AERFER and AERMACCHI - Italy∙Aerial Distributors, Aerial Distributors - United States, (1967-?) ∙Aerial Service Corporation, Aerial Service Corporation - United States, (1920-?) > Mercury Aircraft∙Aãriane, Aãriane - Belgium∙Aeritalia, Aeritalia-Società Aerospaziale Italiana pA - Italy, (1969–1981) > Alenia∙Aeritalia-Aermacchi, see AERITALIA and AERMACCHI - Italy∙Aermacchi, Aermacchi SpA - Italy, (1913–present)∙'Aermacchi, Aeronautica Macchi SpA - Italy∙Aero (1), Aero Design and Engineering Company - United States, (1944–1960) > Rockwell∙Aero (2), Aero Vodochody AS - Czech Republic, (1994–present) ∙Aero (2), Aero Vodochody Národní Podnik - Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic, (1919–1994)∙Aero (3), Aero Sp z oo - Poland∙Aero Adventure, Aero Adventure Inc - United States∙ A.E.R.O. Aircraft Services, LLC, United States - manufacturer of Lake amphibian aircraft∙Aero Boero, Aero Boero SA - Argentina, (1952–present)∙Aero Boero, Aero Boero SRL - Argentina∙Aero Boero, Aero Talleres Boero SRL - Argentina∙Aero Bravo, Aerobravo Industria Aeronautica Ltda - Brazil, (1993–present)∙Aero Commander, Aero Commander Inc - United States∙Aero Composites, Aero Composites - United States∙Aero Design Associates - United States∙Aero Designs, Aero Designs Inc - United States∙Aero Gare, Aero Gare - United States∙Aero Jaen, Aeronautica de Jaen - Spain∙Aero Kuhlmann, Aero Kuhlmann - France∙Aero Mercantil, Aero Mercantil SA - Colombia∙Aero Mirage, Aero Mirage Inc - United States∙Aero Mod, Aero Mod General - United States∙Aero Resources - United States∙Aero Spacelines, Aero Spacelines Inc - United States, (1961–1974) > Tracor∙AeroCad, AeroCad Inc - United States∙Aero-Cam, Aero-Cam Pty Ltd - (South Africa)∙Aerocar, Aerocar Inc - United States∙Aerocar International, Aerocar International - United States, (1945–1961)∙Aãrocentre, Sociãtã Nationale de Constructions Aãronautiques du Centre - France, (SNCAC)∙Aero-Club, Aero-Club der Schweiz - Switzerland∙Aerocomp, Aerocomp Inc - United States∙Aero-Composites, Aero-Composites Technologies Inc - United States ∙Aero-Craft, Aero-Craft - Unknown∙Aero-Difusión, Aero-Difusión SL - Spain (1955- )∙Aãrodis, Aãrodis SARL - France∙Aero-Flight, Aero-Flight - United States∙Aerion Corporation - United States∙Aero-Jodel, Aero Flugzeugbau Hubert Zuerl - Germany∙Aerokopter, OOO Aerokopter - Ukraine∙AeroLites, Aerolites Inc - United States∙Aeromarine, Aeromarine Plane and Motor Co. - United States, (1908–1935) (Prior to 1914 was the Boland Aeroplane and Motor Co.) > Burnelli∙Aeromere, Aeromere SpA - Italy∙Aeromot, Aeromot Industria Mecanico-Metalurgica Ltda - Brazil ∙Aeromot, Aeronaves e Motores SA - Brazil∙Aeronautica Agrícola Mexicana SA (AAMSA) (Mexico) - founded 1971, dissolved 1984∙Aeronautical Engineering Co., Aeronautical Engineering Co. - United States∙Aeroneering - United States∙Aeronca, Aeronautical Corporation of America - United States, (1928–1951)∙Aeronca, Aeronca Manufacturing Corporation - United States∙Aeroplastika, Aeroplastika - Lithuania∙Aeropract, Aeropract JSC - Russia∙Aeropract, KB Aeropract - Russia∙Aeropract, LM Aeropract Samara - Russia∙Aeropract, OKB Aeroprakt - Russia∙Aeropract, Aeroprakt Firma - Ukraine∙Aeropract, Aeroprakt ooo - Ukraine∙Aeropro, Aeropro sro - Slovakia∙Aeroprogress, Aeroprogress Corporation - Russia∙Aeroric, Aeroric Nauchno-Proizvodstvennoye Predpriyatie OOO - Russia∙AEROSPACE MANUFACTURING Inc United States∙Aeros, Aeros - Ukraine∙Aerospace General - United States∙Aãrospatiale, Sociãtã Nationale Industrielle Aerospatiale - France, (1970–1999) (SONACA) > Aãrospatiale-Matra∙Aãrospatiale-Matra, Aãrospatiale-Matra - France, (1999–2000) > EADS∙Aerospool, Aerospool spol sro - Slovakia∙Aerosport, Aerosport Inc - United States∙Aerostar, SC Aerostar SA - Romania∙Aerostar Aircraft, Aerostar Aircraft Corporation - United States ∙Aãrostructure, Aãrostructure SARL - France∙Aerosud, Aerosud - (South Africa)∙Aerotaller, Aerotaller - Argentina∙Aerotec, Aerotec SA Industria Aeronáutica - Brazil, (1962–1987) ∙Aerotechnik, Aerotechnik CZ SRO - Czech Republic∙Aerotãcnica - Spain∙Aerotek (1), Aerotek Inc - United States∙Aerotek (2), Aeronautical Systems Technology - (South Africa) ∙Aero-Volga, NPO Aero-Volga - Russia∙Aesl, Aero Engine Services Ltd - New Zealand∙AFIC, AFIC Pty Ltd - (South Africa)∙AFU - Switzerland∙Ag-Cat, Ag-Cat Corporation - United States∙AGO Flugzeugwerke, Ago Flugzeugwerke - Germany∙Agro-Copteros, Agro-Copteros Ltda - Colombia∙Agrolot, Fundacja Agrolot - Poland∙Agrolot, Wyposazen Agrolotniczych - Poland∙Agusta, Agusta SpA - Italy, (1907–present)∙Agusta, Agusta, Division of Finmeccanica - Italy∙Agusta, Costruzioni Aeronautiche Giovanni Agusta SpA - Italy∙Ahrens, Ahrens Aircraft Corp. - United States (1975-?)∙AI(R), Aero International (Regional) - UK/France/Italy∙AIAA, Atelier Industriel de l'Aãronautique d'Alger - Algeria, (1948–1960)∙Aichi Kokuki, Aichi Kokuki KK - Japan, (1931–1945) (Aichi Aircraft Company)∙AICSA, Aero Industrial Colombiana SA - Colombia∙AIDC, Aero Industry Development Center - Republic of China (Taiwan) ∙AIDC, Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation - Republic of China (Taiwan)∙AIEP, Aeronautical Industrial Engineering and Project Management Company Ltd - Nigeria∙AII, Aviation Industries of Iran - Iran, (1993–present)∙AIL, Aeronautics (India) Ltd - India∙AIR, Aircraft Investor Resources LLC - United States∙Air & Space, Air & Space America Inc - United States∙Air & Space, Air & Space Manufacturing Inc - United States∙Air Command, Air Command International Inc - United States∙Air Parts, Air Parts (NZ) Ltd - New Zealand∙Air Products, Air Products Company Inc - United States∙Air Tractor, Air Tractor Inc - United States, (1972–present) ∙Airbus, Airbus SAS - European Union, (1970–present)∙Airbus, GIE Airbus Industrie - European Union∙Airco, Aircraft Manufacturing Company - United Kingdom, (1912–1920) > de Havilland∙Airconcept, Airconcept Flugzeug und Gerätebau GmbH und Co KG - Germany∙Aircraft Armaments Incorporated (AAI) (United States) - founded 1950, renamed to AAI Corporation 1985∙Aircraft Cooperative, Aircraft Cooperative - United States∙Aircraft Designs, Aircraft Designs Inc - United States, (1986–present) (ADI)∙Aircraft Hydro-Forming, Aircraft Hydro-Forming Inc - United States ∙Aircraft Parts, Aircraft Parts and Development Corporation - United States∙Aircraft Spruce & Specialty Co, Aircraft Spruce & Specialty Company - United States∙Aircraft Technologies, Aircraft Technologies Inc - United States ∙Air-Fouga, Air-Fouga - France∙Airmaster, Airmaster Inc - United States∙Airspeed, Airspeed Ltd - United Kingdom, (1931–1951) > de Havilland∙Airtech (1), Airtech Canada Aviation Services Ltd - Canada∙Airtech (2), Aircraft Technology Industries - Indonesia/Spain ∙AISA, Aeronautica Industrial SA - Spain∙AJEP, AJEP Developments - United Kingdom∙AJI, American Jet Industries Inc - United States∙Akaflieg Berlin, Akademische Fliegergruppe Berlin eV - Germany ∙Akaflieg Braunschweig, Akaflieg Braunschweig - Germany∙Akaflieg Darmstadt, Akademische Fliegergruppe Darmstadt eV - Germany∙Akaflieg Hannover, Akaflieg Hannover - Germany∙Akaflieg Karlsruhe, Akademische Fliegergruppe Karlsruhe eV - Germany∙Akaflieg Munchen, Akademische Fliegergruppe München eV - Germany ∙Akaflieg Stuttgart, Akaflieg Stuttgart - Germany∙Akron, Akron Aircraft Company Inc - United States∙Akrotech, Akrotech Aviation Inc - United States∙Akrotech Europe, Akrotech Europe SA - France∙Alanne, Pentti Alanne - Finland∙Alaparma - Italy∙Albatros, Fabrika aviona Albatros - Yugoslavia∙Albatros Flugzeugwerke, Albatros Flugzeugwerke - Germany, (1910–1931) > Focke-Wulf∙Albatros-Flugzeugwerke, Ostdeutsche Albatros Werke - Germany, (East German Albatros Works)∙Alenia, Alenia - Italy, (1981–present)∙Alenia, Alenia Aerospazio, Division of Finmeccanica - Italy∙Alexander Aircraft Company, Englewood/Colorado Springs, Colorado - United States (1926–1932)∙Alfa-M, Alfa-M Nauchno-Proizvodstvennoye Predpriyatie AOOT - Russia∙Alisport, Alisport - Italy∙All American - USA∙Alliance Aeroplane Company, Alliance Aeroplane Company Ltd, United Kingdom∙Alliant, Alliant Techsystems - United States∙Allied Aerospace Industries - United States, (?-present)∙Allied Aviation - United States∙Allison, Allison Gas Turbine Division GMC - United States∙Alon, Alon Inc - United States, (1964–1967) > Mooney∙Alpavia, Alpavia SA - France, (1959–1966) > Sportavia-Putzer∙Alpavia, Sociãtã Alpavia - France∙Alpha, Alpha - Poland∙Alpi, Alpi Aviation Srl - Italy∙Alpla, Alpla-Werke Alwin Lechner OHG - Austria∙Altair Coelho, Altair Coelho - Brazil∙Alturair, Alturair - United States∙Alvarez, Joseph P. Alvarez - United States∙Amax, Amax Engineering - Australia∙Ambrosini, Societa Aeronautica Italiana Ing. A. Ambrosini & Companie - Italy, (1934–1958)∙Amc, Aircraft Manufacturing Company - United States, (1917–1920) ∙Amd, Aircraft Manufacturing and Development Company Inc - United States∙Ameagle, AmEagle Corporation - United States∙American, American Aviation Corporation - United States∙American Affordable, American Affordable Aircraft - United States, (AAA)∙American Aircraft, American Aircraft Inc - United States∙American Airmotive - United States∙Ameri-Cana Ultralights - Canada∙American Autogyro, American Autogyro Inc - United States∙American Champion, American Champion Aircraft Corporation - United States∙American Eagle, American Eagle Aircraft Corporation - United States ∙American General, American General Aircraft Company - United States ∙American Homebuilts, American Homebuilts' Inc - United States ∙American Sportscopter, American Sportscopter Inc - United States ∙American Utilicraft, American Utilicraft Corporation - United States∙Ameur Aviation SA (or simply "Ameur") - France∙Ameur Aviation Technologie (or simply "Ameur") - France∙Amiot, Amiot - France, (1915–1945) (Amiot-Peneau) > Ateliers Aeronautiques de Colombes, SNCAC∙Amoy, Amoy - Unknown, (1930–1935)∙Amphibian Airplanes of Canada (AAC) - Canada, (1998-?)∙AMS-Flight, AMS-Flight DOO - Slovenia∙AMX, AMX International Ltd - Italy/Brazil∙Anahuac, Fabrica de Aviones Anahuac SA - Mexico∙Anatra - Russia∙ANBO- Antanas Gustaitis at the Lithuanian Army Aviation Workshops - Lithuania∙Anderson, Anderson Aircraft Corporation - United States∙Anderson, Earl Anderson - United States∙Anderson-Greenwood, Anderson, Greenwood and Company - United States∙Andreasson, Björn Andreasson - Sweden∙ANF Mureaux, ANF Mureaux - France, (1918–1937) > SNCAN∙Angel, Angel Aircraft Corporation - United States∙Anglin, Anglin Engineering - United States∙Anglin, Anglin Special Aero Planes Inc - United States∙Anglo Normandy, Anglo Normandy Aero Engineering - United Kingdom ∙Ansaldo - Italy, (1916–1928)∙Antoinette, Antoinette - France, (1906–1912)∙Antoniewski, Tomek Antoniewski - Poland∙Antonov, Antonov OKB - Ukraine, (1947–present)∙Antonov, Aviatsionny Nauchno-Tekhnichesky Kompleks Imeni O K Antonova - Ukraine∙AOI, Arab Organisation for Industrialisation, Aircraft Factory - (Egypt)∙Apex Aircraft - France∙Applebay, Applebay Inc - United States∙Applegate & Weyant, Applegate & Weyant - United States∙Aquaflight, United States (1946)∙Aquila, Aquila Technische Entwicklungen GmbH - Germany∙Arab British Helicopter Company (ABHCO) (Egypt)∙Arado, Arado Flugzeugwerke GmbH - Germany, (1925–1945)∙Arc Atlantique, Arc Atlantique Aviation - France∙Arctic, Arctic Aircraft Company - United States∙ARDC, Air Force Research and Development Center - Philippines ∙Arkhangelski, Arkhangelski OKB - Russia∙Armstrong Siddeley, Armstrong Siddeley - United Kingdom, Possibly engine maker∙Armstrong Whitworth, Sir W. G. Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft Ltd - United Kingdom, (1913–1958) > Hawker Siddeley∙Arnet Pereyra, Arnet Pereyra Aero Design - United States∙Arocet - United States∙Arpin, M. B. Arpin & Co. - United Kingdom∙Arrow (1), Arrow Airplane & Motors Corporation - United States ∙Arrow (2), Arrow Aircraft Company - Canada∙Arrow Aircraft, Arrow Airplane Company - United States, (1931–1935)∙Arrow Aircraft Ltd. - United Kingdom∙Arsenal de l'Aeronautique, Arsenal de l'Aeronautique - France, (1936–1953) > SFECMAS∙ARV, ARV Aviation Ltd - United Kingdom∙ASAP, Aircraft Sales & Parts - Canada∙ASJA - Sweden∙ASL, ASL Hagfors Aero AB - Sweden∙Asso Aerei, Asso Aerei Srl - Italy∙Associated Air, Associated Air - United States∙ASTA, Aerospace Technologies of Australia Pty Ltd - Australia, (1987–present)∙Astra, Astra Societe de Constructions Aeronautiques - France, (1909–1921) > Nieuport∙ATB, First Naval Air Technical Bureau (abbreviated Kugisho) - Japan, (1969–1996) > Aeronautical Development Agency∙Ateliers Aeronautiques de Colombes, Ateliers Aeronautiques de Colombes - France, -1945∙Ateliers Aãronautiques de Suresnes (AAS) (France) - founded 1945, now defunct∙Ateliers, Ateliers de Construction Aãronautique de Zeebrugge - Belgium, (1923–1933) (ACAZ) (Zeebrugge Aeronautical Construction Company) (ZACCO)∙Atlantic-Fokker, Atlantic Fokker Corporation (American Fokker) - United States∙Atlas, Atlas Aircraft Company - USA (1948)∙Atlas, Atlas Aircraft Corporation of South Africa (Pty) Ltd - (South Africa), (1965–present)∙Atlas, Atlas Aviation (Pty) Ltd - (South Africa)∙Atlas, Atlas Aviation, Division of Denel (Pty) Ltd - (South Africa)∙ATR, GIE Avions de Transport Rãgional - France/Italy, (1981–present)∙Aubert, Aubert Aviation - France, (1932–1940, 1945–1959)∙Aurora Flight Sciences, Aurora Flight Sciences Corp. - United States (1989–present)∙Auster, Auster Aircraft Ltd - United Kingdom, (1946–1961)∙Austflight, Austflight ULA Pty Ltd - Australia∙Austin Motors, Austin Motors Ltd. - United Kingdom∙Australian Aircraft & Engineering, Australian Aircraft & Engineering - Australia, (1910–1923)∙Australian Aircraft Consortium, Australian Aircraft Consortium - Australia, (1982–1985) (A joint venture between the Government Aircraft Factory, the Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation and Hawker de Havilland.) > Hawker de Havilland∙Australian Autogyro - Australia (1984-?)∙Australite, Australite Inc - United States∙Auto-Aero, Auto-Aero - Hungary∙Avcraft, AvCraft Aviation LLC - United States∙AVE, Advanced Vehicle Engineers - United States, (1971–1973) ∙Avia (1), Azionari Vercellese Industrie Aeronautiche - Italy ∙Avia (2), Avia-Zavody Jirího Dimitrova - Czechoslovakia, (1919–1958)∙Avia (3), Nauchno-Proizvodstvennoe Obedinenie Avia - Russia∙Avia Baltika, Avia Baltika Aviation Ltd - Lithuania∙Aviabellanca, AviaBellanca Aircraft Corporation - United States, (1983–present)∙Aviafiber - Switzerland∙Aviamilano, Aviamilano Costruzioni Aeronautiche SRL - Italy, (1959-?)∙Aviastroitel, AviaStroitel Ltd - Russia∙Aviat, Aviat Aircraft Inc - United States∙Aviat, Aviat Inc - United States∙Aviatik, Österreichische-Ungarische Flugzeugfabrik Aviatik - Austria, (1910–1918) (Automobil und Aviatik)∙Aviatika, Aviatika JSC - Russia∙Aviatika, Kontsern Aviatika - Russia∙Aviation, Aviaton Nauchno-Proizvodstvennaya Aviatsionnaya Firma - Russia∙Aviation Association Ilyushin (Russia) - Formed 1992∙Aviation Composite Technology, Aviation Composite Technology - Philippines, (1990-?) (ACT)∙Aviation Development, Aviation Development International Ltd - United States∙Aviation Farm, Aviation Farm Ltd - Poland∙Aviation Industries of Iran, Iran∙Aviation Scotland, Aviation Scotland Ltd - United Kingdom∙Aviation Traders, Aviation Traders (Engineering) Ltd - United Kingdom, (1949–1962)∙Avibras, Avribras Aeroespacial SA - Brazil, (1963–1967) (Aviation Brazil)∙Avid, Avid Aircraft Inc - United States∙Avioane Craiova, SC Avioane Craiova SA - Romania∙Aviones Colombia, Aviones de Colombia SA - Colombia∙Avions Fairey, Avions Fairey SA - Belgium, (1931–1978) > Aärospatiale∙Avions Fairey, Fairey SA - Belgium∙Avions JDM - France∙Aviotechnica, Aviotechnica Ltd - Bulgaria/Russia∙Avipro, AviPro Aircraft Ltd - United States∙AVIS, AVIS Aircraft - Unknown, (1917–1923) -1941∙Avro, A. V. Roe & Company - United Kingdom, (1910–1963) > Hawker Siddeley∙Avro, A. V. Roe & Company Ltd - United Kingdom∙Avro, Avro International Aerospace Ltd - United Kingdom∙Avro Canada, Avro Aircraft Canada - Canada, (1945–1962) > Hawker Siddeley∙Avtek, Avtek Corporation - United States∙Ayres, Ayres Corporation - United States, (?-2001) > Thrush Aircraft∙Clãment Ader, Ader, Clement - France, (1886–1897)∙B&B Manufacturing Company Inc Valencia Ca, ∙B/E Aerospace - United States, UK, UAE, ∙B&W, Boeing & Westervelt - United States, (1916) > Pacific Aero ∙British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) Ltd - United Kingdom, (1959-1977) > British Aerospace∙Bach Aircraft - United States∙Bachem, Bachem - Germany, (1944-1945)∙BAE Systems, BAE Systems PLC - United Kingdom, (1999-present) ∙BAE Systems Australia, BAE Systems Australia Ltd - Australia∙BAI, Bureau of Aircraft Industry - Republic of China, (1946-1969) > Air Technical Bureau∙Bakeng, Bakeng Aircraft - United States∙Bakeng, Gerald Bakeng - United States∙Ball-Bartoe - United States∙Barkley-Grow, Barkley Grow Aircraft Corporation - United States ∙Barnett, Barnett Rotorcraft - United States∙Barr, Barr Aircraft - United States∙Barrows, Bob Barrows - United States∙Bartel - Poland∙Bartlett Aircraft - United States∙Basler, Basler Turbo Conversions Inc - United States∙BAT, British Aerial Transport Co. Ltd. - United Kingdom∙Bay Aviation, Bay - United States∙Bayerische Flugzeugwerke, Bayerische Flugzeugwerke - Germany, (1926-1938) (BFW - Bavarian Aircraft Works) > Messerschmitt∙Bd-Micro, BD-Micro Technologies Inc - United States∙Beagle, Beagle Aircraft (1969) Ltd - United Kingdom, (?