come短语,before,when

come短语,before,when
Before的翻译
连词before是一个常用词，在状语从句中一般译为“在。

之前”，但在很多情况下，由于英汉两种语言的差异，before的翻译极为复杂，不能一律译为“在。

之前”。

例如：
It was an awkward moment, for he needed to compose himself before he could greet Charlotte, but he was clearly eager to greet her before he could compose himself.
这一刹那是尴尬的，他需要先使自己镇定一下，才能向夏洛蒂问好。

但是他还没来得及镇定下来。

显然就迫不及待地先向她致意了。

Before在这段文字中出现了两次，两处有不同的译法，即“先。

才能。

”和“还没来得及。

就”。

在含表示时间的连词before引导的状语句中，有两个主要动词，表示两件事情一前一后发生，或说甲在乙先，或说乙在甲后，视具体情况用汉语确切而通顺地表达出来，并突出应强调的一方。

因此，before的翻译很灵活，它所对应的汉语极为丰富，不能拘泥于一种译法。

以下是一些最常用的译法。

1. before译为“（在）。

之前”
Before the rooster crows, you will say three times that you
don't know me.
在公鸡叫之前，你要说三次你不认识我。

You must not count your chickens before they are hatched.
小鸡尚未孵出之前不能算数。

2. before译为“来不及。

”、“还没有来得及。

就”
Before he could press the trigger, the plane had gone up again.
他还来不及扣动板机，飞机又飞高了。

Before we could stop him, he had rushed on to a potato plot and dug up one of the potatoes. 我们还来不及阻止他，他已经飞奔到一块土豆地里，挖出了一只土豆。

3. before译为“先。

再（才）”
Before we could do the work well, the masses must be mobilized.
必须先把群众发动起来，才能做好我们的工作。

Sukarno felt that the Tavanese people had to be inspired with the idea of nationhood before they could be organized.
苏加诺认为，必须先激励爪哇人民的民族意识，才能把他们组织起来。

4. before译为“。

才”
It was another five minutes before Matt heard him coming
down the stairs.
又过了五分钟马特才听到他从楼梯上下来。

There is an hour to wait before we set off.
我们还得再等一小时才能出发。

5. before译为“。

然后才”
Winter paused for dramatic effect before delivering the coup de grace.
为了增加戏剧性效果，温特停顿了一下，然后才给以致命的一击。

There was a hush before the audience exploded again.
观众鸦雀无声了一会儿，然后才爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。

6. before译为“不到。

就”、“还没有。

就”
They had not been married a month before they quarreled.
他们结婚还不到一个月就反目了。

I had not gone a mile before I felt tired.
我还没走完一英里就感到疲倦了。

7. not long before译为“不久将”、“不用多久就”、“快”
I hope it will not be long before we meet again.
希望我们不久再相见。

It will not be long before the despot comes to his end.
暴君的末日快到了。

8. before译为“以免”、“以防”
Put down her telephone number before you forget it. 把她的电话号码写下来，免得忘了。

It is vital that scientists should perceive the danger now before it is too late. 重要的是，科学家们现在就应该觉察到这种危险，以免为时过晚。

It will be three months before I can come home.
三个月以后，我才能回家。

It was three years before I could come home.
三年以后，我才回到家里。

另外还有一些情况应灵活处理9. before译为“。

以后，才”
10.
The guerrillas would fight to death before they surrendered.
游击队员宁愿战死，也绝不投降。

Look before you leap.
三思而后行。

11. 值得注意的是，before的下面这种结构常会引起误译
It was 27 December before we reached Xi'an and already the Young Marshal had flown his captive back to Nanjing.
［误译］我们12月27日还未到达西安之前，少帅已经用飞机将他的俘虏送回南京了。

［正译］我们12月27日才到达西安。

那时少帅已经用飞机将他的俘虏送回南京了。

But everyone
was soon ordered to leave the site because of severe new avalanche hazards, and it was Monday before they could return.
［误译］大家很快接到了撤离的命令，因为严重的雪崩即将来临，他们星期一以后才回来。

［正译］大家很快接到了撤离的命令，因为严重的雪崩即将来临，但他们直到星期一才回来。

这样的句型，外国人一目了解，而中国人却很难看出其中的奥妙，问题在于对it is＋时间before-clause这一结构的正确理解。

该结构相当于it is not until＋时间＋before-clause. before这时应译为“直到。

才”。

如以上两个例句可改写为：
It was not until 27 December that we reached Xi'an, and already the Young Marshal had flown his captive back to Nanjing.
But everyone was soon ordered to leave the site because of severe new avalanche hazards, and it was not until Monday that they could return.
由上可见before的译法极为复杂，具体情况应在具体的语境中分析其语法和逻辑关系而定，同时译者应能熟练使用汉语，才能在汉语中找到恰当的译语。