-1970) > Scottish Aviation∙Beagle, Beagle Aircraft Ltd - United Kingdom∙Beagle-Auster, Beagle-Auster Ltd - United Kingdom∙Beardmore, William Beardmore & Co - United Kingdom∙Beaujon Aircraft - United States∙Bede, BD Micro Technologies Inc - United States∙Bede, Bede Aircraft Corporation - United States∙Bede, Bede Aircraft Inc - United States∙Bede, Bede Aviation Corporation - United States∙Bede, Bede Jet Corporation - United States∙Bede, BEDEAmerica Aerosport LLC - United States∙Beech, Beech Aircraft Corporation - United States, (1932-1980) > Raytheon > Hawker Beechcraft∙Beech-Sferma, see BEECH and SFERMA - United States/France∙Beecraft, Bee Aviation Associates, Inc. - United States, (1948-1960)∙Beets, Glenn Beets - United States∙Beijing Keyuan, Beijing Keyuan Light Aircraft Industrial Company Ltd - China∙Belairbus, Belairbus - Belgium, (1979-present)∙Bel-Aire, Bel-Aire Aviation - United States∙Bell, Bell Aircraft Corporation - United States, (1935-1960)∙Bell, Bell Helicopter Company, Division of Bell Aerospace Corporation - United States, (1960-present)∙Bell, Bell Helicopter Textron Inc - United States∙Bell, Bell Helicopter Textron, Division of Textron Canada Ltd - Canada∙Bell, Bell Helicopter Textron, Division of Textron Inc - United States∙Bell-Agusta, Bell-Agusta Aerospace Company - United States/Italy ∙Bellanca, Bellanca Aircraft Corporation - United States, (1927-1983) > AviaBellanca∙Bellanca, Bellanca Aircraft Engineering - United States∙Bellanca, Bellanca Inc - United States∙Bellanca, Bellanca Sales Manufacturing Inc - United States∙Bell-Boeing, see BELL and BOEING - United States∙Beneš & Hajn, Beneš & Hajn - Unknown, (1923) > Avia∙B eneš-Mráz - Czechoslovakia∙Bengis, Bengis Aircraft Company (Pty) Ltd - South Africa∙Bensen, Bensen Aircraft Corporation - United States, (?-1987) ∙Bereznyak-Isayev, Alexander Yakovlevich Bereznyak and Alexei Mikhailovich Isayev - Soviet Union∙Berger, Hans Berger - Switzerland∙Beriev, Beriev OKB - Russia, (1934-present) (Beriev Aircraft Company)∙Beriev, Berieva Aviatsionnyi Kompaniya - Russia∙Beriev, Taganrogsky Aviatsionnyi Nauchno-Tekhnicheskiy Kompleks Imeni G. M. Berieva - Russia∙Berkut, Berkut Engineering Inc - United States∙Berliner, Berliner Aircraft Co. - United States, (1926-1929) > Berliner-Joyce∙Berliner-Joyce, Berliner-Joyce Aircraft Corp. - United States, (1929-?)∙Bernard, Sociãtã des Avions Bernard - France∙Berwick, FW Berwick and Company Ltd. - United Kingdom∙Besson, Besson - France, (1915-1928) > ANF Mureaux∙Best Off, Best Off - France, (?-present)∙Bharat, Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd - India∙Billie, Billie Aero Marine - France∙Binder, Binder Aviatik KG - Germany∙Birdman, Birdman Aircraft, USA∙Birdman, Birdman Enterprises, Canada∙Bisnovat, Bisnovat - Russia∙Bitz, Bitz Flugzeugbau GmbH - Germany∙Bitz, Fa. Josef Bitz - Germany∙Blackburn, Blackburn Aircraft Ltd - United Kingdom, (1914-1949) > General Aircraft Ltd∙Blãriot, Sociãtã Blãriot Aãronautique - France, (1906-1914) > Blãriot-SPAD∙Blãriot-SPAD, Blãriot-SPAD - France, (1914-1936) > Sud-Ouest∙Blãriot-Voisin, Blãriot-Voisin - France, (1903-1906) > Blãriot, Voisin∙Bloch, Societã des Avions Marcel Bloch - France, (1930-1936) (1945) > Sud-Ouest, Dassault∙Blohm + Voss, Blohm + Voss - Germany, (1930-1969) > Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm∙Blue Yonder, Blue Yonder Aviation Inc - Canada∙Blume, Walter Blume - Germany∙B-N Group, B-N Group Ltd - United Kingdom, (1964-present) (Britten-Norman)∙Boeing, Boeing Aircraft Company - United States, (1917-present) ∙Boeing, The Boeing Airplane Company - United States∙Boeing, The Boeing Company - United States∙Boeing Canada, Boeing Aircraft of Canada Ltd - Canada∙Boeing North American, Boeing North American, Inc. - United States, (1996-present)∙Boeing Vertol, Boeing Vertol Company - United States∙Boeing-Sikorsky, see BOEING and SIKORSKY - United States∙Boeve, Boeve Fiberglass Components Inc - United States∙Bohemia, Bohemia - Czechia∙Boisavia, Sociãtã Boisavia - France∙Bolkow, Bölkow-Apparatebau GmbH - Germany, (1948-1968) > Messerschmitt-Bölkow∙Bolkow, Bölkow-Entwicklungen GmbH - Germany∙BOOTH AEROSPACE North America - United States∙Bombardier, Bombardier Inc - Canada, (1986-present)∙Borel, Etablissements Borel, France > SGCIM∙Boulton & Paul Ltd United Kingdom, (1914-1934)∙Boulton Paul Aircraft Ltd - United Kingdom, (1934-1961)∙Bowers, Peter M. Bowers - United States∙Bradley, Bradley Aerospace - United States∙Brandenburg, Brandenburg - Germany∙Brandli, Max Brändli - Switzerland∙Brantly, Brantly Helicopter Corporation - United States∙Brantly, Brantly Helicopter Industries USA Company Ltd - United States。
德语汽车专用词
Aussenmass Ab Ab- und Aufwaertsbewegung ab Werk Abaenderung Abandon Abarbeitung Abarbeitblendfunktion abbohren abbrandgeschweisst Abbrandreserve Abdeckblech Abdeckkappe Abdeckplatte Abdeckring Abdeckteil Abdeckung Abdeckung Radioausschnitt Abdeckung Schlosstraeger Abdeckung Stossfaenger Abdeckung,Innen Abdeckung,Tuer Abdichtmaterial Abdichtprofil Abdichtung Abdichtung blaettert ab Abdichtung-lokale Fehlbeschichtung Abdichtung-lokale Ueberbeschichtung Abdichtung-Nadelloecher Abdichtungskitt
Abwickelung ueber Kompensation Abwicklungsstand Abwuergesicherung Abzahlung Abziehhaken Abziehmaschine Abziehmutter Abziehstein Abziehstein Abzugsvorrichtung Achsaufnahme Achsbolzen Achse Achsebewegung Achsgeometriepruefstand Achslast Achslenker Achs-Lenkung-Pruefstand Achsparallelitaet. Achsschenkel Achstraeger Achswerte Adapterloch Adaptionswert Adaptiv
Receiving part for receiving a rod for coupling th
专利名称：Receiving part for receiving a rod forcoupling the rod to a bone anchoringelement and bone anchoring device withsuch a receiving part发明人：Biedermann, Lutz,Matthis,Wilfried,Dannecker, Berthold申请号：EP12181740.7申请日：20081229公开号：EP2526881B1公开日：20201125专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：A receiving part for receiving a rod for coupling the rod to a bone anchoring element is provided, the receiving part including a receiving part body (5, 5') with a rod receiving portion (9) with a channel (12) for receiving the rod, and a head receiving portion (16) for accommodating a head (3, 30) of the bone anchoring element, the head receiving portion having an open end (17) and being flexible so as to allow introduction and clamping of the head, the head receiving portion having an exterior surface with a curved portion; and a locking ring (8, 8', 8") embracing the head receiving portion (16), and wherein the locking ring has an interior surface with a curved portion (8a), which presses against the curved portion of the exterior surface of the head receiving portion (16) to clamp the head.申请人：Biedermann Technologies GmbH & Co. KG代理机构：Prüfer & Partner mbB Patentanwälte · Rechtsanwälte更多信息请下载全文后查看。
DATA STORAGE AND DISPLAY DEVICE
专利名称：DATA STORAGE AND DISPLAY DEVICE 发明人：KAUFMANN, Paul申请号：US2008058350申请日：20080327公开号：WO08/124317P1公开日：20081016专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：A process for providing information related to an individual or an animal in a portable display and storage device that allows other individuals to access the personal and medical information quickly. The process includes entering the information in formatted screens of data in a computer, transferring the formatted screens of data to the portable display and storage device, storing the formatted screens of data in the portable display and storage device, and displaying the formatted screens of data in the portable display and storage device. In some embodiments, the formatted screens of data in the display and storage device are transferred to a computer, modified, and transferred back to the display and storage device.申请人：KAUFMANN, Paul地址：1242 Bentley Way Carmel, IN 46032 US国籍：US代理机构：SHUSTER, Elizabeth, A.更多信息请下载全文后查看。
Method of marking a cheese loaf, label for marking
专利f, label for marking it and a marked cheese loaf
发明人：KAUFMANN, ERWIN,SPRING, HANS 申请号：EP 024 05299.5 申请日：200204 12 公开号：EP1300822B1 公开日：2004 0303
申请人：EMMENTALER SWITZERLAND,EMMENTALER SWITZERLAND,EMMENTALER SWIT Z ERLAND
地址：CH 国籍：CH 代理机构：Saam, Christophe 更多信息请下载全文后查看
摘要：The label (4) is for marking of each portion of a whole cheese (3) for retail sale and is made of moisture-absorbing material. It can cover the complete surface of one side of a cheese. On the label only the properties of the cheese and/or its constituents are printed, which are known prior to drying of the cheese. The moisture-absorbing material is tea bag paper. Labels (4,5) are attached to each side of the cheese. The labels are so cut, printed and adhered that each side of each portion of the cheese contains a part of the labels making possible the identification of that portion. On the labels is printed information determined by the distributor and/or retailer. The edge (30) of the label is marked.
厨 Ла布斯液压克勒斯瓦亚加菲阿说明书
Intake/delivery connections:CLAMP / DIN / GAS 2” f (*) - flow rate 650 l/min STANDARD: II 3/3 GD c IIB T135°C (zone 2)CONDUCT : II 2/2 GD c IIB T135°C (zone 1)STANDARD: II 3/3 GD c IIB T135°C (zone 2) CONDUCT: II 2/2 GD c IIB T135°C (zone 1)* The curves and performance values refer to pumps with submerged suction and a free delivery outletwith water at 20°C, and vary according to the construction material. ** Attention: the average values of the various configurations of materials by ball and ball seats. *** The value depends on the configuration of the pump.Air supply pressure (bar)Guaranteed head/flow rate according to ISO 9906Air consumption NI/minHead(m)U.S. g.p.m.Flow rate (litres/min)Intake/delivery connections CLAMP / DIN / G 2” f (*)Air connection G 1/2” fMax. flow rate*650 l/minMax. air supply pressure8 barMax. head*80 mMax. self-priming capacity** 5 mMax. stored neg. suction9,5Max. diameter of passing solids8 mmNoise***80 dBDisplacement per cycle 1.825 ccvMax. viscosity50.000 cps(*) NPT connections on requestHeadm)H(ft)Q (U.S. g.p.m.)12007862400102030405060708032,865,698,4131,2164,0196,8229,6262,4 079,266,052,839,626,413,21.534,567,69,1H(ft)FOODBOXER 502: A2-M3M3AISI 316Packing: cardboard box - 79 x 55 x 52 cm-weight 25 KgFB502AISI 316FB502AISI 316STANDARD: II 3/3 GD c IIB T135°C (zone 2)CONDUCT : II 2/2 GD c IIB T135°C (zone 1)FOODBOXER COMPOSITION CODEPRODUCT APPLICATION*) Cover diaphragms (only on Hytrel diaphragms) cannot be fitted individually.ex. FB502-A-HTAAT--Foodboxer 502, body AISI 316, air side diaphragm Hytrel, fluid side diaphragm PTFE, balls AISI 316, ball seats AISI 316, O-Ring in PTFE。
保罗·布尔沃商品说明书