When
并列连词when 和引导时间状语从句的从属连词when 是不同的。

这主要表现在以下几个方面：
1. 位置：when 引导时间时，该可放在主句之前也可放在主句之后；而并列连词when 只能位于两个分句之间，而且前面常常有逗号。

例如：
Come when you please.
你高兴来就来吧。

（when 为从属连词）
When I saw him，he was writing to a friend of his.
我看见他时，他在给一个朋友写信。

（when 为从属连词）
I was taking a walk，when I came across him.
我正在散步，突然碰见了他。

2. 意义：when 作从属连词用时，它所引导的从句表示主句中动作发生的时间，即作“当。

时”解；而并列连词when 连接的两个分句中，第一个分句表示的是背景，第二个分句表示的是一种突然的、意想不到的情况或过早发生的事情。

when 通常含“这时突然”之义。

例如：
I was thinking of this，when I heard my name called.
我正想着这件事，突然听到有人叫我的名字。

I had just fallen asleep，when the boor-bell rang.
我刚入睡，门铃突然响了起来。

这种意义在孤立的句子中可以理解到，在文章中更能体会得到。

如在“ I was wandering through the street wh en I caught sight of a tailor's shop ”一句中，“在街头漫步”只是“看见有家缝纫店”
的时间，其后作者怎样走进缝纫店，想要什么样的衣服，怎样受到伙计的奚落，又怎样受到老板的奉承等情景均与“漫步街头”没有直接的因果关系。

3. 时态：when 引导的时间状语从句中可以根据句意的需要用一般现在时、一般过去时、过去进行时、分别说明现在，过去，甚至将来的行为；并列连词when 后面的分句中通常用非延续性动词的一般过去时，其前表时间的分句中可用：（1 ）过去进行时表示过去某时间正在进行的动作。

例如：
I was cooking when I heard her knocking at the door.
我正在做饭，突然听到她敲门的声音。

He was thinking about the problem，when an apple fell to the ground.
他正在思考这个问题，突然有一只掉到了地上。

（2 ）was /were going to，was / were about to，was / were on the point of 表示过去某一时间将要发生的动作。

例如：
I was just going when he came in.
我正要走，这时他就进来了。

We were about to start when it began to rain.
我们刚要动身天就开始下起雨来了。

He was on the point of leaving，when someone knocked at the door.
他刚要走就有人敲门。

（3 ）过去完成时表示过早发生的事情。

请看下述两种场合：
（ a ）过去完成时和含否定意义的hardly，scarcely，nearly 连用，和just，little 连用，或者与否定词not 连用时，表示“刚。

，就。

”的意思。

例如：
I had hardly opened the door when he hit me.
我刚一开门他就打了我一下。

I had nearly reached the town，when the young man suddenly said very slowly，“ Do you speak English？”我快要进城了，年轻人突然慢慢地说：“你会讲英语吗？”
I had been there little more than a week when I set to work in earnest.
我到那儿还不超过一个星期就开始认真干起活来。

I had not been reading for half an hour when I heard steps outside.
我读了还不到半个钟头就听到外面有脚步声。

（b ）过去完成时与hardly 等连用时，when 也可以换成before .例如：
Hardly had I left before the trouble started.
我刚一离开麻烦就开始了。

4. 句型：when 引导状语从句时，主句可以是，也可以是形式，但when 连接两个并列分句时，其前的分句只能是肯定句，即只能是不带否定副词not 的分句。

前文（ 3 ）（ a ）最后一个例句算是一个例外。

试比较：
Mick was sleeping when they went in. （并列句）迈克正在睡觉，他们突然走了进来。

When they came in Mick was sleeping. （主从句）他们进来时迈克正在睡觉。

“ Was Mick sleeping when they came in？”和“ What was Mick doing when they came in？”只能是对其中主句的提问，因为这时when 所引导的分句既无突然性也不是句子中的未知信息，而只是另一个动作发生的特定时间
when，while，as引导时间状语从句的区别
when，while，as显然都可以引导时间状语从句，但用法区别非常大。