Important NotesChassis DimensionsFront Axle to Back of Cab: +358 mm for CAB-SLP, +196 mm for CAB-SSLP. D-measure includes a front clearance of 74 mm and for rigid trucks also a subframe of 120 mm.Height can vary ± 20 mm for leaf and ± 10 mm for air suspension.All dimensions are for unladen chassis and any tag axles down. Chassis height used: CHH-MED.Height change when chassis height CHH-HIGH,FRAME300: +17 mm.Weight and dimensions are based upon the following tyres:Chassis weight includes oil, water, AdBlue, 0 litres fuel and without driver. Kerb weight can vary ± 3%.Turning diameters are theoretically calculated.Legal weights can differ from country to country.For more detailed weight information, including optional equipment weights, ask your Volvo sales contact to enter your specification into the Volvo WeightChassis Dimensions [mm]WB Wheelbase3500 3700 3900 4100 4300 4500 4750 5000 5250 5500 5800 6100 6450 6800A Overall Chassis Length6610 6910 7260 7560 7910 8210 8610 9010 9410 9810 10310 10760 11310 11560 D Center of rear axle to front of body 2844 3044 3244 3444 3644 3844 4094 4344 4594 4844 5144 5444 5794 6144 N Rear Overhang (Min.) 640 640 640 640 640 640 640 2590 2740 2890 3090 3240 3440 3340 NRear Overhang (Max.)1690 1790 1940 2040 2190 2290 2440259027402890 3090 3240 3440 3340Y Center of Gravity for Payload (Min.) 765 810 856 899 945 990 1046 1102 1159 1215 1281 1347 1426 1499 Y Center of Gravity for Payload (Max.) 765 810 856 899 945 990 1046 1102 1159 1215 1281 1347 1426 1499 W Body Length (Min.) 4159 4468 4777 5090 5399 5708 6095 6483 6870 7258 7726 8194 8735 9289 W Body Length (Max.) 4159 4468 4777 5090 5399 5708 6095 6483 6870 7258 7726 8194 8735 9289Chassis Weights [kg]Front Axle 3925 3925 3920 3935 3935 3930 3930 3935 3935 3940 3955 3965 3965 3980 Rear Axle 1645 1660 1685 1730 1750 1765 1785 1815 1835 1855 1900 1935 1955 1960 Kerb Weight 5570 5585 5605 5665 5685 5695 5715 5750 5770 5795 5855 5900 5920 5940 Payload (including body, driver, fuel, etc.) 14530 14515 14495 14435 14415 14405 14385 14350 14330 14305 14245 14200 14180 14160Turning Diameter [mm]Turning Circle Diameter Kerb to Kerb 12800 13400 14100 14700 15300 15900 16700 17400 18200 19000 1990020800 21900 23000 Turning Circle Diameter Wall to Wall 14200 14900 1550016100 16700 1730018100 18900 19600 20400 21300 22300 23300 24400Plated Weights [kg]DesignGross Vehicle Weight20100 Gross Combination Weight 32000 Front Axle 7100 Rear Axle 13000■ Standard Equipment □ Optional EquipmentFor more detailed information about cab and powertrain equipment, please refer to separate specification sheets.For all possible options and combinations of options please consult your Volvo sales contact who can create a specification to match your requirements using the Volvo Sales Support system (VSS).□ TGW-4G Telematics gateway with 4G modem□ FELECD Low entry cab diesel□ FELECFFD Low entry cab flat floor diesel□ RC-ROUGH Rough road conditions ■ RC-SMOOT Smooth road conditions□ GARB-PRE Garbage vehicle preparation □ TIPP-PRE Tipper vehicle preparation ■ UNIFORM Basic platform vehicleCore components □ CHH-HIGH Chassis height high - approx. 1000 mm above ground level □ CHH-LOW Chassis height low - approx. 850 mm above ground level □ CHH-MED Chassis height medium - approx. 900 mm above ground level ■ RAD-KR Rear air suspension, 1 axle - 1 driven □ CAB-DAY Day cab □ CAB-SLP Sleeper cab □ CAB-SSLP Comfort cab ■ EU6SCR Euro 6 emission level with Selective Catalytic Reduction(SCR), particle filter and Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)■ D8K250 Six cylinder diesel engine, 7.7 litre Euro 6 SCR + EGR (DieselParticulate Filter), 250 hp, 950 Nm□ D8K280 Six cylinder diesel engine, 7.7 litre Euro 6 SCR + EGR (DieselParticulate Filter), 280 hp, 1050 Nm□ D8K320 Six cylinder diesel engine, 7.7 litre Euro 6 SCR + EGR (DieselParticulate Filter), 320 hp, 1200 Nm□ D8K350 Six cylinder diesel engine, 7.7 litre Euro 6 SCR + EGR (DieselParticulate Filter), 350 hp, 1400 Nm□ EBR-CEB Engine compression and exhaust brake ■ EBR-EPG Engine brake with Exhaust pressure governor, EPG □ AL306 Automatic 6-speed Allison gearbox, max input torque 1695 Nm ■ ZTO1006 Overdrive 6 speed manual ZF gearbox, 1050 Nm □ ZTO1109 Overdrive 9 speed manual ZF gearbox, 1200 Nm□ RSH1370F Rear hub reduction solo axle - axle load 13 tonnes, GCW 70tonnes, version F■ RSS1344C Rear single reduction solo axle - axle load 13 tonnes, GCW 44tonnes, version C□ RSS1344E Rear single reduction solo axle - axle load 13 tonnes, GCW 44tonnes, version EPackages □ DRIVEFE Driver convenience package FE □ VISIFE Visibility package FE - Optimizing the drivers field of visionaround the cab□ AIRFLOW Airflow package FL□ AUDIODAB Audio System DAB ■ AUDIOPD Audio Preparation DAB kit, incl. DAB-amplifier Chassis □ FST-AIR Front air suspension ■ FST-PAR 2 leaf front parabolic suspension (normal stiffness) ■ FAL7.1 Front axle load 7.1 tonnes □ FAL7.5 Front axle load 7.5 tonnes □ FAL8.0 Front axle load 8.0 tonnes □ FAL9.0 Front axle load 9.0 tonnes ■ RAL13 Rear axle load 13 tonnes ■ RSTAB1 Rear stabilizer with normal stiffness □ EBS-MED EBS (Electronic Brake System) medium package ■ EBS-STD EBS (Electronic Brake System) standard package ■ RST-AIR Rear air suspension □ RST-AIR5 Rear air suspension, short ■ ABS Lock free brakeswith 2 sensors on rear axle□ SUSPL-E4 Integral three dash switches for air suspension levelling controlwith 2 sensors□ FRAME266 Frame rail section external height 266 mm □ FRAME300 Frame rail section external height 300 mm ■ FST7070 Frame section thickness - web 7.0 mm / flange 7.0 mm □ FST8080 Frame section thickness - web 8.0 mm / flange 8.0 mm ■ 2BATT170 Batteries 2x170 Ah □ 2BATT225 Batteries 2x225 Ah □ ADR2 ADR adaptation, 1 switch in dashboard, 1 outside on back ofcab■ R255A56 Right 255 litre aluminium 560 mm high D-shaped diesel tank.Usable volume is 97% of stated volume.Min volume 160l Max volume 630l ■ UL-FUEL Without left diesel tank Min volume 160l Max volume 315l □ ADTP-L AdBlue tank on left hand side ■ ADTP-R AdBlue tank on right hand side ■ WHC-FIX1 One fixed wheel chock □ WHC-FIX2 Two fixed wheel chocks □ TB-L33 Toolbox 58 litre on the left hand side - width 330 mm, height310 mm, depth 660 mm□ TB-L75 Toolbox 106 litre on the left hand side - width 755 mm, height430 mm, depth 550 mm□ TOWMBRH High mounted towing member, in centre of frame ■ RFEC-S Rear frame end, straight cut (for regular platform applications) □ C-RI4040 Coupling Ringfeder 4040 G-150 □ C-RI5055 Coupling Ringfeder 5055 G-150□ C-RO400G Towing coupling Rockinger 400 G-150 □ C-RO430G Towing coupling Rockinger 430 G-150 □ C-RO50 Towing coupling Rockinger 50 mm□ TOWR-ONE One rear towing device in frame end cross member □ TBC-EC Trailer brake connection, European Community□ TRBR-STA Stationary trailer brake control □ RUP-FIX2 Fixed rear underrun protection, EC approved □ RFEND-B Använd samma (efter att vi reviderat på stora listan) □ RFEND-T Transport mounted one-piece rear fenders □ RFH-103 Rear fender installation with quarter fender height 103 mmfrom bottom of rail□ RFH-BAS Optimal rear fender installation with regard to legal demands,wheel/tyre sizes, chassis height and fifth wheel height.□ RFH-HIG High mudguard installation height □ RFH-LOW Low mudguard installation height□ ATANK-AL Aluminium air tanks ■ ATANK-ST Steel air tanks □ FRACLOS Frame end closing □ 2024GSR General safety regulations 2024 Rims and tyres □ RT-AL Brushed aluminium rims with std holes (long stud fixing) on allaxles□ RT-ALDP Dura-Bright polished aluminium rims with std holes (long studfixing) on all axles□ RT-ALP Polished aluminium rims with std holes (long stud fixing) on allaxles■ RT-STEEL Steel rims on all axles ■ SPWT-F Spare wheel with tyre equal to front wheel □ SWCP-R Spare wheel carrier mounted behind rear axle and below frame □ SWCP-T Spare wheel transport mounted on top of frame■ Standard Equipment □ Optional EquipmentFor more detailed information about cab and powertrain equipment, please refer to separate specification sheets.For all possible options and combinations of options please consult your Volvo sales contact who can create a specification to match your requirements using the Volvo Sales Support system (VSS). top of the frame railsPowertrain equipment □ TP-BAS I-Shift basic gear changing □ TP-DICON adapts the gearbox’s function to the specific conditions in thedistribution and construction segmen□ TP-FUEC This software package is ideal for long-haul operations wherestrong emphasis is placed on fuel econ□ APF-ENH Enhanced PTO functions (Auto Neutral / Reverse Inhibit).Garbage - Auto Neutral working on parking brake.□ APF-ENH2 Enhanced PTO functions (Auto Neutral / Reverse Inhibit).Garbage - Auto Neutral working on service brake.■ CS39A-O Single plate clutch, plate diameter 395 mm □ CS43B-O Single plate clutch, plate diameter 430 mm □ RET-TPT Retarder for hydraulic gearbox □ TC-HWO Oil cooler for hydraulic transmissions – water/oil □ TC-MWO Basic performance cooler for manual/I-Shift gearboxes -water/oil■ AIRIN-HI High air intake □ AIRIN-RL Low air intake, chassis mounted behind cab on left hand side □ ACL1ST-S Air cleaner with additional filter element □ CCV-C Closed crankcase ventilation ■ CCV-OX Open crankcase ventilation with oil separator and amaintenance free gas centrifuge■ AF-E Electrically heated fuel filter ■ EST-AID Engine start pre-heating element □ 220EBH08 Electrical engine block heater, 220V/0.8kW □ PTER-100 Rear engine mounted clutch independent power-take-off withflange connection (DIN 100 / ISO 7646)□ PTER-DIN Rear engine mounted clutch independent PTO with splinedshaft groove (female) for a close coupled pump (DIN 5462 / ISO 7653)□ PTER1400 Rear engine mounted clutch independent power-take-off withflange connection (SAE 1410 / ISO 7647)□ PR-HP4T Rear gearbox mounted (top of torque converter) Hydrocar PTOwith connection (DIN 5462 / ISO 7653) for pump (400 Nm)□ PR-HP4TL Rear gearbox mounted (top of converter) Hydrocar low speedPTO with connection (DIN 5462 / ISO 7653) for pump (400 Nm)□ PR-HP6TH Rear gearbox mounted (top of converter) Hydrocar high speedPTO with connection (DIN 5462 / ISO 7653) for pump (600 Nm)□ PR-HP6TL Rear gearbox mounted (top of converter) Hydrocar low speedPTO with connection (DIN 5462 / ISO 7653) for pump (600 Nm)□ PTR-FH1 Rear gearbox mounted Hydrocar S81 PTO with flangeconnection (DIN 90 / ISO 7646) for propeller shaft (800 Nm)□ PTR-FH2 Rear gearbox mounted Hydrocar S84 PTO with flangeconnection (DIN 90 / ISO 7646) for propeller shaft (430 Nm)□ PTR-FH5 Rear gearbox mounted Hydrocar S88 PTO with flangeconnection (DIN 90 / ISO 7646) for propeller shaft (450 Nm)□ PTR-PH1 Rear gearbox mounted Hydrocar S81 PTO with connection(DIN 5462 / ISO 7653) for pump 800 Nm max. Exceptions for AT2412F: 1000 Nm max□ PTR-PH2 Rear gearbox mounted Hydrocar S84 PTO with connection(DIN 5462 / ISO 7653) for pump (430 Nm)□ PTR-PH4 Rear gearbox mounted Hydrocar S88 PTO with connection(DIN 5462 / ISO 7653) for pump (450 Nm)□ PTR-PK Electrical and solenoid prep kit for gearbox PTO □ PTR-ZF2 Rear gearbox mounted ZF PTO with flange connection (DIN100 / ISO 7646) for prop shaft (410 Nm)□ PTR-ZF4 Rear gearbox mounted ZF PTO with flange connection (DIN100 / ISO 7646) for prop shaft (320 Nm)□ PTR-ZF5 Rear gearbox mounted ZF PTO with connection (DIN 5462 /ISO 7653) for pump (320 Nm)□ PTRD-D1D Rear gearbox mounted double PTO with flange connection(DIN 120 / ISO 7646) for propeller shaft (550 