一、when可以和延续性动词连用，也可以和短暂性动词连用；而while和as只能和延续性动词连用。

① Why do you want a new job when you’ve got such a good one already？（get为短暂性动词）你已经找到如此好的工作，为何还想再找新的？
②Sorry，I was out when you called me．（call为短暂性动词）对不起，你打电话时我刚好外出了。

③Strike while the iron is hot．（is为延续性动词，表示一种持续的状态）趁热打铁。

④ The students took notes as they listened．（listen为延续性动词）学生们边听课边做笔记。

二、when从句的谓语动词可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生；while和as从句的谓语动作必须是和主句谓语动作同时发生。

1．从句动作在主句动作前发生，只用when。

①When he had finished his homework，he took a short rest．（finished先发生）当他完成作业后，他休息了一会儿。

②When I got to the airport，the guests had left．（got to后发生）当我赶到飞机场时，客人们已经离开了。

2．从句动作和主句动作同时发生，且从句动作为延续性动词时，when，while，as都可使用。

①When ／While ／As we were dancing，a stranger came in．（dance为延续性动词）当我们跳舞时，一位陌生人走了进来。

②When ／While ／As she was making a phone call，I was writing a letter．（make为延续性动词）当她在打电话时，我正在写信。

3．当主句、从句动作同时进行，从句动作的时间概念淡化，而主要表示主句动作发生的背景或条件时，只能用as。

这时，as
常表示“随着。

”；“一边。

，一边。

”之意。

① As the time went on，the weather got worse．（as表示“随着。

”之意）
② The atmosphere gets thinner and thinner as the height increases．随着高度的增加，大气越来越稀薄。

③As years go by，China is getting stronger and richer．随着时间一年一年过去，中国变得越来越富强了。

④The little girls sang as they went．小姑娘们一边走，一边唱。

⑤The sad mother sat on the roadside，shouting as she was crying．伤心的妈妈坐在路边，边哭边叫。

4．在将来时从句中，常用when，且从句须用一般时代替将来时。

①You shall borrow the book when I have finished reading it．在我读完这本书后，你可以借阅。

②When the manager comes here for a visit next week，Ill talk with him about this．下周，经理来这参观时，我会和他谈谈此事。

三、when用于表示“一。

就。

”的句型中（指过去的事情）。

sb．had hardly（＝scarcely）done sth．when．．．＝Hardly ／Scarcely had sb．done sth．when．．．①I had hardly ／scarcely closed my eyes when someone knocked at the door．＝Hardly ／Scarcely had I closed my eyes when someone knocked
at the door．我刚一闭上眼，就有人在敲门了。

②I had hardly ／scarcely entered my room when the telephone rang．＝Hardly ／Scarcely had I entered my room when the telephone rang．我刚一走进房门，电话就响了。

Come:
come across: a) find or meet by chance偶然发现或遇见I came across this in a curio shop.我在一个古玩店里偶然发现了这个。

; b) cross越过We have come across the Alps by car.
come by: a) obtain, become possessed of获得，拥有Was the money honestly come by? 那钱款的来路正当吗？; b) pass 经过，走过
come out: a) appear, become visible出现，显现; b) become known（消息）传出，（真相）大白; c) be published 出版; d) (of workers) strike工人罢工; e) (of details etc. in a photograph; of qualities) appear照片上的细微处，品质显现，表露; f) (of stains) be removed污迹被洗去; g) (of dyes) fade; disappear颜色消褪，消失; h) (of problem) be solved问题被解决; i) (of totals, average, etc.) amount to总数、平均数达到; j) (in examinations) have a certain position在考试中取得名次; k)make a debut in society or on the stage出入社交场合，初次登台
come upon: a) attack by surprise; strike突袭，突临: the
disaster that came upon them; b) make a demand (for) 向。

要求: She came upon him for alimony抚养费. c) be a burden to是一项负担: In former times paupers came upon (had to be supported by) the parish. 在从前，贫民们须依赖教区救济。

come to: = one of the meanings of “come round”: rega in consciousness恢复知觉
come through: experience; survive经历，度过He has come through two world wars.
come into: “come” use with “into” in numerous phrases通常用于一些短语中。

come into leaf (bud, blossom, flower): begin to show leaves 开始发叶（发芽、开花）come into a fortune: receive, inherit 继承（获得）一笔财产
come into one’s own: receive what one has a right 得到其所应得
come into power (of a political party, etc.) form the government 取得政权。