Nm) and connection (DIN 5462 / ISO 7647) for pump (1000 Nm)□ PTRA-PH1 Extra rear gearbox mounted PTO with double S81 connections (DIN 5462 / ISO 7653) for pump□ PTRA-PH2 Extra rear gearbox mounted PTO with double S84 connections (DIN 5462 / ISO 7653) for pump□ HPG-F101 Gearbox mounted hydraulic pump F1-101, fixed displacement, single flow□ HPG-F41 Gearbox mounted hydraulic pump F1-41, fixed displacement, single flow□ HPG-F51 Gearbox mounted hydraulic pump F1-51, fixed displacement, single flow□ HPG-F61 Gearbox mounted hydraulic pump F1-61, fixed displacement, single flow□ HPG-F81 Gearbox mounted hydraulic pump F1-81, fixed displacement, single flow□ ETC Electronic throttle control - dash mounted switch for PTO speed controlCab interior■STWPOS-L Left hand drive □ STWPOS-R Right hand drive□ TAS-DIGOne day digital tachograph. EC approved, compliant with annex 1B regulation.■ TAS-DIG4 version 2, one day digital tachograph, EC approved accordingto EU regulation 2020/1054□ IMMOBIL Immobiliser□ WARNLAMP Portable amber warning lamp with batteries□ WARNVEST Warning vest. Fulfils European standard according to EN 471class 2.■ AIDKIT First aid kit containing sticking plaster, washing and dryingpads, compresses, elastic bandages, respiratory mask, gloves and scissors.□ AIDKIT1B First aid kit fulfilling German requirements containinginstruction, scissors, triangular cotton bandages, gauze bandages, bandaging cloths, gauze dressings, adhesive bandage, protective gloves, adhesive tape, first aid packets, rescue sheet.□ SPDU-R Dual speed limiter for rear refuse body steps □ SPDU-S Dual speed limiter for side loader refuse vehicle □ SPDU-SR Dual speed limiter for side and rear loader refuse vehicle □ CRUIS-E2 Cruise control with i-roll □ CRUISEC Basic cruise control Cab exterior □ AUXFS Extra footstep in cab side □ CF-AFS Retractable extra footstep in the cab front bumper □ RCABS-A Air rear cab suspension ■ RCABS-M Mechanical rear cab suspension□ AD-ROOFA Adjustable roof air deflector □ AD-SIDES Short cab side air deflectors□ HL-CLEAN High pressure headlamp cleaner □ HL-ADJ Adjustable headlamps to adjust the height of the light beam ■ DRL-LED V-shaped ("V-light") day running light (LED).Turned on low beam gives a dimmed "V-light".□ BEACON-P Prepared for roof beacons□ BEACONA2 2 amber beacon, roof mounted warning lamps■ HORN-F1S One front mounted (behind grille) single tone air horn, Jericho.Operated by steering wheel buttons.□ HORN-R2S Two chromed single-tone air horns on the roof, operated bysteering wheel buttonsSuperstructure preparations □ FBA-BTF Front body attachments for flexible body □ FBA-BTS Pre-punched front body attachment holes for torsionally stiffbody - tanker□ RBA-T1 Rear body attachments, plates□ RBA-T2 Rear body attachments for helper frame□ HBA-FSFB Holes for body attachments, flexible/semi-flexible body□ HBA-SB Holes for body attachments, stiff body□ TAILPREP Tail lift preparation kitServices■ WVTA Whole Vehicle Type Approved■ Standard Equipment □ Optional EquipmentFor more detailed information about cab and powertrain equipment, please refer to separate specification sheets.For all possible options and combinations of options please consult your Volvo sales contact who can create a specification to match your requirements using the Volvo Sales Support system (VSS).。
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Andy Amelow
Pappelallee 31
65002 Wiesbaden Tel. 0611/21994321
andy.amelow@web.de
Seipis & Steinweg GmbH
Personalabteilung
Herrn Neumann
Heidelberger Weg 12
65001 Wiesbaden
Wiesbaden, 12.10.2010 Bewerbung um einen Ausbildungsplatz als Bürokaufmann
Sehr geehrter Herr Neumann,
Ihr Unternehmen ist mir bereits aus der Presse sowie dem Internet sehr gut bekannt, weshalb ich mich sehr gerne bei Ihnen als Kandidat für einen Ausbildungsplatz als
Bürokaufmann vorstellen möchte.
Nach meinem Realschulabschluss habe ich am Bildungs- und Wissenszentrum Wiesbaden verschiedene berufliche Kompetenzen weiterentwickeln können sowie mein Business-Englisch trainiert. Während meines Praktikums bei Media Markt Wiesbaden konnte ich diese Zusatzfähigkeiten teilweise bereits in der Praxis anwenden.
Mein Berufsziel ist es, als Bürokaufmann meine kaufmännischen und fremdsprachlichen Kompetenzen bestmöglich einsetzen zu können. Da Ihre Firma verschiedene Geschäftsbeziehungen mit Russland unterhält, sehe ich meine eigenen Russischkenntnisse sowie mein Interesse an diesem schönen Land als gute Ergänzung. Auch reise ich gerne und habe als ungebundener, junger Mensch nichts gegen Geschäftsreisen einzuwenden.
Nachfolgend finden Sie meine Bewerbungsunterlagen, verbunden mit meiner Hoffnung, mich bei der Besetzung von Ausbildungsstellen in Ihrer Firma zu
berücksichtigen.
Auf ein Vorstellungsgespräch freue ich mich sehr.
Mit freundlichen Grüßen
[Unterschrift]
Bewerbung um einen Ausbildungsplatz als Bürokaufmann
Lebenslauf
PERSÖNLICHE ANGABEN
Geburtsdatum, -ort 29. Mai 1993, Mainz
Familienstand ledig
Staatsangehörigkeit deutsch
SCHULBILDUNG
09/2003 - 07/2009 Erich-Kästner-Realschule, Mainz
Realschulabschluss, Note: 2,1
2000 - 2003 Eisgrub-Grundschule, Mainz
BERUFLICHE ERFAHRUNGEN
09/2010 4-wöchiges Praktikum bei Media Markt, Wiesbaden
• Postversand
• Telefondienst
05/2009 - 08/2010 Bildungs- und Wissenszentrum, Wiesbaden
• Kompetenzförderung (Teamarbeit, Soft Skills)
• Business-Englisch-Training
WEITERE KENNTNISSE
2009 MS-Office-Kurs
2007 - 2008 Sprachreisen nach Moskau und Minsk
Fremdsprachen Sehr gute Englischkenntnisse,
gute Russischkenntnisse
Computer Microsoft Vista, MS Office, Internet Explorer
Hobbys Reisen, Kochen, Musik
Wiesbaden, 12. Oktober 2010 [Unterschrift]。